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Differential geometry
A Hopf algebra associated with a Lie pair ✩
Une algèbre de Hopf associée à une paire de Lie
Zhuo Chen
a, Mathieu Stiénon
b, Ping Xu
baDepartmentofMathematics,TsinghuaUniversity,China bDepartmentofMathematics,PennStateUniversity,UnitedStates
a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t
Articlehistory:
Received6August2013
Acceptedafterrevision16September2014 Availableonline3October2014 PresentedbyCharles-MichelMarle IntributetoAlanWeinsteinontheoccasion ofhisseventiethbirthday
The quotient L/A[−1] ofapair A→L ofLie algebroids is aLie algebra object inthe derived category Db(A) ofthe category A ofleftU(A)-modules,theAtiyah class
α
L/A beingitsLiebracket.Inthisnote,wedescribetheuniversalenvelopingalgebraoftheLie algebraobjectL/A[−1]andweprovethatitisaHopfalgebraobjectinDb(A).©2014Académiedessciences.PublishedbyElsevierMassonSAS.All rights reserved.
r é s um é
Le quotient L/A[−1] d’unepaire A→L d’algébroïdes de Lie est un objet algèbre de Lie danslacatégorie dérivée Db(A)de lacatégorieA desmodulesàgauchesurU(A). Danscettenote,nousdécrivonsl’algèbreenveloppanteuniverselledel’objetalgèbredeLie L/A[−1]etnousprouvonsquecelle-ciconstitueunobjetalgèbredeHopfdansDb(A).
©2014Académiedessciences.PublishedbyElsevierMassonSAS.All rights reserved.
Versionfrançaiseabrégée
SoitLunealgébroïdedeLiesurunevariétédifférentiableMet Aunesous-algébroïdede L–nousdironsque
(
L,
A)
est unepairedeLie.Laclassed’Atiyahα
E d’un A-moduleE relativeàlapaire(
L,
A)
,quifutintroduitepar[1],estl’obstruction à l’existence d’une L-connexion A-compatible sur E. Elle unifie les classes définies par Atiyah pour les fibrés vectoriels holomorphesetparMolinopourlesvariétésfeuilletées.SoitA lacatégorie(abélienne)des A-modules,c’est-à-direlesmodules surl’algèbreenveloppanteuniverselleU
(
A)
de l’algébroïdedeLie A.LequotientL/
A d’unepairedeLie(
L,
A)
–plusprécisément,sonespacedesectionsC∞ –constitue un A-module[1].Saclassed’Atiyahα
L/Arelativeàlapaire(
L,
A)
détermineunmorphisme L/
A[−
1] ⊗
L/
A[−
1] →
L/
A[−
1]
delacatégoriedérivéeDb(A)
,faisantde L/
A[−
1]
unobjetalgèbredeLiedansDb(A)
.Danscettenote, nousconstruisonsl’algèbreuniverselle enveloppantedel’objet algèbrede LieL
/
A[−
1]
dans Db(
A)
et nousprouvonsquecelle-ciestunobjetalgèbredeHopfdansDb(A)
.Pourcefaire,nousétablissonsuneapplicationdetype Hochschild–Kostant–Rosenberget,reprenantlesidéesdeRamadoss [6],remplaçonsL/
A[−
1]
parlecomplexeL(D
poly1)
,qui est,quantàlui,quasi-isomorphe.✩ ResearchpartiallysupportedbyNSFgrantDMS1101827,NSAgrantH98230-12-1-0234,andNSFCgrants11001146and11471179.
E-mailaddresses:zchen@math.tsinghua.edu.cn(Z. Chen),stienon@psu.edu(M. Stiénon),ping@math.psu.edu(P. Xu).
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.crma.2014.09.010
1631-073X/©2014Académiedessciences.PublishedbyElsevierMassonSAS.All rights reserved.
