From crude protein to precision protein: implications for the ideal protein concept

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From crude protein to precision protein:

implications for the ideal protein concept

Jaap van Milgen, Mathieu Gloaguen, Alberto Conde, Roberto Barea, Ludovic Brossard and Nathalie Le Floc’h

(2)

• Introduction

• Expressing amino acid requirements and

interpreting the response to the amino acid supply

• Responses to the supply of branched-chain amino acids (Val and Ile)

• How far can we go with precision protein?

• Conclusions

Outline

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• Introduction

• Conclusions

Outline

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• Reducing the CP content in the diet:

• reduces the risk of digestive problems

• increases the efficiency of N utilization

• reduces N excretion

• With the use of L-Lys, DL-Met, L-Thr, L-Trp, and L-Val, more amino acids potentially become

colimiting

• Little is known about the “requirements” of secondary amino acids

Introduction

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0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

Nitrogen content, %

The CP content of amino acids is rather “crude”

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0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6

1.8 Requirement Crystalline AA Excess

SID supply, %

Using free AA allows improving the AA profile

no free AA, 1.0% SID Lys CP = 21.6%

cost = 100

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0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6

1.8 Other ingredients Free AA Excess

SID supply, %

with free AA, 1.0% SID Lys CP = 17.1%

cost = 87

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0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6

1.8 Other ingredients Free AA Excess

SID supply, %

with free AA, 1.0% SID Lys CP = 15.5%

cost = 89

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• Introduction

• Conclusions

Outline

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• Expressing AA requirements (AID, SID, % of Lys)

• Experimental considerations

• Estimating “the” requirement vs the response Expressing amino acid requirements and

interpreting the response to the amino acid supply

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available minimum oxidation excess

retained

diet ileal indigestible

specific endogenous losses standardized ileal digestible

Expressing amino acid requirements

apparent ileal digestible maintenancebasal endogenous losses

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AID Basal endogenous losses SID

Lys 100 100 100

Met 30 28 30

Met+Cys 59 72 60

Thr 63 105 65

Trp 17 37 18

Val 68 114 70

Ile 53 82 54

Leu 98 136 99

Phe 48 87 49

Phe+Tyr 92 159 94

His 31 41 32

Amino acid requirements are typically greater when expressed on a SID basis

(13)

AA:Lys

Response

Lys < requirement Lys << requirement

← AA Lys →

The second-limiting factor in a dose-response study should be known

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AA:Lys

Response

Lys < requirement Lys << requirement Lys > requirement

The second-limiting factor in a dose-response study should be known

Expressing the amino acid requirement relative to Lys is valid only when Lys is second-limiting in the study

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60 62 64 66 68 70 72 74 76 78 80 200

250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600

SID Val:Lys, %

Daily gain, g/d

Estimating “the” requirement vs the response

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20 25 30 35 40 45 50 0.30

0.35 0.40 0.45 0.50 0.55 0.60

Ile requirement, %

The amino acid requirement will typically decline during the experiment

response no response

partial response

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• Introduction

• Conclusions

Outline

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INRA (1993) NRC (1998) BSAS (2003)

Lys 100 100 100

Val 68 68 70

Ile 60 54 58

Leu 100 102 100

Ideal amino acid profile:

all amino acids are equally limiting

(19)

leucine valine

isoleucine

a-keto-b-methylvalerate (KMV)

a-ketoisovalerate (KIV)

a-ketoisocaproate (KIC)

BCAA amino transferase

a-methylbutyryl CoA isobutyryl CoA isovaleryl CoA

BCKA dehydrogenase

Metabolism of branched-chain amino acids

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Val Ile Leu

Publications 20 22 1 (+1)

- peer-reviewed 9 12 1 (+1)

- other 11 10

Dose response experiments 28 46 2 (+2)

- peer-reviewed 15 24 2 (+2)

- other 13 22

What do we know about BCAA requirements in growing pigs?

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BW range (kg) Reported requirement Relative to NRC (1998)

