بٍتزتنا ىقر
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مسهستنا ىقر
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Hyoscyamus albus L.
بغُئس خُٕ غٕغل ٌسىزِٕ خعِبخ ربز عأ نسبجِ خلبث اسشمِ خٍُِ ٍعِب د ٌا ضوشٌّا شضب حِ ر بزعأ ةبهىٌا ذجع ٍح َ بٕحزِّ فُغع طبجع دبحشف خعِبخ ربز عأ خّٕح ا سوصسص ىث خٕحزِّ خُٕ غٕغل ٌسىزِٕ خعِبخ حربزع أ خَد بٔ فٍخ َ
بٕحزِّ خُٕ غٕغل ٌسىزِٕ خعِبخ شضب حِ ر بزعأ ذُ عٌا دبُّه د
بٕحزِّ فُغع طبجع دبحشف خعِبخ ربز عأ دواد للها صش ح
ARN Acide Ribonucléique
ARNm Acide Ribonucleïque Messager
ARNT Acide Ribonucleïque Transport
BAP Benzyl Amino Purine
CCM Chromatographie sur Couche Mince
CPG Chromatographie en Phase Gazeuse
CPL Chromatographie en Phase Liquide
2,4-D 2,4- Dichloro Phénoxy Acétique
H Hyoscyamus
H6H Hyoscyamine 6β-hydroxylase
HPLC Chromatographie Liquide à haute performance
IR Infra Rouge
K kénetine
L. Linné
LS Linsmaier and Skoog's basal salts
MS Murashige and Skoog's basal salts
NAA Naphthalin Acetic Acid
ODC Ornithine Décarboxylase
PAA Phenoxy Acétic Acid
PAA Phényle Acetic Acid
PMT N-Methyle Putrescine Transférase
Rf Rate of Flow
RMN Résonance Magnétique Nucléaire
SM Spectrophotométrie de Masse
UV Ultras Violet
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1
-I اشىغٌ ا دبجٔ
ْ
.... 3
I - 1 -
ْاشىغٌ ا دبجٔ فَ شعر
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3.
I - 2 - دبجٔ فط و ضُ ثلأا ْاش غٌ ا
Hyoscyamus albus L.
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4.
I - 3 -
ْاشىغٌ ا دبجٔ فُ ٕ ظ ر ضُ ثلأ
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5.
I - 4 - ضُ ثلأا ْاش غٌ ا دبجٌٕ خُجغٌا خُّ ه لأ
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5.
I - 5 - ضُ ثلأا ْاش غٌ ا دبجٌٕ ٍ ئبُّ ُ ىٌا يىزحٌّا
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6.
II - دا ذَ ىٍمٌا
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6.
II - 1 -
ٌى ٔبثٌا َ ضٌُىثبزٌُّا دبجوشِ
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6.
II - 2 - دا ذَ ىٍمٌا فَ شعر
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7.
II - 3 - بهمٍُ خرو دا ذَ ىٍمٌا ذخاىر ْبىِ
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7.
II - 4 - دا ذَ ىٍمٌا صاىخ
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8.
II - 5 - دا ذَ ىٍمٌا خُّ غر
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9.
II - 6 - دا ذَ ىٍمٌٍ ٌى ُ حٌ ا كٍُ خزٌا
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9.
II - 7 - دا ذَ ىٍمٌا فُ ٕ ظ ر
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11.
II - 8 - دا ذَ ىٍمٌا شَذمر قشع
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13.
II - 9 - دا ذَ ىٍمٌا ٓع فشىٌا قشع
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13.
II - 10 - دا ذَ ىٍمٌا صلاخعا قشع
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13.
II - 11 - دا ذَ ىٍمٌا ً ظ ف
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14.
II - 12 -
ْبثوشزٌا دا ذَ ىٍل
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14.
II - 12 - 1 - فَ شعر
ْبثوشزٌا دا ذَ ىٍل
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14.
II - 12 - 2 -
ُِٓب ُ عىُهٌ ا
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15.
II - 12 - 3 -
ُِٓلاىثىىغٌ ا
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15.
II - 12 - 4 -
ُِٓلاىثىىع ً ٌ إ ُِٓب ُ عىُهٌ ا يىحر
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16.
III - خُربجٌٕا دبٔىِشهٌا
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16.
