Évaluation génétique et génomique de nouveaux caractères en bovins laitiers

HAL Id: tel-01792318

https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01792318

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Évaluation génétique et génomique de nouveaux

caractères en bovins laitiers

Iola Croue

To cite this version:

Iola Croue. Évaluation génétique et génomique de nouveaux caractères en bovins laitiers. Génétique animale. Université Paris Saclay (COmUE), 2017. Français. �NNT : 2017SACLA033�. �tel-01792318�

Évaluation génétique et

génomique de nouveaux

caractères en bovins laitiers

Thèse de doctorat de l'Université Paris-Saclay préparée à AgroParisTech (Institut des Sciences et Industries du Vivant et de l’Environnement)

École doctorale n°581 Agriculture, alimentation, biologie, environnement et santé (ABIES) Spécialité de doctorat : Génétique Animale

Thèse présentée et soutenue à Paris, le 14/11/2017, par

Iola Croué

Composition du Jury : Xavier Rognon

Professeur, AgroParisTech, Jouy-en-Josas

Président

Roger Cue

Associate Professor, McGill University, Québec

Rapporteur

Tom Druet

Maître de Recherches, Université de Liège, Liège

Rapporteur

Christèle Robert-Granié

Directrice de recherche, INRA, Castanet-Tolosan

Examinateur

Raphaël Guatteo Professeur, Oniris, Nantes

Examinateur

Laurent Journaux

Chef du département génétique et phénotypes, Idele, Paris

Examinateur

Vincent Ducrocq Directeur de

thèse N N T : 2 0 1 7 S A C L A 0 3 3

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Carcass traits of young bulls in dual-purpose cattle: genetic

parameters and genetic correlations with veal calf, type and

production traits

I. Croué

, M. N. Fouilloux

, R. Saintilan

and V. Ducrocq

1

Institut de l’Elevage, UMR1313 GABI, 78352 Jouy-en-Josas Cedex, France;2_{INRA, UMR1313 GABI, 78352 Jouy-en-Josas Cedex, France;}3_{ALLICE, UMR1313 GABI,}

78352 Jouy-en-Josas Cedex, France

(Received 7 April 2016; Accepted 14 September 2016; First published online 7 November 2016)

The profitability of dual-purpose breeding farms can be increased through genetic improvement of carcass traits. To develop a genetic evaluation of carcass traits of young bulls, breed-specific genetic parameters were estimated in three French dual-purpose breeds. Genetic correlations between these traits and veal calf, type and milk production traits were also estimated. Slaughter performances of 156 226 Montbeliarde, 160 361 Normande and 8691 Simmental young bulls were analyzed with a multitrait animal model. In the three breeds, heritabilities were moderate for carcass weight (0.12 to 0.19 ± 0.01 to 0.04) and carcass conformation (0.21 to 0.26 ± 0.01 to 0.04) and slightly lower for age at slaughter (0.08 to 0.17 ± 0.01 to 0.03). For all three breeds, genetic correlations between carcass weight and carcass conformation were moderate and favorable (0.30 to 0.52 ± 0.03 to 0.13). They were strong and favorable (−0.49 to −0.71 ± 0.05 to 0.15) between carcass weight and age at slaughter. Between age at slaughter and carcass conformation, they were low and unfavorable to moderate and favorable (−0.25 to 0.10 ± 0.06 to 0.18). Heavier young bulls tend to be better conformed and slaughtered earlier. Genetic correlations between corresponding young bulls and veal production traits were moderate and favorable (0.32 to 0.70 ± 0.03 to 0.09), implying that selecting sires for veal calf production leads to select sires producing better young bulls. Genetic correlations between young bull carcass weight and cow size were moderately favorable (0.22 to 0.45 ± 0.04 to 0.10). Young bull carcass conformation had moderate and favorable genetic correlations (0.11 to 0.24 ± 0.04 to 0.10) with cow width but moderate and unfavorable genetic correlations (−0.21 to −0.36 ± 0.03 to 0.08) with cow height. Taller cows tended to produce heavier young bulls and thinner cows to produce less conformed ones. Genetic correlations between carcass traits of young bulls and cow muscularity traits were low to moderate and favorable. Finally, genetic correlations between carcass traits of young bulls and milk production traits were low and unfavorable to moderate and favorable. These results indicate the existence for all three breeds of genetic variability for the genetic improvement of carcass traits of young bulls as well as favorable genetic correlations for their simultaneous selection and no strong unfavorable correlation with milk production traits.

Keywords: dual-purpose cattle, carcass traits, heritability, genetic correlations Implications

French dual-purpose breeds globally represent 29% of the French dairy livestock (Institut de l’Elevage (idele), 2015d). They produce both meat and milk; however, they have until now mainly been selected for milk production. Carcass traits of young bulls can be improved by selection in the Montbeliarde, Normande and Simmental breeds and their selection should not lead to a substantial decrease of genetic trends on milk production. The carcass traits of young bulls will be included in the breeding goals of French dual-purpose

breeds after the study of their relative economic weights compared with those of the other traits under selection. Introduction

Farms breeding in dual-purpose cattle benefit from two main sources of income: dairy and beef production. Their profit-ability can be increased through genetic improvement of animal performances. In France, genetic evaluations for milk production traits have been routinely published for four decades. However, evaluations for meat production of dual-purpose breeds (Montbeliarde, Normande and Simmental mainly) have until now exclusively relied on relatively indirect

†_{E-mail: iola.croue@idele.fr}

Animal(2017), 11:6, pp 929–937 © The Animal Consortium 2016 doi:10.1017/S1751731116002184

traits such as muscularity collected on lactating cows at the same time as dairy type traits. The development of genetic evaluations for direct meat production traits for these breeds recently began with an evaluation focusing on veal carcass traits, first released in April 2015 (idele, 2015c).

