Program for Frost Action Studies

(1)

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(2)

(3)

PREFACE

The s t u d y o f f r o s t a c t i o n i n s o i l s h a s l o n g b e e n o f i n t e r e s t t o t h e D i v i s i o n o f E u i l d i n g 2 e s e a r c h , A f t e r c o n s i d e r a b l e s t u d y and f o l l o w i n g c o n s u l t a t i o n w i t h t h e P r o j e c t C o m ~ i t t s e o n F r o s t A c t i o n i n S o i l s o f t h e High- way R e s e a r c h Board (U,S.) i t h a s b e e n d e c i d e d t o embark upon a l o n g - t e r m r e s e a r c h s t u d y o f some o f t h e fundament-

a l s o f f r o s t a c t i o n ,

T h i s r e p o r t by M r , E, Penner, a member o f t h e S o i l Mechanics S e c t i o n o f E.B,R,, who h a s h i s M a s t e r q s d e g r e s

i n s o i l s c i e n c e f r o m t h e U n i v e r s i t y of Saskatchewan, h a s b s e n p r e p a r e d t o o u t l i n e t h e a p p r o a c h t h a t i s b e i n g

p l a n n e d ,

It i s c i r c u l a t e d f o r t h e i n f o r m a t i o n o f o t h e r s

i n t e r e s t e d i n t h i s f i e l d and i n t h e hope t h a t t h e D i v i s i o n a a y be f a v o u r e d w i t h c r i t i c a l comqents upon i t , Com~nents

s u g g e s t i o n s w i l l b e most welcome and t h e y may b e s e n t t o t h e u n d e r s i g n e d o r d i r e c t l y t o Mr, P e n n e r ,

Ottawa

Movenber 1 9 5 4

R o b e r t F, L e g g e t , C i r e c t o r

(4)

Some s o i l s ~,!hen ~ u b j e c t e d t,o n a t 1 , : ~ a l l y azci~r'i-inp s17FJzero

tem~erntr~res,

d i s p l a y cert;;..i.n c h a r a c t e r . f c . - t i c s

t~.!~des i r a b l e from

an.

e n p ' i z l e e r i ~ r ; t a ~ 6 p o l . n t ,. ' U n j - f orr? and

d i f f er:rr,? al heaving clue t:o !Lee s e g r e y a . t i o z ?

2nd

lost o f s t r e n p t h lipon t ? ! a ~ $ ~ j . ~ i ~ ? ~ T E j?e;r:?a;7~ the

mast

n--lf,ab?,e, T h i s

behavi0u.r oft

en

resi.~!..%.s in the d e t e r i . o r : ? t i o n

of

ros.!.3..~ 3rd

* b

a i r l m r t C u r i

czces,

d e s t r ~ ~ c t i v - e a c t i o n o : ~ r a . ~ l r o a d p r a d s s , and I.L,,J .,, ef f c ; c : t ~ 1lpon.' b ~ : i l d i n s

f o u n d z t i . ~ n ~

-:., ili h e t t e ~ undci.:~tarlciing

of 1;he f ur~d a ~ e n t a l pbonoaena Invo_!.-c~e:::d s h o ? l l d a~ F i s t

in

t11.a

f o~r::?.lat;lqn of m::re n d ~ z q n a t e f r o s t . ad::T..1:2ri r:-r:lterJa

One

l o g l c a i p r o c e s s o f r e s e a r c h r.e:jc~j-;.~.: a 5,tudy

o f s v a i l a b l e resea-rc;? repoi-t c 3 r d t h e f o r m ~ ~ ; ~ l a . r i o n ~f a.

s y s t e ~ 1 a t : i c arl ,lrosch f o r ar: e x p e r i m c n t . a l p h a s e , There

are

a t 1 pa" I - _ .

1 ..

t

t:,ro exce.i.Lent lir,er:.iture rc=zviet)rs (1, 2 \ devc-ced

c n t irc:Ly t o f r o s t . zctio:? i r i soil? ard assoc.zat.:.ucl i;:l;enornena., Bt:cn7~? e o f t h i . : i t ; l..;as tjiought ti la^ no tcont ri?.u"l:-i:-i31-~ cc~u1!3 52 m . d e by adding get ai~otller., I ~ ~ ~ ~ e r e p o s s i b l e ?.he o r i ~ i q a l pa7e:rs

have

been 5 t n d i e d , 'The b i b l i o g r a p h y csrnpi:: ed by J o h r ~ s o n ar;d

L9:rq:31

( 3

)

,

t o ~ c t h e y 1,::t;h .cjle: l i . k e p a t . ~ i r ~ r e ? le.!.js, !:a:i.t% .se.yyed 3.2

ex.zsi.len.t gu.ide.3,

m. _{r e c o r d e d} _{i l t e r a t i l r e}_{on f r o s t . acts-on}_and _{a l l i e d}

phencmena u n d e r f i e l r ! c o n d f . t i o n s is

volu-mir,c,us

, T1.lere

are

b y cornparisor, r e l a t i v z i y f e w s c i e n t i f i c p a p e r s s c r ~ t h e k.heorc=.?lca:l

a . s p ? @ t . ~ .~:hf,cl~. a r c ~ l z p n o r t 2 d 7 : r i t : l . l ' l a b o ~ a . t o l ; y ev f d c ~ ~ z e , 1:- A': .. 3

belierrcd that

the

lnt.ey;~ret n t i o n and. a p p l l . c , ~ ~ t

?.?r

c:P f:-o:<z.

