1
Potential of antifungal and antitermitic
activity of several essential oils
Amusant Nadine, Marie-France Thévenon, Nicolas Leménager, Edmond Wozniak.
Use in traditional practices dating back at least 150 years9Protection of stored commodities or to repel pests from
human habitation (Clausen et al, 2008 ; Skandamis, P et al, 2002, ).
9Cosmetic Industry.
9Food industry, flavoring.
9 Pharmaceutical industry. (Cogne, 2002);
3
Properties attributed to essential oils
9
Antiseptic
9
Antibacterial
9
Antifungal
9
Antihistamine
9
Anti-inflammatory
9
Antipruitic
9
Antitussive
9
Antiviral
9
Antiemetic
9
Deodorant
9
Diuretic
9
Immunostimulant
9
Repels insects
9
Improve sleep
9
Kills parasite
Essential oils are the product of secondary metabolites from vegetative plants.
Obtained from the volatile fraction by steam distillation.ESSENTIAL OILS
Complex mixture of monoterpene and sesquiterpenes with several functional group5
Present in about 50 botanical families.
Located in flowers, leaves, barks, wood, seeds, fruits, rhyzomes, needles, resins…
Chemical profiles are affected by climate, soil and yearly growing conditions, environmental conditions…Essential oils
Defense
Communication
Reproduction
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Challenge and motivation
There is a niche market 1 billion $
world: fungicide 20%; insecticide 27%.
More favourable ecotoxicological and toxicological profile Renewable resource Need of environmentally friendly fungitoxic and insecticidal chemicals
OBJECTIVE
Identify essential oils with desirable effect on termites and fungi.
Propose a formulation with essentials oil, with or without classical biocides active against termites and fungi.9
Dill (
Anethum graveolens
) Celery (Apium graveolens
) Tagete (Tageta bipinata
)Basil (
Ocimum basilicum
)Marjoram(
Origanum majorana
) Mint (Mentha piperita
)Oregano(
Origanum vulgare
)Rosemary camphored (
Rosmarinus officinalis V)
Rosemary verbenone (
Rosmarinus officinalis C)
Catnip (
Nepeta cataria
)Lamiaceae Astéraceae
Apiaceae
Savory (
Satureia montana
) Sage (Salvia sclarea
)Thyme (
Thymus vulgaris
) Lemon(Citrus limonum
)Citronnella (
Cymbopogon winterianus
) Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citrates
)Vetiver (
Vetiveria zizanoides
)Geranium (
Pelargonium graveolens
) Lavander (Lavendula latifolia
)Rutaceae
Poaceae
Geraniaceae Lamiaceae
11
Tea tree (
Melaleuca alternifolia)
Clove (Eugenia caryophillus
)Cinnamon (
Cinnamomum cassia
)Myrtaceae
Eucalyptus (
Eucalyptus globulus
)Lauraceae Eucalyptus (
Eucalyptus globulus
)METHODOLOGY
24 essential oils Dilution (1% to 10 %)
No choice test
Reticulitermes santonensis
13
METHODOLOGY
24 essential oils Dilution
Mortality rate Consumption rate
No choice test
RESULTS
Group I: threshold < 1% (v/v) Savory (Lamiaceae) Died after 1 day exposure Died after 1 day exposureGroup II: threshold between 1 – 5 % (v/v)
15 Group III: threshold between 5 % - 10 % (v/v)
Geranium (Geraniaceae) Lemongrass (Poaceae) Mint (Lamiaceae) Oregano (Lamiaceae) Repellent Died after 1 or 2 days exposure
RESULTS
Group IV: threshold > 10 % (v/v) Cinnamon (Lauraceae) Dill (Lamiaceae) Thyme (Lamiaceae) Antifeedent
RESULTS
17 Group V: at 100 % (v/v)
Rosemary C (Lamiaceae)
Celery (Apiceae) Antifeedent
CONCLUSION
Essential oils with oxygenated monoterpenes particularly phenolic compounds are more toxic against workers: savory, clove, oregano, lemongrass, mint, thyme.
The activity is also the result of the synergetic effect with other components (monoterpene hydrocarbone).19
Development of a formula
Development of formula in aqueous phaseMixture of essential oils : 11 oils (3 to 8 % v/v) + Adjuvants
Assessment of the formulations
Formulation 1 = mixture of essential oils (3 - 8 % v/v);
Formulation 2 = mixture of essential oils (3 - 8 % v/v); + 1 biocide;
Formulation 3 = mixture of essential oils (3 - 8 % v/v) + combination of two biocides.21
Standardised tests: NF EN 118
1) Treatment and drying
3) Exposure to termites (8 weeks, 27°C – 70% HR)
250 workers
Reticulitermes santonensis
2) Leaching procedure (EN 84) or not
Standardised tests: NF EN 118
250 workers
Reticulitermes santonensis
Assessment
Mortality rate
Visual rating of the exposed sample0 = no attack ; 4 strongly attack
23
4 0
Control
With leaching (EN 84) Without leaching 0 100 HE + 2 biocides 0 100 He + 1 biocide 3.7 100 HE Cotation Mortality rate Cotation Mortality rate
Results
4 0
4 0
Control
With leaching (EN 84) Without leaching 4 100 0 100 HE + 2 biocides 4 100 0 100 He + 1 biocide 4 100 3.7 100 HE Cotation Mortality rate Cotation Mortality rate
Results
25
Without leaching, the formulae with biocide showed an efficient activity against termites.
The use of essential oils allowed to decrease the content of classical biocide.CONCLUSION
It is necessary to add additives which will allow the fixation of the compounds.
After leaching procedure (EN 84) loss of effectivness.27
Antifungal tests
24 essential oils Dilution
Coriolus versicolor
Poria Placenta
Antifungal index (AI)
AI = 0 no activity AI =100 activity
RESULTS
Group I : threshold <0.05% (v/v)
Cinnamon (Lauraceae) Fungicidal
Mycelium on
29
RESULTS
Group II : threshold between 0.05 – 0.1% (v/v)
Geranium Lemongrass Catnip Fungicidal Thyme Savory Oregano Fungistatic
RESULTS
Group III: threshold between 0.1 – 0.2% (v/v)
Clove
31
RESULTS
Group IV: threshold between 0.2 – 1%
Mint Marjoram Lavender Tea tree Sage Verbenone rosemary Fungicidal
CONCLUSION
Essential oils with oxygenated monoterpene particularly phenolic compounds are more toxic against fungi: cinnamon, geranium, lemongrass, catnip, clove, citronnellal.
The activity is also the result of the synergetic effect with other components (monoterpene hydrocarbone).33
THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION
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Skandami, P., Tsifarida, E., Nychas, S G. ( 2002). The effect of oregano essential oil on survival/death of Salmonella typhimurium in meat stored at 5°C under aerobic, VP/MAP conditions; Food microbiology vol.19(1), . 97-103.
Clausen, C., Yang, V.W. 2008. Fumigant toxicity of essential oils to Reticulitermes flavipes. American Wood Protection Association. 49 –54.
Cogne, A. (2002). Phytochemical investigations of plants used in
Traditional medicin: Dioscorea sylvatica (Dioscoreaceae) urgenia altissima, Jamesbrittenia fodina, Jamesbrittenia elegantissima (Scorphulariaceae). Thesis
