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Repeated leakage tests on small panels of dry-press bricks
NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL
CANADA
DIVISION OF BUILDING RESEARCH
R E P E A T E D LEAKAGE TESTS ON SMALL
PANELS
O F DRY-PRESS BRICKS
by
J. I. Davison
Internal Report NO.
302of the
Division of Building R e s e a r c h
OTTAWA
November
1 9 6 4
PREFACE
T h e u s e of the s m a l l - p a n e l t e s t for leakage of b r i c k m a s o n r y h a s been extended t o study the change in leakage c h a r a c - t e r i s t i c s with time. T h i s work is p a r t of the p r o g r a m of study of m a s o n r y p e r f o r m a n c e in t h e Atlantic P r o v i n c e s which i s being
c a r r i e d out at t h e Atlantic Regional Station of t h e Division in Halifax. The author i s a r e s e a r c h officer on t h e staff of the Station in c h a r g e of m a s o n r y p e r f o r m a n c e studies.
Ottawa
November 1964
N. B. Hutcheon A s s i s t a n t D i r e c t o r
R E P E A T E D LEAKAGE TESTS ON SMALL PANE LS O F DRY -PRESS BRICKS
J. I. Davison
During field v i s i t s in a r e a s w h e r e t h e d r y - p r e s s b r i c k p r e v i o u s l y studied ( 1 , 2) i s extensively u s e d , t h e r e w e r e r e p o r t s of leakage in newly c o n s t r u c t e d w a l l s containing t h e b r i c k s , which c e a s e d a f t e r a p e r i o d of a y e a r . A c o m m o n explanation for t h e i n - c r e a s e d r e s i s t a n c e of t h e w a l l s t o r a i n p e n e t r a t i o n w a s t h a t s m a l l p a r t i c l e s of dust and d i r t , p r e s e n t in t h e a i r , w e r e c a r r i e d t o and into the wall s u r f a c e by wind and r a i n , t h e r e b y filling the s m a l l c r a c k s and openings through which r a i n might e n t e r .
T h i s a r o u s e d s o m e i n t e r e s t c o n c e r n i n g t h e e f f e c t of r e p e a t e d l a b o r a t o r y l e a k a g e t e s t s on s m a l l p a n e l s containing t h e b r i c k s . Accordingly, a t t h e conclusion of the s t u d i e s mentioned above, l e a k a g e t e s t s w e r e p e r i o d i c a l l y r e p e a t e d on two p a n e l s . A t o t a l of 19 t e s t s w a s conducted on t h e m over a p e r i o d of two and o n e - half y e a r s . T h i s r e p o r t r e c o r d s t h e r e s u l t s of t h e s e t e s t s .
THE PANELS
T h e p a n e l s w e r e a s s e m b l e d following the u s u a l p r o c e d u r e , and p e r t i n e n t data will be found in T a b l e I. T h e b r i c k s u s e d had IRA values ranging f r o m 13. 7 to 28. 8 gm/30 s q i n . / m i n and a v e r a g e d 22. 7 and 22.
6
gm/30 s q i n . / m i n f o r t h e two p a n e l s . T h e s e v a l u e s a r e a t t h e low end of the IRA r a n g e for t h i s b r i c k , which h a s v a l u e s up t o 100 gm/30 sqin./min, t h e m a j o r i t y of b r i c k s being in t h e 40-60 g m / 30 s q i n . / m i n r a n g e .All b r i c k s w e r e soaked in w a t e r for 10 m i n p r i o r t o p a n e l a s s e m b l y . T h e f i r s t p a n e l ( P 7 1 ) w a s a s s e m b l e d with a m o r t a r c o n - s i s t i n g of 1 p a r t m a s o n r y c e m e n t t o 3 p a r t s sand by volume, and in t h e second p a n e l ( P 7 2 ) a m i x t u r e containing 1 p a r t p o r t l a n d c e m e n t , 2 p a r t s l i m e putty and 9 p a r t s sand w a s u s e d . M o r t a r s w e r e mixed to have flow values of a p p r o x i m a t e l y 120 p e r c e n t .
