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TUF: a Tag-based UDP Multicast Flow Control Protocol

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(1)TUF: a Tag-based UDP Multicast Flow Control Protocol Antoine Clerget. To cite this version: Antoine Clerget. TUF: a Tag-based UDP Multicast Flow Control Protocol. RR-3728, INRIA. 1999. �inria-00072936�. HAL Id: inria-00072936 https://hal.inria.fr/inria-00072936 Submitted on 24 May 2006. HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of scientific research documents, whether they are published or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers.. L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés..

(2) INSTITUT NATIONAL DE RECHERCHE EN INFORMATIQUE ET EN AUTOMATIQUE. UF: A Tag-based UDP Multicast Flow Control Protocol Antoine Clerget. N° 3728 July 1999 THÈME 1. ISSN 0249-6399. apport de recherche.

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(75) +,. S1 S2. Rate1=2.5 Rate2=2.5. Capacity=3.

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