Les hypertextes : au delà des liens, la connaissance

(1)

HAL Id: edutice-00001453

https://edutice.archives-ouvertes.fr/edutice-00001453

Submitted on 27 Oct 2006

HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- entific research documents, whether they are pub- lished or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers.

L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés.

Les hypertextes : au delà des liens, la connaissance

Marc Nanard

To cite this version:

Marc Nanard. Les hypertextes : au delà des liens, la connaissance. Sciences et Techniques Educatives,

Hermes, 1995, 2 (1), pp.31-59. �edutice-00001453�

(2)

!#"$&%

'(

" "

)

" '

*,+.-0/213+.4.+.-65.7

82-09;:.<>=?=0<A@B-25!<C=EDF4!GIHA<>-?=0G;JLK>=2+!@NMO1FPQ*R7

SUTWVX*Y*ZMO1V[

\.].\ -0@.<^P_5.+.7U`.a.`Bb.c*d9B4eJf<AghgIGh<>-i/A<>5!<0j

k

4.+.4.+.-?5el#ghGm-

knkEo :B-

pEqAr?sutvq

wyxBz!{Yz!|~}LAz!{z!|~!>{BR{>|.!x 6.}L>hAz!|.,}LA;z!{,|.x.|}|A>{d.z!|

C|Cn.}LE.).x0z!&>|U>||.!C|^}Ln}x |v.n}L>|!>|¡{).x!z!&>|¡0¢B£Fn|xLx.|¤.

ghGI<>4

C.!>{6¥my>}x {6QAx E&z!|._!>|>{>}¦hx |&.3§>}}L3._{C¨>{>|AB¢

©NxBzUd.{x.!xªx |!Rz!|$>|.C}!«.}zU.{x.¨x |.$.dAA>|hW&¡d)h¬>|z®.>|,}L¡

¡!>{¯0¢d°)|}L>|¯¨x |.>&>|¡>}L>&C|$z!|±{>}Lx.| >&>|¡L²ze³>|¡{³.0z.

¦|B¨x.{W&Lx.|´¢OµAC¶Ax.|.z!·Bh|BBze>{¸}L¸{¹.}Lº..z.»>|¼3BI¯|O}z!|½!>{¾ze

.¿¨A¾Ax.|¤>}L¡6W²zen!>{2}L3}LA0z!{ ²ze3|.xBzUF>.!>}Lx.| Gm4:.9B-

k

+eJLGh9B4 0¶}Lz.{_z.}IA3!>{^}L

A>B¦|.)!xz!{!>{&;{)}L)|.0.!x |e¢ µ;&.>{W|LÀ>{&>.!C}LA

/A9B4.4.+!Gm=?=6+.4!/A<NÁ

0z>|!

¦|B¨x.{W&L²ze.Y{>.{>|¡Lx.|,.Ax ||.>I6C|.A>Â´¢QÃF}}LÄ&0>{WL>}¦hÄ!xBz!{)}Lv&A>|.Y.¡

{>}LLx.| >&>|¡L²zeÅ>|{Æ|¨x {&Lx.|ÅÇC{¯È·ÉA;É.>{W|LÀ>{É·ÉC¨;¨A;ze>{~}L¡

{>..{x!>.>>|^.¡¶|B¨x.{W&0Lx |!¶.{>|§^zN}LA0z!{¶}Lx.{6^.z!|._|.!0Lx |e¢

µ;¦|>{W.{Lx.|.¤A¤²zez!|!>{¯!>{W&0¸.½)z.§x ).{>|.B{&}L½{¹ }LN.

}0z.z!{Ê.z!| ¡B!C{.x0z!&>|?¢ÃF| h?>|¡Ëz!| {Az .Ì}>|Ê¯z!{Éz!| >|>n}L

.|¨x {&Lx.|Í}3}¼z!¿¯xBz..{x..{#Ax.|B|>h?>|AA_}!>}Lx.{Wh#A¡|¨x {&Lx.|´¢ÎwO}¼zU

C|.Ax.{AXA)&x.ÀC}Ln{Az!^.LC|¤}L)¨x |.>&>|¡.¯!À>&nz!}¼LÏÑÐ 2>}I2ÒW|¡>{W&AB)²z!

¡¯^z.}h½.C|}L>|!>.|>&>|¡?¢ÒW}U&x.|{½.)¨A¾§x |Y).}L&Ax.)&>|¡F.2¡!>{.x!z!&>|¡

BI¯|¿!z.!>|¡¿Ó{ÄAx.|{¯z!&¯z!{3z!|&Ó>&v>|!>n}Lv.¦|B¨x.{W&Lx.|¿!>{E.Ez.z!{?

B¦¨;¨>{>|¡0¢u°E|!>{.x!z!&>|¡¿_z!|»{¯ze;z!{v.xe>{¯ Lx.|.}LA²zeAÄz!{_z!|>|>n}L

.3.x!z!&C|0¢

ÔÕ

r×ÖØCÙ.Ú>Ö

Ûª{x {AA.>{~L.A#C|É!>{¯d>} AC!Ü.ÝA²ze>|¡L>}Y{§AB|BÞx.¨

.x!z!&C|uCß.|B§!>|¡>!x.¨2}|ß 2xà.{xÐN)¨;{x.áx |¦|B¨x.{W&Lx.|xY>|x>{0¢eâQ¡zU

}¦|Bß ^C{3x ¨hC|&Ax.|W.>{AW¦).}¶{>¨C{>|.§O!0;Ð&AC|&.x0z!&>|´¢

Ò|RBhà>{¯L>}AºÐ#.{x.!xª#.AC!>{¤>|>}!WI¤x.¨n.&A>>|BIW&Ð)L>>ß!.}AA¦|

¡!>{¯0¢ã }¦|BßÊhÇä>&>|¡LË{>}Lx.|Wå!;ÐA>|®|B¨x.{W&x |®>z!|ß 0¢Yã)È

§x |!A²ze>|AAà;ÐxÉ>|¡L>{xÝ!ÇAx.|L.>{A ¢æÍ|$.Çx.|..C|..¤|B¨x.{W&x |$I

.{>|¡AàxÄ.&{AA.C{3¸|.x!.Ax.|C|0¢Uæ3|¤.xB.C{_.C|..Oß.|.xBÐE}LAB!

Á

Ð)¤.)ã&¢çÒ0¢

A>|B¦|B.Âvh¤zUAdBd#&A>|.x&>ß!.{xÐNW|!xª?W}LB¢¿èC&>|#{>}Lx |!WB¦

;ÐA>|¦|B¨x.{W&Lx.|¤Cz!|Bß F{>.{¡>|¡¶.nß.|xÐE}LAB!AÐEBLCh^zUA½½)Ax.)Bz.>{Îx

>ß!_|B¨x.{W&0Lx |>}Lx >{¢

â¶BIÎ.Ð x.¨¶!>{B^>} Îz!|.>{6>|.B|Ð)F>|z..x.{.x!ÎÐE.>|N.¿x {Wn.¡W.|!

C|Ä¡B!C{¯B?¢Uâ¶.)Ð&0x.¨2}|ß ¸>|z.x {º>{A¡3xB!>{¸|B¨x.{W&0Lx |A.!>}¼zexY

C|.½{>¨;}LA¶nz.x {QxÐE|)ß.|.xBÐE}LAB!B¢âQh¶&x!.>}!>}Ixà.xBÐX!>{¯NW¦).}¿.!¡^x.¨

!¯>¯ze>édÒ|>{WABLÜÐEBLCÉ>}L§>{W}éBh?x!>LÜ«.x!z!&C|# ~¨;{x.