Lecas particulierde TX
[−
1] ∈
Db(
X)
correspondantà lapairedeLie(
TX⊗
C,
T0X,1)
associéeàunevariétécomplexe X joue un rôleimportant dansla théoriedesinvariantsde Rozansky–Witten desvariétés de dimension 3 etenthéoriede l’indice.Desapplicationsdurésultatci-dessusdanscesdomainesserontdéveloppéesailleurs.L’algèbreenveloppanteuniverselleU
(
L)
d’unealgébroïdedeLieréelleLestunbimodulesur R:=
C∞(
M)
,quis’identifie à l’algèbredes opérateurs différentielssur le groupoïde de Lie local L intégrant L tangents aux s-fibres etinvariants à gauche.Deplus, U(L)
admetunecomultiplicationcocommutativeetcoassociativeΔ :
U(L) →
U(L) ˜⊗
U(L)
.Ici,˜⊗
désigne leproduittensorieldemodulesàgauchesurR.Enfin,U(
L)
estunL-module,puisquetoutélémentl deΓ (
L)
agitsurU(
L)
parmultiplicationàgauche :∇
lu=
l·
u,pourtoutu∈
U(
L)
.ÉtantdonnéunepairedeLie
(
L,
A)
,considéronslequotientD1poly=
U(UL)Γ ((L)A) deU(L)
parsonidéalà gaucheengendré parΓ (
A)
.On vérifie aisément que la comultiplicationde U(L)
induit une comultiplicationΔ :
Dpoly1→
Dpoly1˜⊗D
1poly sur Dpoly1 etque l’actionde L sur U(L)
détermineuneactionde A sur D1poly.Enfait,D1poly estunecoalgèbrecocommutative coassociativesur R,dontlacomultiplicationestcompatibleaveclaA-action.Soit Chb
(A)
la catégorie des complexes de A bornés, et Db(A)
la catégorie dérivée de A. Notons Dnpoly la n-ième puissance tensorielleD1poly˜⊗··· ˜⊗D
1poly de Dpoly1 et,pourn=
0,posonsD0poly=
R.L’opérateurd:
D•poly→
Dpoly•+1 définipar l’équation(1)faitdeDpoly•=
∞n=0Dnpoly unobjetdeChb
(A)
.L’applicationdeHochschild–Kostant–Rosenberg HKR: Γ
S•
L
/
A[−
1]
→
Dpoly•estobtenueàpartirdel’inclusionnaturelle
Γ (
L/
A) ⊂
D1polyparsymétrisation(voirl’équation(2)).Proposition0.1. L’applicationHKR
: (
S•(
L/
A[−
1] ),
0) → (
D•poly,
d)
est,dansChb(
A)
,unquasi-isomorphisme.Théorème0.2.
(i) L’objetD•polyestunealgèbredeHopfdansDb
(
A)
.(ii) L’algèbreassociative
(
D•poly, ˜⊗ )
estl’algèbreenveloppanteuniverselledeL/
A[−
1]
dansDb(
A)
. 1. IntroductionLet A be a Lie algebroid over a manifold M. Its space of smooth sections
Γ (
A)
is a Lie–Rinehart algebra over the commutativering R=
C∞(
M)
.Byan A-module,wemeanamoduleovertheLie–RinehartalgebracorrespondingtotheLie algebroid A,i.e.amoduleovertheassociativealgebraU(
A)
.Recall that the universal envelopingalgebra U(A
)
of a Lie algebroid A over M is simultaneously an associativealge- bra andan R-bimodule. IncasetheLie algebroid A isreal, U(A)
is canonicallyidentified to thealgebra ofleft-invariant s-fiberwisedifferentialoperatorsonthelocalLiegroupoidA integratingA.Letusrecallitsconstruction.Thevectorspaceg
=
R⊕ Γ (
A)
admitsanaturalLiealgebrastructuregivenbytheLiebracket:[
f+
X,
g+
Y] = ρ (
X)
g− ρ (
Y)
f+ [
X,
Y],
where f
,
g∈
Rand X,
Y∈ Γ (
A)
.Hereρ
denotestheanchormap.Leti denotethenaturalinclusionofgintoitsuniversal enveloping algebra U(g) andlet V(g) denotethesubalgebra ofU(g)generated by i(g)
. Theuniversal enveloping algebra U(A)
oftheLiealgebroid A isthequotientofV(g)bythetwo-sidedidealgeneratedbytheelements oftheformi(
f) ⊗
i(
g+
Y) −
i(
f g+
f Y)
with f, g∈
R andY∈ Γ (
A)
.When A is a Lie algebra, U
(
A)
is indeed the usual universal envelopingalgebra. On the other hand,when A is the tangentbundle T M,U(A)
isthealgebraofdifferentialoperatorsonM.We usethesymbolA todenotetheAbeliancategoryof A-modules.Abusingterminology,wesaythatavectorbundle E over Misan A-moduleif
Γ (
E) ∈