III - 2 - ٍ ف خُ ربجٌٕا دبٔىِشهٌا ً ّ ع خٍُ خٌ ا
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17
III - 3 - دبُٕ غوولا
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19
III - 3 - 1 - دبُٕ غوولاا فشعر
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19
III - 3 - 2 - دبُٕ غوولأا ً فٌ خفوشعٌّا دا شُثأزٌا ضعث
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19
III - 3 - 3 - خَشجخّ ٌ ا خعاسضٌا ٍ ف ٌىٔبثٌا َ ضٌُىثبزٌُّا حراىٔ ً ٍ ع دبُٕ غولأا شُأر
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20
-III 3 - 4 - هٍُ خٌ ا ضِ بح يوذٔأ
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20
III - 3 - 5 - 2 , 4 – هٍُ خٌ ا ضّ ح ٍغو ىُٕ فوسىٍو ٍ ئبٕث
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20
III - 4 - دبُٕ ٕ ُ وىزُغٌ ا
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21
III - 4 - 1 - دبُٕ ٕ ُ وىزُغٌ ا فَ شعر
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21
III - 4 - 2 - دبُٕ ٕ ُ وىزُغٌ ا ً عفٌ خفوشعٌّا دا شُثأزٌا ُ ه أ
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22
III - 4 - 3 - خَشجخّ ٌ ا خعاسضٌا ٍ ف ٌىٔبثٌا َ ضٌُىثبزٌُّا حراىٔ ً ٍ ع دبُٕ ٕ وىزُغٌ ا شُثأر
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22
-III 4 - 4 -
ُٓز ُ ٕ ىٌا
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23
III - 4 - 5 َٓسى ُ ث ىُٕ ِ أ ً َ ضٕث
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24
III - 5 - ظ ٕ خ ٍف ٌ ىٔبثٌا َ ضٌُىثبزٌُّا حراىٔ ُ واشر ًٍ ع دبٔىِ شهٌا ُٓث ً خاذزٌا شُثأر
ْاشىغٌ ا
. ...
24..
IV - خَشجخّ ٌ ا خـــــــعاسضٌا La culture invitro
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25
IV - 1 - خــــــُ خَ سبر حزــــجٔ
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IV - 2 - خدغٔلأا عاسص ٍُع فَ شعر
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26
IV - 3 - خُدُ غٕ ٌ ا خعاسضٌا دلا ّ عزعلا ُ غُ ئشٌا دلا دٌّا ُ ه أ
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26
IV - 4 - و طوشش خـــــحخبـــٌٕ ا خـــُ دُ غٕ ٌ ا خـــعاسضٌا ً ـــحاشِ
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28
-IV 5 - خـــدغٔلأا ــعاسص خــئُث
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28...
IV - 6 - خـــدغٔلأا ــــعاسضٌ خِ بهٌا دا ىـــغخٌ ا
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31
IV - 7 - خدغٔلأا عاسص ٍف ُُمعزٌا قشع
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31
IV - 8 - خدغٔلأا عاسص ذٕع خِ صلاٌ خُئُجٌا فوشظٌا
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31
IV - 8 - 1 - خُئىضٌا دبخبُزحلا
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IV - 8 - 2 - خَساشحٌا دبخبُزحلا
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IV - 8 - 3 - خَىهزٌا
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IV - 8 - 4 - ظعىٌا خضىّ ح
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IV - 9 - شثبىزٌٍ خَذُ ٍ مزٌا ً ئبعىٌاو خٍُ عىو خدغٔلأا عاسص ُٓث دبفلازخلا ُ ه أ
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33
IV - 10 - خَشـــضخٌ ا خــٌ لاغا دبربـــجٔ ً ــٍ ع يىــظ حٌ ا قشـــعو هٌبــــغِ
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33
-II ضُ ثلأا ْاش غٌ ا دبجٌٕ خُربجٌٕا خعاسذٌا
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36...
ضُ ثلأا ْاش غٌ ا دبجٌٕ خُئبُّ ُ ىٌا خعاسذٌا-III
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36...
-III 1 - شَذمزٌا دبجٔ دا ذَ ىٍمٌ ٍ ّ ىٌا ضُ ثلأا ْاش غٌ ا
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. 36
III - 1 - 1 - خُىُعلا ٌ ا خمَ شغٌبث داذَىٍمٌا صلاخعا
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36...
III - 1 - 2 - خٍُ ىٌا دا ذَ ىٍمٌٍ خَىئٌّ ا خجغٕ ٌ ا ُُٓ عرو حشَبعّ ٌ ا
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37...
III - 2 -
ْاشىغٌ ا دبجٔ دا ذَ ىٍمٌ ٍ فاشغىربِوشىٌا ً ُ ٍ حزٌا ضُ ثلأ
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37...
III - 2 - 1 -
ْاشىغٌ ا دبجٌٕ ٌذَ ىٍمٌا ضٍ خزغّ ٍ ٌ خمُ لشٌا خمجغٌا بُف اشغىر بِوشو ضُ ثلأ
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37...
III - 2 - 2 -
ْاشىغٌ ا دبجٌٕ ٌذَ ىٍمٌا ضٍ خزغّ ٍ ٌ خَصبغٌا سىغٌا بُفاشغىربِوشو ضُ ثلأ
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38...
IV - خُدُ غٕ ٌ ا خعاسضٌا
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1-IV - سوزجٌا ءبّٔإ
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IV - 2 - ئُ ث شُضحر خُدُ غٕ ٌ ا خعاسضٌا دا
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IV - 3 - خئُجٌا ُ ُ معر
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40...
IV - 4 -
ً ّ عزغّ ٌ ا ءضدٌا
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40...
IV - 5 - خئُجٌا حغغٌ ً ّ عزغّ ٌ ا ءضدٌا ً مٔ
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40...
IV - 6 - خُئُجٌا فوشظٌا
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41...