Jackson et al., 1953 13-29 0.40% Val 51%

Lewis and Nishimura, 1995 67-80 0.33-0.43% AID Val 80-105%

Liu et al., 2000 60-85 11.4 g SID Val/d 98%

James et al., 2001 9-15 0.62-0.67% SID Val 90-97%

Mavromichalis et al., 2001 5-10 0.60 g SID Val/MJ ME 101%

“ 10-20 0.53 g SID Val/MJ ME 105%

Gaines et al., 2006 8-12 0.92% SID Val 114%

“ 12-20 0.78% SID Val 114%

Paulicks et al., 2008 12-25 67% SID Val:Lys 99%

Torrallardona et al., 2008 9-23 >65% SID Val:Lys >96%

Jansman et al., 2008 9-26 66% SID Val:Lys 97%

Barea et al., 2009 12-25 > 70% SID Val:Lys >103%

Wiltafsky et al., 2009 8-25 65-67% SID Val:Lys 96-99%

Trautwein et al., 2010 12-25 67-70% SID Val:Lys 99-103%

Nemecheck et al., 2010 7-11 65% SID Val:Lys 96%

Sloth et al.,2010 10-29 65% SID Val:Lys 96%

Millet et al., 2010 9-25 68-71% SID Val:Lys 100-104%

Gloaguen et al., 2011 12-22 72% SID Val:Lys 106%

Gaines et al., 2011 13-32 65% SID Val:Lys 96%

Vinyeta et al., 2011 9-25 70% SID Val:Lys 103%

Waguespack et al., 2012 20-45 67-70% SID Val:Lys 99-103%

Lohmann et al., 2012 15-30 0.79% SID Val >120%

Reported information about the Val requirement

• Most work done in the last 10 yrs

• Almost all work concerns pigs < 30 kg

• Most requirements estimated by the linear-plateau model

• Reported requirements are around the NRC estimate

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55 60 65 70 75 80 250

300 350 400 450 500 550 600

SID Val:Lys, %

Daily gain, g/d

55 60 65 70 75 80

500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100

SID Val:Lys, %

Feed intake, g/d

A Val deficiency reduces both feed intake and growth

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Leu+ Leu++ Leu+++ Leu++++ Leu++++

Ile++++

0 100 200 300 400 500 600

Feed intake Daily gain

g/d

Excess Leu aggravates the effect of a Val deficiency

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Leu+ Leu++ Leu+++ Leu+ Leu++ Leu+++

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200

Feed intake Daily gain

g/d

--- Val sufficient --- --- Val deficient ---

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55 60 65 70 75 80 200

250 300 350 400 450 500 550

600 113% Leu:Lys

Daily gain, g/d

55 60 65 70 75 80

200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550

600 165% Leu:Lys

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16:00

fasting

8:30

Val+ or Val- test meal

(70 g)

ad libitum Val+

Test meal,

70 g Ad libitum intake of Val+, g

Val- 217

Val+ 252

9:30 16:00

0 50 100 150 200

250 Post-prandial plasma [Val]

The pig rapidly detects a Val deficiency

16:00

fasting

8:30

Val+ or Val- test meal

(70 g)

ad libitum Val+

12:30 16:00

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• 46 dose-response studies since the 1950s

• Suitable for meta-analysis

• Criteria for selection:

• Supplementation with ≥ 4 levels of D-Ile or L-Ile

• Diet composition

• Intake and growth response

Reported information about the Ile requirement

(28)

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 0

20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180

Ile supply, % of NRC requirement 200

Meta-design of Ile response studies

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0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 0

200 400 600 800 1000 1200

Daily gain, g/d

Response to Ile supplementation

Standardization of the responses:

• within-study response (Y-axis)

• relative to the NRC (1998) requirement (X-axis)

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0 50 100 150 200 0

20 40 60 80 100 120

Relative daily gain, %

Is there a response (P < 0.25)?

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Protein sources used to study the Ile requirement

27%

of BCAA 3%

of BCAA

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0 50 100 150 200 0

20 40 60 80 100

120 with blood cells

0 50 100 150 200

0 20 40 60 80 100

120 without blood cells

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 32

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Relative daily gain, %

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150 200 250 300 350 400 70

80 90 100 110

120 Requirement estimate Linear (Requirement estimate)

Ile requirement, % of NRC

The Ile requirement depends on the supply of the other branched-chain amino acids

• The NRC (1998) Ile requirement appears too high for diets without blood cells

• 50% SID Ile:Lys appears sufficient

• An Ile supply 10% below the requirement reduces feed intake by 15% and daily gain 21%

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• Introduction

• Conclusions

Outline

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Ingrediets Cereals – SBM – AA Cereals – AA

CP, % 17.6 15.6 13.5 11.8 13.0 14.0

L-Lys HCl 0.28 0.46 0.72 0.92 1.00 1.00

DL-Met, L-Thr, T-Trp + ++ +++ ++++ ++++ ++++

L-Val + ++ +++ ++++ ++++

L-His, L-Ile, L-Leu, L-Phe + ++ +++ +++

L-Glu + ++

L-Arg, L-Gly, L-Pro + +

How far can we go with precision protein?

(12-22 kg BW pigs; 1.0% SID Lys)

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Ingrediets Cereals – SBM – AA Cereals – AA

CP, % 17.6 15.6 13.5 11.8 13.0 14.0

Feed intake, g/d 766 775 779 734 810 782

Gain, g/d 450^b 454^b 442^b 358^a 420^b 451^b

G:F 0.58^c 0.58^c 0.56^bc 0.46^a 0.52^b 0.57^c

How far go we go with precision protein?

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• There is still a great potential to reduce the protein content in the diet

• Knowledge about the requirements (and responses) of secondary amino acids and nitrogen is limited

• There is variation among pigs in the response to a limiting amino acid supply:

• Some “safety margin” will be required to fulfill the needs of all animals

• A potential for precision feeding systems?

Conclusions

From crude protein to precision protein: implications for the ideal protein concept

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