A.GivenaLiepair
(
L,
A)
ofalgebroids,i.e.aLiealgebroid LwithaLiesubalgebroidA,theAtiyahclassα
E ofan A-module E relative tothepair(
L,
A)
is definedasthe obstructionto theexistence ofan A-compatible L-connectiononthe vector bundle E.An L-connection∇
onan A-module E issaid tobe A-compatibleifit extendsthegiven flat A-connection on E andsatisfies∇
a∇
l− ∇
l∇
a= ∇
[a,l] foralla∈ Γ (
A)
andl∈ Γ (
L)
.Thisfairlyrecentlydefinedclass (see[1]) hasasdouble origin,theAtiyahclassofholomorphicvectorbundlesandtheMolinoclassoffoliations.The quotient L
/
A ofanyLiepair(
L,
A)
is an A-module[1].Its Atiyah classα
L/A can bedescribed asfollows.Choose an L-connection∇
on L/
A extendingthe A-action.Its curvatureisthevectorbundlemap R∇: ∧
2L→
End(
E)
definedby R∇(
l1,
l2) = ∇
l1∇
l2− ∇
l2∇
l1− ∇
[l1,l2],forall l1,
l2∈ Γ (
L)
. Since L/
A isan A-module, R∇ vanishes on∧
2A and, therefore, determines asection R∇L/A of A∗⊗ (
L/
A)
∗⊗
End(
L/
A)
.Itwas proved in[1]that R∇L/A isa 1-cocyclefortheLiealgebroid A with values in the A-module(
L/
A)
∗⊗
End(
L/
A)
and that its cohomology classα
L/A∈
H1(
A; (
L/
A)
∗⊗
End(
L/
A))
is independentofthechoiceoftheconnection.LetChb
(A)
denotethecategoryofboundedcomplexes inAandlet Db(A)
denotethecorresponding derivedcategory.WewriteL
/
A[−
1]
todenotethequotientL/
A regardedasacomplexinAconcentratedindegree1.Thefollowingwasprovedin[1].
Proposition1.1.(See[1].)Let
(
L,
A)
beaLiealgebroidpair.TheAtiyahclassα
L/AofthequotientL/
A relativetothepair(
L,
A)
deter- minesamorphismL/
A[−
1] ⊗
L/
A[−
1] →
L/
A[−
1]
inthederivedcategoryDb(A)
makingL/
A[−
1]
aLiealgebraobjectin Db(A)
.ItiswellknownthateveryordinaryLiealgebragadmitsauniversalenvelopingalgebraU
(g)
,whichisaHopfalgebra.Wearethus ledtothefollowingnaturalquestions:doesthereexistauniversalenvelopingalgebraforL
/
A[−
1]
inDb(A)
and,ifso,isitaHopfalgebraobject?InthisNote,wegiveapositiveanswertothequestionsabove.Foracomplexmanifold X,theAtiyahclassoftheLiepair
(
TX⊗
C,
T0X,1)
issimply theusualAtiayhclassoftheholomorphictangentbundle TX recentlyexploitedby Kapranov[2].It wasproved that theuniversal envelopingalgebraof theLiealgebra object TX
[−
1]
in Db(
X)
isthe Hochschildcochain complex(D
•poly(
X),
d)
[5–7]. This result played an important role in the study of several aspects of complex geometry includingtheRiemann–Rochtheorem[5],theCherncharacter[6]andtheRozansky–Witteninvariants[7,8].Applicationsof ourresultwillbedevelopedelsewhere.2. Hochschild–Kostant–Rosenbergmap
It isknown [9]that theuniversal envelopingalgebra U(L
)
of aLie algebroid L admitsacocommutative coassociative coproductΔ :
U(
L) →
U(
L) ˜⊗
U(
L)
,which is defined on generators as follows:Δ(
f) =
f˜⊗
1=
1˜⊗
f,∀
f∈
R andΔ(
l) =
l˜⊗
1+
1˜⊗
l,∀
l∈ Γ (
L)
.Here, andin the sequel,˜⊗
stands for thetensor product ofleft R-modules. Moreover, U(
L)
is an L-modulesinceeachsectionl ofLactsonU(L)
byleftmultiplication:∇
lu=
l·
u,∀
u∈
U(L)
.Now,givenaLiepair
(
L,
A)
,considerthequotientDpoly1 ofU(L)
bytheleftidealgeneratedbyΓ (
A)
.Itisstraightforward toseethatthecomultiplicationonU(
L)
inducesacomultiplicationΔ :
D1poly→
Dpoly1˜⊗D
poly1 on Dpoly1 andtheactionofL onU(
L)
determinesanactionof AonD1poly.Lemma2.1.ThequotientD1poly
=
U(UL)Γ ((L)A)issimultaneouslyacocommutativecoassociativeR-coalgebraandanA-module.Moreover, itscomultiplicationiscompatiblewithitsA-action:∇
X(Δ
p) = Δ(∇
Xp), ∀
X∈ Γ (
A),
p∈
D1poly.