-IV 7 - حرىخأّ ٌ ا دبعبُمٌا
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41
-V خُئبظحلاا عاسذٌا
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41
-I يا خعاسد يا دبجٌٕ خُربجٔ
ضُ ثلأا ْاش غٌ ا
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42
I - 1 - ْاشىغٌ ا دبجٌٕ خعبمٌّا خُخىٌىفسىِ وشوبٌّا دبفظٌا ً ٍ ع خُربجٌٕا دبٔىِشهٌا شُثأر خعاسد
ضُ ثلأ
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42
I - 1 - 1 - قبع يىع ً ٍ ع خُربجٌٕا دبٔىِشهٌا شُثأر
ْاشىغٌ ا دبجٔ
ضُ ثلأ
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42
I - 1 - 2 - سزخ يىع ً ٍ ع خُربجٌٕا دبٔىِشهٌا شُثأر ضُ ثلأا ْاش غٌ ا دبجٔ
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43
I - 1 - 3 - ضُ ثلأا ْاش غٌ ا دبجٔ خلسو خحبغِ ً ٍ ع خُربجٌٕا دبٔىِشهٌا شُثأر
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43
I - 2 - ضُ ثلأا ْاش غٌ ا دبجٌٕ خُخىٌىفسىِ وشىُِ خعاسد
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46
I - 2 - 1 - خُحَ ششر خعاسد سزدٌ
ْاشىغٌ ا دبجٔ
ضُ ثلأ
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47
I - 2 - 3 - خُحَ ششر خعاسد ي
و س
ْاشىغٌ ا دبجٔ خل ضُ ثلأ
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50
-II ضُ جٌا ْاشىغٌ ا دبجٌٕ خُئبُّ ُ ىٌا خعاسذٌا
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51
II - 1 -
ْاشىغٌ ا دبجٔ دا ذَ ىٍمٌ ٍ ّ ىٌا شَذمزٌا ضُ ثلأ
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51
II - 2 -
ْاشىغٌ ا دبجٔ ٍ ف داذَىٍمٌا خُوشح خعاسد ضُ ثلأ
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56
-II 2 - 1 -
َٓبجزٌا ً ُ ٍ حر
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56
II - 2 - 2 -
ً حاشٌّ ا خٔسبمِ
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57
-II 2 - 3 - خُعبعلأا دبٔىىّ ٌ ا ً ٌ إ ٍ ئبظحلإا ًُ حزٌا يبّعزعبث ْاشىغٌ ا دبجٔ دا ذَ ىٍل خُوشح خعاسد 58....
II - 3 -
ْاشىغٌ ا دبجٔ دا ذَ ىٍمٌ ٍ عىٌٕ ا شَذمزٌا ضُ ثلأ
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62
II - 3 - 1 - خمُ لشٌا خمجغٌا بُفاشغىربِوشو C.C.M.
َ بخٌا ٌذَ ىٍمٌا ضٍ خزغّ ٍ ٌ ضُ ثلأا ْاش غٌ ا دبجٌٕ
....
62.
II - 3 - 2 - خَصبغٌا سىغٌا بُفاشغىربِوشو C.P.G.
َ بخٌا ٌذَ ىٍمٌا ضٍ خزغّ ٍ ٌ ضُ ثلأا ْاش غٌ ا دبجٌٕ
64..
III - يا خعاسضٌا ضُ ثلأا ْاش غٌ ا دبجٌٕ خَشجخِ
la culture invitro
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68
-III 1 - و دبٔىِشهٌا شُثأر ذلىٌ ا
ي خُدُ غٕ ٌ ا خعاسضٌا ٓع حربٌٕا ط ىٌبىٍ ٌ جصبغٌا ْصىٌا ً ٍ ع سوزخ
ْاشىغٌ ا دبجٔ
ضُ ثلأ
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68
III - 1 - 1 - شُثأر
ُٓث ً خاذزٌا ـٌا
K و ـٌا IAA ط ىٌبىٌ جصبغٌا ْصىٌا ً ٍ ع ضُ ثلأا ْاش غٌ ا دبجٔ
..
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68
III - 1 - 2 - ـٌ ا ْى ِ شهشُثأر 2,4-D
ضُوشزث 1 غٍِ
/ ي ط ىٌبىٌ جصبغٌا ْصىٌا ً ٍ ع ضُ ثلأا ْاش غٌ ا دبجٌٕ
. 69
III - 1 - 3 - شُثأر
ُٓث ً خاذزٌا ـٌا
K و ـٌا NAA ط ىٌبىٌ جصبغٌا ْصىٌا ً ٍ ع ضُ ثلأا ْاش غٌ ا دبجٔ
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.
69....
