From crude protein to precision protein: a way to reduce the dietary protein content for piglets

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From crude protein to precision protein: a way to reduce the dietary protein content for piglets

Jaap van Milgen, Mathieu Gloaguen, Roberto Barea Gaitan, Ludovic Brossard, Nathalie Le Floc’H

To cite this version:

Jaap van Milgen, Mathieu Gloaguen, Roberto Barea Gaitan, Ludovic Brossard, Nathalie Le Floc’H.

From crude protein to precision protein: a way to reduce the dietary protein content for piglets. 28.

Jornadas técnicas Indukern, Mar 2013, Barcelone et Madrid, Spain. �hal-01210889�

From crude protein to precision protein:

a way to reduce the dietary protein content for piglets

Jaap van Milgen, Mathieu Gloaguen, Roberto Barea, Ludovic Brossard and Nathalie Le Floc’h

• Introduction

• Expressing amino acid requirements and

interpreting the response to the amino acid supply

• Responses to the supply of Ile and Val (meta- analyses)

• How far can we go with precision protein?

• Conclusions

Outline

• Introduction

• Expressing amino acid requirements and

interpreting the response to the amino acid supply

• Responses to the supply of Ile and Val (meta- analyses)

• How far can we go with precision protein?

• Conclusions

Outline

• Jaap van Milgen (2009):

– Response to the Val and Ile supply

• Mathieu Gloaguen (2011):

– Interactions among branched-chain amino acids

• Mathieu Gloaguen (2012):

– Response to the Ile, Leu, and His supply

Previous presentations at Indukern symposia

• Reducing the CP content in the diet:

• Reduces the risk of digestive problems

• Increases the efficiency of N utilization

• Reduces N excretion

• With the use of ^L -Lys, ^DL -Met, ^L -Thr, ^L -Trp, and

L -Val, more amino acids potentially become colimiting

• Little is known about the “requirements” of secondary amino acids

Introduction

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

Nitrogen content, %

The CP content of amino acids is rather “crude”

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8

SID supply, %

Requirement Excess

Using free AA allows improving the AA profile

no free AA, 1.0% SID Lys CP = 21.6%

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8

SID supply, %

Other ingredients Free AA Excess with free AA, 1.0% SID Lys

CP = 17.1%

Using free AA allows improving the AA profile

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8

SID supply, %

Other ingredients Free AA Excess with free AA, 1.0% SID Lys

CP = 15.5%

Using free AA allows improving the AA profile

• Introduction

• Expressing amino acid requirements and

interpreting the response to the amino acid supply

• Responses to the supply of Ile and Val (meta- analyses)

• How far can we go with precision protein?

• Conclusions

Outline

• Expressing AA requirements (AID, SID, % of Lys)

• Experimental considerations

• Estimating “the” requirement vs the response Expressing amino acid requirements and

interpreting the response to the amino acid supply

available minimum oxidation excess

retained

diet ileal indigestible

specific endogenous losses standardized ileal digestible

Expressing amino acid requirements

apparent ileal digestible maintenance basal endogenous losses

AID* Basal endogenous

losses*

SID*

Lys 100 100 100

Met 30 28 30

Met + Cys 59 72 60

Thr 63 105 65

Trp 17 37 18

Val 68 114 70

Ile 53 82 54

Leu 98 136 99

Phe 48 87 49

Phe + Tyr 92 159 94

His 31 41 32

Amino acid requirements are typically greater when expressed on a SID basis

* Profile used in InraPorc

R es pons e

AA:Lys

Lys < requirement Lys << requirement

← AA Lys →

The second-limiting factor in a dose-response study

should be known

R es pons e

AA:Lys

Lys < requirement Lys << requirement

Lys > requirement

The second-limiting factor in a dose-response study should be known

Expressing the amino acid requirement relative to Lys is valid only when Lys is second-limiting in the study

200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550

60 65 70 75 80

Daily gain, g/d

SID Val:Lys, %

Estimating “the” requirement vs the response

0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.50 0.55 0.60

20 25 30 35 40 45 50

Ile requirement, %

Body weight, kg

The amino acid requirement typically declines during the experiment

response no response

partial response

50 60 70 80 90 100 110

0.35 0.40 0.45 0.50 0.55

Relative response criterion (%)

The amino acid requirement typically declines during the experiment

partial response

Requirement?

• Introduction

• Expressing amino acid requirements and

interpreting the response to the amino acid supply

• Responses to the supply of Ile and Val (meta- analyses)

• How far can we go with precision protein?

• Conclusions

Outline

INRA (1993) NRC (1998) BSAS (2003)

Lys 100 100 100

Val 70 68 70

Ile 60 54 58

Leu 100 102 100

Ideal profile of branched-chain amino acids

leucine valine

isoleucine

α-keto-β-methylvalerate

(KMV) α-ketoisovalerate

(KIV) α-ketoisocaproate (KIC)

BCAA amino transferase

α-methylbutyryl CoA

(glucogenic + ketogenic) isobutyryl CoA

(glucogenic + ketogenic) isovaleryl CoA

(ketogenic)

BCKA dehydrogenase

Metabolism of branched-chain amino acids

Ile Val Leu

Publications: 22 20 1 (+1)

- Peer-reviewed 12 9 1 (+1)

- Other 10 11

Dose response experiments: 46 28 2 (+2)

- Peer-reviewed 24 15 2 (+2)

- Other 22 13

What do we know about branched-chain amino acid

requirements in growing pigs?