T h e p a n e l s w e r e c u r e d for two w e e k s under c o n t r o l l e d conditions ( 7 0 ° F and 50 p e r c e n t RH). F l a s h i n g with polyethylene sheeting and L a s t o - M e r i c w a s c a r r i e d out during t h i s p e r i o d . T h e initial leakage t e s t w a s conducted a t the end of t h e c u r i n g p e r i o d . T h i s w a s followed by a second t e s t one week l a t e r , and t h i s schedule w a s r e p e a t e d until five t e s t s had been completed. T e s t s w e r e then conducted a t i n t e r v a l s of one month until t h e t o t a l r e a c h e d n u m b e r e d eleven, when the p e r i o d between t e s t s w a s i n c r e a s e d t o t h r e e months.
T h e final t e s t (No. 19) w a s c a r r i e d out about five weeks a f t e r the eighteenth t e s t . Between t e s t s , p a n e l s r e m a i n e d in the controlled a t m o s p h e r e d e s c r i b e d above.
R e s u l t s of leakage t e s t s a r e s u m m a r i z e d in T a b l e s I1
( P 7 1 ) and I11 (P72). During the final t e s t on each panel, o b s e r v a t i o n s w e r e t i m e d to coincide with those r e c o r d e d during the initial t e s t , and
resulting observations a r e combined in T a b l e s IV ( P 7 1 ) and V ( P 7 2 ) . After the final leakage t e s t , the panels w e r e l e f t t o d r y f o r two weeks an,d then bond-strength t e s t s w e r e conducted. Average bond-str ength values and observations of visual examination of f r a c t u r e d joints a r e contained in Table VI.
LEAKAGE TESTS
R e s u l t s r e v e a l w a t e r penetration of both p a n e l s in m e a s u r
-
able amounts during e a r l y t e s t s , with reduced leakage a s t h e t e s t s continued. T h i s i s well i l l u s t r a t e d in F i g u r e 1 which depicts r e s u l t s gr aphically.P a n e l P71
Leakage t o t a l s ranged f r o m 184 t o 255 m l during the f i v e weekly t e s t s , dropped t o a 38-188 m l range during the monthly t e s t s , and t o a 10-198 m l range for the t e s t s p e r f o r m e d a t t h r e e - m o n t h i n t e r v a l s . Graphical i l l u s t r a t i o n of leakage t o t a l s shows a definite tendency toward lower l e v e l s a s the t e s t s continued. The lengthening of the i n t e r v a l between t e s t s
- -
giving the panel a longer dryingp e r i o d
- -
a p p e a r s t o have contributed t o t h e reduced leakage. T h i s i s i l l u s t r a t e d in Table I which includes values f o r water a b s o r b e d by the panel during the individual t e s t s . T h e a v e r a g e amount a b s o r b e d by panels during t e s t s a t weekly i n t e r v a l s was 423 gm. When t h e i n t e r v a l between t e s t s was i n c r e a s e d to one month, the a v e r a g eabsorption r o s e t o 548 gm and finally to 61 2 gm when the t i m e i n t e r v a l b e c a m e t h r e e months. T h u s , the leakage t o t a l s d e c r e a s e d a s t h e ability of the panel t o hold w a t e r i n c r e a s e d .
T h e r e a r e two other f a c t o r s which m a y have contributed t o i n c r e a s e d r e s i s t a n c e of t h e panel t o r a i n penetration. T h e f i r s t c o n c e r n s m a t e r i a l deposited on t h e panel f r o m the s p r a y water used during leakage t e s t s . At the end of the study p e r i o d , the f a c e of the panel subjected t o t h e s p r a y during leakage t e s t s had become
yellowish-brown in colour and t h i s was p a r t i c u l a r l y noticeable on the g r a y m o r t a r joints. It w a s caused by organic i m p u r i t i e s deposited f r o m the water used during t e s t s . Some of t h i s m a t e r i a l m a y have e n t e r e d c r a c k s and other openings in the s u r f a c e , making i t m o r e i m p e r m e a b l e than it originally had been.
T h e o t h e r suggestion i s that w a t e r p a s s i n g through the panel m a y h a v e picked up soluble l i m e s a l t s f r o m the m o r t a r and deposited them in c r a c k s o r o t h e r voids when evaporation took p l a c e . Subsequent carbonation would then add t o the r e s i s t a n c e of the panel t o w a t e r
penetration. T h i s p o s s i b i l i t y will be d i s c u s s e d m o r e fully in l a t e r s e c t i o n s .