Breeding objectives should include all traits having an impact on breeders’ income. French dual-purpose breeds are conducted mostly as dairy breeds as far as genetic selection is concerned: they widely use genomic selection. The extra genetic gain permitted by the implementation of genomic selection gives the possibility of broadening the scope of breeding goals without compromising existing genetic trends. In order to update the breeding goals in French dual-purpose breeds by including meat production traits, genetic para-meters have to be estimated, along with their correlations with other traits already under selection. In our case, the relationship between carcass traits of young bulls and milk production is very important. Previous studies on this topic have been carried out (Suesset al., 1968; Colleau et al., 1982; Gereet al., 1983; Syrstad, 1983; Van Veldhuizen et al., 1991; Liinamo and Van Arendonk, 1999; Liinamoet al., 2001), but in most part these studies were based on small datasets.

The objectives of the present study were to prepare the implementation of an evaluation for carcass traits of young bulls in the Normande, Montbeliarde and Simmental breeds. This implied developing a proper evaluation model and estimating the relevant genetic parameters for the available traits (carcass weight (CW), age at slaughter (AS) and carcass conformation (CC)) and estimating their correlations with other traits already evaluated (milk production, type and veal calf production traits).

Material and methods Data

Slaughter information of young bulls were extracted from the NORMABEV (French technical interprofessional association for cattle and meat, defined by the Association nationale INTER-professionnelle du BEtail et des Viandes (INTERBEV), 2015) database, gathering information for all cattle slaugh-tered in France. Records contained performances such as animal CW, AS, CC and carcass fatness. Descriptive and technical information including birth herd, finishing herd, slaughterhouse, age and parity of dam at calving and existence of a twin were also available. Pedigree information came from the French genetic national database.

From this data set, only data from young bulls were extracted, that is, from males slaughtered between 12 and 24 months and whose commercial category were A (young bull) on the Union scale for the classification of carcasses (Regulation (EU) no. 1308/2013). Animals born between 2006 and 2012, with known sire, dam and CW were selected. Records of twins or animals born after embryo transfer were deleted. Animals with performances deviating by more than 4 phenotypic standard deviations from the

Eventually, records of 156 226 Montbeliarde, 160 361 Normande and 8691 Simmental young bulls were used in the study. Considering the limited amount of Simmental data compared with the two other breeds, model choice was essentially conducted on Montbeliarde and Normande data and its conclusions were applied to the Simmental breed. Data selection for the estimation of genetic correlations A central component of the study was the estimation of genetic correlations between carcass traits of young bulls and traits currently included in total merit index of the breeds or potentially included in the near future (veal calf production, dairy production, cow morphology). The traits considered were measured on different animals (young bulls for young bull production, veal calves for veal calf production and cows for dairy production and morphology) and evaluated using very different and sometimes complex models. In order to simplify estimation, we chose a two-step approach as in Ducrocqet al. (2001), based on the use of preadjusted performances instead of raw performances (see below for details), to estimate genetic correlations between these different sets of traits. In general, an animal’s preadjusted performance for a particular trait is a weighted average of its raw performances corrected for all non-genetic effects in the evaluation model specific for the trait. It can therefore be described as the sum of a genetic value and a residual error. In the case of carcass traits, there is only one performance per trait. Preadjusted performances for other traits than carcass traits of young bulls were extracted from by-product files produced at the end of each routine genetic evaluation in France. The evaluation model for each trait is described elsewhere by idele (2015a, 2015b and 2015c). The Simmental breed was not evaluated for veal calf production. Therefore preadjusted performances for veal calf production were unavailable for this breed.

Veal calves and cows were selected if they were paternal half-sibs of young bulls with slaughter information. In order to reduce computation time when needed (depending on the breed and trait), we sampled a limited number of animals per sire and we randomly kept animals born from a subset of the farms.

Eventually, 115 214 Montbeliarde and 135 863 Normande records were kept for the study of correlations between young bull and veal calf production traits, 105 635 Montbeliarde, 192 963 Normande and 20 339 Simmental records for correlations with cow morphological traits and 117 638 Montbeliarde, 119 104 Normande and 17 077 Simmental records for correlations with dairy production. Traits considered

The young bull traits evaluated were CW, CC and AS. Carcass performances were estimated using the SEUROP classifica-tion system, although referred only to the five main classes E, U, R, O and P in France.

CW is measured no later than 1 h after slaughter. It is defined as 0.98 times the weight of the animal after removal of its head, hide, feet, thoracic organs, some internal and external Croué, Fouilloux, Saintilan and Ducrocq