(3)

.¼!>|)¦|B¨x.{W&Lx.|n B¢¡ã3|)¡B!C{¯BXhQ>|&x.{W!>|B¡An.L0ÐÇx.¨OC|)|B¨x.{W&0Lx |N?¢

BÖrFÚIqAr ¿!>{¯A }¦L>|§x ||.>h?>|A´¢

.ØUr ¿!>{¯ }¦|Bß ß.|xÐE}LAB!B¢

"!$#%$&' "

£F¡)z.¸A>B|x }x .L²ze¡¿²z!^x |¡!x.|.;ze&}LBhx {.½}¡z!&>|x.|¸0>A²ze½¨x.h¸}L

§zUÇ.Ü.{x ¨x.|..,nz.0Lx |!z!};z!{>}¦}L,,x>>}L,²z!vx.| zé. {>!>{0zU6Wx |!

¦)!x {>|~z!{}L$¨A¾Ax.|Þ.Å{>|&;{$}LË0!x.{0¢à£FAC{W;z!{AY}LE.{W&>{L«Bz!h}L

C}L.IWLx.| >| x.|Þ.¡å0!>).}É{W.z.U¢ £F À>|.C&>|Æ.ÉA>|.x.}Lx .®.³}L

§x )¿z!|BLA0Lx |y.¶!>{&ABL3Ax.|;zez!|&.3A¡2z.XA>B|x }x .L²ze¡¶&¯0z!{60¢

£F x }¼z.Lx |».}L¤²zeWOxB>}¼¤.3||.xB!Lx.|¸A>B|x }x .L²ze¡3!6!>{¿²ze{.¡

.{|.>¦!>}L´¢à°E|.$.{>)À>{$.. .«!¯0Lx |Þ>>|¨;²ze«!>{W&0.C}L!x.{>{¬.

{6>n.}>{ }L ¨x.|..>&C| |.§A6>{¡ ·ä}LÞ{A>}ILx.| ¢#ÃF|z!Æ.>|~z!|ä..

.>>{W!>|AA¶x)(Yz!|Ä|x ¿.{&})N.½.{xBxB;B!¡3xBz.½.{xz!¸.{>¦|.zU¯{L>}h2 x LC|F}L

xz!{3C|§x ||.6¥m{Íz!|¤?x.{AAx.|.x.)L²zeC&>|¶L}L)FAx.|{Bze>|¡F·n}Ln;z!{Lx.|¤.¿}L

§>B|L²zeB¢ ÃF|B¨;¦|¤}L)..½.!>|Lx.|.Ox)(}LnA>B|L²ze&>|¡2&?¥m{WhAAQx |6x {iz>¦|

.}LxCL#.0.L>|¡¤W¦.|B¨;L§¨¢µ;.AA§x )!C.|.z!{&}LY.}L>|,z!};z!{>}¸.z!|

6¥m{Wh½.{x..{?W .&}LzU>!N.½}L)A>B|L²zeA¶.x.|B|>|¸0!>|¡;ze>}}L>>||>h?>|A&·½.¡

¨x.{W&¡¤.>{¯|.xBz.!>}}0¢ÎÃF|B¨;|.LC|)z!|..¡#.Y.LC}}h?>>|.>|&}A²ze>}}L.z.{¡

§>B|x }Lx..L.{>|B|>|N.{x..{?W >&>|¡N}L#!Yz!{¤}L#.{AA§.>|Ax.|{Bze>|¡·Rx.|

0B|Lx.|).{x..{6!¢*Ó>&nW!§¶..¡23>.0!ze>>|X}LC{W!>&>|¡C}}L¶{>¨;}LÀ>|¡X}L+>!

{>}L¨X.z!|.§>B|L²ze3.>|y}Lnx!>L¢

µx.)&«}0!>,{>.!>}L«Ò>|-,¸>L$.>|!x |é.!x $.xBz.!>{;z!{$.~}L«§x |¨>{>|A

Ãiµ. &â^/)021m£¶zeA>{C}}L3/)054W_z!|>|!>n}L.A>|BL²ze¡v>.!>{C|An.¡W.|AvxBzU}L¡

|x N.!>{¯0BA)!>{.xz!>|¿z!}&ABA)!>{W&§BLdAx.)&>|A#xz.º¯zU¯,·

C|{>{E.>|!n}à.v..!>|!WLx.| ¢Xã_z,AxBz!{6E.Ä§E.z..>{W|LÀ>{¡¿>|B|A3}¡6x.{_.{z.>}

.¡Bz.}LAx |!¡B!C{W&ABLáBhW!x.|B¼.}L#}L BhW!x.|B¼.}¼Ý.$&0>{WL>}Id!x.|É&>{>

z!.!x {>|}LËnz!}¼&ABL§#}L6x {xz.0zU6W,W!A0Az!}L>¦{Ë. }LAAAÀÈB{§·Ë.¡

¦|B¨x.{W&Lx.|y{>!>{¯^zN&xB>|&.76¬x {W}86L.76¬! x.|y.Q!>|>&>|¡¶&¯z!{6¶!xBz!{

}0!x.}z.Lx.|&._}Lnx!>L0A0uxBz.X!>{¯L0z!}LÀ>{C&>|X!xBz!{¶}LO§>B|L²ze^Aze§!¡0¢

µÍ>{¯LC}Là¨C3}L¤!x.|E¯z!{¿}L3A>|BL²ze&xzUÏAAC|Î¸&x.|{¤A¤²ze}L3{¯z!}0

{AA>|¡YC|d{A>>{>.>|àA.x >|.#!0z.!>|¡¤C.!x {¯C{vz.>..}ALx.|v§zeA 0¢

wyxBz!{AC}L |xzU Ax.)&>|¾Ax |!#!C{#&;{>|ÇL.>|AA²z!z!|¨;Ld}L.x.&>| .¡

¡!>{¯ 0^>|N.>!>!§x |!Qz!|&&x!.À>}L_¨x.|.0Lx ||.>}¢>©NxzUQ;zeBLx.|^>|!¯z!{x hy.{>|..¡

C}L6.>..}¦LALx.|,¡B!C{¯B¡Y²z!Ax.{W{!x |.>|·«.;¼;ze.B¨;¨>{>|¡.

}zU>!>{^¨AA3·_}L|¨x {&Lx.|.!X}L2;zex.|^.>|!¶}L3Ax.|0B3.^§.¼^AzeA0!´¢>©NxBzU

x |¡{x |!Ax.)&C|Y|..C!>|..>E&>|.Ç}Lz!{6¬B¨;¨>{>|A.~¨;|.>}¦AÄ}L¡ !¯À>&¡

¡!>{¯ Ax.{W{!x |.>|Ê{C!x |.>| · A&x.ÀC}L¨x |Lx.|B|.C};¢ÜÃF|B¨;|Ë·Ì¼{

.}¦}zU¯{0Lx |.0z.¤¯!¯ÀC&2x |¡O.{>|¡¶.}zUQ>|&.>¦};¢

95;:#"<=?>@%?=BA7#"<#$DCFE$G5=HI=JK=$L

µ;.{>)À>{ALx.|!xBz!{½Bz.½..{>|C{}L.x &C|..&¡B!C{¯B¡¤xBzU¤x.|

¡W!A ¨x |Lx.|B|.C};¢Ü°N¯ze>}¦}L>&>|¡Ý}L¡Ê!>{¯ x.| ¯z!{xz. Ax.|B|zUÊ.{M+AA ·

(4)

£F3|.xBLx.|N.

gIGh<>4

¯FxBz.!>|¡¶§x |!WL.>{A3Ax.)&z!|._!C|.>{C}h0Lx |.3A>}}L3._{>¨>{>|AB¢

µ>}¦}Ln. 4@B5 ..|.3}LF.x!z!&>|¡F>}L>&C|>{0¢A°)|E}L>|)!C{W&y._!?>{^B{A>&C|

.z!||Íze,·Äz!|,z.{B¢¶£F¡6W¦)}Lx | .Ä}LÄ|xLx.|.v}L>| ·YA>}}Y.Ä{>¨C{>|.§Y¯3z!|

).}¦¨;LALx.|&²z!.|n>..}L²ze3²zez.!>{¯¶}L¡¶.}zU2).}L´¢

©NxBzUR.{x !x x.|z!|.x.>}¦hx |$x |!#A>|BL²ze>h.}zUz!|B¨;L§~.}L|.xBLx.|

.¡B!C{¯B¢ÃF}}L¿{>!x ½z!{2}L½>!>{x |>|{3}L¿Ax.|>|¡z¤|¨x {WLx.|B|.C} {¯z.¶!x.{¯3!>{

}E.xz!>|¿.{>|E.>|!3}L!>{B¤¸}L¡¿Ax.|B|.Ch6>|.A¡¿..}¦L>>>|ºBh!x |.}L¡

.C|Ç}LÉ&A>|.É!xz!{Ç!>{W;Æ}0..}Lx.{Lx.| .Æ}¡!>{¯B¢µÅ.>{W|LÀ>{Åx.|

{W!x.|.}L¡.W!§|.>)²ze.«}¡!>{¯B¢£Fd}>|x.|.{>}Lx |!