A study of leakage r e c o r d s for t h e f i r s t and l a s t t e s t s on the panel ( T a b l e IV) i n d i c a t e s s i m i l a r p a t t e r n s . T h e s t o r y f o r t h e l a s t t e s t i s s i m p l y that i t took longer for w a t e r t o p e n e t r a t e the panel, and then t h e r a t e of l e a k a g e w a s l o w e r , r e s u l t i n g in a s m a l l e r f i n a l total. It i s thought t h a t the longer drying p e r i o d b e f o r e t h e final t e s t w a s t h e p r i m e contributing f a c t o r , with t h e other f a c t o r s contributing t o a s m a l l e r d e g r e e .
Visual o b s e r v a t i o n s during leakage t e s t s indicated t h a t leakage was o c c u r r i n g through t h e b r i c k s and a l s o p r o b a b l y at t h e b r i c k - m o r t a r i n t e r f a c e . T h e l a t t e r w a s difficult t o e s t a b l i s h a s a p p a r e n t leakage in t h i s a r e a m a y have been w a t e r running on t o t h e m o r t a r joint f r o m l e a k s in t h e b r i c k above.
P a n e l P 7 2
Leakage t o t a l s for t h e p a n e l a s s e m b l e d with c e m e n t - l i m e m o r t a r a r e m u c h m o r e d r a m a t i c . G r a p h i c a l r e s u l t s ( F i g u r e 1 ) r e v e a l "peak" t o t a l s during t e s t s #4, #5, and #17. Visual o b s e r v a t i o n s during t e s t #5, when t h e r e w a s e x c e s s i v e l e a k a g e , indicated w a t e r p e n e t r a t i o n between the polyethylene flashing and t h e panel. ( T h i s i s a r e s u l t of a breakdown in t h e L a s t o - M e r i c in the p r e s e n c e of l i m e and w a t e r . )
J
Water p e n e t r a t i o n of t h i s n a t u r e w a s a l s o o b s e r v e d during t e s t s # 4 and #17, and a s a r e s u l t the p a n e l was r e f l a s h e d a f t e r t e s t s #5 and #17. Leakage t o t a l s f o r t h e s e t h r e e t e s t s c a n , t h e r e f o r e , be discounted.
On t h i s b a s i s , l e a k a g e r e s u l t s indicate no s e r i o u s p e n e t r a t i o n of the p a n e l in m e a s u r a b l e a m o u n t s a f t e r t h e seventh t e s t .
T h e s a m e f a c t o r s t h a t contributed t o r e d u c e d l e a k a g e for P a n e l P 7 1 w e r e c o n s i d e r e d f o r P a n e l P 7 2 . I n c r e a s e d drying of t h e p a n e l a s the t i m e i n t e r v a l between t e s t s was lengthened i s again d e m o n s t r a t e d by l a r g e r a v e r a g e w a t e r a b s o r p t i o n t o t a l s a t 518, 628, and 682 gm f o r t e s t s following t h e t h r e e drying p e r i o d s .
T h e r e w a s staining on t h e f a c e of the panel, s i m i l a r t o t h a t noted on P71, with t h e i m p l i c a t i o n of i n c r e a s e d r e s i s t a n c e i n p e r m e - a b i l i t y due t o a "filler" action.
T h e t h i r d f a c t o r , p o s s i b l e m i g r a t i o n of l i m e s a l t s in solution t o v u l n e r a b l e a r e a s *with s u b s e q u e n t c a r b o n a t i o n following e v a p o r a t i o n of t h e w a t e r , w a s c o n s i d e r e d m o r e a p p l i c a b l e t o t h i s p a n e l containing a m o r t a r with a high l i m e content.
T h e r e h a v e b e e n two m e c h a n i s m s s u g g e s t e d f o r t h i s phenomenon (1) t h e bond-layer t h e o r y ( 3 ) , and (2) autogenous h e a l i n g ( 3 , 4).