-III -2 و دبٔىِشهٌا شُثأر ذلىٌ ا
ً ٍ ع ٓع حربٌٕا ط ىٌبىٌ ا ٍ ف خّ واشزٌّا دا ذَ ىٍمٌٍ خَىئٌّ ا خجغٕ ٌ ا
ضُ ثلأا ْاش غٌ ا دبجٔ سوزدٌ خُدُ غٕ ٌ ا خعاسضٌا
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70
-III 2 - 1 - شُثأر ْى ِ شه 2,4-D
دا ذَ ىٍمٌٍ خَىئٌّ ا خجغٕ ٌ ا ً ٍ ع ْاشىغٌ ا دبجٔ ط ىٌبو ٍ ف
ضُ ثلأ
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71
III - 2 - 2 -
ُٓث ً خاذزٌا شُثأر ـٌا
K و ـٌا NAA ً ٍ ع خَىئٌّ ا خجغٕ ٌ ا ي
دا ذَ ىٍمٌ
ْاشىغٌ ا دبجٔ ط ىٌبو ٍ ف
ضُ ثلأ
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72
-III 2 - 3 - ُٓث ً خاذزٌا شُثأر ـٌا
و IAA ـٌا دا ذَ ىٍمٌٍ خَىئٌّ ا خجغٕ ٌ ا ً ٍ ع K ْاشىغٌ ا دبجٔ ط ىٌبو ٍ ف
ضُ ثلأ
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73
خط لاخا
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74
عخازًنا تًئبق
- خُثشعٌا خغٌٍ بث
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77
- غٌٍ بث دا خُجٕخلأ
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78
يا كحٍ ِ
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97
03 01
Invitro 02 08
09 03 12 04
05 in vitro
23 27 06 30 07 42 08 43 09 43 10 45 11 52 12 52 13 56 14 57 15
Rf 16 64
68 17 70 18
04 01 10 02 15 03 15 04 16 05 16 06 18 07
IAA 08 20
2,4-D 09 21
21 10
K 11 24
BAP 12 24
35 13
NAA 14 40
46 15 46 16 48 17 49 18 50 19 53 20 53 21 54 22
(A.C.P.) 24 61
C.C.M. 25 63
66 26 66 27 67 28 67 29
K 30 69 IAA
2,4-D 31 69
K 32 0.5
NAA 70 1
2,4-D 33 71
1 34 2,4-D
72
K 35 0.5
NAA 72 1
IAA 36 73 K
80
%
25
% (Fransworth et al., 1985)
in vivo in vitro
) 2000
(
Solanaceae L.
(Doerkschmitz et al., 1994) in vivo
in vitro
IAA 2,4-D
BAP
K
) IAA K BAP 2,4-D
(
in vivo
in vitro
I I 1 Solanaceae
(Robbers et al., 1996)
2006 Lee,
20
1999 1990
01 11
Roberts and Wink 1998)
Hyoscyamus reticulatus
Hyoscyamus aureus
Hyoscyamus muticus
Hyoscyamus niger
Hyoscyamus pisillus Hyoscyamus major Mill.
Hyoscyamus minor Mill.
Hyoscyamus luridus Salisb.
Hyoscyamus boveanus Dun.
Hyoscyamus desertorum Asch. & Boiss Linnet Hyoscyamus albus
01 )
1974 (Tachholm,
Hyoscyamus H. pusillus L.
H. reticulates L.
H. boveanus Dun.
H. muticus L.
H. albus L.
H. aureus L.
H. desertorum Asch. &
Boiss.
1809 (Trease and Evans,
1996)
Hyoscyamus Hyos
Cyamus The bean of the hog
Henbane
; Arroo et al., 2007 2001
Bernard,
I 2 Hyoscyamus albus L.
30 90
2001
;Iserin, 2006
(Duke and Edwards, 1985; Pudersell,
01
01
I 3 1978
Trease and Evans,
1994 Phylum: Phanerogamas
Sub phyhum: Angiospermas Class: Dicotyledons
Division: Matachlamydeae Raw: Sympetalae
Ordre: Tubiflorae Family: Solanaceae Genus: Hyoscyamus Species: albus
I 4
(Nabil et al., 2009)
Anodyne o Sedalive
(Leikin et al.,
1998) Antispasmotique o
Chevalier, 1996
Diuretique o (Leikin et al., 1998)
Hallucinogenique o (Roddick, 1991)
Hypnotique o (Frank and Rene, 2008) Narcotique
(Weiner, 1987) Mydriatique o Asthma
(Manske and holmes, 1950; Oksman, 2007) (Launert, 1981; Grieve, 1984; Bown, o
1995)
I 5
Hyperside Kaempferole
(Pudersell, 2006) Mg, K, Zn, Ca
.(Arroo et al., 2007)
0.5
% 1.5
% 3
4
) 1979
( (Atroscine)
(Scopine) (Michael et al., 2004)
II II 1
(Sachan, 2004)
) 02
(
(Tolonen, 2003)
(Richter, 1993)
3
(Bourgoud et al., 2001)
II 2
2001
O C H
1994 Facchini et al., 2004; Oztekin-Mat,
2004 Zayed and Wink,
1993
1996 Guignard,
1999 Baldwin and Prestin,
II 3
100000 (Verpoorte and Memelink, 2002)
12000
(Croteau et al., 2000)
1994 Foukarids et al.,
Adrenaline )
1993 (Bruneton,
Pyocyanine Pseudomonas Aeruginosa
Milcent, 2003 Papaveraceae
1970 Milcent, 2003 ;Pelletier, Celma et
al.
(2001)
1995 , Xu et al
1998 Oksman and Arroo, 2000; Roberts and Wink, 1988
2000 Boitel-conti et al.,
2002 Hesse,
II 4
Berbérine Colchicine
.(Bruneton, 1999)
100 900
1999 Seigler, 02
(Verpoorte et al., 1993) Invitro02 Rendement in
vitro Espèces
Propriétés Alcaloïdes
0.25g/l 0.25g/l 0.0006%
Traces 0.1-0.2g/l
0.08g/l Traces Papaver
somniferum Papaver somniferum
Colchicum autumnale Cinchona sp.
