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COVID-19 背景下的免疫护照

科学简报

2020 年 4 月 24 日

世卫组织发布了关于调整

COVID-19

应对工作下一阶段的公共卫生和社会措施的指南1。一些国家政府建 议,对引起

COVID-19

SARS-CoV-2

的抗体进行检测,并以此作为发放“免疫护照”或“无风险证书”的 依据,使人们认为自己已获保护,不会再次感染,因而出行或复工。但目前尚无证据表明,拥有抗体的

COVID-19

康复者已受到保护不会再次感染。

COVID-19

特异性抗体的测定

通过自然感染对病原体产生免疫是一个多步骤过程,通常需要

1-2

周。感染病毒时,人体首先立即做出 非特异性的固有免疫应答,巨噬细胞、嗜中性粒细胞和树突状细胞可减慢病毒感染进程,甚至阻止症状出 现。这之后人体出现适应性免疫应答,产生与病毒特异性结合的抗体,即称为免疫球蛋白的蛋白质。此外,

人体还会产生

T

细胞,识别和清除其他受病毒感染的细胞,即所谓细胞免疫。这种联合适应性免疫应答可以 清除体内的病毒,如果应答足够强,则可防止病情发展为重症或被同一病毒再次感染。这通常通过血液中抗 体的存在来衡量。

世卫组织继续审查关于对

SARS-CoV-2

感染的抗体反应的证据2-17。这些研究中大多数表明,已康复的感 染者拥有对该病毒的抗体。但其中一些人血液中的中和抗体水平非常低4,这表明细胞免疫可能对康复也至关 重要。截至

2020

4

24

日,尚无研究对

SARS-CoV-2

抗体的存在是否赋予人类对该病毒后续感染的免疫 力进行评估。

对人体内

SARS-CoV-2

抗体的实验室检测,包括快速免疫诊断检测,需要进一步验证以确定其准确性和

可靠性。不准确的免疫诊断检测可能会导致两种错误的分类。第一,将已感染者错误地标记为阴性,第二,

将未感染者错误地标记为阳性。这两个错误都具有严重后果,并会影响控制工作。这些检测还需要准确地将

SARS-CoV-2

引起的感染和由已知的六种人类冠状病毒引起的感染区分开来。六种已知病毒中四种可引起

普通感冒并广泛传播。其余两种是导致中东呼吸综合征和严重急性呼吸综合征的病毒。感染这些病毒中的任 何一种都可能产生抗体,而这些抗体会与为对抗

SARS-CoV-2

感染而产生的抗体发生交叉反应。

许多国家目前正在人口层面或特定群体(如卫生工作者、已知病例的密切接触者或家庭成员)中检测

SARS-CoV-2

抗体21。世卫组织支持这些研究,因为这对于了解感染的程度和相关风险因素至关重要。这些研

究将提供具有可检测的

COVID-19

抗体的人群百分比数据,但大多数并不是为了确定这些人对继发感染是否 具有免疫力。

其他考虑

在大流行的现阶段,尚无足够证据证明抗体介导免疫的有效性,进而无法保证“免疫护照”或“无风险 证明”的准确性。那些因检测结果为阳性而自认为对二次感染具有免疫力的人们可能会忽略公共卫生建议。

因此,使用此类证书可能会增加病毒继续传播的风险。随着新证据的出现,世卫组织将更新这份科学简报。

世界卫生组织

(2)

COVID-19背景下的“免疫护照”: 科学简报

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参考文献

1. Considerations in adjusting public health and social measures in the context of COVID-19.

https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/technical-guidance/critical-preparedness-readiness-and- response-actions-for-covid-19

2. Wölfel R, Corman VM, Guggemos W, et al. Virological assessment of hospitalized patients with COVID-2019. Nature 2020.

3. To KK, Tsang OT, Leung WS, et al. Temporal profiles of viral load in posterior oropharyngeal saliva samples and serum antibody responses during infection by SARS-CoV-2: an observational cohort study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2020 Mar 23. pii: S1473- 3099(20)30196-1. doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30196-1.

4. Wu F, Wang A, Liu M, et al. Neutralizing antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 in a COVID-19 recovered patient cohort and their implications. medRxiv 2020: 2020.03.30.20047365.

