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Oxygen sensors and electrochemical oxygen pumps for lead alloy cooled nuclear systems

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Oxygen sensors and electrochemical oxygen

pumps for lead alloy cooled nuclear systems

Gabriele Manfredi

Thesis submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of

Ph.D. in Science

Promoters ULB: Prof. Claudine Buess-Herman – Prof. Thomas Doneux Co-promoter: Dr. Ir. Jun Lim

Mentor: Dr. Kris Rosseel

Belgian Nuclear Research Centre Institute of Advanced Nuclear Systems Chemistry and Conditioning Unit Programme

Université libre de Bruxelles Faculté des Sciences

Chimie Analytique et Chimie des Interfaces

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Abstract

MYRRHA, a Multi-purpose hYbrid Research Reactor for High-tech Applications is currently under development at the Belgian nuclear research center SCK•CEN.

It is the first prototype of a nuclear reactor driven by a particle accelerator in the world. Lead-Bismuth Eutectic (LBE) has been selected as spallation neutron source and as primary reactor coolant.

Oxygen control strategy has been defined to mitigate undesirable liquid metal corrosion occurring between the steel surface of the main components of MYRRHA and the LBE itself. The development of a reliable oxygen sensor and control device beyond the state-of-the-art for operation in the conditions foreseen in MYRRHA are therefore crucial.

A potentiometric oxygen sensor based on the use of yttria partially stabilized zirconia as solid electrolyte combined respectively with air/perovskite oxides, Cu/Cu2O, In/In2O3 or LBE/PbO

reference electrode has been developed and operated succesfully between 200 and 450 °C in oxygen saturated LBE overcoming the operating temperature limit of previously used Bi/Bi2O3

and air/Pt reference electrode oxygen sensors being of 280 °C and 300 °C approximately. An electrochemical oxygen pump based on the use of yttria partially stabilized zirconia as solid electrolyte and air/Lanthanum Strontium Manganite electrode has been tested both to add and extract oxygen from LBE. The oxygen addition might be limited by the oxygen reduction kinetics at the air/LSM side while, the oxygen extraction is limited at high oxygen potential by the diffusion of oxygen ions through the solid electrolyte and at low oxygen potential by the oxygen diffusion in the liquid LBE.

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Abstrait

MYRRHA (Multi-purpose Ybrid Research Reactor for High-tech Applications) est un réacteur en cours de développement au centre de recherche nucléaire belge SCK•CEN.

C'est le tout premier prototype d'un réacteur nucléaire piloté par un accélérateur de particules dans le monde. L'eutectique plomb-bismuth (LBE) a été choisi comme source de neutrons à spallation et comme agent de refroidissement primaire du réacteur.

Une stratégie de contrôle de la concentration en oxygène a été définie pour atténuer la corrosion qui se produit entre la surface d'acier des composants principaux de MYRRHA et le LBE. Le développement d’un capteur d'oxygène fiable et d’un dispositif de contrôle pour opérer dans les conditions prévues pour MYRRHA est donc crucial.

Un capteur d'oxygène potentiométrique basé sur l'utilisation de zircone stabilisée par l’oxyde d’yttrium en tant qu'électrolyte solide combinée respectivement avec une électrode de référence comme air/oxyde de type pérovskite, Cu/Cu2O, In/In2O3 ou LBE/PbO a été développé et utilisé

avec succès entre 200 et 450 °C.

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