>&>|¡L²ze C|{ |¨x {&Lx.|´¢ £F |.!0Lx | Ax {{W!x.|. z {C..{xC.>&C|

.|¨x {&Lx.|^{>}¦LA^!>{¶z!|.3{>}L0Lx |N.x.|B|AB¢ÃF|¤>!>{>|y|B¨x.{W&x |NyAx.|B|>h6>|.§

}§.¼3._}Lz.z!{^.z!|)!>{B3X)Lz.N§>{W|.§B¢

*>hOxBz.y.!x.{&²ze>}L²zey.{A>hLx.|2z!{¶}L!x!Az!}L>{nx |¡^xBz!.>0.}L´¢

95 FAØ>tH) HAØÖMBÖ sLÖhtvqhÙHAØCtÄq IÙ

£F¿.x.&>|3.¶!>{BQ¯yA;zeC}}L>&C|U;.L²ze>&>|¡y.>|¶}_!>{WLx!.3x (N}L>>{W!>|A

>L>|¡¨;L²zeY0¿}LY.z.E.Ä}L.!C|Wx | AAx.|.x.)L²zeYv>. ze>>|2C).}¨;LC|¿C|Î}L¡

§A>{¯>|{Þ}L$!x 6.¦}.$.{xBxB;B!¡ .ä{§>.>{>.å0ÅA>}}L¡ .Å.{xz!¼

§x )>{>L0z.Bh!x |.}0¢¸L>|²ze#§>{¯>|!¤C¨;¨x {¯.z!|B¨;ALx.|dz!x!ABz!}>{.

¨x.{W&C}h0Lx |Å.ÜÜ.|B¨;ALx.|$x.|Axz!{x ||..¯ze§AÀ 1 >}L /54W½}&|Ü

xBz.>¨x.h¶!Q>|.Ax.{3.3.>¨;¦|BLx.|nz!|!>{?>}}3.3A3²ze¯Uz!|)¡B!C{¯B¢

£F>{W& f<>-Jm<0jJm< ~|¡{x!z!!>{,âÎ§Ü©N>}hx | 1©C}hx.|! #";46¢¿©xBzU||.xBzU

0;>{.x.|¤!v¯z!{N}LW!§h¯x.{WL²ze¡¤.N!>{B_}L}Az!{N|>{6!z.¤

{>!x {>{!>{ >).}Ld·1©½>}hC| /$ 46¢¿æ3| {xBz.!dC!>}L>&C|.>|!31%¸{¯z!}¦}L>{ /54àz!|

.{>|¡Lx.|v.)}L|>{Ó.¡!>{¯.C|2}§zeALx.| ¢B£Fn|xLx.|¤.¡B!C{¯BE!x!²ze

0zCxz!{.¡z!.{W|.C!>}L>>|,z!|. x.{W!>|BILx.|Ë!C{W&;>|¡,}L«}L§;z!{«|x |á}|.§>{$.¡

.x!z!&C|·}¦|BL0!,z~}L§z!{0¢2Ã2}¦}L#|.!¡¤})¼AzÇz!}¿¡W!A&;ze>};¢2Ã2}¦}L

§x |A>{W|Íxz.¡2}LF¨x {&.E.xz!>| NAx.).{Wh¶L>|N>|C|.z¤}^¨x {W^nz!}&§BL

1'&n>{ ¡x;x /546¢Xµ!xBz!{3A>}²ze½}>{W.!>{WABL½}½{>E.}LAA&.{x .{6!>>|?¢

Ûux |.>&>|¡>}L>&C|&}L¡¡B!C{W&ABL¡Äx |¡N.>..}LA0Lx |!¤²z!!À>{>|..}Lx.>|¡&.¡

-´<Agm+eJLGh9B4.==0K

k

+.4eJLG(.@.<>= >|¡{R.¡v.x0z!&>|nz!}&§BL¤!xBz!{¤!>{W&0;{·z!|d}LA0z!{

.;C|.B{{À¶¨A>¦}L>&>|¡Uz!|._|¨x {WLx.|&>.C{>.§B¢

£FY|xLx.|,.

k

@.gJmG

k

K>5!GL+

§x |A>{W|»}CB;ze.Y!xz!{)z!|.v&A>|.

Á

3z!|.YC..}LAx |Â&·

!C{>{^.}zUWL0z!{6FA>|.0z.N.3Ax.)nz!|BALx.|C|x.{WLC}}L3 A_}LzU>!C{Ï;zU¯ze>}}>&>|¡O}nx.|&

}¦&>!$>|&A§Ï6¢£F«|.xBLx.|É.«nz!}¼&ABLÇ|.).}²zeÜ|¡z!}}L>&C|,§>}}LÇ.!>{W&§BL

1¦©>|>{/!ÏW46¢£F.{>|.§R.z!|.&C!R>|&A0¤.Rx ||.¯N!}L#!>{>|¡.z!|

>{W0.}L|¡>{A0.¤C|{)zU>!>{º&§>B|B¢ ,º>).}L§A>{z!|½>!½!>{z!|.N>|BLx.|

L.AxvF¯xBz.>{Îz!|N¨x |Äx.|.x.{).>|!Îz!|.xz!>|F>|N¨>¶z!|.xz!>|^nz!}¼&ABL3&>I

!¡Oz!|)!>{&ABLB¢

)>|!2§^>{L>}LA!|.xBzU2§x |¡|zex.|F·¿>).}LxB>{Î}º>{&Í¡!>{¯3²ze>}!²zenx.X}L;!3.

ABLz.}I3.>|!^.^.x!z!&>|¡0¢

9595*Ar?r6Ù?<Ls%+,hÚ§ÙBÖ

è.&}Lx.|~>>{>d·dA>{A>{WI>{§d²zex |¡>|~Ax.)nz!|È.#!¯À>&¡Y!>{B»zU6

B¦¨;¨>{>|¡,²ze.-*è!èÃ^wXÒWã¿0/nÒ1-¿ÒèBz!!>{¯ xx.ß!*,§ 60!0&_z!L.A6 6 6¬¤B¢¼¤x.|

§x |!¯¤²ze}^º²zeW¶E!xª?W}L.&}LºAx E!>{>{>|3z!{_}L&.}L>|v¨x |Lx.|B|>}L¶²zeàz!{

(5)

. }L|C{ALx.|Þ.x.)&AÏ¯A>B¦|.Ý}z!{~Ax.)nz!|B¢ ¿!>{¯A#;&x.}Lx..L²ze>&C|

0!x!²ze.}zU ²zeA3BAç¢&wX}zU|..x.Y!¡Ó{d|C{W.{Ax.)&.}zUWz!{62B¡

Á

|>{Ax ||.A0WÂ¶&ChO.>|&Ax.)&_.}zUOz!|&C}L>&>|¡y.z!|3z.{_|;z!{B¢

°E| !>{¯0BÇ¯¨x.|..>&C|>}LC&>|z!|~>|~§x )!x W¼ Á zÞ>|!,.>{WL0z.