T h e bond - l a y e r t h e o r y p o s t u l a t e s t h a t wher e t h e r e i s i n t i m a t e bond between b r i c k s and c e m e n t - l i m e m o r t a r , t h e r e i s a thin l a y e r of m a t e r i a l between the body of the m o r t a r and t h e b r i c k s u r f a c e . T h e m a t e r i a l c o n s i s t s e s s e n t i a l l y of c a r b o n a t e d l i m e , and i s t h e r e s u l t of t h e c a r b o n a t i o n of l i m e d e p o s i t e d a t t h e b r i c k - m o r t a r i n t e r f a c e by w a t e r m i g r a t i n g a c r o s s t h e i n t e r f a c e and c a r r y i n g t h e l i m e in solution. Autogenous h e a l i n g r e s u l t s f r o m t h e a b i l i t y of l i m e m o r t a r s t o h e a l c r a c k s i n t h e m o r t a r i n a m a n n e r s i m i l a r t o t h a t d e s c r i b e d above. Both explanations w e r e c o n s i d e r e d a p p l i c a b l e t o P 7 2 . It w a s thought t h a t l i m e s a l t s m i g h t b e c a r r i e d i n t o t h e p o r o u s b r i c k s i n solution d u r i n g l e a k a g e t e s t s , a n d t h a t u l t i m a t e c a r b o n a t i o n of t h e l i m e following e v a p o r a t i o n of t h e w a t e r could h e l p r e d u c e t h e p e r m e
-
a b i l i t y of t h e units. E v i d e n c e of t h i s a c t i o n , h o w e v e r , could not be obtained u n t i l t h e p a n e l w a s b r o k e n d u r i n g bond-strength t e s t s . C o m p a r i s o n of l e a k a g e r e c o r d s f o r f i r s t and l a s t t e s t s on P 7 2 i n d i c a t e s m o i s t u r e p e n e t r a t i o n t o t h e b a c k of t h e p a n e l i n fifteen m i n f o r t h e f o r m e r and n o t u n t i l two h r f o r t h e l a t t e r . M e a s u r a b l e l e a k a g e o c c u r r e d d u r i n g t h e f i r s t h o u r in t h e f i r s t t e s t , with only m i n o r p e n e t r a t i o n a f t e r t h e second h o u r d u r i n g t h e f i n a l t e s t . Again v i s u a l o b s e r v a t i o n s i n d i c a t e d l e a k a g e both t h r o u g h t h e individual b r i c k s and a t t h e b r i c k - m o r t a r i n t e r f a c e , t h e l a t t e r being q u e s t i o n a b l e due t o w a t e r f r o m t h e leaking b r i c k s above, s a t u r a t i n g t h e joint a r e a s .
BOND-STRENGTH TESTS P a n e l P 7 1
E x c e l l e n t bond-str ength v a l u e s ( T a b l e VI) w e r e obtained f o r a l l f o u r joints o f t h i s p a n e l . T h e y r a n g e d f r o m 4 4 . 3 t o 7 8 . 0 p s i and a v e r a g e d
59.
3 p s i . T h e s e a r e exceptionally good f o r m a s o n r y c e m e n t m o r t a r and undoubtedly r e f l e c t t h e benefit of t h e long c u r i n g p e r i o dunder optimum conditions, c r e a t e d by periodically wetting t h e m o r t a r during leakage t e s t s . Visual examination of f r a c t u r e d joints r e v e a l e d a complete extent of bond with a l l b r e a k s o c c u r r i n g through t h e
m o r t a r beds instead of a t t h e b r i c k - m o r t a r i n t e r f a c e . T h e extent of bond and n a t u r e of the f r a c t u r e s a r e shown in F i g u r e 2, a photograph of joints a f t e r t h e t e s t .
