Innovation - Lessons from the APMED programme Apple and peach in Mediterranean orchards - Integrating tree water status and irrigation management for coping with water scarcity and aphid control

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HAL Id: hal-02738729

https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-02738729 Submitted on 2 Jun 2020

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Integrating tree water status and irrigation management

for coping with water scarcity and aphid control

Pierre-Eric Lauri

To cite this version:

Pierre-Eric Lauri. Innovation - Lessons from the APMED programme Apple and peach in Mediter-ranean orchards - Integrating tree water status and irrigation management for coping with water scarcity and aphid control. ARIMNet2 Young Researchers Seminar (YRS), May 2016, Montpellier, France. �hal-02738729�

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Innovation - Lessons from the APMED programme

Apple and peach in Mediterranean orchards - Integrating tree water status and irrigation

management for coping with water scarcity and aphid control

Pierre-Éric LAURI

INRA Montpellier

FRANCE

May 30, 2016, Montpellier, France

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Plan

ARIMNet2 – Young Researchers Seminar – May 30, 2016

1 - APMed: objectives and some results.

2 – Thoughts on how to design an optimized

collaboration network which includes end-users

concerns.

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Context

Water scarcity: most studies on annuals.

 Perennials: effects in the same year AND in the

following years.

 Fruit tree: fruit quality AND regularity of bearing.

Apple and Peach – high added value in the

Mediterranean area.

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Key questions

 to gain knowledge on how the fruit tree adapts to

water scarcity,

 to investigate the effects of tree water status on

pests (aphids),

 to examine how the grower can improve tree water

status through,

- irrigation scheduling

- and/or through a reduction of tree water

consumption and transpiration.

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The scientific organization

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The consortium

Italy: University of Bologna

L Correlli-Grappadelli & team

Israel: MIGAL-Northern R&D

A Naor, H Reuvny

France: INRA Avignon

MO Jordan, MH Sauge, G Vercambre, F Lescourret

France: INRA Montpellier

PE Lauri, E Costes, JL

Regnard

Spain: IRTA Lerida

J Girona & team

Morocco: INRA Kenitra S Charif

Morocco: INRA, ENA and University Meknès

A Blenzar, A Kajji, A Boutaleb

France: Subcontractants

Extension Service (GRCETA) & Experimental Station (CEHM)

ARIMNet2 – Young Researchers Seminar – May 30, 2016 NB: no end-users formally involved in the other countries

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1-Knowledge

2-Collaborations

with breeders

The scientific organization

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1-Genetic variability to water restriction

Apple - France & Italy



21 genotypes of a same

progeny



Well-watered vs.

drought-stressed plants with increasing

drought : moderate (4W) and

then severe (4W)

 Morphology: leaf area, stem

length, temporary growth

cessation

 Functioning: stomatal

conductance, photosynthesis, loss

of xylem conductivity

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Genetic variability to water restriction

Apple - France & Italy



 Leaf area, stem length

All genotypes:

Moderate drought (MD): -66%

Severe drought (SD): -78%



7 23 26 35 37 38 40 41 48 54 70 96 117 121 125 GS SK 57 97 106 111 7 23 26 35 37 38 40 41 48 54 70 96 117 121 125 GS SK 57 97 106 111 Pn= 0.0142*g_s+ 6.2304 R² = 0.40, P=1.9 10-3 Pn= 0.0183*gs+ 4.6499 R² = 0.42, P=1.3 10-3 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 200 250 300 350 400 450 Ne t ph tos yn th es is (Pn ; µ mol.m -2.s -1)

Stomatal conductance (gs; mmol.m-2.s-1)

WWI MD 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 70 57 41 35 40 54 7 48 37 23 10 6 11 7 ₉₇ 11 1 12 1 _SK ₃₈ 12 5 GS 96 26 Ti me to s tem gr o w th c es sa ti o n a n d du ra ti o n ( d ay ) Genotypes P erio d II -sev ere d ro u gh t P erio d I-m o d erate d roug h t



Good correlation

between P

_n

and g

_s

with

similar relationships in

WW and MD.