§x )!x W¼.n}¦|.zU¯{L>ÂAx.)!x ).z!|>|>n.}). 5!9./A@

k

<>4eJ= F.z!|.)A§x |.n>|¡A

²z!#>|Ë>{&d¦|B¨x.{W&L²ze¡¯C.!>}LA /§9B4.4.+!Gm=6=?+.4!/A< Y}L¬.z.Þ0>|,¨x.{¯>&C|

§x ||.A§!C{ z!|Þ&AA>|hWËB

5+.4!/>-?+U<

¢Ä£FÝ|;z!{Ë&0>{WLz±Ax E!xªA.¡

¡!>{¯¤¡¯&}L{>hx |,.{x.¨x |.#.Y}Lz!{&¨x.{A.Y}Lz!{¤xBz!.}L?B¢¶Ã2}}»!C{W&.

§x |>}LC{¶}L^ >|C!^X}LQAx |¡{>|¡¶.{x..{Qz.N.z.&!C{¯>|.C{^._}¦|>{§Lx.| ¢

Ã^!C)|.x.|y}L^.z.½Ax E!xª>|´¢

ÏÎ£F¸.x!z!&C|3x.|i.¸>|¡¨x.|..>>|>}>&>|¡.|.§·n}x E&B¢.ÒW}hiAx |!¯;zeC|

}z!|L²zeÄ¯z!{¨AA¤.A>>|B!¤>|¡{}L.x.)&¤0_}¡!>{¯B¢£F.x.)&½} x ¼2>}hº²ze>}hº

}¤|¡>{W.{À¤B{A0>&>|¡?¢i£Fà.xz!>|Í!>{¤}z!{¤|.;z!{#¨>)}À>{x.|&z!|d!xBz.!x.{

0!x!Az!{«{À$¨x.{¯Ç!xBz!{$}LÉ}LAz!{´¢#ÒW}h~!CBLz!}>|Ü>|z!|é{ÀÇ¨x {¯Þ²ze>|¡

.|¨x {&Lx.|.¿>|d!>{Lz!}LC{¤!>{}L|.x.|.ÏWB¼N²z!_}L0z!{¤N6xCLB¢Î£F}Az!{>..{>|B{

AzeAxBz!v.}zU3¯z!{2}0&xª..À>{n&>{WBLx |>}L)C|Ä¯z!¼!>|¡¶z!|.n|¡>{W.{0Lx.|¤.z!|.½AÀ>|).

wy>.|x }U!>{",º>¿z#z!{iz!|¯Lx.|¤nz!}¦&ABL&²ze>|¤}h>|F}Ln½Ï&Ó>&&Ax.)&>|¡AÏ.

§;)&Ó>&).LÀA§z!{2z!|>{W)|>}Uã&è!µiÒÒ0¢ wy>{¸Ax.|{§u}Li.x0z!&>|i>|½C|F²zeÍ>}Ix.|

{À2{C{>&>|¡¶z!|{¹.}Ln!xBz!{2}L¿&A>|.B¢!µ>}}AÏW>U3})¼n·3}L^{;ze>{0¢âÎxBz.Í¦|>{§Lx.|

C|{3}L3}LAz!{FXz!|½¡!>{¯C.Bz!Lz!{Î}F.xz!>|´¢£FzU>!>{F>|&§x |!¯z!}z!|)Bz!I

z!|z.{A }e|.BzeB¢B£Fn|.0.!x |¯FAC{¯·¿}L|B!E.n}LzU>!C{2&>hi>}}L¿|.n!z.

¨C{3²ze>|)¨x.|.x |&.¡¶.{x.!xªLx.|^.3.|.0Lx |!^²ze_}z!!x.¨;¨;{_}L!>{BB¢

Ï_£FvAx ||.>I6C|.A Á 0zdC|¿|B¨x.{W&0L²ze>Â¿z!|»>|>n.}¤.{>}Lx |!)W!AC¨;L²ze>&C|

.¡¯|AN·Y}LY&A>|.²z!¸x.|E!xz!{&{¹.}L.Y}z!!>{W&;{Y.Y.A>.>{&AY²z!i.x EÓ0{

.{x !x 3zN}L§z!{^Ax.)&nz!¶!x 6.}L¡^.n_}L§;z!{3>|)¨x.|.0Lx |z¤§x |¡B3AxBz!{>|¡?¢

£F3{>.{>|¡Lx.|&}LÍ.}¼zUÎ!0z..{¿.n§;n§x ||.>h?>|A¿¯y}LÍ}¦L>| >|&z!{F²z!.{>}L3.0z.

.x!z!&C|0¢£F«¨x.{W&Ç}L«.}zU¬>}L x {§«!z.Ó{Ç!>{A~!>{z!|Æ!¯À>&ÇAx.).}L

>.Bz.>|F¯z!{^}LÍx.>}¦hx |&z.x.&>|A!A>}}L3zN}L§z!{B>|.C|yAx.)B3._}LBhx {L²ze

.¡¶}LA;z!{!.ny!x.^xB >{¯ !B¢

! "#$#%"%&'(*)+,%& !-&+./%&0-21-&3#4564#78"#$'(9*:;$<' $%21%&=#$3$' >:0-?:"#@;-#ACBD<.>:-

1.%&4 E@;0-F=#$G'5H.0-FH>1.-IJ 0-FGK1%&:"#@;-L0-M;53N1.3%2$' 5O,%&3-2130%&"N:P$<3Q$#%1..%

5Q"#$#.%#AR/L1.30/30""Q=:%8S:30-T 0-T:"#.@;Q-USV;:0-W9230'(-/4%2-YXZ[\C:3]-T:0-T:"+.@;-TG'$-2$%&' H.-

:.<3%&"G'^0-&_&`#LaVb,<[1-&=c:.<.c' $%21%&=#$3$' d:0-e9230'(-e1.3%>$<3$#.%8f g "#$#%h"%&'(!:'$-21.-I%

1. ' @;i:`-&3` '^4%2$=Y:.<' $%21.%&=#$3Q$'5SAR/;9230'(j,<3,+.%/:Y$<GK1.%2$[,YQ!%&9%&kQ30j5-/%& 3$' -/$%&

"%2$30' -T:"+.@;-T' 9(.;-2%l$<%&:%&m: "+5%&#i:":.<'5$%21%&=#$3$' L:0-W:"+.@;-#ARDL%&3Q11%&"G30

:0-?'59%&@63$' -8j' 93"' 'n$` #.%T "# .%&`"#7U'5$`#D:"o%&' $m9%2$@;/,<'5$%21%&=#$3$' h:0-W93'n-US53

1.%&="=Q:"W$@`1.%&Q5 T; "# %&*=#$3' @`1. ' "'($@;1%&k#.T"@;@6l;%& 3$' ;:*"3Q]-I30 '($=A

0Bib$%&@;p"30'$-U-&3."Q <0-ML1.3->,' '$-&=b'5"Q'L3q"p-&r-I-P"@6@`.SAms]-N'5$%&:'$-&-P t,Q%&@;

X$' 9%&@;3Q$'5H._/:"30'$-U-&3."QY1.%l' -&'$-2$%*-M.%l$<3-21"#j9%&@6j#i"3 "#. 3#45m:m53`"3',-U-&3"H.'S0-2

@;'$-&YT78#;:J"Qu,=T:T 3Y@;3"G'5As-i$<11.-I]-VY"Qn':.<'59%&@63$' !X(=G'5"+. =T:3]- 0-:"+.@;-&_

H.'60-2!:0-2$' =vVc)#$%&g' $%21.%&=#$=N1.3%h$<G@;@6AxwYy[$%&3'(!:.<y:'$-I".%8-e0-M;.v'59%&@63$' Y

%&311.%&"G@;QT1.Q%2,' Y,%&L"Q#zQ[$%&30'(Y#T.v:"#@;z%&Q53Q$30T.v3$%&930'(Y0-2Y 3L@;3Q,=Q%&'53 '$-&3Q,'

:.<.T"30'$-U-&3."QA

:=#9' 'jL[$-I'5h{,1.3%l[@`15?.%&=+9=%&"m[15' "'($0{2130%W11.-I'(,' LVm.L ' L:K3@;' H."35"+. =

1.3%h 3c@;3"G'5v %8-h:|-I3v$%&3q%8-I=ATBiv5' }:0K.3@;' Hg-2!:=#9' ';y' $-&' y{ 130%L[@`15O.