T o investigate (1) t h e n a t u r e of the bond between m o r t a r and b r i c k , and (2) the possibility of m o r t a r penetrating t h e b r i c k , s o m e of t h e m o r t a r w a s chipped f r o m the units. It did not s e p a r a t e cleanly and invariably t h e r e w a s s o m e m o r t a r left on t h e b r i c k
- -
a l a y e r between t h e m o r t a r bed and t h e unit. T h e b r i c k was then broken (by chipping) t o s e e if t h e r e was any evidence of m o r t a r penetration. T h e r e w a s no v i s u a l evidence of t h i s ; a v e r y definite boundary a p p e a r e d t o s e p a r a t e b r i c k and m o r t a r . T h i s i s c l e a r l yshown in t h e bottom photograph in F i g u r e 2. P a n e l P 7 2
Bond-strength values for t h e cement -lime m o r t a r panel w e r e not a s good. Joints #1 and #2 w e r e broken while r e m o v i n g t h e L a s t o - M e r i c which w a s used a s a binder f o r t h e flashing. A value of 11. 7 p s i was obtained for joint #3, and joint # 4 a l s o f r a c t u r e d while being s e t up for t e s t . T h e r e evidently was not much s t r e n g t h in t h e m o r t a r . All four b r e a k s , however, o c c u r r e d i n t h e m o r t a r b e d s
- -
indicating a g r e a t e r s t r e n g t h in bond between m o r t a r and units than in t h e m o r t a r itself. T h e r e was a good extent of bond in a l l joints shown in t h e top photograph of F i g u r e 3 w h e r e it will a l s o be noted t h a t t h e r e w a s poor p e r i m e t e r bonding in s e v e r a l joints. T h e s e r e s u l t s and o b s e r v a t i o n s lend support t o t h e "bond-layer" theory.The lower photograph i n F i g u r e 3 shows t h e r e s u l t s when m o r t a r was chipped away f r o m t h e units, and when t h e b r i c k s w e r e broken t o investigate p o s s i b l e penetration of l i m e . Again t h e r e w a s a
c l e a r demarcation between b r i c k and m o r t a r with no visual evidence of penetration of t h e b r i c k by t h e m o r t a r . T h e r e was good adhesion between b r i c k and m o r t a r with a thin l a y e r of m o r t a r r e m a i n i n g on the unit after t h e m a i n bed had been removed.
CONCLUSIONS
(1) A reduction in leakage t o t a l s o c c u r r e d a s t e s t s w e r e r e p e a t e d on s m a l l panels of d r y - p r e s s b r i c k s and ( a ) a 1 : 3 m a s o n r y c e m e n t : sand m o r t a r , and (b) a 1 :2:9 portland cement : l i m e putty : sand m o r t a r . The g r e a t e s t reduction o c c u r r e d f o r the p a n e l containing t h e c e m e n t - l i m e m o r t a r .
(2) T h r e e f a c t o r s w e r e noted that m a y have contributed t o t h e i n c r e a s e d r e s i s t a n c e . of t h e panels t o m o i s t u r e penetration a s the t e s t s p r o g r e s s e d . ( a ) As t h e t i m e i n t e r v a l between t e s t s w a s i n c r e a s e d f r o m one week t o one month t o t h r e e months, t h e p a n e l s had a g r e a t e r opportunity t o d r y out, thus i n c r e a s i n g t h e i r c a p a c i t i e s for absorbing water during subsequent leakage t e s t s . T h i s undoubtedly r e t a r d e d the leakage p r o c e s s and r e s u l t e d in lower t o t a l leakage.
(b) A s c u m of organic i m p u r i t i e s f r o m the water w a s deposited on t h e f a c e of t h e p a n e l s during leakage t e s t s , filling s m a l l openings and making t h e s u r f a c e m o r e i m p e r m e a b l e . ( c ) Carbonation of soluble l i m e s a l t s c a r r i e d f r o m t h e m o r t a r t o t h e b r i c k - m o r t a r i n t e r f a c e , building up t h e r e s i s t a n c e t o penetration in that a r e a . T h e r e w a s no visual evidence t o support t h e suggestion that s o m e s a l t s m a y have been c a r r i e d in solution into t h e b r i c k s and l a t e r carbonated t h e r e .
(3) Excellent bond-str ength values w e r e obtained for P 7 1, containing m a s o n r y cement m o r t a r . Visual observation of f r a c t u r e d joints indicated p r e s e n c e of a l'bond-.layer" between t h e b r i c k and the m o r t a r bed.
( 4) P r e m a t u r e f r a c t u r e s through t h e m o r t a r beds in t h r e e joints of P 7 2 containing cement -lime m o r t a r , and a low bond-strength value a f t e r a m o r t a r -bed f r a c t u r e for t h e fourth joint, indicated g r e a t e r
strength in t h e bond between b r i c k and m o r t a r than in t h e m o r t a r itself. Again visual observations indicated a complete extent of bond and s o m e evidence of a "bond-layerT' between b r i c k and m o r t a r .