5. Ju B, Zhang Q, Ge X, et al. Potent human neutralizing antibodies elicited by SARS-CoV-2 infection. Biorxiv 2020:

2020.03.21.990770.

6. Poh CM, Carissimo G, Wang B, et al. Potent neutralizing antibodies in the sera of convalescent COVID-19 patients are directed against conserved linear epitopes on the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. Biorxiv 2020: 2020.03.30.015461.

7. Zhang W, Du R, Li B, Zheng X, et al. Molecular and serological investigation of 2019-nCoV infected patients: implication of multiple shedding routes. Emerg Microbes Infect. 2020 Feb 17; 9(1):386-389. doi: 10.1080/22221751.2020.1729071.

8. Grzelak L, Temmam L, Planchais C, et al. SARS-CoV-2 serological analysis of COVID-19 hospitalized patients, pauci- symptomatic individuals and blood donors. medRxiv 2020 (submitted 17 April 2020).

9. Amanat F, Nguyen T, Chromikova V, et al. A serological assay to detect SARS-CoV-2 seroconversion in humans. medRxiv 2020: 2020.03.17.20037713.

10. Okba NMA, Müller MA, Li W, et al. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2−specific antibody responses in coronavirus disease 2019 patients. Emerg Infect Dis. 2020 doi: 10.3201/eid2607.200841

11. Zhao J, Yuan Q, Wang H, et al. Antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 in patients of novel coronavirus disease 2019. Clin Infect Dis. 2020 doi: 10.1093/cid/ciaa344

12. Guo L, Ren L, Yang S, et al. Profiling Early Humoral Response to Diagnose Novel Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19). Clin Infect Dis. 2020 Mar 21. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciaa310.

13. Liu Y, Liu Y, Diao B, Ren Feifei, et al. Diagnostic indexes of a rapid IgG/IgM combined antibody test for SARS-CoV-2.

medRxiv 2020; doi: 10.1101/2020.03.26.20044883

14. Zhang P, Gao Q, Wang T, Ke Y, et al. Evaluation of recombinant nucleocapsid and spie protein serological diagnosis of novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). medRxiv. 2020; doi: 10.1101/2020.03.17.20036954

15. Pan Y, Li X, Yang G, Fan J, et al. Serological immunochromatographic approach in diagnosis with SARS-CoV-2 infected COVID-19 patients. medRxiv. 2020; doi: 10.1101/2020.03.13.20035428

16. Li Z, Yi Y, Luo X, Xion N, et al. Development and clinical application of a rapid IgM-IgG combined antibody test for SARS- CoV-2 infection diagnosis. J Med Virol. 2020 Feb 27. doi: 10.1002/jmv.25727.

17. Li R, Pei S, Chen B, et al. Substantial undocumented infection facilitates the rapid dissemination of novel coronavirus (SARS- CoV2). Science 2020.

18. Lou B, Li T, Zheng S, Su Y, Li Z, Liu W, et al. Serology characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 infection since the exposure and post symptoms onset. medRxiv 2020; doi: 10.1101/2020.03.23.20041707

19. Lin D, Liu L, Zhang M, Hu Y, et al. Evaluation of serological tests in the diagnosis of 2019 novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) infections during the COVID-19 outbreak. medRxiv 2020. doi: 10.1101/2020.03.27.20045153

20. Liu W, Liu L, Kou G, Zheng Y, et al. Evaluation of nucleocapsid and spike protein-based ELISAs for detecting antibodies against SARS-CoV-2. medxriv [Internet]. 2020; Available from: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.16.20035014 medRxiv preprint 21. Unity Studies: Early Investigation Protocols https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/technical-

guidance/early-investigations

世卫组织继续密切监测可能影响本临时指南的任何变化。如果任何因素发生变化,世卫组织将发布更新。

否则,本科学简报将在公布日期后

1

年到期。

© 世界卫生组织

2020

年。保留部分版权。本作品可在知识共享署名

——

非商业性使用

——

相同方式共享

3.0

政府间组织(

CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO

)许可协议下使用。

WHO reference number: WHO/2019-nCoV/Sci_Brief/Immunity_passport/2020.1

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