Atropa belladona Datura sp.
Dubiosia sp.
Hyoscyamus sp.
Rauvolfia sp.
Catharanthus Analgésique
Antitussif Antigoutteux Antipaludéen Parasympatolytique Parasympatolytique
Sédatif Antitumoral Morphine
Codéine Colchicine
Quinine Atropine Scopolamine
Réserpine Vincristine
II 5 )
1988 ( Milcent (2003)
ine genre o Hyoscyamine
Hyoscyamus
espèce o Cocaine
Erythroxylum
coca Ergotamine o
Ergote
Narcotine o .Narcot
Emetine o Emetique
Tasmanine o Tasmania
Hygrine o
II 6
03
03
) 1986
(
% )
(
% )
(
0.76 0.05
0.52
0.65 0.24
0.42 0.08
0.27 0.06
0.22 0.05
0.30 0.30
(Rocha et al., 2002; Ute et al., 2009) (De luca and
Pierre, 2000 ; Hashimoto et al., 1986) 02
II 7 (Sandrine, 2004;
Bruneton, 1999)
1 Ephedrine
Ephedra
2 Nicotine
3 .
4 Quinine
Quina
5 Papaverine
6 Strychnine
7 Morphine
8 Caféine
9 Colchicine
10 Solanine
04
04 (Guignard, 2000)
II 8 Fouché et al.
2001 Taha et al.
) 2002 (
1 2 HCl
H2SO4
3
Spectrophotomètre 4
(C.C.M.)
(C.P.G.) (C.L.)
II 9 (Manske and Holmes,
1950; Balbaa et al., 1976)
II 10 (Paris and Moyse, 1971)
03
1 NH3
CHCl3
CH2Cl2
(Soxhlet)
2
3 NH3
CHCl3
CH2Cl2
II 11 S.M., U.V.,
C.C.M., .H.P.L.C., C.P.G., R.M.N., I.R.
(Pelletier, 1983; Ceyhan et al., 2001)
Paris et Moyse (1971)
C.C.M.
H. aureus L.
H. muticus L.
(Majlat, 1982; Ionkova et al., 1994)
H.P.L.C.
S.M.
H. aureus L.
Zayed (2001) (2007) Elisabet et al.
II 12
II 12 1 Tropine
acide tropique
acide tyglique 1992
Hibi et al.,
.(Mann, 1978; Rathbone and Bruce, 2002) 20
(Luckner, 1990)
2002 (Lanoue et al.,
0.70
% 1.50
% 2001
(Gaillard et al.,
(Mann, 1987) 03
C8 H15 N 1
5
N 1990
Leete, (1995)Majewski and Lazny
8-Methyl-8-ozabicyclo(3-2-1) octane
N 1
2 4 3
6 7
5
03
II 12 2 Hyoscyamine
C17H23O3N
289.38 2006
Dräger,
(±)-Atropine 2000
, Mateus et al D-Hyscyamine
) L-Hyoscyamine 4
(0 (Matsuda et
al., 1998) (-)- Hyoscyamine
(+)- Hyoscyamine
) (
N
O
O H
CH2OH CH3
04
II 12 3 Scopolamine
C7-C6
) 05 ( 1986 Hashimoto et al., C17H21NO4
303.06 1990
Leete,
N O
O
CH3
O H
CH2OH
05
II 12 4 Hyosyamine-6β-Hydroxylase
(H6H)
(-)-hyoscyamine 6β-
Hydroxyscopolamine scopolamine
06 (Elisabet et al., 2003; Lin et
al., 2003)
06 (Cardillo et al., 2008)
III III 1
Hopkins, 2003
activateurs inhibiteurs
Robert et Rolland, 1999)
05
Robert et Rolland, 1999)
III 2
ARNm
polymérase ARN
ARNt
) 2006
( )
1993 (
07 ARNm
ARNt
(Scalla, 1991)
07 1980
Sauerwein and Shinomura (1992)
1:1
(1983) Koul et al.
H. muticus L.
El-Bahr
et al.
(1997) H. muticus L.
1 K
2,4-D
auxi-induced enzyme
Softens cell wall activated amino acid
auxin-induced
M-RNA nucleus Enzyme
protein
polysomes
Auxin might act on nucleus
cytokinins may act here transfer RNA amino acid
GA might act on nucleus GA-indeced
m-RNA
polysomes Enzyme
protein
plasmadesma
III 3 Les auxines
III 3 1 Auxine
(Nultsch,1998)
.(Prat, 1994
(PAA) Phényle acetic acid
3 IAA
indole-3-acetic acid PAA
Phenoxy acetic acid 4,2
2,4-D acetic
acid 2,4 –Dichlorophenoxy 85
(Heller, 19 Dolan, 2006
3 1972
III 3 2
1 1990
.(Davies,
2 Heller et al.,
2000 3 (Luttge et al., 1997)
Vilain, 1987
4 Heller, 1985
5 Robert et Rolland, 1999
6 Hopkins, 1995
7 Lin et al., 2003
III 3 3 La culture in
vitro
(Dodds and Roberts, 1995) IAA
NAA Ibrahim et al.
) 2009 ( artemisinique
Artiminin annua
(Bunk, 1997) Targetes Patula
(Arroo et al., 1995) Datura, Atropa, H .niger L.