1.%&1.%&' =#$=TH*:'n=%&'(9' %i T:"#@;"'^4 0{IA

(6)

¦)!x {>|$.C|d}d¡B!C{¯B¡ÏW,>}LxBz.!>|¡·«}L~¨x IR>}Y§x ).{hÇ>}

¦).}L>&C|AAÏ?¢R£FC|.>{C!³ }L±x>|.6x>>{Ë}¼.{>>| }³Ax.|B|>h6>|.§±0z.

.x!z!&C|0¢Fèx.|>|!3zU¯ze>}F¯º}L;A>>&>|¡¿.|¨x {WLx.|·}LB{>)¤.z!|Y}>|Ï¯!xBz!{

|xzU }_)h3C|){>}L0Lx |.3.z.&|¨x {WLx.|¶!x.{¯Ay!>{¶}L^.x!z!&C|Ï?¢

£F3&C..x.{n. g+.4!/>-?+U< ¶!>{Lz!}LÀC{>&>|¡OL>|N>.x.hLB¢ÃF}}L)¯z!.!À>{_}L|..>!C|..>|A

0}L½¨;}.}N.¸{>}Lx |!3.>|!z!|v!>{BB¢£F&{Az.NAx ||.>I6C|.AC¨;}LxB;Nz

.¡6¯zU..x0z!&>|F}|.>|¨>¼)!&!C{¯LÎ£Fz.0z!{.Y}L¡B!C{¯BY!z.FC{z!|

C|.>{3}L·¿x (}.!z.?¢£F3&xBz!}}LC!n.z!|.¿>|>{¿¯Xz!|.¿x !>{Lx.|½|;z!{>}¦}LÍ!xBz!{¶z!|n!§z

C}}L||AA?W!N²zeY}Lx |,Ax.|{¯z!hz!|!x.{¯E}L·x (}Lx.|#!z.E&xBz!}}L>{

Á

Ï>|#>{W&¡

¦|B¨x.{W&L²ze¡Î}¶|¯¸!3|AA?>¦{¤.&x!B¨;L>{3}L¡¿.x0z!&>|º!xz!{3{§>}h>{3}L>|.C{>!A

§¡¯X}Ln¯!À>&_!>{B3²z!.&C&x {h_}L>|>{>!30O|x |E}L^.x!z!&>|¡WÂ0¢

)>|!z!|ÉÀ>&~!>{¯0B

Á

.LC|Ý¨CÂR}Ü{¡Azé.~Ax.|B|>h?>|A|.>}ÀC{!}L¡

.x!z!&C|¡¯,}L«.}¼zUxBz.!C|,|.>!>|..C|.ÇAz.!Ï>;¢ã3|!W.>|,ÒW|¡>{W&§BL

1 )>|ß!>}LxB.C;4WRz!|³Ó>&å>|!>¿.}Lå.®.xz!>|¯Ç!>{>!ä!>{$.}¼zUWLz!{?

¡!>{¯³¦|..>!>|.>|É>.§z!| >{WLC}hC|åz!| Ax.|B|>h6>|.§ B¦¨;¨>{>|¡ .¡

¦|B¨x.{W&Lx.| . .x0z!&>|´¢&µ2.A²ze;zeBL>|¡!z..>}¦}Lz!{6 Ax.||¡ze>{·Ax |!¯{¯z!¦{

.z.{3!>{BE¯z!{¿AÍ.xz!>|´¢Oµ2.§²ze{>}Lx |0..{WA¤>|{¤.xz!>|¿¡¯

zU¯>>|>{AS0¢

°E|.!x.|B|à>..x.{¤!xz!{EAx.).{>|B{¤}Là|;z!{{§>}}L¤.º!>{¯¿º.¦&>.|>{

z!|»>|>n.}¤..x!z!&>|¡3A§>{x!>.º·z!|vnz!{º.{xB>!¸!>{z!|½¨z!¦}}L.&.}LL²ze

{>|!>{>|¡?¢½£F«§x ||.>h?>|A~>|>{A«z!{,A,.x!z!&>|¡dC{>&C{WL>}IA!>{,.¡

C|B|.xBLx.|.)}¦.|.Ax }x {§){C}L>|¡E.)!>{L&..xz!>|¿{AAA¡)0z&>{²zez!{

C¨;¨A¾A}L»z!{n}à.}L¡¯L²zeB¢XÒW}2¡¯¿C}Lx {?n!x 6.}Ä.¤¨>{v x }zeC{¿A;¤Ax.|B|>h6>|.§Ä>|!

C}>{>{}L¡¸.xz!>|´¢£F¿&>{WzAx.)!xª)Ax.|;ze).i.x0z!&>|Uzv.}L¯²ze)²z!

¡6¯z!{}C|.>{C!

Á

}L)!xªLx.|B|.C&>|ÂiF..¡6W¦|2¨C_z!{2}Ln.}L¡¯L²ze)3;B.²ze>&>|¡^}L

{¯ze;z!{AC{A>{h¯L²ze.E!>{¯0B´¢Îµ;v&>.x {v|.¯¿!¡).{;z!¼3ÎAC{¯>|!

!¯À>&¡Ý>}I )x }¦.B| 1 A>ß! /54 }L).}LC&>|C|áz &x>|.ä.}Az.A¦¨W

Á £^! xC{WÂNx (Å}LzUC!>{Y!x.Y}.x0z!&>|.{x0¯z!{}L0.}LA0zÅ..{&R}L¡

{>}LLx.|Q>|{_¦|B¨x.{W&Lx.|y!>{2y!¯F¯z!{¶}L&C!B¢

°E|Åz.{ >..x.{¯!C{W¨x I>E.}LxA· }L.}LAA. }L>|>{>!C.C{W!x ||.>{ .

}¦|B¨x.{W&Lx.|¢n£FÜ¯z!.!¡¯Lx.|$.d.}L¡6¯z!{²z!¤¡¯;§>.·Ad>{W&R{Az!¼Y&x.|!

}¦|..>!>|.>|.§3²z!!.h3>|{_}L^.x!z!&>|¡^X}L3Ax.|B|>h?>|A3²ze_}Lx |E.}LA²ze3.?¯zU0¢

955 ÖqAØ>ÖH3Ú>ÖÖ 3s+ IÚAÙBÖ

©NxBzU#.{C¨>{x.| .¬{À}Lx.|~}L|¡>{W.{0Lx |$>&>|¡L²ze.&A§>|Bh&¡B!C{¯B¡

§½¯z!{2})Ax.|B|.Ch6>|.AE6x>A)z.à.xz!>|iÏÑ!A0zeAxz!N.}zU^!>|.C{>}LAÏ^·¿A>}}L¿.3}L

{ABLx.|B|>}}L.>{WBLx.|#!¡A#¯z!{&}LÄACB|B²ze.z!|x.{W!>|h0Lx |,C||3zeN¿}L>|!0¢

ÃF}}Lv!>{W&E.z!|¨;L>{&.¡¯!À>&zU6B¨;¨>{C|&²zeèz!!C{¯!x!x ß 1,3C&. 4)ÏWx)(}L¡

}¦L>|3x |¡0 C|¦Ï.>|}A²ze>}U}Ln|.!0Lx |¯¶ §½¯z!{.¡2&A§>|Bh&i.n{A>>{>

.|¨x {&Lx.|.7*A 6¬ 1©N>|.>{ /4W3x)(}L&{C}LLx.|N>|¡{.x0z!&>|&!0z.!>|¡)¨>¦{

C.!>}¸·.Y}L|¨>{>|AA¸&.¡¤¯!¯À>&.}zU¤W¦).}L)>}I 6 6 6 x)(d}L¡&{>}Lx |!&>|¡{

.x!z!&C|_x |¡^.^{C¨>{>|A^&x.|.x!ÏWB{A0Lx |>}}L¡20..}LC0¢ )&z.{¡!¯À>&¡Qz.¦}hC|

0..}LC>&>|¡ . &AAC|Bh& .C..{>|I6C! 1%ºxB /4WË. !¯À>&¡ .!>{

2*-(3'(*:g-ZK.-M,EQ@; P3"!v84P:=8 11= -I]-m";@ 3QhB"$#% & :#1',-(')** #l : '$-230 '$-&+.%

