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导致 COVID-19 的病毒传播模式:对感染 预防和控制方面的预防建议的影响

科学简报

2020 年 3 月 29 日

本版本更新了327日的出版物,提供了按颗粒大小划分的飞沫定义,并增加了三个相关出版物。

COVID-19

病毒的传播模式

呼吸道感染可以通过不同大小的飞沫传播:当飞沫颗粒的直径大于

5-10

微米时,它 们被称为呼吸道飞沫,当直径小于

5

微米时,它们被称为飞沫核 1。根据目前的证据,

COVID-19

病毒主要通过呼吸道飞沫和接触途径在人与人之间传播2-7。在对中国

75 465

COVID-19

病例的分析中,没有关于空气传播的报告8

当一个人与有呼吸道症状(如咳嗽或打喷嚏)的人密切接触(1 米以内),因此其粘 膜(嘴和鼻子)或结膜(眼睛)有暴露于潜在传染性呼吸道飞沫的风险时,就会发生飞沫 传播。传播也可能通过被感染者周围直接环境中的污染物发生 8。因此,COVID-19 病毒 的传播有可能通过直接接触被感染者和间接接触直接环境中的表面或在被感染者身上使用 过的物品(如听诊器或温度计)发生。

空气传播不同于飞沫传播,空气传播指的是飞沫核内存在微生物,这些微生物通常 被认为是直径小于

5

微米的颗粒,可在空气中停留很长一段时间,并跨越

1

米以上的距离 传播给其他人。

COVID-19

而言,在实施产生气溶胶的程序或支持性治疗(即气管插管、支气管镜

检查、开放式抽吸、雾化治疗、插管前手动通气、将患者转向俯卧位、将患者与呼吸机断 开、无创正压通气、气管造口术和心肺复苏)的特定情况下和环境中,空气传播有可能发 生。

有证据表明

COVID-19

感染有可能导致肠道感染并出现在粪便中。然而,迄今为止,

只有一项研究从一个粪便样本中培养出了

COVID-19

病毒9。迄今为止还没有关于

COVID-

19

病毒经粪-口传播的报告。

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导致COVID-19的病毒传播模式:对感染预防和控制方面的预防建议的影响:科学简报

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空气采样检测

COVID-19

病毒的最新发现的含义

迄今为止,一些科学出版物提供了关于

COVID-19

病毒是否能在空气中被检测到的初 步证据,因此一些新闻媒体暗示存在空气传播。需要审慎解读这些初步发现。

《新英格兰医学杂志》最近发表的一篇文章评估了

COVID-19

病毒的持久性10。在这 项实验性研究中,使用三喷嘴科利森喷雾器产生气溶胶,并在受控的实验室条件下将其送 入戈德堡鼓。这是一台大功率机器,不能反映正常的人类咳嗽情况。此外,在存在时间长 达

3

小时的气溶胶微粒中发现

COVID-19

病毒并不反映执行产生气溶胶的程序的临床环 境,也就是说,这是一种实验诱导的气溶胶产生程序。

有报告称,有症状的

COVID-19

患者已入院,但在空气样本中未检测到

COVID-19

糖核酸 11-12。世卫组织知道其它一些研究评估了空气样本中

COVID-19

核糖核酸的存在,

但这些研究尚未在同行评审期刊上发表。值得注意的是,基于聚合酶链反应检测的环境样 本中核糖核酸的发现并不表明存在可传播的活病毒。需要进一步的研究来确定是否有可能 从并非正在实施产生气溶胶的程序或支持性治疗的病房的空气样本中检测到

COVID-19

病 毒。随着证据的出现,重要的是要知道是否发现了活病毒,以及它在传播中可能扮演的角 色。

结论

根据现有证据,包括上述最近的出版物,世卫组织继续为护理

COVID-19

患者的人员 推荐飞沫和接触预防措施。根据风险评估,世卫组织继续为实施产生气溶胶的程序和支持 性治疗的情况和环境推荐空气传播预防措施 13。这些建议与其它国家和国际指南一致,包 括欧洲重症护理医学学会和重症护理医学学会制定的指南14以及澳大利亚、加拿大和联合 王国目前使用的指南15-17

与此同时,其它一些国家和组织,包括美国疾病控制和预防中心和欧洲疾病预防和 控制中心,建议对任何涉及

COVID-19

患者护理的情况采取空气传播预防措施,并考虑在 防护口罩(N95、FFP2或

FFP3)短缺的情况下使用医用口罩作为可接受的选择

18-19

世卫组织目前的建议强调合理和适当使用所有个人防护装备20而不仅仅是口罩的重要 性,这要求卫生保健工作者采取正确和严谨的行为,特别是在摘脱程序和手卫生做法方面

21。世卫组织还建议对工作人员进行关于这些建议的培训 22,以及适当采购和提供必要的 个人防护装备和其他用品和设备。最后,世卫组织继续强调时常注意手卫生、呼吸礼仪、

环境清洁和消毒的极端重要性,以及保持身体距离和避免与有发热或呼吸道症状的人的近 距离无保护接触的重要性。

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导致COVID-19的病毒传播模式:对感染预防和控制方面的预防建议的影响:科学简报

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世卫组织仔细监测关于这一关键主题的新证据,将在获得更多信息时更新这一科学 简报。

参考文献

1. World Health Organization. Infection prevention and control of epidemic- and pandemic-prone acute respiratory infections in health care. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2014 Available from:

https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/112656/9789241507134_eng.pdf?sequence=1.