a c t i m

d a t a

to

b e s t s d v a n t a g e , b e p n d a g ~ o d d e a i . 0-1 t h e

t~i-~der:yta:~dirzp of the s o i l - w a t e r sssteni

5s

t.erns of I t s

11;1ys ~ o c h e n l i c n 1 p r o p e r t i e s , Thi.7 r e p o r r . 9 s e!nze~-r~~c! v i t k 9.r r ~ u t i i n e 0%' a ~ r c p c s e d f TCI,=L a c t i o r : s'iildy, Tli? d . e

~~~~~~~~~~~on

cf

t'n_o;;~ pyope.~tie.c;,, .i.~hlcI.i v i l i ,cley:;e as rz ba.,? :s

fcr

defi._1ing the 5ojl.l s y ~ t c a i s c o n s i d e r c ~ d ax esscnti.a.1 ~ n ~ f , of t 1.- , _ & ., 5.t;7.5ye

Tne

corn?lzte simu.l.a.tion of

f

f e l d

co!i?.i.t

ririr~:? 9n. t h c

Inb.~rat+or;.r i s not e a s i l y nc.,hievecl, D e s p i t e z h i s ., .t 5c:

b.JL J,,. :.[I G:rfd 5.211,ce

t~n:ri.:rnnmental,

conrlitions

m ! x t b c ea?ef.l;lly r r , - T , : : 2 1

t'7.e e v e n t u a l a p p l i c a t i o n w i l i b e -

in.

t h . e f r,elL

T!15

f ~ r c e z i n g

cf s 3 i l c?ecimens ir, the 1aborato.r.y 7riE.S t l i t " '.“':' 0hi3.~: of t:h.2

-

i ~ p n r o c r c h -,f' r2371'3- e a r l i e r : ' ~ r ~ v e s t i . g a t l o l ? ~ ~ , i n ]?:i.r-tl.~u?~a,r ir,

"11.. -<!.ark of 2,. T a b e r , G , B;ssLIG.~J, Casag~c-l.lztl:s and r1ore

~2zt..r!-:1y t h e F r o ?

t

Fdf f e c t s L a b o r a t o r i e s , New En!-~ln;=d

(5)

j ~ i ; e , z : i . r ! g ~ r ~ T:-le e>:act. r:c. t.k;o:-i I3.r

Trq 7:..;1 :- p7~,!.~;!.; y on tj:!e i n f ' : : . r ~ z t , j ,-)c l - ~ q - i ~ ? re3 , Bgt'_-; "cj:

cl--:-: I r i c r ; 1

or

~l:i-er-l? j.r:~aj_ ~ t : l : j i e c 3 ;:17p;?:?ri.?~,r :f:~'-."- 4 . ) (.

c:.c.t:i T f i ~ l ~ s c e ; c t i ' b i l i t y 1.s of ~ r c a t ; : n y , o r t s n c ~ , T!,-.8.1;;: :--,ec;j tl.l!?ee - 2

y

0 1 I . . c t i , Ir:. , : , t ~ . i ~ . r . t - i ,

t

I?t>:

f ror;t a e t i * 2 n phciloi~enon has been recopnized ny. a,.* i n v e s - ; : ' h g a t o r as a. v e r y c o m p l . i z a t d :iroces;.. Con;?lic~ritions a r i s e f TOR

sc3h

f a c t . o r s as t h e h e t e r o p e n e i t y of the s r ~ i l ma.s:Tq t h e r e l e a s e cf

l a t . e n t h . e a t of fusicrs a t the f r o s x l l . n e , the c i i f f e r e n z e Ir,

h e a t c o n d u c t i v i t y of f r o z e n and u n f ~ o z e r , s o i . l , t o r!ientl?;-i

b u t

a few,

Usually,

f o r l a b o r a t o r y c t x d l e s , a n a r b i t r a r y set of

c o ! ~ ? i t i o n s i s imposed on c o i l s g e c i m e r , ~ w i t h regard t o t h e r a t ? of 7 ) e n e t r a t i o n of t h e f r o s t

line,

t h e d e p t h

of

water t a b l e , t?le s i z e of sample, t h e tempe;-ature p r a d i e n t ere,

Ir:

nany i n s t a n c e s the assu.mnt i o n s r a d e a d t h e ov'ersfmplif l e d

crlnclitions imposed a:r8e

necessasy

i f any u s e f u l r e ~ e a r c l ? 2c t o

h e c a r r i e d w t , U n f o r t u n a t e l y , t h i ? may rcsu1.t: i n some

i x p o r t a n t a s p e c t s of.' t h e f r o s t acts011 phenornenn b e i n ? c v e ~ l o o k e d o r I ~ n o r e d ,

!,:'ate~ e x p a d s a ? . r , r o x i ~ ; 2 t c l y

9

7 r . Y re%'; !::!7f'n it.

_~;;~:.<:zes, ~.yh:i c:l.i i~ ;lrl ~ ~ n ~ l ~ u a l p r r ? p e r t y f cr a bicjuici. ., 1Gthnv.gh

e a r l y j , h r ~ ~ ~ t , l p z t i ~ q ~ z . t t " i b i . ? t . ~ ; ~ I t l . . ~ h e a v ' i r , . ~

cf

~ l ; l ' i ? k.2 c h i 5 ,

! l y ~ - : r - - t ! r 3: r r a ~ , e y , tk;e 1::9,ral: of E;eslro.r!r (b) and Tabor ( 3 8 has ;l.lo!.rr, t.l!nt, e x c e s ~ j v . ~ hea.ve lit d u e t13 i c e c r g - ~ t ~ a ; p.ro;.rtkJ. and

i:.^lnseql~.ent lei25 f ormaeicn,

I n a s a l t - f r e e so2.l-t,:ater s y s t e r ~ t h c f r e e z i n g c -

point deprecsj.oli i s due t o t h e adeorpt,ivc fc1r:;ss c Y : . t l 2 water, As m o r e

water

i s added t h e f 3 . l m s become th.l.zke;n tki~in d e c ~ e a s i n g t h e adsorptive f o r c e by \,1]:1Sch che i:ut.er.rntx:+ "1 aye.7 of r5.rates. Is h e l d , For any p o l l , t h e r e 1:;: a. ccr~.ti.nilc;us r e 1 a t i o ; l s h l p be-tween t h e f o r c e v i t h l ~ ? h i c h fate^ 1:: held and m s i ~ . t ' ~ . , r e

cantcnt.

It ca!;

.):hen

h e seen t h a t f o r a n y c;-i;_e s o ~ i .

+,?re f ~ e e z f n . ~ p o i n t d e p r e ~ s l c n i s c.l.co a f!.inc?- i ~ r . of t.rar,e,r

conten.?.

On t h e b a s i s of t h e phase diagram of

water

by

Tarmon tin6

Br

i d reman, t h e t~rorli of 7Jint.erlcor.r~ ( 6 ) appear; I.;) s u p p o r t t h e t h e o r y of t h e meshariicm of moict'u;i'e movememt riea.

+.. '

,. fie f ~ o s t l e n s p o s t u l a t e d by Tabcr and Be:krow, :!Ellil.s

the

:lzyer,c: of ~ , . ? a t e r i . ~ - m e d i a - t e l y adjacent to t h e ~ ' o i : ! p . c i r . t i c i e ?Lie

i ~ m o b ~ . l i z e c l c o n p i e t e l y , t h e r e carL exizi; s:lbseci.ueri!: Layers

(wi

t n

n ~edlzced. f r e e z l n g p o i n t ) which nay ac+- 3.5 c o r : 6 ~ z t i r i g

e h a n . r ~ e l c . , These l a g e r s yemain a.s I f quid .r.~e'r.e:r, however urld e y

t h e i n f l . u e n c e of eke sc,",?. p a r t l.eie, Si~.i;c; ;-ks amoa.riP of :;+;A t e y held. a t any ~ i . v e r , eneyFy l e v e l v a r i e s iiiver.:?~! ...y 7j~it.h :.hi2

(6)

p a r t i c l e s i z e , 11eavi.e~ t e x t u r e d s o i l ~ h o ~ l . d have a g r e a t e r a b i l i t y t o t r a n s f e r water by t h i ~ -niechanisri t h a n l i g h t t e x t u r ~ d c o i l c . This aypears t o be t h e b a s i s of t h e c r i t e r i a s e t f o r t h by Casa.p~a.ncie

( 7 ) "

Eenkelrnan and Olmstead

(8)

placed emphasic on t h e n a t u r a l l y occurl-inq f l u e T u a t i o n s of t h e P:rost l i n e , The v a l i d i t y of t h e cupy;lorting evidence produced by t.hese krorkers uric? e r l a b o r a t o r y concl it i o n s i s s t e l l . questioned. and t . h e i r ~ o n c l ~ ~ s l o n s a r e not general]-y accepted,