!+!,!x:=8Q511.=T3- +./.l#SH.'C3Y%&#1.%&'$-"T@;)@;T@a0'))21A

(7)

{>!x |.>|·A)&x!.À>}LB¢ *,Ó>xzU3)¨x {W}.}¼zU¨;{¯zU¯

Á

.x!z!&>|¡¸F}L>|!¸>|vz!{WÂ

}^}L>|!Î>{WLC}hC|¶}nAx.|B|>h?>|An²ze3}Lz.z!{F¿.F.xz!>|´¢ £F{0!>}!._}0z.z!{

Ïxz .$}L>|>.|.C|Ïd}Lx.{6.$}L Ax |!¯{¯ze0Lx |Þ.z!|É¡B!C{¯B R;.L²zeC&>|z!|

0..}LCLx.|¤.)§x ||.>h?>|A´¢â^xBz.>¨x IUAx.|{>¦{>&>|¡^·3}L3{A.Ax |N.z!|NBhAxBz!{6 ²z!

>{>¼x.{WL>|¡&B{AC&>|^!C{6}L.x.)&AXA;)0..}LCLx.|¤.)§x ||.>h?>|A¸n¨>¼xBzU

z!|à¨x.{W&¤Bz!{>>|Íx {W>|A!C{6¿}L&A>|.¢ªÃF}}L|½{>|!>{6¥L_!xBz!{3}L}L§z!{¿²zez

{!>{?¿zBz!L.½>|z ²z!^x.{WL>|¡¤BhC{À>&C| Á xBz#!C{W¨x I¿Ax.|{>¦|Â3}L>|>.6¥I|.>&C|º.

¶}L§;z!{´¢

µ;½z!|¨;LA0Lx |!>{W&ºzU?W^.¤Bh|BBzeC{¿A¤²z!^¯z!|Y¡!>{¯.§²z!O|>|Y¡¯

!¡z!|e¢n°)|Ç!>{¯0B.x.¨x.|..C&>|C}L>&>|¡Ó{Ax.)!xª.A .z.Å>|¼Ï

§x ||.>h?>|A&i.xz!>|Ï6¢Oè.U}Lz!|.&.>}}L¡&>|.²ze§u}U|.C.2!¡¸.z!|N!>{¯0BB¢B°E|

!¯À>&§>|.BL.0¤0z ¡¯.âyz!{|Bhè.L!C{,) 1;3&Ó>&R¦}¿>A>!0.}L.#Bh0z.>{

¦|>}}¦!>)&C| .¤!>|¡;z!{Ä0!Az!|Yz!>|Y|Ä>{C¸!3!xBz!{¿z.>|z!|Y¡!>{¯Ai

}¦|>{§Lx.|Ä3¨>F>|!>.Bz.>{¯z!{^}L¶.}Az.v¯z!{^}L²ze>}h^!x {Í}L¿BhzU6Lx |e¢ *,ÓC&

}¡W!AX!Lx.|&.3Ax.|B|.Ch6>|.A3¡¯y!§>}}L>|¡y.>|Oz!|¿>} ¯!¯ÀC&A.}!>|B¨;{>|X}L_{À>.}L3z

z!.!x {^.3}LA>.C|B!¿²z! ÏW.C|¶z!|&!>{¯AÏO|._!0z.¶Ó0{3²ze_}L3.x!z!&>|¡?¢ÒW|¡!>{?>&C|

z!|¤>|ze>}X.)&>¦|>|>|.A&²z!XAx.|LC|i.¸>|B¦&Lx.|^.L.Axv·n}L¿.}LAA).¡2&C!2!xBz!{

¦}}zU¯{>{3}L3!¡¯¿·¤C¨;¨A;ze>{3|¡¯¸!3|x |v.}zUz!|Ä¡B!C{.x0z!&>|¶§>{3A¡3>|&x |!

¨x.|¬!>{¯L |>.{>|áz .x0z!&>|¬}z!LÏ¯&ÓC&B¢YÒW}|.Þ .x.|.$!|¡>{¯!C|Lx.|Þ.

§x ||.>h?>|A»B>{|.»zÅ.x0z!&>|v!xBz!{Y.{x.!x >{.¡>x Ü.R}LA0;z!{B¢_Ã2|¨;|.3z!|

!¯À>&.ÃFÒWã¿æÞ.>|E}LA²ze>}^z!|>|!>n}LY.Y§x ||.>h?>|AN¯z!{¿}LÄ.x.&>¦|.v;zeBLAz!{

}C..{>|.C|O¯z!{_x |N|B AzeO¯z!{F}L_{>.2!A.C!x .L²ze¡,B¢.²z!UC{>Xz.}hÍ!xBz!{

.¦}LxC{Î}L3.{x..{?WLx.|N.F.xz!>|^.{x.!xªF·Í}C..{>|.C|2>{>¼O.>|)z!|½¡!>{¯AC|

{>hx.|&._}L3zeC}3.x!z!&>|¡ÏWAx.|B|>h?>|A2z!{¶}L^.x!z!&>|¡0¢

(8)

"!$#&%('*),+-).!$/10.2$34'

576-8.390:8,0<;&+>=9'*#&?*'@=180<;

ABC DEFG HIJF KELMGENGF

OI

KPQQG R 3180.),SUT1'

#&VW0,SX!$6964'*%Y'*6-8Z+

T9[V*=1=9#X'*6180,SSXV\/-'+

T-'#X'*?*]9'*#X?*]9'

T9[0.6-;7!^#X%YV8,0.!$6

_VW6`SU).'\SU?*V^SSX0a% =9)a'Scb

SX!^)ed9'@34#fSUT1'c#Xgh;7g*#X'*69?*'\S

ikj$l*monqp\r4sft ucj$ror"v$w,ttv>rol\p

v1ttXj$l\w.xWpvWmoy

z4j$l*monqp\r4stX{

Hypertexte

|LFCEMG HG OEFPLLE }~~EL HEL~

OG~

HPFBGQGL

~

8!^?@9VW/1'cT1'

),[]^>=9'*#78'*$8,'

système hypertexte

Interprétation

Doc

Activité de lecture

Ensemble des fonctions gérant la navigation

Fig.1 : Modèle fonctionnel de ce qu'est un hypertexte. La traditionnelle notion de lien est en fait l'établissement d'une relation entre deux informations au travers de la connaissance associée aux documents.

µ&?>|¡L>}}>&>|¡)}LAxBz!.}L>!>|¡{Ä}L¡&.z.Ax E!xª>|.xz!>|ÏWAx.|B|.Ch6>|.A¡

²z!iA>{A0>{WhY.à¨§¾Ax |.{x.¨x.|..¤}Là|xx |.!>{¯0BB¢u£F¡B!C{¯Bv_;.L²ze>&C|

z!||¡>{W¨A§#>|¡{Y}L.x.)&E}LY&A>|.A2z!|.Y&>¿.{>|z>|NCB)²ze0!A#¡

.0z.v¨AA3!A>¨;L²zeC&>|iA.>B§¸z.¤E}Lz.à²ze>}}L½>!>{ .z!|¤A¹Bn}L¡.x!z!&>|¡

!xBz!{3}L&&x |.½!>{A>B¨0¸>&xBLx.|B|.C}¶.½}x E&Ï×z!}¶§>!.}.>..{ACL>{z!|v!x!À>&A

z!|½!>¦|;z!{AÏ¶.½}Lz.{&}L§x ||.>h?>|A½¨x.{W&C}}L&F}Lx .²ze½²z!U!>{&i·}A>B¦|.&.