Duboisia (Hashimoto et al.,
1991; Bonhomme and Fliniaux, 2000)
III 3 4 IAA
Indole 3- acetic acid 1926
Frits
Went Nultsch, 1998
C10H9NO2
175
168 170 º 08
(Dolan, 2006)
N
CH2 H
COOH
8 IAA
III 3 5 2 , 4 - )
2,4-Dichloraphnoxy acetic acid (2,4-D
2,4-D 221
C8H6O3Cl2
Mazliak, 1997 09
.(Dolan, 2006)
Cl O
Cl
CH2 COOH
9 2,4-D
III 4 les cytokinines
III 4 1 Miller et al., 1956;
Werner et al., 2001 ARN
Methyl
thiosopentenyl adenine .(Luttge et al., 1994; Mann, 1996)
Tayeb, 1994) Isopentenyl adenin
10 2000
N
N N
N NH
2H
10
III 4 2
1 1966
2 Robert et Catesson, 1990
3 Hopkins, 1995
4 Kaminek et al., 1992
5 1975
6 Mazliak, 1997
7 Gausesen et al., 1982
8 2000
III 4 3 in vitro
Catharanthus roseus
(Zhao et al., 2000) BAP
Artiminin annua
Artemisinique Bunk, 1997
H. muticus 05
05 in vitro
عىُنا يىَبثنا ضٌلاا حتاىَ
) تهئبعنا ( عخازً نا حئبتُنا تعارشنا عىَ
Polyhénols Lignine Nicotiana tabacum
suspensions
خٌبغزعلاا ظشَٕ ُٓ زُٕ ىٌا Yamada et kuboi
(Solanacées) (1976)
Phénols Perilla ocymoides
suspensions
جبزٔلإا ُ واشر ُٓ زُٕ ىٌا Ibrahim et Edgar
(Lamiacées)
(1976)
Polyphénols
Cassia fistula
suspensions جبزٔلإا ُ واشر ُٓ زُٕ ىٌا
Shah et al.
(Légumineuses)
(1976)
Quinones Anthraquinones
Morinda citrifolia
suspensions
جبزٔإ و ىّ ٕ ٌا ظجثر ٓ ُ زُٕ ىٌا
Zank et al.
(Rubiacées )
ـٌا
anthraquinones
(1975)
Naphtoquinones
Lithospermum Erythorhizon
suspensions جبزٔإ ظجثر ُٓ زُٕ ىٌا
Fujita et al.
( Boraginacées)
ـٌ ا shukonine
(1981)
Alcaloïdes Isoquinoléiques
Thalictrum minus
suspensions
ٓ ِ عفشَ و ىّ ٕ ٌا ضفخَ ٓ ُ زُٕ ىٌا
Nakagawa et al.
(Renonculacées)
ـٌ ا حدبِ ضُوشر
berbérine
(1984)
Coptis japonica
cals
كُ ٍخر ٓ ِ عفشَ و ىّ ٕ ٌا ضفخَ ٓ ُ زُٕ ىٌا
Kamimura et al .
(Renonculacées)
ـٌا
berbérine ـٌ ا ٓ ِ ضمَٕ بّٕ ُ ث
jatrorrhizine
(1976)
Morphiniques
Papaver acteatum
suspensions تُ ٍح عِ ٓ ُ زُٕ ىٌا
coco ْا ضفحر Hodges et
(Papavéracées)
ـٌ ا جبزٔإ thébaine
Raport (1982)
Papaver somniferum
cals
ِٓ يىز حٌّ ا ِٓ ع فشر ُٓ زُٕ ىٌا Shiio et Ohta
(Papavéracées)
ـٌ ا thébaine
، codéine
، morphine
(1973)
Nicotiana tabacum
cals
ـٌ ا كُ ٍخر ظجثر ٓ ُ زُٕ ىٌا nicotine
Ikuta et la.
(Solanacées)
(1989)
Indolique
Catharanthus roseus
suspensions
ـٌ ا ُو اشر ُٓ زُٕ ىٌا ajmalicine
Kodja et al.
(Apocynacées )
ـٌ ا و serpentine
(1989)
Tissus normaux
ـٌ ا BAP ءىضٌا دىخو ٍف ُو اشَ
Loyola-Vargas
Et tumoraux
ـٌ ا serpentine
et al. (1992)
Tropane H. albus L.
cals د اذَ ىٍمٌا ُ واشر ضفحر ُٓ زُٕ ىٌا Miguel and Barroso
(Solanacées)
خٌبغزعلا و خُٔبثوشزٌا (1994)
III 4 4 K
Kinetine ADN
Sperm Harenig 6-Furfuryl amino purine
215.2
Nultsch, 1998 11
.C H ON
N
N N
N
H NH CH2
O
11 K
III 4 5 (BAP
Benzyl amino purine
BAP 6-Benzyl amino purine
253 C12H11N5
Heller et al., 2000 12
N
N N N
H NH CH2
12 BAP
III 5
ADN ARN
(N-
Methyle Putrescine Transférase) PMT (Elizabet and Sarah., 2009)
(Hyoscyamine 6β-
hydroxylase) H6H
(Oxenberg, 1995) Grewal et al.