Provided an i.ce l e n s i s i . n i t i a % e d , its

ate

of g r o ~ ~ ~ t h i s believed t o ciepend l a r p e l y on

the

a ' b i ' l i t y

oT'

the

s o i l t o tra.nsrnit ?fa.-ter t o t h e f r e e z i n g zon.e, In n a t u r e the d l ~ i v i n g f o ~ c e

csn

b e a t t r i b l ~ t e d t o (a! a te~.iperzt.ura gra.dient and (b) a. s o i l r n t ) i . ~ t u r e s u c t i o n grad.$ent ii.iduced by t h e liquid. t o so.;~id phase change, HGV m1.1ch each c o n t r i b u . t e s t.o

the

t o t a l r n o i s t ~ l r e flo-r,r depends on t h e e n v i r o ~ n e n t conc1.f t i o n r , In t h e l a b o r z t o r y i t i s dependent on t h e a r b i t r a r y eondiTions chosen

by t h e i n v e s t i g a t o r , This apjjears t o j u s t m i r y the independent s t ~ x d y of f l o w ra.tes d11e t o each o f these conclitions and hot?

f

t

f

s mod i f l ed ?.hen So t.h a r e a c t i n g s i r m l t aneous '-yp

4,

_-.--

-S o l 1 --F r o p e r t i e s and I d e n t i f l c a t i c n P

-

----

-"

-

.--- --"---=

( a ) The c l a y f r a c t i o n , Lconle c h a ~ a c t e r i s t l c p ~ o p e r t i e s a d

i n f l u e n c e on oil behaviour,

The sand and silt f r a c t i o n s i n s o i l serve larpe2.y as a ~ k e l c t o n l r a t e r f a l s i n c e t h e y posses? a rathen. l o h r s p e c i f l e

s u r f a c e , . In c o n t r a s t , t h e c l a y f r a c t i o n possesses a h i g h

s p e c i f i c ~ u r f ~ . c e vhich acccunts f o r t h e hlvh moisture c o n t e n t of c l a y s o i l cornpared t o l i g h t e r s o i l s a t s2.a:i.la.r surrt;iorL

l e v e l s . T h i s g r e a t l y i n f l u e n c e s t.ke physicoher?f,oai. p r o p e r t i e s of t h e soil system: The c l a y f r a c t i o n -- i f O , , C 0 2

mn..

is

taken a s t h e u u p e r l i m i t

-

1 j . e ~ almost co?;.~:let.ely w i t h l r i t h e c o l l o i d a l range ( 0 , 0 0 1

mr?),,

Many attempts t o develop concepts

ol' t h e behaviour

ef

s o i l s i n t,he p a s t were based on the

as~urilpt.ion of s p h e ~ i c a l p a r t i c l e s , It i s

now

.cl-ell, known t h a t . w i t h i n t h e c l a y range t h e p a r t 1 c l e s a r e ~ o s t ; l y no11- s p h e ~ j c a l , T h f ~ l i n l t s t h e u.sefu1ness of rnecl.ialij.ca1 arzalgsesy i t i s , hovever, an impcrtant an2 easf l y obt.ained fu.nct.lon

f

u?r

c h a r a c t e r i z i n g s o i l s , Assur3fn~ s p h e r i c a l particles, t h e ca.lcula.ted s u r f a c e a r e a o f c l a y s cornpa~~ed t o sa.md and s i l t s

a r e l a r g e , Real s u r f a c e a r e a s a.re s t i l l p r e a t e r 4 . f a2r;ua-l.

shapes a r e t ~ k e n i n t o account (91, The s h a p e , i n a d d j t , i o c t o a f f e c t i n g s p e c i f i c s u r f a c e s , a l s o infl.uences t h e mechan? ca.2. p ~ o p e r t - i e s of t h e s o i l ,

The Importance of i d e n t i f y i n g t h e c l a y mineral cor,lposltion of t h e s o i l ~ y s t e r n s stucl i e d

f

s unquestioned, Complex mlxtures of c l a y m i n e r a l s a r e of t e n eneount~~;.:reri, 2:.

(7)

s o i l ;

i n a d d . i t i o n , c o n s i d e r a b l e v a r i a t i o n 'in t h e p r o p e r t i e s c~f a p a r t i c u l a r c l a y m i n e r a l o r i . g i n a t i n ~ f r G n d i f f e ~ e n t ~ o c a l j t i e c , c a n o c c u r , Bccause of t h i s , f u . r t ? ~ e r methods o f c h a r ~ c t e r i z i n g c l a y s , s u c h a s measurement of i n t e r i a y ~ ; : s w e l l l n ~ ~ , s u r f a c e a y e a s , base exchantye c a p a c i t y anc1 base

exchange i o n s a r e n e c e s s a r y ,

R e c o r n i z i n g t h e importa.nce o f t h e c l a y f r a . c t i ~ n i n t h e s o i l s y s t e m and that t h e l a - r g e a s s o c i a t e d s u r f a c e is a c h a r a c t e r i s t i c p r c j p e ~ t y , r e s e a r c h ' workers have d e v e l o p e d

methqds t o deterrr?ne a n i n d e x of s u r f e c e a r e a , The expanding

lattice clays poFsess a n i n t e r n a l as w e l l a? an e x t e r n a l s u r f a c e . I n ~ o n t , m o r . i l l o n i t e cl-ays, t.he i n t e r n a l su':r;face i s a p p r o x i m a t e l y 20 t i r e s a? great; a s t h e e x t e r n a l .

surf

ace' d~:;eniling s~newhat. on

the

n a t ~ l r e o f tihe aclse~bed ii,c;n, Uyal,

axid Her,li.ric:b:s (10) have developed a method -using e t h y l e n e

g l y c o l t o deterriyine i n t e r l a y e r s w e l l i n p . They h a v e shown

t h a t . i n ~ p e c i m e n s of c l a y h e a t e d f o r 2:) h o u r s aat 600°C,, ' i n ~ e r i a y e y ::welline i~ i n h i b i t e d . The d . i f f eren.ce An gl-yco' r e t e n t . i o n between h e a t e d and. u n h e a t e d e a n p l e 3 3eTv.e a s a b a s l s

f o r apprcximatiing t h e e x t e n t t o which t h e ,csla.y h a s

rrLorlil.onoid i n t e r i a y e r s ~ ~ r e l l . f n g , G r i m ( L L ) ar1.d Dflcker- (1.2) p r e d i c t e d t h a f of t.he c l a y m i n e r a l s m o n i r - 2 ~ i l l o r s f t s shcu.?_d b e t.he l e a s t ? u s c e ? - b i b l e t o f ~ o s t heaving. Prel2miriary t e s t . s

by t h e F r c s t E f f e c t s L a b o r a t o r y , C ~ r p s of Engineers, U - S , Brny

(1..3) have? i n p a r t ? v e r i f i e d t h i s predxccicn,

O r c h i s ton (14) has r e c e n t l y i n v e s t i g a t e d . -?lie u s e f u l n e s s of vat;er v a p o u r a d s o r p t . i o n d a r a f o ~ spe:::.:fir,

surf a.se d e t e r ~ r i n a t i o n s . The ad s o r p t f on d a t a oSt,silied

from

t h e vacuum d e s i c c a t o ~ nethod was used a s a b a s i s f o ? zompar'<ng A

-;,he b a s f c a l i y d i f f e r e n t t h e o ~ l e s of Brunauer.

(153

Haykens and'

Jura

(16')

and B r a d l e y

(171,

The