Bz!.>{)C¨;¨;LAAAC&>|¸}L.{xA¡6¯zUÍ.}LA;z!{|x |}|.§>{A¶!>{¿ >).}L¤C|.>{WE|.>{¿C|

z!|_¨;{Ax |&.nAAx.|..z!|nW)¦};ze.3>|¡{3.z.&!?>!¡^.B¡¶!>{W)!.¡¶)}}¦L>{6´¢

5 ±° .Ú§sut Ör"CÖ^ÚuÙIr6r?ÙuÚ Ar

£Få&x!.>}ILx.|Z.Å!>{¯ C|±>|¡Å²zeä&>{LzAx.)!x WåÏ.xz!>|³²

§x ||.>h?>|AAÏ¤N!>{¯Lz!}¦LÀ>{>>|N!>{¯¦|.>|¡#!xz!{vAx.).{C|.B{}L{¹.}L&}L|¡>{ÓN.¡

¡!>{¯3.C|¸}LA>B|L²zeºAzeA¼!u>|¸zA¹N.½}L>|!>¦.|.>|¡¸²ze&.½§>}z!X.

}C|C.|.B¢

´

£Fz.z!{¶Ï¯}C|C.|.>|¡ÏW¶>|Ax.|¯{z!h>|¡Îz!|¤¡!>{¯AOx.{W!>|hnz!|¤{Az».){>}Lx |!

C|{¿.^|B¨x.{W&0Lx |!.}.}LX!>}Lx.{Wh3>|)}L0z!{¶.{>¨;¨>|¡¶.¡^Ax.|B|.Ch6>|.A¡^A.BLx.|B|>}}L¡0¢¡ÒW}

C{A)zU?WU.¡.x!z!&>|¡2!xBz!{Ax.|¯¼;ze>{2}L)§x |¡>|z.n}¡!>{¯B¢!µ¡.x!z!&>|¡x.|

(9)

}¡!>{¯B¢nwy>{Ax.|{A}L {L>.¡6. }L¡B!C{¯B§¤²z!¤{!x |!}L.d}L!A

|>)L²zeY.v}L..}Lx.{x |.>!>|#?>|¡L>}}>&>|¡¿.¤}L»{¯ze;z!{v.vAx ||.>I6C|.Av²z!

¡¯y¯xBz.A3·3AQ.xz!>|^0O!C{W&y._}Ly{>..{x!>.C{0¢

,º>>{²zex.|E²zeÄ§x |¡{>{C&>|Íz.}{Ex ( }LvAx ||.>I6C|.Av>.!x.{¯A¤!>{n}0z.z!{)¡¯

¦|&C&>|F&Ó>}A&·}¦|B¨x.{W&Lx.|vÏWi.&A)¨>F|.BI6x!>L0.}L&.>}}L§ÏW }L)Ax.|B|>h6>|.§n!z.

{¯>{¸Bh¦x.|&.)}L|B¨x.{W&0Lx |v.C|2z!|¤!>{BB¢eµA>X¯F)hin.{x.¨;F.>|!.ixz.}I

§x )ÍÒW|¡>{W&§BLnx)(vC|C.|.>|¡F^;zeB>|Fx.!À>{>|¡2¯z!{Oz!|_&Ó>& 3.|¨x {&Lx.|.

C.Az!|..{&>|¡n.{x..{)§x ||.>h?>|A¿>|&{>..{x!>.C|^.¡Î¦|B¨x.{W&Lx.|&>I>|^}L¡

C}>{>{´¢

´

£Fn}LA0z!{UzAxBz!{6.½x |NA0.¿.3}LA;z!{¿.3}L!>{¯A&0^>|z).}>>&C|

.0z.Y&§A>|BIW& }L½}L§;z!{.¡3.x!z!&>|¡

Á

}L½.}zU3xz. >|F)¿ze.}L¡WÂX2}0!x.}z.Lx.|

.C|2z!|vAAB{½.¿}LA;z!{&xBz!.}L)Ï¯}L&¯{¯ze;z!{n!>{¯0BAÏ2²z!ª>|B!>|B{Íz!|N&AA>|hW).

x |¡>!&.¿|B¨x.{W&0Lx |!@1%º>}!/$ 46¢u°E|Ó>&v.xz!>|ºxB C{¯!¤z AxBz!{6¿.¤.0z.

C.>)¦|.>&C|EBh¯¦|.¿0z!{}L.}zU)xz. >|º.º|>{.{Lx.|B¨;¨C{>|¡0¢Xµ§>^¯¸)I

C|½.{L²ze¿.>|^}L^¡B!0BFBF. >¨;Lx.|E.>|^}L²ze>}h^}L_}L§z!{^>x hy·n_Bz!h

}0!x.}z.Lx.| .z!|.BI¯x.{B¢)£F&ÓC&!?>!¡!z.!C| Ó{ z.}¦h!A.,>|!

B¦¨;¨>{>|¡¿.>|Í._!C{6WLx.|ÍB¨;¨>{>|¡¿AC{3}Lz!{3|¡>{W.{0Lx |!>{3}L.x.)&¤2xBzCxz!{?

§x |¡B;ze>}¦}LB¢

£F>x.Y}L)¯z.>!xªLx.|,.|B¨x.{W&x |!N xz. >|¿z!|)!§).}¼zU&)!x.{¯>|N¯z!{E}L

}Az!{N²zeY}LAx.|>|¡zz¬.x0z!&>|E}z!LÏ&Ó>&B¢Fµ;ÄA>B|L²zeY²z!¡¯3.>|#&?¥m{WhA

xzU¸3¨x {&A²ze>|¡L>}}L3!>{^}L^.{x!zez!{6F.>)I6Wx |N._>}LhWLx.|.U!ÀC{º AzeAxBz!

.}¼zU{WL>Au.}zU¸§x ).}!

Á

F.}zU3xz!{W|x I>Â¸.>|!}L&AAB{)|.x.|¤}|A>{).2¡!>{¯0¢

µ;A>|BL²zev.3¯z.B>!x W¼Lx |z!|Y|¡>{Ó¸!A.>!x..L²ze¤{Ó>&C&>|¸E!x {¯C|¶!>{

0!>).}!xBz!{2}L¿¨x {WLx.|¤Ax.|;ze>}}LE>|Ä;zeLx.|¤.Í{!>¦};¢.ã3|LU.>|i.2!x ¯i.

{!>¦}<²;¨x.{W&x |&)!}Ln.0ALx.|&!>{Î}À>&3.z!|.3B¦¨;¨;Lz!}3._}LzU>!>{^.A>}>|.>

}C¨;¨;L>.C! . .xz!>|é.±¨x.{W&x | W!AC¨;L²ze>&C|áA.CBÉ0z Ax.|B¢R£F

z.B>!x Wx |ÄC)!x {>}}L¤.}Lx!Az!{W{>|.A¤.}B¨;¨;L0z!}½{C|.Ax.|{§¸.&}L>.!>{W¼Lx |z

.x!z!&C|E!A.>!x..L²ze6x>»!C{W&.Y)Lz.,}Lv&>&x.{Wh>{Q}¦|B¨x.{W&Lx.|.C}.{A

{>!x |Ä·nz!| x.| ¢eµF!C).}L)¶;.L²ze).z!|.)C..{xC.n¡B!C{¯B¿{WL>nBz!h²ze¿}L

!¯À>&¤.{x.!xªz!|.x!z!&>|¡

Á

C|Cn.}Lv.|B¨x.{W&0Lx |.{§.h>|CÂ)>|C.Bz..C|)z!{

}C|.>}!3.z!|nW;ze0Lx | Á Ax.|B|.Ch6>|.A_!C{A_!>{¶}Ln!¯À>&CÂ0¢

âO.L²ze>&C|ºA¿.0z.W!§¿ÏWAx.|C|z ¸!>{AxBz!{6Ïnx.|¸}L¸{>¨;}L03.&}Lze>}¦.&}L

{¯ze;z!{3.¡¶!>{¯0B´¢

Y3Q -&-/"Q'5=@63$ %&3Q1.G' HA ./G3HY:"#@;-2(;#' $%21.%&=#$=T:3-j;"$[$0"0<0-2z-I"E*H.'