LetDnpolydenotethen-thtensorialpowerD1poly
˜⊗··· ˜⊗D
1polyofD1polyand,forn=
0,setD0poly=
R.Wedefineacobound- aryoperatord:
Dpoly•→
Dpoly•+1 onDpoly•=
∞n=0Dpolyn by
d
(
p1˜⊗··· ˜⊗
pn) =
1˜⊗
p1˜⊗··· ˜⊗
pn− (Δ
p1) ˜⊗··· ˜⊗
pn+
p1˜⊗ (Δ
p2) ˜⊗··· ˜⊗
pn− · · ·
+ (−
1)
np1˜⊗··· ˜⊗
pn−1˜⊗(Δ
pn) + (−
1)
n+1p1˜⊗··· ˜⊗
pn˜⊗
1,
(1) foranyp1,
p2, . . . ,
pn∈
Dpoly1 .SincethecomultiplicationΔ
iscompatiblewiththeactionofA,theoperatordisamorphism of A-modules.Moreover,Δ
beingcoassociative,dsatisfiesd2=
0.Thus(
Dpoly•,
d)
isanobjectinChb(
A)
.Whenendowedwiththetrivialcoboundaryoperator,thespaceofsectionsof
S•
L
/
A[−
1]
=
∞k=0
Sk
L
/
A[−
1]
=
∞k=0
∧
kL/
A[−
k]
isacomplexof A-modules:
0
→
R− →
0Γ (
L/
A) − →
0Γ
∧
2(
L/
A)
0−
→ Γ
∧
3(
L/
A)
0−
→ · · ·
Thenaturalinclusion
Γ (
L/
A) →
Dpoly1 extendsnaturallytotheHochschild–Kostant–Rosenbergmap HKR: Γ
S•
L
/
A[−
1]
→
D•poly byskew-symmetrization:HKR
(
b1∧ · · · ∧
bn) =
1 n!
σ∈Sn
sgn
( σ )
bσ(1)˜⊗
bσ(2)˜⊗··· ˜⊗
bσ(n), ∀
b1, . . . ,
bn∈ Γ (
L/
A).
(2)Proposition2.2.InChb
(A)
,HKRisaquasi-isomorphismfrom(Γ (
S•(
L/
A[−
1] )),
0)
to(D
•poly,
d)
.Sketchofproof Assuming L and A are real Lie algebroids,let L and A be localLie groupoids integrating L and A re- spectively. Thesourcemap s
:
L→
M inducesasurjective submersion J:
L/A →
M.The rightquotientL/A
isaleft L-homogeneousspacewithmomentummap J [4].Therefore,itadmitsaninfinitesimal L-action,andhenceaninfinitesi- mal A-action.ThecoalgebraDpoly1 mayberegardedasthespaceofdistributionsonthe J-fibersofL/A
supportedonM.Its A-modulestructurethenstemsfromtheinfinitesimal A-actiononL
/
A.Then-thtensorialpowerDnpolymaybeviewed asthespaceofn-differentialoperatorsonthe J-fibersofL/A
evaluatedalongMandthedifferentialdastheHochschild coboundary.TheconclusionfollowsfromtheclassicalHochschild–Kostant–Rosenbergtheorem.Toprovethepropositionfor complexLiealgebroids,itsufficestoconsiderformalgroupoidsinsteadoflocalLiegroupoids[3].3. UniversalenvelopingalgebraofL/A[−1]inDb(A)
FollowingMarkarian[5],Ramadoss[6],andRoberts–Willerton[7],weintroducethefollowing:
Definition3.1.Ifitexists,theuniversalenvelopingalgebraofaLiealgebraobjectGinDb
(
A)
isanassociativealgebraobjectHin Db(A)
togetherwithamorphismofLiealgebrasi:
G→
HinDb(A)
satisfyingthefollowinguniversalproperty:givenanyassociative algebraobjectKandanymorphismofLiealgebras f:
G→
Kin Db(A)
,thereexistsauniquemorphismofassociativealgebrasf
:
H→
KinDb(
A)
suchthatf=
f◦
i.Inview ofthesimilaritybetween
(
Dpoly•,
d)
andtheHochschildcochain complex,wedefine acupproduct∪
onD•poly bysetting P∪
Q=
P˜⊗
Q,forall P,
Q∈
D•poly.It issimpletocheckthatd
(
P∪
Q) =
d P∪
Q+ ( −
1)
|P|P∪
d Q,
forallhomogeneous P
,
Q∈
Dpoly• .Proposition3.2.ForanyLiepair
