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HAL Id: hal-01156751

https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01156751

Submitted on 19 Mar 2019

HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- entific research documents, whether they are pub- lished or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers.

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Wave energy converters

Judicael Aubry, Hamid Ben Ahmed, Bernard Multon, Aurélien Babarit, Alain Clément

To cite this version:

Judicael Aubry, Hamid Ben Ahmed, Bernard Multon, Aurélien Babarit, Alain Clément.

Wave energy converters. Bernard Multon. Marine renewable energy handbook, 2011,

�10.1002/9781118603185.ch11�. �hal-01156751�

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