( 5 ) Excellent extent of bond and good a d h e r e n c e between b r i c k and m o r t a r lead t o the conclusion that m o s t leakage o c c u r r e d through t h e b r i c k s r a t h e r than at the b r i c k - m o r t a r i n t e r f a c e .
REFERENCES
(1) Davison,
J.
I. "Leakage and bond s t r e n g t h t e s t s on s m a l l p a n e l s a s s e m b l e d with r e d d r y - p r e s s b r i c k s and four m o r t a rcombination^'^.
DBR Internal R e p o r t No. 2 1 5, 19 60.( 2 ) Davison, J. I. "Effect of silicone t r e a t m e n t , on s m a l l p a n e l s a s s e m b l e d with high -suction dr y-pr e s s bricks".
DBR I n t e r n a l Report No. 241, 1962.
(3) Voss, W. C. " P e r m e a b i l i t y of b r i c k m a s o n r y walls
--
an hypothesis1'. P r o c . A m e r . Soc. T e s t i n g Mats., Vol. 33, P a r t 2, 1933,
670 -69 1.
(4) McBurney, J. W . ,
M.
A. Copeland, andR.
C. Brink. " P e r m e a b i l i t y of b r i c k - m o r t a r assemblages". P r o c . A m e r . Soc. T e s t i n g M a t s . , Vol. 46, 1946, 1333-1354.TABLE I
PANEL ASSEMBLY DATA
IRA (gm/30 s q in. /min) M o r t a r
Flow
P a n e 1 ( P e r
' D a t e
-
No. B r i c k s%
Type cent) 25/4/61 P 7 1 13.7, 17.8, 26.0 22.7 1:3 m a s o n r y 119.6 27. 0, 28. 8 cement: sand 26/4/61 P 7 2 14. 0, 16. 5, 27. 0 22. 6 1:2:9 cement: 122.0 26. 8, 28. 8 l i m e : sand R e m a r k s All b r i c k s soaked for 10 m i n i n w a t e r b e f o r e p a n e l a s s e m b l y , with 30 s e c t i m e i n t e r v a l and heavy tap.T A B L E I1 SUMMARY O F R E S U L T S O F LEAKAGE T E S T S F O R P A N E L P 7 1 Wt. of Wt. of W a t e r T o t a l P a n e l a t P a n e l a t A b s o r b e d T e s t L e a k a g e , S t a r t of E n d of D u r i n g No. D a t e
-
-
m l T e s t , g m T e s t , g m T e s t , g m R e m a r k s 1 9/5/61 1 8 4 1 4 , 2 2 0 1 4 , 7 2 5 50 5 D a m p n e s s n o t e d o n b a c k of p a n e l i n 1 3 m i n . F i r s t l e a k a g e a t 26 m i n . 2 16/5/61 255 1 4 , 339 1 4 , 7 4 0 40 1 D a m p n e s s n o t e d i n 1 5 m i n . F i r s t l e a k a g e a t 20 m i n . 3 23/5/61 228 1 4 , 308 1 4 , 740 43 2 D a m p n e s s n o t e d i n 1 5 m i n . F i r s t l e a k a g e a t 20 m i n . 21 m l l e a k a g e i n f i r s t 2 h r . F i r s t l e a k a g e a t 2 5 m i n . F i r s t l e a k a g e a t 20 m i n . F i r s t l e a k a g e a t 30 m i n . First l e a k a g e a t 30 m i n . F i r s t l e a k a g e a t 1 6 m i n . L e a k a g e a l w a y s o c c u r s t h r o u g h b r i c k s . F i r s t l e a k a g e a t 4 5 m i n . D a m p n e s s n o t e d a t 1 6 m i n . L e a k a g e a t 30 m i n . D a m p n e s s n o t e d a t 30 m i n . L e a k a g e a t 45 m i n . D a m p n e s s n o t e d a t 40 m i n . L e a k a g e a t 6 0 m i n . F i r s t l e a k a g e b e t w e e n 1 s t a n d 2nd h r . D a m p n e s s n o t e d a t 2 h r L e a k a g e n ~ t e d a t 1 h r L e a k a g e n o t e d a t 1 h r . L e a k a g e n o t e d a t 30 m i n . L e a k a g e n o t e d a t 22 m i n .TABLE 111
SUMMARY O F RESULTS O F LEAKAGE TESTS FOR P A N E L P 7 2
Wt. of Wt. of Water
T o t a l P a n e l a t P a n e l a t A b s o r b e d
T e s t Leakage, S t a r t of End of During
No.