(1979) IAA
NAA
10-5M/L H. muticus
El-Bahr et al.
(1997) 1
2,4-D K
H. muticus Trease and Evan
(1996)
(2000)
2,4-D Cary et al.
(1995)
8 10
Kim et al.
(2002)
Deikman and Hammer (1995)
IV La culture in vitro
IV 1
Haberlandt 1902
White 1934
Simth and
Erxleben 1934
Guattari 1939
Callus 1959
Martin Morel
Hamill et al.
) 1987 ( Kim et al.
) 2003 ( Kang et al.
) 2004 (
) 2002
(
IV 2
callus
(Canel et al., 1998; Khanam et al., 2001)
IV 3
1 (Kukreja et al., 1975)
2 (Kitamura et al., 1996)
3 .(Hall, 1999)
4 (Kitamura et al.,
1996)
06 (Yeoman and Macleod,
1977) 06
1
2
3 4 Atropa belladonna
Ephédra vulgarise Cinchono spp.
Erythraxylon coca Hyoscyamus spp.
(Hilton and Rhodes, 1990; Elizabet and Sarah, 2009)
(Zayed et al., 2006; Kukreja et al., 1975)
(El-Bahr et al., 1997)
IV 4 Dodds and Roberts (1995)
-IV 5
07
1
2
3 B1
nicotinic acid pyridoxine
Biotin
4
5
6
(…2,4-D, NAA ,IAA) (…K,BAP,BA
2,4-D BA, K
Gautheret,1969
(Giri and Narasu, 2000; Wethrell, 1982)
07 (Mantell et al., 1985)
Concentration mg/l Concentration mg/l
Inorganic Constituents
LS medium MS medium
1650 Ammonium nitrate 1650
1900 Potassium nitrate 1900
332.02 Calcium nitrate 440
180.54 Magnesium Sulfate 370
170 Potassium dihydrogen phosphate 170
36.7 Sodium EDTA 36.7
27.81 27.81
Ferrous sulfate
6.20 6.200
Borac acid
16.9 Manganese sulfate 16.9
8.60 8.600
Zinic sulfate
0.83 0.830
Potassium iodide
0.25 0.250
Sodium molybdate
0.025 0.0250
Copper sulfate
0.025 0.025
Cobalt chloride
30g/l 30g/l
Sucrose
1g/l Edamin (optional) 1g/l
- Glycine 2
1-30 IAA 1-30
0.04-10 0.04-10
K
10g/l 10g/l
Agar
100 Myoinositol 100
- 0.500
Pyridoxine HCl
- 0.500
Nicotinic acid
0.400 0.100
Thiamine Hydrochloride
IV 6 Barnum
(1996)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 IV 7 Hall
1999
160
° 4
121
° 1.5 15
) (
5 % 15
20 10
%
20 % 10
30 70
% 1
5
90
%
IV 8
IV 8 1
300 700
lux
1000 3000
lux (Nobel and Naylar, 1968)
1000 lux
3000 1000
lux 16
(Nobel and Naylar, 1968) 5000 lux 12
(El-Bahr et al., 1997) H. muticus L.
(Beauchesne, 1970)
(Seibert, 1975) IV 8 2 25
° (Gautheret,
1969) 26
° 15
°
(Hilton and Rhodes, 1990) 25
° Datura
stramonium L.
20
°
20
° IV 8 3 (Pierik and Steegmans, 1975)
(Bereznegovskaya and Smordium, 1973) Datura innoxia Mill.
IV 8 4 pH
4.5 7
(Koul et al., 1983) H.
muticus L.
pH 5.3
IV 9
1 2 3 4 5 6
(Yeoman and Macleod, 1977)
IV 10
1
2
0.5
3
.(Reinert and Yeoman, 1973)
I 168.5
3
2004 2005
1 5 1988
2004
8 2005
150
2005 1 )
.(
10 20 IAA ,BAP , 2,4-D ,K
NaOH 2,4-D
1 10
20
500 )
K 10
( 500 )
2,4-
D 20
( )
Kx2,4-D 20
x 10 (
1
IAA 2,4-D
BAP K
0 10 20 6
300 )
13 .(
1 14
K × IAA 10
10
2 10 K 15
K × IAA 10
20
3 20 K 16
K ×IAA 20
10
4 BAP 10 17
K ×IAA 20
20
5 BAP 20 18
IAA× BAP 10
10
6 2,4-D 10
19 IAA × BAP 10
20
7 2,4-D 20 20
IAA × BAP 20
10
8 IAA 10 21
IAA ×BAP 20
20
9 IAA 20 22
2,4-D× BAP 10
10
10 K 2,4-D 10
10 23
2,4-D× BAP 10
20
11 K 2,4-D 10
20 24
2,4-D ×BAP 20
10
12 2,4-D× K 20
10 25
2,.4-D ×BAP 20
20
13 2,4-D ×K 20
20
13
2005 2 )
.(
2005 3 )
.(
25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
2005 4 )
(
(BAP ,IAA ,
2,4-D, K) )
0 10 20 60
24
) 3،2،1 4
(
-II )
( (Motic
Image 2000)
) (
) (
2 ) (
-III III 1
III 1 1 (1981) Balbaa et al.