• Dose-response studies reported since the 1950s

• Criteria for selection:

• Supplementation with ≥ 4 levels of ^L -Ile (or ^D -Ile), or ^L -Val (or ^D -Val)

• Diet composition

• Intake and growth response

Meta-analyses to quantify the response

to the Ile and Val supply

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200

0 20 40 60 80 100 120

Ile supply, % of NRC requirement

Meta-design of Ile dose-response studies

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

Daily gain, g/d

SID Ile content, %

Response to the Ile supply

Standardization of the responses:

• Within-study response (Y-axis)

• Relative to the NRC (1998) requirement (X-axis)

0 20 40 60 80 100 120

0 50 100 150 200

Relative daily gain, %

Response to the Ile supply

Is there a response (P < 0.25)?

 ₃₃

 ₁₃

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

Blood cells Soybean meal

Content, % in DM

Ile Val Leu

Protein sources used to study the Ile requirement

of BCAA 27%

of BCAA 3%

0 20 40 60 80 100 120

0 100 200

with blood cells

Response to the Ile supply

0 20 40 60 80 100 120

0 100 200

without blood cells

 ₁

 ₉

 ₃₂

 ₄

Relative daily gain, %

70 80 90 100 110 120

150 200 250 300 350 400

Ile requirement, % of NRC

SID (Val+Leu):Lys, % Requirement estimate

Lowest level of Ile (no response)

The Ile requirement depends on the supply of the other branched-chain amino acids

• The NRC (1998) Ile requirement appears too high for diets without blood cells

• 50% SID Ile:Lys appears to be sufficient

• An Ile supply 10% below the requirement reduces feed intake by 15% and daily gain 21%

Meta-design of Val dose-response studies

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200

0 20 40 60 80 100 120

Val supply, % of NRC requirement

40 50 60 70 80 90 100

40 60 80 100 120 140

Relative daily gain, %

Val supply, % of NRC requirement

Response to the Val supply

Is there a response (P < 0.25)?

 ₁₈

 ₁₀

65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100

55 60 65 70 75

Relative daily gain, %

(57 – 79) 64 69 (58 – 82)

Response to the Val supply

• A supply of 69% SID Val:Lys is required to maximize daily gain

• Supplying 64% SID Val:Lys results in a performance reduction of 5%; this reduction becomes even

larger at lower Val supplies

• Introduction

• Expressing amino acid requirements and

interpreting the response to the amino acid supply

• Responses to the supply of Ile and Val (meta- analyses)

• How far can we go with precision protein?

• Conclusions

Outline

CP, % 19.7 16.6 14.0 12.7

L-Lys HCl 0.34 0.59 0.90 1.04

DL-Met, L-Thr, L-Trp + ++ +++ ++++

L-Val + ++ +++

L-His, L-Ile, L-Leu, L-Phe + ++

• Nitrogen balance, 2 weeks

• 6 blocks of 4 barrows (12-16 kg)

• ~80% of ad libitum feed intake

• Soybean meal exchanged by cereals and free AA

• SID Lys, 1.15%

How far can we go with precision protein?

Exp. 1: Nitrogen balance

Gloaguen et al., unpublished

CP, % 19.7 16.8 14.0 12.7 RSD P

Feed intake, g/d 513 529 524 525 24 0.90

Gain, g/d 375^a 364^a 323^b 305^b 41 <0.01

G:F 0.73^a 0.69^ab 0.62^bc 0.58^c 0.10 <0.01

CP, % 19.7 16.8 14.0 12.7 RSD P

N balance, g/d

• Intake 15.5^d 13.8^c 11.5^b 10.5^a 0.8 0.90

• Digested 13.3^d 11.7^c 9.7^b 9.0^a 0.7 <0.01

• Retained 9.9^c 9.8^c 8.3^b 7.5^a 0.8 <0.01

N efficiency, %

• Digestion 85.8 84.8 84.3 85.7 2.3 0.47

• Retention 74.4^a 83.8^b 85.6^b 83.3^b 3.7 <0.01

How far can we go with precision protein?

Exp. 1: Nitrogen balance

Ingrediets Cereals – SBM – AA Cereals – AA

CP, % 17.6 15.6 13.5 11.8 13.0 14.0

L-Lys HCl 0.28 0.46 0.72 0.92 1.00 1.00

DL-Met, L-Thr, L-Trp + ++ +++ ++++ ++++ ++++

L-Val + ++ +++ ++++ ++++

L-His, ^L-Ile, ^L-Leu, ^L-Phe + ++ +++ +++

L-Glu + ++

L-Arg, L-Gly, L-Pro + +

• 14 blocks of 6 barrows and females (12-22 kg)

• Ad libitum feeding, 3 weeks

• 1.0% SID Lys

How far can we go with precision protein?

Exp. 2: Growth trial

Ingrediets Cereals – SBM – AA Cereals – AA

CP, % 17.6 15.6 13.5 11.8 13.0 14.0 RSD P

Feed intake, g/d 766 775 779 734 810 782 96 0.60 Gain, g/d 450^b 454^b 442^b 358^a 420^b 451^b 67 0.55 G:F 0.59^b 0.59^b 0.57^b 0.49^a 0.52^a 0.58^b 0.06 <0.01

Gloaguen et al., unpublished

How far can we go with precision protein?

Exp. 2: Growth trial

• There is still a great potential to reduce the protein content in the diet

• Knowledge about the requirements (and responses) of secondary amino acids and nitrogen is limited

• There is variation among pigs in the response to a limiting amino acid supply:

• Some “safety margin” may be required to fulfill the needs of all animals, but at what cost

• A potential for precision feeding systems?

Conclusions

Acknowledgements