- -
Date m l T e s t , gm T e s t , g m T e s t , g m R e m a r k s D a m p n e s s noted on b a c k of panel i n 15 m i n . L e a k a g e a t 45 m i n . D a m p n e s s noted i n 15 m i n . L e a k a g e a t 30 m i n f r o m b r i c k s and b r i c k - m o r t a r i n t e r f a c e . D a m p n e s s noted at 26 m i n . Leakage a t 45 m i n . B r i c k No. 3 l e a k i n g . D a m p n e s s a t 12 m i n . L e a k a g e a t 30 m i n , between p a n e l and flashing. No m e a s u r a b l e l e a k a g e d u r i n g f i r s t h r . L e a k a g e between p a n e l and flashing. D a m p n e s s in 45 m i n . L e a k a g e i n 6 0 m i n . No indication of m o i s t u r e p e n e t r a t i o n a t 30 m i n . Nil D a m p n e s s in 45 m i n . Leakage at 60 m i n . L e a k a g e a t 1 h r 12Nil D a m p n e s s and slight l e a k a g e
a t 3 h r . D a m p n e s s at 2nd h r
.
Slight l e a k a g e at 4 h r . Ni 1 Nil Nil D a m p n e s s a t 2 h r . Slight l e a k a g e a t 3 h r . D a m p n e s s and s l i g h t l e a k a g e a t 1% h r . D a m p n e s s and s l i g h t l e a k a g e a t 2 h r . D a m p n e s s a t 2 h r . Slight l e a k a g e a t 3 h r . D a m p n e s s a t 1 h r . Slight l e a k a g e a t 2 h r . D a m p n e s s and s o m e l e a k a g e a t l f h r . Some l e a k a g e a r o u n d flashing. D a m p n e s s a t 1 h r . Slight l e a k a g e a t 3 h r . 654 D a m p n e s s and s l i g h t l e a k a g e a t 1% h r .TABLE
IV
COMPARISON O F LEAKAGE RESULTS DURING FIRST AND LAST TESTS ON P A N E L P 7 1
T e s t #1 T e s t #19 T i m e 0 13 m i n 22 m i n No i m m e d i a t e leakage. No i m m e d i a t e leakage. Joint #1 darkening r i g h t side. No change.
Joint #1 100 p e r cent d a r k but not wet.
Joint #2 darkening a t r i g h t side.
Slight leakage through b r i c k # l .
26 m i n
30 m i n
Joint #1 and b r i c k #1 leaking on to joint #2 and b r i c k #2.
Joint #1 wet. Water d r o p - l e t s on f a c e of b r i c k #2. Joint #2 wet and leaking.
Water droplets on b r i c k #2.
Joint #1 100 p e r cent wet and leaking on t o joint #2. B r i c k s #1 and #2 wet and leaking slightly.
Joints #3 and # 4 and b r i c k s #3, #4, and #5 unchanged. Joint # 3 100 p e r cent d a r k ,
joint # 4 d a r k a t c e n t r e .
45 min No f u r t h e r change.
60 min All 4 joints 100 p e r cent' d a r k and leaking slightly
-
not enough to m e a s u r e .Joint #2 100 p e r cent d a r k and wet.