10 70
%
3 5
HCl 0.1 5
5 0.1
NaOH 15
3 10
III 1 2 30
HCl 0.02
2 3 KOH
0.02
0.02
0.02 %
0 00587 100
III 2
Kx2,4-D
20 x 20 IAA
20
III 2 1 Silicagel G.
0.2 10
60
°
) (
2 Mateus et
( 9
1 Kadi et Yahia
(2007)
45 10
Rf
Rf
III 2 2
Phase mobile
temps de rétention
(Ionkova et al., 1994)
IV 1IV
(Torres, 1989) IV 2 K
NAA 2,4-D
IAA
K 1
IAA 2
1 2
IAA NaOH
) 1 (
1 K
1 IAA
2
1 30
98
% 4.4 MS
1962
Murashige and Skoog, 1
7.5 pH
5.8 1
100
° 5
K 1
IAA 2
2,4-D 3
K 0 5
NAA 1
NAA Naphthalin Acetic Acid
K C12H9O2
224.3 )
14 ( ) 2000
(
14 NAA
IV 3 120
° 1.5
(Denis et al., 1998) IV 4
95
%
20
% (
20 Tween 20
5
IV 5
IV 6 1500Lux
16 )
25 2
°(
Masanura )
1994 (
IV 7 4
50 100 vivo
) in 36 .(
V MINITAB
MINITAB
STATISTICA (version6) analyse de la
variance Dunnett
Scheffé (STATISTICA)
Tukey (MINITAB)
une Analyse en Composantes Principales
(ACP) (STATISTICA)
I I 1
I 1 1 08
(p=0.020)
8
P Test F
M C S C
DDL
0 020 2.00
3.280 78.720
Phytohormones 24
1.640 82
Erreur 50
160.720 Total 74
11
36 2,4-D
20 K
20 Scalla
) 1991 (
2,4-D
) 1993 (
I 1 2 )
09 ( (p=0.000)
9 P Test F
M C S C
DDL
0.000 35.60
119.16 2859.79
Phytohormones 24
3.35 167.33
Erreur 50
3027.12 Total 74
11
25
50 )
( 2,4-D
20 10
20
Sairam et al.
) 2003 ( 2,4-D
3 6
I 1 3
10 (p=0.000)
10
P Test F
M C S C
DDL
0.000 12.93
65.720 1577.280
Phytohormones 24
5.083 254.167
Erreur 50
1831.447 Total 74
11
2 70
2,4-D
2 45
) 2000
(
11 )
( )
(
2 )
(45 25 32
K 10 33.3
26.3 60.3
K 20 35
30.3 61.3
BAP 10 34
33 61.3
BAP 20 35
34.6 63.6
2,4-D 10
35 37.3
58.6
2,4-D 20
36 40.3
63.6
IAA 10 33.3
40.3 60.6
IAA 20 35.6
40.6 58.6
K x2,4-D 10
x 10 34.3
43 63.6
K x2,4-D 20
x 10 34.6
50 62.6
K x2,4-D 10
x 20 35
45 69
K x2,4-D 20
x 20 36
50 70
IAAxk 10
x 10 34
44.6 59.3
IAAxk 20
x 10 34.6
43 63
IAAxk 10
x 20 34.3
45.6 62.3
IAAxk 20
x 20 35
44.3 68
BAPxIAA 10
x 10 33.3
40 59.3
BAPxIAA 20
x 10 36
41.3 64
BAPxIAA 10
x 20 34
42 62.6
BAPxIAA 20
x 20 35.3
41 69
BAPx2,4-D 10
x 10 34.3
38.6 61
BAP x2,4-D 20
x 10 35.3
40 61.3
BAP x2,4-D 10
x 20 34.3
43.6 62.3
BAP x2,4-D 20
x 20 35.3
46 69
I 2
15 BAP
10 IAA
10 16
IAA K
10
BAP
10 )
(x160
) (x160
IAA 10
) (x160
15
IAA 10
) (x160
K 10
) (x160
ة أ
أ ة
ج
I 3 1 17
) (x160
) (x160
17
I 3 2 18
أ ة
تٍبشخ تفٍن بشخنا تًٍ شَازب
ًبشخ ءبعو
ًئبعو وىٍبيبك
تٍنوأ تٍعبخَ تعشأ تٍعبخَ تعشا
ءبحن وىٍسنبكنا ثلاسك ثارىهب
وىٍبيبكنا تٌىشَ ثببٍبح
ءبحهنا تٌىَ بث ةزشق
ٍٍه فنا
ًٍُه فنا وىٍبيبكنا
تٌىَ بث تٍعبخَ تعشأ
ٍٍه ف
بشخنا
ج
) (x160
) (x160
18
تٍعبخَ تعشأ تٍبشخ فبٍنأ
ًفبح ءبحن عبخَ
ةزٍعش
ًئبعو وىٍبيبك ىٍشُنىك ىٍشَازب
ءبحن وىٍسنبكنا ثلاسكا ثارىهب
تٌىشَ ثببٍبح
عبخَ
ةزشب ىٍشُنىك مكسٌزٍ ب
ًفبح ءبحن ىٍشَازب
ًئبعو وىٍبيبك
أ ة
ءبحن
بشخنا ةزٍعش تٍعبخَ تعشأ
ج
ٍٍتىٍك ةزشب