a d s o r y ? t i o n fsot!-lerrr,s fcr all t h e s o i l s t e s t e d were ~h07-n t o be s i g r r ~ o i d a i o r S shaped, $ 0 .(v.b.icrL t h ~ t h e o ~ i e s exanlined a p p l y ,

A t h o r o u g h r=tudy

(18)

o f w a t e r a c ? s o r p t i o n isot.hern:s

?as prcfven usefl.;l I n e l . u c i d a t i n g t h e a d s o ~ p t l o r ~ mecha;lri.;m,

M.;orptlor?. d a t a f o r a s e r i e ~ o f hornionj c m o n t m o r i l l o n i t e an? k ~ ; o i i n j . . i e s were d e t e r ? - i n & w i t h a somev~hat. d i f f

a p p a r a t u s . The rnapnitude of rhe e f f e c t of' v a ~ l . 0 1 1 ~ e.xch.ange-

a b l e c a t i o n s on adsory,t.fon i s o t h e r m s ;.was demon3r:~ated,

The

a p p l i c a t i o n o f t h e E-E--T t.heory t o t l i e d a t a , 11.n t h e

e z s

of k a c l f n j t e , t h e a u . t h o r s concluded, appeared j u s t i f i e d on t h e

~ r o u r , ? s t h z t t h e a d s o r p t i o n d a z a sh.owed che usua:),

c l ; a r a c t , e r i s t . i c s of' p h y s i c a l . a d s o r p t i o n , The a u c h o ~ s f u r r h e r

concl.~zded

that

o n l y I n t h e case of

Li

k a o l i n i t e were t r u e s u r f a c e a r e a s measured. A c o n p a r i s o n o f t h e Li r n o l e c ~ l e s i z e

and s p a c e s occupied i n %he c l a y 1 a t t i c . e s t r u c t u r e . i u s t i f ies shis t o scme e x t e n t , d s ~ u m i n g t h i s t o 'be t r u e , t h e rlwrnker

o f w a t e r molecu.les a s s o c i a t e d w i t h each c a t i o n of the oChs.::: I ~ o m i ~ n i c k a o l l n i t e s zc'uld t h e n be c a l c u l a t e d , ! J h . e r ~ a e

(8)

a d s o : r p t i ~ n and d e c - o r p t i on i e r e p e r f c c t l y rev-c.r.;'ib;.c "91'

I:zolii?j.tc, t:?cye i.ra:: co,?. ir3erablc kys tcresis 111 t h e case of

? y r ! n t n o r i I l o n i t e . k,i(!lng f u r t h e r t o the (?

ff

f'Xculty, a d r ; o r p t i o n i ~ i l . . : r e ~ krere ;:ot r e ; ~ r ~ d ~ l c i S l e , T~I?..F v a s a t t r i ' ! ? u t t ~ d

t?

s l i ~ h t v:j.i.iations of

n?l.oict,u?%e

c ~ n t c n t a t t!:e bep.i~zn!ni- of t ' h e

5 e t e r ~ i t l a t 5 ,-n. ;?cccr:? ?.ri,%ly ( I e s c r p t i o n d a t z ,were 1.1s.d f'm

c:l:lci~latiq,c d - E - T f u . n c t i o n s , s i n c e 'c'l-~ese w e r e both ~ ; a p r ' , i d ~ ! ~ c i S l e 2170 \:-ere believe:: t o r ~ ~ r e s e n t - t r12.~

cc;li.l.librlur-!

v a l u e s

vn:!*e c l o z c l y , Arain, as i n tkc c;?.l;c cf I.cao.Linit,c, l a r g e d7'ffere;:ces i:i a ( - l . ~ o r p t i o n ic-otlnernc ~ C C ~ I T T ~ ~ w i t h c"lif:Fereiit

cat 2 c;ns, T h e cf f :::ct of e:.rc:?a!~peable cat i i ~ n ~ Qn. t h e a d cn:rpti on

~ c o t h e r n ; has been p - e v i n u s l y sho~.m, :?hi? a c l ( l i t i o n a l e a l d e n c e .eras :;o~%?ever o h t a m e d 5y Q ~ ; 3 ~ e ~ . l - ~ a . t d i f f e i ~ e n t a j ? i - , - ~ r ~ x ~ c ? ~ .

? J O P G ~ L Z ~ ~ V . i r , t.3.e fi.el.cl, exchange ion?

are

oZ a ao.mmplex

na t??r-e

.

' - 1 ; . 3 - S . - T

~

u

a c e

~

a r e a ,

f

d eterxirled by 1,-:it.er

vc-::.qur a d s g r p t i o : . l , tiithollgh r o t a n a b s o l u t e p.;easl:lr~! of' s?.:rface

aPe;lr s t l . l i rer;ciin.c: a well d.efinec? charac.~:elrj;..;t~.c v a i l ~ e f c ; ~ a

i;.?wc~n

s o i l uncle7 r ~ a t ! r a l c o n d i t i o n s ,.

( b ) S o i l i d e n t . i . 7 l e a t i o n ,

Th.e A t t e r b o r g l . i n : i t s a i ~ d prain s f ze d i ~ t r i k u t i o n a:re e n g l l ~ e e r i i ~ g a i d s f o r s o i l - i d e n t i f i c a t i o n , Tlie CITY d e l ~ s l t y 1;; linn!,,.m t ! ~ a f : f e c t f r o s t a c t i o n s o t h a t n.ormally 2 i f ' f e ~ e n t s o i l

p

;.., , * ,.:?..,- ;,;zF ? r i l l '72 c o ~ ? i ? a r e d a t c o q c t a n t densities , These

c ! ~ 3 % ~ ~ ; i ; i a . t 4 . ~ 1 1 ? - r i l l . be based on tile a-!~!;rc?vci:! methods ( 1 9 ) l l ~ t ? i J

by t h e S o z l I < e c h a n j . c ~ L a b o r a t 3 r y or" t h e Vi-i.i,r i o n of l3::i.li:i

i!.le:

~ c s e a r z h . : '.'?-1ile tl:le abovc i d e n t i f i c - a . t i q n t.e:?t c. f o r the

elas.eif"icar,lon of oil a:713ea'7- l i r i t e c i 111 scope t h e y e shoulid be

s~.~f-fic!.ont To- nalr:?lal scSPF; o t h e r s t r i l l be ailded a s they

a-g:.~ear n e c e s s a r y ,.

The u l t i r n a t e aiin of t,he f r o s t a c t f ~ n s ~ ~ u d i e s I-il.1 be

t i 3 xa!..:e ?osci"?,s t h e ~ ~ e d f c t k o n of t h e f r o s t s u s c e p t i b i l i t y cf

a sol1 froi-.. 5.t.s c h a r a l c t c ~ r i s t i c ~ror;eri;.iie:;

-

I t a 7 p e a . r ~ d e s i r a b l e

th.cr ef orc t 3 e ~ r a l - l a t e t h e s e r l r o p e r t i e s 01' t h e s(>:l s y s t e ~ ~ s t o

b e ~ l ~ e c : ! , b;; X 5 e i n v e s t i g a t i o r l of t h e

more

f ~ ~ . n i i : . ; ~ e i ~ t a l a s p e c t r ~ f

f r o ~ : t actlc;n: That 3 sing.Le ? o i l a r n p e r t g i? n o t sil-r.rrlcient

??as a l r e a d y bccn shoi.~n b y t h e : ? s e of t h e Ca:np!-.a~-de c . ~ i ? . e s 2 a

'based on p a r t i c l e s i z e an;! p a ~ t d c l e d l s ~ r i b i ~ t l o ~ l , , lilanjr t G t ~ o l s ' ' a r e n014r available;., a l t h o u p k t h e i r i ~ s e f i ~ l n e s s dc?):i.~cls on t h e

ern7;loyrnent of r i , s i d l > ? - cont;rol.led 1nbora.tos'y t ~ c h n j . q u e ; ; 3 f d i f f e r e i ~ t s o i l s a r e t o be c o ~ p a r e d t r i t h ~t.nso1lab1.e s u c c e s s i,

5<

S o i l 1;'at.e~ ?otc::tials

"---- <.-.-,.-.-. .--- --..--.-

-

-.-.-

Th.e i , i t r o c i u c t i o n and a p p l i c a t i c n of t h e erlergy

c , i r c : e p t i n soil. moistu.re r e t e l z t i o n end r;l.o-JemenT- hhas placed t h e

> -.

c"';.ddy of 531, w a t e r on a funciarr,ent.aP basis., Flany ;-esez~ch