.1%&:g-&Q]-JH]<P92."+,' v:L"LH.'T3h:=$78Ve=#$=;AjBD<%&:%&L:L "# %&!:0-m:"#@;-Q :%&6.

@;,3`:K3@;' H. Ts330%&: )21&SH.'%&: 0-W:"#@;-l"Q@;@; 0-T-&"QE0-l:<.92'5 @LA ./?1.%&"=:=

0-2*:<3'5 #%8-@6',-m31%&9'(*:3- 0-mGK1.%2$[,-:`9' "#$' j :'(9$9=%&$0-?G.'$-M,' %&0-m-8<Q :%&/1.3%Y:-

1.3%&".%8-6:'(9$9=Q%&Z-6:.<.c@;)@6h-&Q@4 h:e:"#@;-#Al%&-2$' v93'n%&Q@;30%&H.%`H.L 3L1%&=0-&"L:

"8K"Q5-l<0-Mj1.3-/)30$0C @;)@6Y$[$m%&( :30- .L"$[$m:'(9$9=%&Qi3#K30D-&j.Y' ,Q%21.%&=#$3Q,'

,%&E-i:'(9$9=%&$A

(10)

Rue du Pont Vermoulu

demi tour interdit

La dépendance induite entre ces deux panneaux du fait de leur montage sur le même support entraîne l'émergence d'un sens nouveau, suggère une histoire, qui n'est pourtant portée en tant que telle par aucune des structures informationnelles présentes.

Ce mécanisme est du point de vue cognitif la base de l'approche hypertexte. Les relations entre informations explicitées dans l'hypertexte sont les germes d'informations nouvelles. Mais elles ne prennent naissance que lors de l'interprétation qu'en fait le lecteur en fonction du montage réalisé lors du parcours effectif de l'hypertexte. C'est ce qui fait la force mais aussi la difficulté de conception d'hypertextes pour son auteur.

Fig. 2 : La notion de montage.

´

£F }L§z!{0}Lz.z!{,x.|!>{¨x h}L&Ó>&!>{6x.|B|B¢&µ¯»>|~!>{¯z!}L>{}LA¡

}x {6²zez!|v>..{>|>|i>|B{L>B¼Îz!|¤¡B!C{¯BE.½F.{x..{C|B|.xBLx.|U¯z!{¯xBz.^&FC|

0.L.>|A&.{>}Lx.||.xBz.!C}}L¸>|¡{&.|¨x {WLx.|¸.¯·).{¡>|¡¸.>|F}L!>{¯0BB¢

ÃF|v>|>{>|¡.)|.xBz.!C}}L{C}LLx.|i>|{E..x!z!&>|¡ } >{WLC}h&)Ax.|B|>h?>|A)z

.x.&>¦|.C|¶²ze½}à¯|¡.À²ze}¶&{A>}¦hN._¦|B¨x.{W&Lx.|º²z!O}¼z!Ox.|i).{>|§0¢

ã3¦|Wz!|é;zeBL>|¡²z!àz.¦}h~ÒW|¡>{W&ABAÄ&C{WL>}I$ÇAx E.{>.C|Wx |á.z!|áAxz!{?

.h¯x.{Y.v}L>{¯E>| .}¦h6>|E.E}L>|!)!>{|.>|¡&>|¡{z!|#C|Cn.}Lv.Íz.{´¢¶µ;

§x ||.>h?>|A¿>| 0..{WAn.C!6Í}Ln).}L3§x |¡>|zN|¨x {WLx.|B|.C}!.^.x!z!&>|¡^²z!

}n¯z!.!x.{¯>|?¢

595± ArÎÖ HAr"?<sur?Ù HAr HAØÖMBÖ §r

¸LC|²ze#}L¤¡!>{¯¤{>!x.|..C|&xzUàz&x.ÀC}L#¨x |Lx.|B|>}3²ze|.xBzU½ >|.x.|.

.{>|¡>{X·!x.{}L))h&>|¤{>}L0Lx |v.|¨x {&Lx.|!>{¸.¸§x ||.>h?>|AÏi¦}h¸B¨;¨À>{C|

}>{W!>&C|^C|½¨x.|.0Lx |N.3}LzU>!¿²z!e¯y¨>^.¿A;¿Ax.|B|>h6>|.§nQ.Í}Í¨;|>}3._}z!{

Eh&>|03z..{)!>{}L)}L§z!{²Ñz.z!{0¢eµ¡B¨;¨>{>|.A¡_x.|F§x {W{>}LAiz¤;!).>..}L§Lx.|

²z!^¡¯¸¨>º.}L!>{BB¢)C}}Lz!{?3}LÄ¯;}L¤.}¦|>{W¨§A¤.½}L¡B!C{¯BN¯i}z!LÏ¯&ÓC&

¨x.{¯>>|y.>!>|.>|y._}LzU>!3²z!!>|&y;>|.zX¢

Ò}B&3>|E.{xªX{x IO;!^.;;ze.y¨AA3·_}L|¨x {WLx.|

´

£FB{§Lx.|É.|B¨x.{W&0Lx | .{¯z.Å.>|.!¡.|B¨x.{W&0Lx |Y>.!>{>|AÇ·~}L

{A>.C{>.3.x!z!&C|>{B¢

´

£Fx {W!C|BhLx.|.|B¨x.{W&0Lx | .I¯>|¡Ä!xz!{E)Lz. }Là.{>|¡>{Î¨§>}C{½x |AA§À

0z!.&>|C{2x.|))!A0¶C.3}L_}Az!{!>|nz!|E&x.}L >}Lx.{WhC{0¢

´

£F_.{x!zeLx.|&.|B¨x.{W&x |&xBz.2{¯ze;z!{Q.3Ax ||.>I6C|.Ay|.xBz.!>}}0¢

µÍ;;ze.3¨§A¤·}L|B¨x.{W&0Lx |x.|¸.x.&x.}Lx Bze¡¿·¤A>}}¿²ze}L.x.)&¤¤0z#¨§A·&}L

LÀ>{ Á |.>{xz.¼!>|¡>Â }L#)¦|.A3}L{>|!W¨x.{W&x |Í}L>.{Lz!};z!{ Á>{B|>!>Â0¢Î£F¡

C{W&F>|.}LxÏ x |!2. X !

"

#$% |¡{xz!¼å!>{ *>{Wß º>{W|!¯>¦| 1%º>{W|!¯>¦| /& 4Þ.>|Éz!|. &C..x.{

¦|>{¡6C| x |¡v.}zU x§z!{6´¢nµ;¼;ze.Ax |z!hC|v·,.¤;!.¬!¯À>&¡

¡!>{¯){ÀB¨;¨>{>|¡&.>|!)}L0z!{)¨x {&Y¿}L0z!{)¨x |Lx.|B|>}Y.C|)}Ä&z!{Yx)(,}L

x.|á·$h¨>{Ç>«}zU>!>{¯B¨;¨>{C|?¢NâÎxBz.>¨x.h¤}Lx.{6,.}L~Ax.|.§>BLx.| .