Wet spot
-
left side joint #4. All four joints 100 p e r cent wet. No m e a s u r a b l e leakage. Leakage 10 m l 12 "rivelets" noted f r o m c r a c k s and p o r e s in b r i c k # l . Leakage 30 m l ) )1
1
E n t i r e f a c e of panel wet and leaking-
t o t a l 4 ml. 4 h r '5 h r 6 and 7 h r Leakage 8 m l . Leakage 9 ml. Leakage 8 ml. Leakage 12 m l . Leakage 15 m l . Leakage 120 ml. Leakage 71 m l . T o t a l leakage-
184 m l . T o t a l leakage-
103 ml. Water a b s o r b e d-
505 m l . Water a b s o r b e d-
580 m l .TABLE V
COMPARISON OF LEAKAGE RESULTS DURING
T i m e 0 15 min 30 min 45 min 60 min
FIRST AND LAST TESTS ON PANEL P72
T e s t #1 T e s t #19
No immediate leakage. No immediate leakage. Dark spot c e n t r e of joint #3 No change.
and b r i c k #3.
Joint # 3 100 p e r cent dark but No change. not wet and b r i c k #3 90 p e r cent
dark.
Joints #2, #3, and #4 and No change. b r i c k s #1, #3, #4 100 p e r cent
dark and damp. Joint #1 darkening at c e n t r e and b r i c k # 2 80 p e r cent dark. Water droplets on face of b r i c k #5. Leakage
=
3 ml. All joints wet and leakingslightly. All b r i c k s dark. Nos. 3, 4, and 5 leaking. Leakage
=
3 ml. Leakage=
8 ml. Leakage=
1 4 m l ) ) ) Leakage = 5 ml. Leakage = 5 ml. Leakage = 5 ml.12 leakage points noticed i n b r i c k # l .
Leakage = 69 ml. Total leakage = 112 ml. Water absorbed = 538 ml.
No change.
Water droplets on face of a l l 5 b r i c k s a t I$ h r . Leakage = 3 ml. Leakage
=
5 m l ) ) ) Leakage=
4 m l ) ) ) Leakage=
5 ml. Total leakage = 1 7 , m l . Water absorbed=
654 ml.TABLE VI BONDSTRENGTH VALUES P a n e l P 7 1 P a n e l P 7 2 Value (psi) R e m a r k s Value (psi) R e m a r k s
Joint 1 50. 0 Excellent bond. 60 p e r
-
Broken removing L a s t o - cent of f r a c t u r e through M e r i c coating. B r e a k m o r t a r bed. No indi- o c c u r r e d through cation of m o i s t u r e m o r t a r bed. penetration.Joint
2
64.7 S a m e a s (1). 70 p e r-
S a m e a s (1). cent of f r a c t u r e throughm o r t a r bed.
Joint 3 78.0 S a m e a s (1). 80 p e r 11. 7 100 p e r cent extent of cent of f r a c t u r e through bond. B r e a k through m o r t a r bed. m o r t a r bed. No evidence
of m o i s t u r e penetration. Joint 4 44. 3 S a m e a s (1).
Average 59.3 Excellent values for m a s o n r y cement m o r t a r .
-
Broken setting up. B r e a k through m o r t a r bed. 1 1 . 7 Good extent of bond.All b r e a k s through m o r
-
t a r bed. No evidenceof any m o i s t u r e p e n e - t r ation.
1 I I I L E G E N D
-
I I I I-
P71 I I- - -
P 7 2-
i
I I I Ii\
,
1 I.
I 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 T E S T N O . s s 3 / 7 1 F l G l l R E 1 L E A K A G E R E S U L T S F O R P A N E L S P 7 1 A N D P 7 2FIGURE
2
P a n e l P 7 1
T o p
-
F r a c t u r e d joints. Note c o m p l e t e extent of bond and b r e a k s t h r o u g h m o r t a r b e d s .Bottom
-
M o r t a r h a s b e e n chipped away and b r i c k s b r o k e n . No evidence of m o r t a r p e n e t r a t i n g b r i c k . Note c l e a n s e p a r a t i o n of b r i c k and m o r t a r on s a m p l e in middle.FIGURE 3 P a n e l P 7 2
T o p
-
F r a c t u r e d joints. Note c o m p l e t e extent of bond and b r e a k s t h r o u g h m o r t a r beds.Bottom
-
M o r t a r h a s been chipped a w a y and b r i c k s broken. Noe v i d e n c e of m o r t a r p e n e t r a t i n g b r i c k s . Note c l e a n s e p a r a t i o n between b r i c k and m o r t a r on s a m p l e in f r o n t of b r i c k on t h e r i g h t .