workers have c o n t r i b u t e d t o the b e t t e ~ l - u n d a r s t a r s l i ~ ~ c , o: ao.il,. r c o l . 3 t u r e e n e r p y r e l a t . i o n s h i a s

but

t h e most con?rehensi.:e

(9)

t h e o r e t i c a l t r e a t i s e has bcen c o n t r i ' b u t e d by F,dlef:?on anc!

k.id.ers9n (20), S e v e r a l atterngts i.n t h e p a s t t o c l a s s . i f y s o l 1 w a t e r a r b i t r a r i l y ha-ve f a i l e d . The co:.lt;ini~llii;y of; t h e ad s o r p t i o n

i . s o t h e r n c l e a r l y shows t h a t t h e f o r c e s i:qvolved o v e r i a p in

16rater retent;ior,, iTevertheles7, cone d : i s t i : i c t i o n nay be warrazlted bct1,:een adsorbed water and r:ra.ter held by s u r f a e e t e n ~ i o n f o r c e s s i ~ c e t.he mechani~m of r e t e n t i o n i:: v a ~ t l y d i f f e r e n t ,

The f o r c e w i t h 7 ~ h i c h w a t e r i~ held on t h e s o i l

p a ~ t i c l e i s u s u a l i y d e s c r i b e d 3.3 term? of s u c t i o r , preFsure an6

is n e g a t i v e i r , c h a r a c t e r compared t o a f r e e t r a t e ~ s u r f a c e , Wornally t h e qilction n r e s s u r e i? expressed i n c e n t i ~ e t e r s of .c#rater; A t v e r y h j p h si-~ctiorl p r e s s u r e s , t h e v a p ~ e s a r e usual-ly e x p r e s ~ e d i n trrms of S c h o f f ~ l d ~ s pF, For exam;>le, suppose a m o i ~ i : s o i l savple i s i n ~ u c t i o n e c i u i l i S r i u m t r i t h a col~lrnn of \.rater 1 0 cm. above a f r p e water s l ~ r f a c e . 'The s u c t i o n p r e s s u r e o r p o t e n t i a l woulj Then be -10

cm,

of later, and t h e

corres:londing pF would be log10

-

( - 1 0 ) = 1,

-1- ,

-

.

..t.'on

-

a o ~ s t u r e - c o n t e n t r e l a t i o n s a l p i s b y no

means unique out depe11ci5 on r.rnether I?; 1 s a e t e r n l n e d by i l r y l l p

o r by ~ + r e t t i n p . , A l l porous m a t e r i a l s : l i k e s ~ i l , e x h i b i t t h e h : r s t e r e s i s phenomenon, The m o i s t u r e c o n t e n t a t any piveri

s r ~ c t i o l l p r e s s u r e i s g r e a t e r i f determined by ii r , i 2 p t h a n by w e t t i l g , The e x a c t mechanism i s not. f u l l y miiderstood b u t I$ a p p e a r s t h a t t h e q u a s i - e q u i l i b r i u m t h e o ~ y is no l o n g e ~ c o r q ~ l e t e l y t e n a b l e , , The h y s t e r e s i c e f f e c t s 11s; been a n

lrnportant f a c t o r i n h a m n ~ r i n p a s o l u t i o n of t h e w a t . e ~ movement rnechani~m,

I n t h i s l a b o r a t o r y , t h r e e methods have been s e l e c t e d t o measure pF f r o n ~ a t ' u r a t i o r l t o civcn d r y n e s s , A t 107.d pF';

( 0 t o

3 )

t h e ceramic p l a t e a n o a r a t u s i s used; f o r pF> f f o n

3

t c 1 ~ ~ 5 ' DOTOUS membranes r e p l a c e t h e ceramir, p l a t e s , Tho

l i q u i d water t e n c i o v i s c q n d i t i o n e d by aiz- p r e s s u r e i n t h e normal tray. The p F b s frorr 0 t o

4 , 5 a r e

u s u a l l y considered t o con? t i t ~ ~ . t e t h e s o - c h l l e d suction r a l g e f f , For p F C ,c from

4 , 5

t.c

7 ,

t h e vacilurn d e s i c c a t o r t e c h n i q u e i e : used, Here, ';he

r e l a t i v e humidity is c o n t r o l l e d by s u l p h u r i c a c i d s o l u t i o n s of lmovn e o n c e n t r a t i o n . It i s u s u a l l y n o t con.c_idered n r a e t i c a b l e t o extend t h e vaciium d e s i c c a t o r t e c h n i q u e below pF 4.5: s z n c e t h e c o ~ r e s p o r i d l n g v a l u e s of R,H, l i e t o o c l o s e t o 100 p e r c e n t f o r a c c n r a t e c o n t r o l , I n ~ a l i n e s o i l c t h e u s e of

ROT,

f o r pF c o n t r o l i n ~ l ~ l r l p c i n a d d i t i q n t h e o s ~ n ? t i n n n + f i - - + + - l ~ h l l ~ P

corn~3lete pF

-

rnofst~l-re-content cuFve d e t e r m i n e d from. b o t h s u c t i o n and

R,

13, c o n t r o l l e e p o t e n t i a l s ' may sho~~7 some d i s c o n t ~ n u l t l e s ,

Every Isoroils m a r p r i 9 1 1 j k a c ~ i l has a c h a ~ . a c t e r j . c t i c

w a t e r - c o n t e n t

-

s u e t i on p o t e n t i - a 1 r e l a t f o n s h f y w l b h i n t h e l i r n i t s of k.,gcte.Tes i s , R e c e n t l y Croney and Coleman ( d l ) have ; L ; ~ ~ : z r n

(10)

pF

-

moisture-content curves for several soils which illustrate

differences in the behaviour of various materials, in partisular

soil structure and its relation to pF. The concept of soil-

moisture

-

suction potential relationships has caused a shifting

of emphasis with regard to soil moisture, Formerly the moisture

distribution in a soil profile was considered of prime importance;

now it is realized that the forces which retain the soil water

governs its movement and distribution,

6. Unsaturated Permeabilities

Beskow

(4)

and other have attached considerable

importance to saturated permeability studies in connection with

frost action. In many cases the water table lies below the

frostline. It appears reasonable to suspect that the unsaturated

permeability

may then be of more significance. One important

feature of unsaturated permeability needs emphasis. The magnitude

of the permeability coefficient depends directly on the average

suction potential, even if similar potential gradients are used.

As the average pF increases, the thickness of the water films

decreases, and moisture transfer along the liquid films decreases.

Consequently, lower permeability coefficients are obtained.

Beskow concluded from his studies that liquid water

transmission and not vapour diffusion was the important mechanism

in frost heaving. Since the suction potential gradients in the

soil determine the direction of water movement, tkis may imply

movement in the liquid phase in the absence of temperature gradients.

It is well to note that there is a continuous relationship between