2. Liu J, Liao X, Qian S et al. Community transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, Shenzhen, China, 2020. Emerg Infect Dis 2020 doi.org/10.3201/eid2606.200239.

3. Chan J, Yuan S, Kok K et al. A familial cluster of pneumonia associated with the 2019 novel coronavirus indicating person-to-person transmission: a study of a family cluster. Lancet 2020 doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30154-9.

4. Li Q, Guan X, Wu P, et al. Early transmission dynamics in Wuhan, China, of novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia.

N Engl J Med 2020; doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2001316.

5. Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, et al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China.

Lancet 2020; 395: 497–506.

6. Burke RM, Midgley CM, Dratch A, Fenstersheib M, Haupt T, Holshue M,et al. Active monitoring of persons exposed to patients with confirmed COVID-19 — United States, January–February 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2020 doi : 10.15585/mmwr.mm6909e1external icon.

7. World Health Organization. Report of the WHO-China Joint Mission on Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) 16-24 February 2020 [Internet]. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2020 Available from: https://www.who.int/docs/default-

source/coronaviruse/who-china-joint-mission-on-covid-19-final-report.pdf.

8. Ong SW, Tan YK, Chia PY, Lee TH, Ng OT, Wong MS, et al. Air, surface environmental, and personal protective equipment contamination by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) from a symptomatic patient.

JAMA. 2020 Mar 4 [Epub ahead of print].

9. Zhang Y, Chen C, Zhu S et al. [Isolation of 2019-nCoV from a stool specimen of a laboratory-confirmed case of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)]. China CDC Weekly. 2020;2(8):123–4. (In Chinese).

10. van Doremalen N, Morris D, Bushmaker T et al. Aerosol and Surface Stability of SARS-CoV-2 as compared with SARS-CoV-1. New Engl J Med 2020 doi: 10.1056/NEJMc2004973.

11. Cheng V, Wong S-C, Chen J, Yip C, Chuang V, Tsang O, et al. Escalating infection control response to the rapidly evolving epidemiology of the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) due to SARS-CoV-2 in Hong Kong. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2020 Mar 5 [Epub ahead of print].

12. Ong SW, Tan YK, Chia PY, Lee TH, Ng OT, Wong MS, et al. Air, surface environmental, and personal protective equipment contamination by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) from a symptomatic patient.

JAMA. 2020.

13. WHO Infection Prevention and Control Guidance for COVID-19 available at

https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/technical-guidance/infection-prevention-and-control.

14. Surviving Sepsis Campaign: Guidelines on the Management of Critically Ill Adults with Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). Intensive Care Medicine DOI: 10.1007/s00134-020-06022-5

https://www.sccm.org/SurvivingSepsisCampaign/Guidelines/COVID-19.

15. Interim guidelines for the clinical management of COVID-19 in adults Australasian Society for Infectious Diseases Limited (ASID) https://www.asid.net.au/documents/item/1873.

16. Coronavirus disease (COVID-19): For health professionals. https://www.canada.ca/en/public- health/services/diseases/2019-novel-coronavirus-infection/health-professionals.html.

17. Guidance on infection prevention and control for COVID-19 https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/wuhan- novel-coronavirus-infection-prevention-and-control.

18. Interim Infection Prevention and Control Recommendations for Patients with Suspected or Confirmed Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Healthcare Settings. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/infection-control/control- recommendations.html.

19. Infection prevention and control for COVID-19 in healthcare settings https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications- data/infection-prevention-and-control-covid-19-healthcare-settings.

20. Rational use of PPE for COVID-19. https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/331498/WHO-2019-nCoV- IPCPPE_use-2020.2-eng.pdf.

21. Risk factors of Healthcare Workers with Corona Virus Disease 2019: A Retrospective Cohort Study in a Designated Hospital of Wuhan in China. https://academic.oup.com/cid/advance-article/doi/10.1093/cid/ciaa287/5808788.

22. Infection Prevention and Control (IPC) for Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) Course.

https://openwho.org/courses/COVID-19-IPC-EN.

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世界卫生组织

2020

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相同方式共享的政府间组织

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(CC-BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO)

WHO reference number: WHO/2019-nCoV/Sci_Brief/Transmission_modes/2020.2

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