Great variations in

temporary stem growth

cessation

WW

MD

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1-Genetic variability to water restriction

Apple - France & Italy

Take home message:

Interest for the breeder : phenotyping progenies with

easy-to-use traits.



Temporary stem growth cessation,



Leaf area  high throughput phenotyping platforms

(collaboration with FruitBreedomics European

programme).

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1-Knowledge

2-Collaborations

with breeders

1-Knowledge

2-Relations with

the field

The scientific organization

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2-Tree – aphids interactions

France, Israel & Morocco



Three plant-pest models, Aphis

pomi

–Apple, Dysaphis

plantaginea-Apple and Myzus persicae

–Peach,

as young non-fruiting trees.



Relationships between N, growth

and infestation



1

st

phase – pos. correlation between

aphid abundance and nitrogen status.



2

nd

phase – pos. correlation between

aphid abundance and shoot

development.

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France, Israel & Morocco

Take home messages:

Non-monotonic responses of aphids to water and

nitrogen: importance of timing and tree architecture.

 Interest in a modelling perspective (connection with WP

Modelling).

From the pot to the field:

Works with growers (Morocco; France, ongoing RegPuc

programme).

2-Tree – aphids interactions

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1-Knowledge

2-Collaborations

with breeders

1-Knowledge

2-Relations with

the field

1-Knowledge

2-Coordinating

exchanges among

existing models

The scientific organization

ARIMNet2 – Young Researchers Seminar – May 30, 2016

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4-Modelling - Integrating knowledge in FSPM

France, Spain

Main objective: Functional Structural Plan Model adapted

to the fruit-tree to simulate apple and peach functioning in

realistic conditions.

Two specific objectives:

- To make three modelling teams working together on the

fruit-tree:

MAppleT (architecture based).

QualiTree (function based).

CropSyst (cropping system model).

- … with an applied objective: to implement realistic fruit

size distribution.

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4-Modelling - Integrating knowledge in FSPM

France, Spain

MappleT: stochastic models of

topology and geometry

+ biomechanics.

No physiology

Production unit . Leafy shoots . Fruits . Stems Old wood New roots Old roots

Qualitree: simplified topology

and geometry.

C supply by leaves/reserve

 growth demand by fruit

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4-Modelling - Integrating knowledge in FSPM

France, Spain

Output: Validation of fruit growth variability.

The case of cultivar Fuji.

Crop load (Fruit.m-2) 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 M ean f ruit dr y w eig ht (g ) 0 20 40 60 Observed trees Simulated trees

Fruit dry weight at harvest (g)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 Frequencie s 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 Observed values Fuji2

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France, Spain

Take home messages:

Satisfactory coupling between tree architecture

(topology-geometry), and functioning.

 outputs for fruit size under well-watered conditions.

Perspectives:

- Validate the outputs for different crop load conditions.

- Test the model under water stress conditions (ongoing

work on APMed data).

4-Modelling - Integrating knowledge in FSPM

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1-Knowledge

2-Collaborations

with breeders

1-Knowledge

2-Relations with

the field

Implementing in

real situations

- for irrigation

- for pests

1-Knowledge

2-Coordinating

exchanges among

existing models

The scientific organization

ARIMNet2 – Young Researchers Seminar – May 30, 2016

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3-Water management in the orchard

France, Israel, Italy & Morocco

1 - Interaction between stem water potential (SWP)

& crop load (Peach)

SWP is used to monitor irrigation.

BUT the demand for assimilates (fruits)

affects leaf functioning: for a same SWP

low crop load (179 fr/tree) decreases

stomatal conductance (= loss of water by

transpiration) compared to high crop

load (892 fr/tree).

 Less irrigation is needed when

low crop load: water use can be

better controlled considering crop

load.