suction potential and

R.H.

(22).

The relative importance of vapour

movement in systems of this kind is still a controversial issue.

Darcy's law developed for saturated laminar flow states that the

flow rate is proportional to the hydraulic gradient. The most

simple mathematical form is:

where

V

=

velocity of flow

ks

I

saturated permeability constant

i

:=

hydraulic gradient

The counterpart of this expression for unsaturated conditions is

generally applied in a modified form.

(11)

\illere V = v e l o c i t y of flow/unit t i m e / u n i t a?-ea

Q

= volume of vrater

A = a r e a T = t i n e

ku = u n s a t u r a t e d p e r m e a b i l i t y c o e f f i c i e n t S1 and S2 = s u c t i o n p o t e n t i a l s a t t h e planes under

c o n s i d e r a t i o n L = flow p a t h l e n g t h

The above e x p r e s s i o n i s i n i t 5 s i m p l e s t , and b a s i c , form, Such

refinernen.tr as temperature e f f e c t s 011 l i q u i d d e n ~ i t y and pF

and f l o v r a t e may be introdlslced, Moore (23) ancl R u s s e i l and Spangler ( 2 4 ) , and Fichards and I b o r e

((25),

have d e s c r i b e d

i n

d e t a i l l a b o r a t o r y apparatus f o r t h e measurement of unsaTurated p e r m e a b i l i t y . It i s of i n t e r e s t t o n o t e t h a t R u s ~ e l l and

s p a n F l e r i n t h e i r t r e a t m e n t of ~ o i s t u r e p o t e n t i a l s s t r e s s t h c s i g n i f i c a n c e of u n s a t u r a t e d p e r m e a b i l i t i e g i n r e l a t i o n t o

f r o s t a c t i o n .

The a p n a r a t u s s h o ~ m i n Fig,, 1 ha? been deslgiled t o measure moisture flow f n s o i l s i n t h e u n s a t u r a t e d s t a t e The s p i r a l grooves and t u b e s a t t a c h e d t o t h e upper a,rci

10~rt)r

poyous p l a t e h o l d e r s a r e c a r e f u l l y f i l l e d w i t h water aArd f l u s h e d

inti; a l l t h e bubbles a r e removed, The copper tubing c o i l 1 s

a t t a c h e d t o a c o n s t a n t p r e s s u r e water r e s e - v o i r , This i s

necescary S O t h a t a c o n s t a n t p r e s s u r e

i s

maintained while

water flows from t h e r e s e r v o f r through t h e system, The samp1.e h o l d e r s a r e p e r f o r a t e d near t h e o u t e r s u r f a c e of t h e porous p l a t e s f o r ~ u c t i o n c o n d i t i o n i n g b:r t h e c o n t r o l l e d a i r p r e s s l l r e , PI To o b t a i n a c u c t i o n d i f f e r e n t i a l , any d e s i r e d back

p r e s s u r e P2 i s a y l i e d from t h e c o n s t a q t p r e s s u r e water

r e s e r v o i r , The upper p l a t e h o l d e r i s s p r i n g loaded t o allow pood c o x t a c t between s o i l sample and porous p l a t e s when The s ~ i l s h r i n k s o r s w e l l s depending on t h e degree of s a t u r a t i o n , The s ~ o u ? t ~ r h i c h flows through t h e sample i s measured w i t h a p i p e t t e o r c a p i l l a r y tube depending on t h e flow r a t e , For

a.ny d e s i r e d ~ u c t i o n v a l u e s t h e flow r a t e i s measured f n t e r m i t t e n t l y u n t i l

i t

reaches a c o n s t a n t r a t e ,

7"

S o i l hrater P o t e n t i a l s Indvced by I c e Lensing

I n a r e c e n t paper, Jumikfs (26) d e a l s w i t h a

mathematical a n a l y s i s of moisture flow i n a s o i l system under t h e i n f l u e n c e of a temperature p r a d i e n t and a f r e e z i n g plalle H i s t r e a t m e n t of t h e f o r c e s l n ~ r o l v e d i n ?rater t ~ a n s m i ~ s i o ; ~ to

t h e f r e e z l n p zones i s a s i p n i f i c a n t c o n t r i b u t i o n i n t h i s f i e l d , : The vethod of approach suggested i n t h i s o u t l i n e recognizes two fundamentally d i f f e r e n t p r o c e s s e s involved i n ~ r a t e r mn-/.emen&

(12)

under ~ i a t u ~ a l c o n d i t i o n c 1,rllich a r e t h e movemen5 of m o i s t u r e due

t o ( a ) t h e tem:)era.ti.~-re e r a d i e n t and (b) t o t h e ~ a c t i o r , ~ r e . d T e n t .

It i s proposed t h a t i n t h e i n i t i a l s t u d i e s t h e s e two p r o c e s s e s must be evaluated ~ e p a r a t e l - y , recogn.iz.ing as s t a t e d

b e f g r e tl-!at t h e s e processes, a c t i n p simul.taneoiz.sly, aye n o t ::lecessarily a simple summation of tlie ti4roo In a d d i t i o n b o t h

T m c e s s e s a r e u r l l ? e c e ~ s i a r i l y c o ~ p i i c a t e d expe-r:imentally by an

a-iwanci.ng f r o s t . 14.ne,

The

requirements of a p r a c t i c a l f r o s t c e l l f o r eva.l.?.~.at i n g t h e 51-zct i,3n phenomena ind epend.en%ly aye ( a ) a c o n t r o l l e d s t a t l o n a r y f r o s t l i n e , ( b ) a .?harp t e n ~ p e r a ' t u ~ e p r a z i e n t a t t h e f r o . s t l i n e v i t h a c o n s t a n t teniperature

s;)an.rling t h e m i n body of t h e specimen ( a s silovm I n Fig, 2)"

Thermocouples imbedded i n t h e specinens a t f i x e d positions !m'u13 be ilced. t o i n d i c a t e t h e t e m p e r a t ~ ; r e d l s e r i b u t f o n , A f r w t c e l l t o f i l l t h e s e requirement^ i s noTc being decignai?,

'The r~c?ist.ure t e n p i o n a t the lover" er,cj. of the r o i l s p e c i m e n

1 . r i . i l be c o ~ ~ t r o l l e d by a t e n s i ~ n - c o n c l i t i o n e d s u c t i o n p l a t e t o

anjr d e s i r d si..nction irtllue, '.tl~er: t h e % a . t e of r ~ i o l s t u r e flow has

re:ached a cc>nstant r a t e t h e ~;<jecj-lilel~ w i l l b e secticiied f lclr

rr,oist'i;~e co:i:;cnt detc1~i7iiz.a'ci rn, 5u.r il:g c o n s t a n t r a t e of heave ( i e e l e n s ,-ro~t:thj t.!le r a t e ~f r:r.:iter. r:iitry irito t h e sa1::ple k r i l l

b c ;j.so rioted~, This i s more d e s i r a b l e titan ~ i t t c ! ~ ; . t i r ; g c c