(
L,
A)
ofalgebroids,(D
•poly,
d, ∪ )
isanassociativealgebraobjectinDb(A)
,whichisinfactthe universalenvelopingalgebraoftheLiealgebraL/
A[−
1]
inDb(A)
.Consider the inclusion
η :
R→
Dnpoly, the projectionε :
DnpolyR, and the mapst:
D•poly→
D•poly andΔ ˜ :
D•poly→
Dpoly•⊗
RD•poly defined,respectively,by
t
(
p1˜⊗
p2˜⊗··· ˜⊗
pn) = (−
1)
n(n2−1)pn˜⊗
pn−1˜⊗··· ˜⊗
p1 andΔ( ˜
p1˜⊗
p2˜⊗··· ˜⊗
pn) =
i+j=n
σ∈Sij
sgn
( σ )(
pσ(1)˜⊗··· ˜⊗
pσ(i)) ⊗ (
pσ(i+1)˜⊗··· ˜⊗
pσ(n)),
whereSijdenotesthesetof
(
i,
j)
-shuffles.1Theorem3.3.ForanyLiepair
(
L,
A)
ofalgebroids,(D
poly•,
d)
withthemultiplication∪
,thecomultiplicationΔ ˜
,theunitη
,thecounitε
, andtheantipode t,isaHopfalgebraobjectin Db(A)
.4. Ramadoss’sapproach:L(D1poly)
ToproveProposition 3.2andTheorem 3.3,weessentially followRamadoss’sapproach[6].Let L
(D
1poly)
bethe(graded) freeLiealgebrageneratedover RbyD1polyconcentratedindegree1.Inotherwords,L(D
1poly)
isthesmallestLiesubalgebra ofD•polycontaining Dpoly1 .TheLiebracketoftwovectorsu∈
Dipolyandv∈
Dpolyj isthevector[
u,
v] =
u˜⊗
v− (−
1)
i jv˜⊗
u∈
Dpolyi+j. Actually, L(
D1poly)
is made of all linear combinations of elements of the form[
p1, [
p2, [· · · , [
pn−1,
pn] · · ·]]]
with p1, . . . ,
pn∈
D1poly.Onechecksthat L(
D1poly)
isad-stable A-submoduleofD•polyandthatitsLiebracketisachainmapwith respecttothecoboundaryoperatord.Therefore(
L(
D1poly),
d)
isaLiealgebraobjectinChb(
A)
.1 An(i,j)-shuffleisapermutationσoftheset{1,2,. . . ,i+j}suchthatσ(1)≤σ(2)≤ · · · ≤σ(i)andσ(i+1)≤σ(i+2)≤ · · · ≤σ(i+j).
LetS•
(
L(D
1poly))
bethesymmetricalgebraofL(D
1poly)
andlet I:
S•(
L(D
1poly)) →
Dpoly• bethesymmetrizationmap:I
(
z1· · ·
zn) =
1 n!
σ∈Sn
sgn
( σ ;
z1, . . . ,
zn)
zσ(1)˜⊗
zσ(2)˜⊗··· ˜⊗
zσ(n).
TheKoszul signsgn
( σ ;
z1, . . . ,
zn)
ofa permutationσ
ofthe(homogeneous)vectors z1,
z2, . . . ,
zn∈
S•(
L(D
1poly))
isdeter- minedbytherelationzσ(1)zσ(2)· · ·
zσ(n)=
sgn( σ ;
z1, . . . ,
zn)
z1z2· · ·
zn.Lemma4.1.ThesymmetrizationI
:
S•(
L(
D1poly)) →
D•polyisanisomorphisminChb(
A)
.Using Lemma 4.1andtheHKR quasi-isomorphism,onecan prove thatthe composition
β : Γ (
L/
A[−
1] ) →
L(D
poly1)
of the inclusionsΓ (
L/
A[−
1] ) ⊂
D1poly⊂
L(D
1poly)
is a quasi-isomorphismin Chb(A)
,which intertwines the Lie bracketsonΓ (
L/
A[−
1])
andL(D
poly1)
.Proposition4.2.
(i) Theinclusion
β : Γ (
L/
A[−
1]) →
L(D
1poly)
isaquasi-isomorphisminChb(A)
.(ii) Theinclusion
β : Γ (
L/
A[−
1]) →
L(D
1poly)
isanisomorphismofLiealgebraobjectsinDb(A)
asthediagramΓ (
L/
A[−
1]) ˜⊗Γ (
L/
A[−
1])
αL/A
β⊗β
L
(
Dpoly1) ˜⊗
L(
Dpoly1)
[,]
Γ (
L/
A[−
1])
β L(
Dpoly1)
commutesinDb
(A)
.Proposition 3.2andTheorem 3.3nowfollowimmediately.
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