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3-Water management in the orchard

France, Israel, Italy & Morocco

2 - Water management and light conditionning

(Apple)

Four different light management

treatments (shade nets):

control (no net)

red

white shading

neutral

X

Three WS severities:

100% (control; ETc),

60%

30%

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3-Water management in the orchard

France, Israel, Italy & Morocco

2 - Water management and light conditioning

(Apple)

WS decreases marketable yield: 100% > 60% > 30%

BUT for each WS severity, colored nets give higher marketable

yield than the control.

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3-Water management in the orchard

France, Israel, Italy &

Morocco

3 - Regulated Deficit

Irrigation, RDI (Peach)



25% [water & N] compared

to crop coefficient-driven irrigation.

a- No effect on total yield.

b-  the need for summer pruning.

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3-Water management in the orchard

France, Israel, Italy & Morocco

3 - Regulated Deficit Irrigation (Peach).

c-  post-harvest diseases:  shelf-life of the fruit.

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France, Israel, Italy & Morocco

Take home messages:

RDI interacts with crop load  no unique threshold to be

applied in all situations, but needs to be adapted to each

context.

Colored nets mitigate water stress effects and can save

water per kg of fruit produced.

RDI may be optimized to give high marketable yield,

reducing the need for pruning (summer and winter) and

post-harvest diseases (Monilia sp).

3-Water management in the orchard

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RDI may be optimized to give high marketable yield,

reducing the need for pruning (summer and winter) and

post-harvest diseases.

 Strong interest for the grower,

“pruning”: to save skilled labour during the growing

season,

“fruit shelf life”: to secure the market with less fruit

waste in the retail market or in the consumer house.

 How these findings were obtained and interpreted?

3-Water management in the orchard

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 Initially,

Only studies on peach  aphids interactions were

scheduled in relation to research experiments in pots.

Post-harvest diseases were not included in the study.

NB: only later connected to previous works on cuticular crack

surface and infections by Monilia laxa (Gibert et al. 2009).

During the project,

Decision to explore further fruit quality AFTER fruit were

harvested.

A point on serendipity.

3-Water management in the orchard

Scientific objective:

coupling between pot

experiments and field

Post-harvest diseases

emerged as a main

concern for growers and

subcontractants

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

Serendipity 

tale from Sri Lanka called “The Three Princes of

Serendip”: “… they were always making discoveries, by accidents and

sagacity, of things which they were not in quest of....“

(Horace Walpole, writer, 1754).



Definition

: “The faculty of making fortunate discoveries by accident.”

Royston M. Roberts,1989:

“Serendipity: Accidental Discoveries in Science” Patrick J. Hannan, 2006:

“Serendipity, Luck and Wisdom in Research”

Sylvie Catellin, 2014:

“Sérendipité - Du conte au concept”

To

pay attention to unexpected events (open mind,…)

AND

to have a relevant interpretation (creativity,...).

3-Water management in the orchard

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= What are the conditions to foster innovative

progresses in the project?



(multi-) interdisciplinarity.

APMed: tree biology, ecophysiology,

entomology, pathology, agronomy,

modelling,

+ end-users practical knowledge.

 to make people really working together.

How to design a network to address

innovation in research?

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How to design a network to address

innovation in research?

 Two main Innovation processes: linear vs.

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How to design a network to address

innovation in research?

* For the scientist: research questions are chosen

depending on the conceptual/technical tools we have

in our toolbox … not often from « external » question

(Kuhn, 1970).

* Innovation: what the end-users tell you bring and

not what you think you bring.

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How to design a network to address

innovation in research?

 The project should imply people already

connected:

1 - Claiming for collaborations is not sufficient for

effective interactions during a project.

2 - Temporality matters: more efficiency when people

already work together prior to the project.

APMed:

Choice of subcontractants in France: based on

on an already existing network gathering

researchers (INRA) and technicians from

extension services and experimental

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Applied research network MAFCOT (knowledge on fruit-tree

architecture to innovate in training and pruning strategies; from 20

years).

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