c z t.i:-:a.t,e t h e c:l.ant i t y or" \:'rater r ~ o v e d f ror~l t h e thlclmes ,r- of t h e i c e l e n s , Since t k e rlioisture co;ltelit

-

pF r e l a t i o n s h i p cafi be :?as2 l y c'iei;erni.i.ned f o r ezch s o i l t e s t e d , t h e i~.nsaturatec':

pe:j.rciet7ibilit.y e q u a t i o n c a n be a p p l i e d :

where Q = q u a n t i t y of f l n x i n cm3

'? R = c r o s s - s e c t i o n n l a r e a of t h e specimen i n cmL

T = t > i r e i n seuon6s

L = d i ~ t a r l c e iE

cr,.

from

J.ce l e n s t o ior:.e2 end of sample i n cn,,

(Sl

, - S 2 ) = expresysd i n

cm,

of !$rater

k~cli = u n s a t l ~ r a t e d nern?.eability c o e f f i c i e n t i n

cn/cec.

rn

. L ~ C v.al?;es of ku obtained. i n t h i s .!ray sho1~1.d. be numerically

eciual t o t h e Iru val.u.es obtaj..r;e.cl with thr:

un?

2.t;urated

p c ~ m e a b i l i t y c e l l ' u i ~ i c ~ ~ f n - i l a - ; . conclitiorls of ~ u c t i o n ,

Th?

e y z i a l l t y of t h e s e c o e f f i c i e n t s ~coulci provide evic'le..;ce oii the

iri;poat.ance of flow due t o s u c t i o n g r a d i e n t s c i ~ z r f r i g i c e l e m

f o r ~ : a t . i o n , T h i s aprroach would also make p o s s i b l e t.he I n d i r e c t ne;:.s~:lrement cf s u c t i o n v a l u e s i n t h e s o i l water n e a r the i c e

A

'ens ll.-it'i.:~ut i n t e r f e r e n c e from moisture mavex~.nt due t:o therzal g r a . d i e n t s .

(13)

i . 7 1

il-ie su-ctfon p o t e n t i a l o f t h e s o i i v:ould be ~i;?-ial

throughol.;t f o r specimen c o u l d i n g , I n t h e frost c e l l a pretj-eta-mined s ~ ~ c t i o n ~ r o u l d be a p p l i e d a t t h e Icwer end. of t h e specimen and s u f f i . c i e n t time !sould be aliobred f o r

ecju.ilibr.ium t.o be e,ctabLish.ed, If t h e s t e a d y - ~ t z t e ;;uction d i s t r i h u t f on d ~ ~ r j . n r f ~ e e z i n g trere su.ch t h a t . one end of the

spccl.;;!ien t~2.s h i g h e r t h a n t h e s u c t i o n p o t r n t i a l at. which it was prepared, nnc; t h e o t h e r en2 l o v e r , both l e g s of t h e 1 v ; ~ t e r e s i s l o o p r.rould be repr.c,sented, Thlc -roald be

in-ld.esirahlc.-, It is b e l i e v e d t h a t w i t h p ~ a c c i c e

ths

c l r l g i n a i niloi?t!~.re content, could be ad just&. s o that bct.1-i end^ c f t h e

s a m r j l e r e r c e i t h e r on t h e drying o r xfie t.7ecti.n~ ceuve,

rill- ,.,te . st1.lcij7 of ~ 1 1 c t i o n c o r r e l - a t i o n ? ~ , . r i t h t h e ! ) r o p e r t i e s

of t h , c o i l ~?>i:11 a s s u c t i o n va111-es l i ~ l i t i n r i c e ]..em f ' o r g ~ a t i ~ n

3rd rn.u.ec o? n c . j _ s t u e rnoirement k r i l l c o n s t . i t i l t ~ t h e i n i t i a . :

pi:.asc of t h e f r o s t a c t i o n ;>rogram, I n t h e secoaC ph3.se t h e ef'f'ecT,s of t e a p e r a t u r e gr-a.tlients on x o i s t i 7 . y ~ r?over::ent i n

~::;i:~bi_ration ; A t h s u c t f on g r a d i e n t s 1.!rould be :, tizd-ied ; The

!,:,-: t r r i al-s : < o c t l ~ n of t h e C i v i s i o n of B u i l d i n g Research a r e

i n v c s s i g ? . t i n ~ t h e ~ l o v e n e n t of n o i z t ? l r ~ i n v a r l o w porous

!nritcr.ials a t t.er"perature gradient: above f r e e z i n g , These s t u d i . e ~

arc malniy co;~cer_rled :;.ith t h e m.echan3.sm i n v c l ~ r e d and c o n s i d e r a b l e p r o g r e s s has I-,ec?n :r,ade, The tlii.rd pha.se .i:ould be cor,c;crned w i t h

the study of v a r i a b l e s such as de-clsity, am3 , ~ 1 . 1 . r , : ~ ~ . :peeo Thest?

cc:is*.it~!.zte a t the moment t h e g r e a t e r p o r t i o n of t h e ~ e s e a r z . h ca.r-:r,ied o u t by tlie Frost; E f f e c t c- Laboratory, lieu I!:ilgl:.:lanc% Civf s i o n , C o r ~ r of E n g i n e e r s , U , S , A r m y .

Since' f r o s t a c t i o n phenomena c o n t a i n a l l t h e

c o m p l e x i t i e s of r ? o i ~ t~zr e novernent s t.v.d i e s

,

p1u.s t h e add it2 o r ~ a l f"reezl.ilg procesy, t h e r e

i s

ccnslideaable j u s t i f i c a t l ~ n f ' o ~

at.t e;:ip,t.ing t o control. t h e physi ca3, propertries of t h e s ~ i l with1.n

~ : . s ~ t ~ i r i P l ~ : . t s , The i i s e of blended s o i l s i s b e i n g ;.oiisider'ed, Fron; 9tocl.r ~zr.:nles cf safiG., s i l t , alzd c l a y of lino~t~n composition

i v i d e r a a g e ofi g r a i n s l z e distrlbv-ticzns could be >repar.ei?

by

':j,ar y i r : c f he ;?~~~,;~f--,;~ls of cne v a r i o u s f ri;@+c,,y;:Lr: .:~,'!lL*q l,f:yy',

I

‘z

.

n.,., ,>,.IP I.[ nd e s f r.o.5l.c v n r i ;-lh le s c oulZ 3~e e l i ~ ? . ; l a t 13ci ,

It

wculcl

.F".; .. b .

.. ~ . r i . , l ~ e r y e d l . ; ~ ~ tkle exyjeri!-(leiltal woyl: iilvolvci'

i,n

C;j~t~i:~r,;~~lill~r~~rl<~ o

the- p'i.ly:i i;:;tl 1'- -- ~ - . o - ~ e y t ~ p ; ~ 1 ?,-oposed

.

Such n ~ ? r o c e d . : r r a h ~ : ~ s

Seen

fn';lr?~:e;.!- b;y tl-ic ?J,'j,

Frost.

E f f e c t c Lnbqyiitory 3.t.

S ~ ~ t s n

%!.: fin.=?

A --

;-j-il~;? of '.I-,

I L ~ ~~?i3??1:., P i ~

The r a t e of i c e lclis f"o--l-'- L L , , ~ L L ~ I I " 112 5011s i . s S e l i e . v d

t o d a ; > e ~ i l $2 t h e a b i l i t y of t h e ? a l l Tilass t o t r u n s ~ q i t moist!zre, This ir, t u r n fr= a f u n c t i o _ r of i t s ~ l i y s i ~ c h e l * . ~ i c ~ l p r o ~ e . : . t i e s , ;;he:.:.her a n i c e I.ons c a n 5 e i n i t i a t e d depen2.s on t h e a.dsorpti-re

force of' :!\;l.te:~' i1.l tllf: y i ~ f ~ _ i . t y of t l ~ e f T D . C ' ~ l.',l.:eo T'.l::

t

2 t 3 l

d r i - v 1 n . p fol-ce i s tjclieved t o be a co:?lbi~na.tl.r)n o ? " ~ ) th.e

(14)

The

first

phase of t h e s e p r o p o ~ e d s t u d i e s w i l l be concerned : . r i t l ; a s t u 2 y of t h e l f n ~ i t i n g p F a t wh?.ck!

ice

le:.ming can be in2uced a92 t h e d e t e r m i n a t i o n of s o l 1 m o i s t u r e p t e n t i a l g r a d i e n t s unzer s t e a d y - s t a t e flo~..r c o i l ? ~ i t i o n s i n t h e absence of

t e l ~ p e r a t u r e f . r a d i e n t s , except i n t h e irnmedlate v l c l n i t j r of t h e i c e l e n s ,

The

f l o w r a t e s induced by i c e l e n s f n g ~vriil- li>e

co9pared v i t h f 1017 r a t e i n t h e u n s a t u r a t e d permea.bi1-ity

a?parattis, The phj?siock!enical n r o p e r t i e s are l a r g e l y determined by t h e c l a y r95neral f r a c t i o n a.n? v i l l be descrj-bed i n . t e r n s of

i t s t y p e , s p e c i f i c s i l r f a c e arec.. in,?ex, i n t . e r l a y e r s w e l l i n g , base

exchange c a p e c i t y and b a s e exc?lauge c o ~ ~ p l e x e t e ., Some

I d e n t i r i c a t i , 3 n t e c t s w i l l a l s o be done as a Feans o f describing

the c o i l f o r c l a s s i . f i c a t l o n purposes,

The

t e s t specimen? w i l l c n n ~ i ~ t of a r t . i f i c f a l l y blended sa.nc? s i l t and c l a y f r a c t i o n s , Further s t u d - i e s t a r i l l incl11d.e t h e e f f c c t of norrnal terr,peerat.il~e

gr2.d ien-t.5, It is b e l i e v e d t h a t ~ u c h a n approach l s : i l i ~ S S ~ S C i n

(15)

(1) J o h n s ~ ~ ~ ,

A,W,

F r o s t a c t i o n i n r o a d s a n ~ a i r f i e l l i s , a

r e v i e v of l i t e r a t , u r e !I,R,B, S p , Rep. No, 1 (1952)

( 2 ) W~rdue U n i v e r s i t y , Engi:le c r i n g Fxp, S t a t . i o n , Pevie\r of z e r t s i n p r o p e r t i e s ancl problems o f f r o s e n ground i n c l u d i n g p e r m f r o s t

-

SIPRi3 Rep, ilo

9

(1953':

3

J c h s o i i , A, ?a', anc' C ,

W e

L o v e l l ,

Jr.

B i b l i o ~ r a . p l l y on

F r o s t Action i n S o i l s ( a n n o t a t e d ) ?Jo,

3

(1942)

(4-1

Beslcotr, G,

,

S o i l F r e e z i n g and f r o s t heaving v i t h s p e c i a l

a p p l i c a t i o n t c Roads and F a i l r o a d s (1935) t ~ a n s . L,,O, Csterburg, Techi?j.cal I n s t i t ~ i t e , T\T.,t!, U n i . v e r s i t y

(19b9)

(5)

Taber, S , F r o c t l?eavi:~e:

-

J o u r , of Geo,

37

( 5 )

428-461

(1929)

(6) l/!interkorn, I-I,F, The c o n 2 i t i o r A of w a t e r I n ~ O ~ G U S e y s t e ~ s

56 ( 2 ) : 109-115.

( 7 ) Casagrande,

A.,

P l i s c u ~ s i o n on f r o ~ t heaving, H , R , 3 , proc 11; 168-172 (1931)

(8)

Beiikelir,an, C an2

F,3*

Olmstead, A new t h e o r y of f i ' o s t heaving 13, R O B , p r o c , 11: 152-177

i.1931)

(9)

Baver,

L,C,

,

S o i l P h y s i c s , John T\riley -2 :ions I L Z C ~ (1943) ( L O ) D y a i , P U S , ;i~:ci S.B, Iiendrriclrs, T o t a l s u r r a c e of c l a y s i n

p o l a r l i q u 9 d s a s c k a r a c t ~ r i s t i c index, S o i l S c i e n c e

6 9 : 421-431 (1951)

(11) G r i m , R O E , , R e l a t i o n of f r o s t a c t i o n t o c l a y rnlneraLs composition of

sail

g a t e r i a l s

-

H , R , E , S p , Rep,

2 : 167-31'7L

(12) DiXclrer, A , , S o i l Col.1oid.s and t i l e f r bekaviour

when

s u b j e c t e d t o f r o s t a c t i o n , rJer Eauin.f;eneur p p c 235-237,

h l g u s t l91-:.2, Translatec! by Engineer Dept, ? Research

C e n t r e , IJ- S . Katerways E x y , S t a t i o n , Vicksbi!.rg, T.Iis?,

,

T r . lbl:40.-;-;be

(13;

Haiey, J.F. Cold-room s t u d i . e s of f r o s t a . c t i o n i n s o i l s , a progres5 r e p o r t I I , R , E , Bul, No,

7i:1-18

(1953) ( 1 % ) Orchi.ston,

HOE.

Adsorption of w a t e r vapour 1

Soils

a t

(16)

(i5)

3rurlauer, S., P,H, E m e t t and

E,

T e l l e r A d s o r p t i o n o f g a s e s i n m u l t i r ~ o l e c u l a r la y e r s , J,

Am,

Chern. Soc, 60: 309-319 (1938)

( 1 6 ) Ha.rhins, 1i.D. and J~i.ra G , Su-rfaces of S o l i d s X I I I , J o u r , P a e Ci?err,. Soc, 66: 1366-1373 (19bLt)

(17) B r a d l e y , 8. S., Po1yn:olecular adsorbed f i l m s 1, J o u r ,

Am, Cker, S a c ,

1 3 9 :

1467-1474 ( 1 9 3 6 ) ,

( 1 8 ) C o r n e l l

Univcrsity,

F i n a l n e p o r t , S o i l S o l i d i f i c a t i c n Rcsesrck;, Fl-~ri~~arnental p ~ o p e r t i o ~ of c l a y systems 2 ,

(1951)

A, S.T.??,

P ~ o c e d u ~ e s f o r T e s t i n g S o i l s (1950)

E d l e f s o n , N.E. a ~ d

A,B,C,

Andersca, Thermodynarriics o f

?oil

m o i s t u r e , X i l p a r d i a

1 5

( 2 ) 31-298

Croney, D . and J , D , Coleman, S o i l s t r u c t ~ r e i n elation t o s o i l s u c t i o n (pF)

J.

of S o i l S c i .

5

( 7 5 - 8 i )

1 4 5 k

Croney,

D,

J , C , Coleman an2

P-

If,, E r i d g e , The s u c t i o n of'

0 .

nois.t.u.re h e l d i n c o i l s and o t h e r r)cr0!1~' r n a t ~ r ~ a - ~ s ~ R.?,T,P, N q . 24 (1952)

Moore, 3 , E . ' J a t e r c c n d u c t i o n f r o n s h a l l o w 1.aater t a b l e s , H i l g a r d i a 12: 383-424 (1939)

R u s s e l l , 14.B. and II4, G, S p a n g l e r The e n e r g y c o n c e p t of s o i l mois-t~ure and mechanics of u n ~ ~ t u . r a t e d f l o w

-

H.

?,B,

proc. 21:

L35-149

(1951)

Rfcl-ards, L.A, ar,d ?,C, 1;oore I n f l ~ l ~ e n c e of c a p i l l a r y c o n d u c t i v i t . y an2 d e p t h of w e t t i n g o n m o l 5 t u r ~ e r e t e n t i o n i n

soil, Trans,

An;, Geo, IJnlon

3:)

(4)

531-

540

.

J u m i k i s , A,

R,

S u c t i o n f o r c e i n .c;ci?-.s upon f r e e z i n g Proc. &i,,S, C , E ,

Vole

80

S e p a r a t e No.

1t.45

(19%-)

(17)

/

_UPPER

COPPER

_{POROUS PLATE}

TUBING

_HOLPLR

COIL

RUBBER

RING

SPIRAL GROOVE

SEALING

C O M P O U N D

RETAINING R I N G

LOllrLR

POROUS

PLATE

HOLDER

SAMPLE

H O L D E R

0 L E

E D I N G PLUG

1 I I I I 1

\

o

I 2 9 4 5 6 J

COPPER

TUB&

/ S

ATTACHED

S C A L E / N / N C U L S TO

P I P E T T E

OR

C A f TUBE

(18)

TEMPERA TURE A T /CZ L ENS,