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CANA DIAN

THESES

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ANALY TI

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DEXPERI MENT~^. INVEST IG ATI ONON:;'THE'FATIGUB BBHAVIOUROF TUBULARJOINTS'FOR OFFSHOREMONOPo O STRUCTURES

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A thesis'~~bl!litted'to the"Scho910: Gra~.::uate Studies in

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partialfI,11'fi~1.!!!entof therequirementsforthe degr e eof

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ABSTRA:r-' .,,;,' ..

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This studyisI~on~ernedwi.tb th e"analytic~~.and expe rime nt al'inve s tigat i on

0:

^fatigu'e'^behaviour^{of monopcd}

tubula r.join ts

in

air"and~o

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ldse~~ater,:>envi ronm~ntg ." . , ^A

·_.totill of~se ven j?;ints~~ete sted under eye,lic loading.,.-Two J' specime ns

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- one

tri

air

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^{othe r'in}

~ter Wer~ sUbj~cted

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to pseudo-randomloading s._...Ttte re maini ng,five spe c im en s.- twtlin

~jr a~d thr~1

^I;'

' 'e'r" ~r.e '~es~~d : ti~d;r

^Co^{nst a n t}

amplitude sinusoi da l

lOadihqIL'JI~~

^·join.^{t s}'wer e testedbot h in"'as '='weld e dand wel d to'eg~~l.:l,~~.c:cindit.ion~. ^The<::or ro s"ion test's we re c:.i:'r ded'o~t·~_~,nat ural"seawat e rat O· Cto simul ate -the/cold oeeanen vironment.

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anal ysis . The

.

MSC/NASTRAN fi n ite'. 'elemen t compu t er code" was. us edu~i nq.triang~la.r^a^ndquadr~lat en. l^{fla t}^shell^{el ement}·!i,: "

Each'elementhas"fiv ede grees of fr eedom.cons ~s ting:of. two in-p l a nedi~placements,.a'norma l',dis pla c e ment and.beJ;'-0in g rotations.

The effe ctof sea wate r, weld toegri n ding ,' the, nat ur e ofapplied load s an/ crack growth

~ha,'act~~iltic8

^{a'r e .}

stu di e d In.det ail. The

fatigue, ~ive8

^of^'^the ^joints

f~; ,cr~Ck ·. :

inItiati on, prop~gatlon^{and finai} ^failu re are-d_etermln~d^{dn d}

com~re~

^{'l1i t h}^those^.of^T^or.

Y-j~ints

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literature. Forthe'"t hreej>~i~ts..;.eB~edi~,.'5~J~ate r.' ·:~he:, fatiguelife for wall penetrz.,tion·'areco mpa'redwith

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lif~ e~ti ~~~iO~. ~~Si.~9 ,,~r'ft~~fei

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,ACKNOWLEDGEMENT r .j

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r:~.a ut hor;·,woul d.also like_rota grateflli l y

"' .a c k n owl e d ge thefollowing'p.ersonsll.'1d organhationl!! for the'lr

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^Ross

~et~r" it/-' F~CUlty

of Engine e ring-

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,• Sc i enc e for his inte res t and encc u r eqeeen t;in'th e

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^o^{f the}^{;f:heai s.} ^. ^'

}-·'Dr.P'.A~Ald r ich, Deal}of Grad uate Studies_fo r

th ,

awardof

MelCori ai Univers ity

Fellow~h.ip. J .~ . ,

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^F^{a c}^{u l}^{t y}of'En,gi ne; r{

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Ap plied Sci e n ce, forpr oviding tWo,wor kterlllstuden;.~,.

Mr.s. WA~renand Mr.L.S.Pah to~~~htdurin,9 eipet"~ment .

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R~90.~r~esandEng inee ri n g (C- CORE) forfinancial supp~rt"to .'two/work,ter mst,udentsMr.G. Ye<!"_and Mr". I.Mc ¢ l oyfor.'

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Depalt~entofE:ner9'i,~MinesandResources 'tO~tawaf"or ,the ~ qener oua~i n a n cial'sup po rt,fo r the~cor rosio n fa t i gu e tes t s

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Dr.J.B.Gilmolif and~r. ^O.^Vos^{ikovskY ..}^fo^r ^{thei r}

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the fi nal report"ofCo ntr act_No.:2,9su .i 3~ ~O-:- ~;:-9 0~.?,which has beellfreely used in the pr e para tl or:!~ofthethesis. •

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- Dr.K. Mlina sw amy. Post-Doctoral Fe l l owfo r h Letime and

effo~t

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ccepueer.wor-k,

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^~,eema ^for^us^efuldiscussions~dfe llow?,radu~,t,~

students£9r"theirhelpandpleasantcornpafly. - '."

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supenfiso rof'Laboratories,andMr. D.

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Ti ll e y,Mr . A,'Bursey, ar,C. Gries,Mr. C,Ward'and Mr.,T.:' Lannl-n q,staffof the Structu res

Lab~ratory, ' and'Mr~' 'IIo.~.,~

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for ' their'help'i nthe set up :nd

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i)~DICATION<

ABSTRACT ACKNOWI,.EDqEMENT.

'C?NT~NTS"

LIST.OF RELATED,PUB!,ICATI,ONS LIST'OP"TABL ES,

LIST'OF'I LLUSTRATI ONS':

CHAPTER l- IN'l' RODUCTI ON 1.1.ceneeat .,',,' , 1.2 Advantages(ifTqJJul a r.Mell'tb e t s '1 .3. eho Lce ofJoint.godeL , .4·Significance 0'£ the Study 1.5 Objectivesand Scope

"'cIIAiT~R

² ^REVIEW^OFLITERA;Uiu:

.;Z.l:'.Gem e ral ! " ,',. .

.2.2'Th'eoreticalAnalysi s -.

,2.3"Exp e ri me nta l and AnalYl;ical,Investigations-

• ._2.'3': 1>'i)'ryFatigue.~ests'. ' ( '2.,3.2',Corrod o n Fatigue Tests -,2_,4'.oiHH9n:Consl~er~ti o~ 8

CBAPTEI{.4,FI NIT E

'EL~ENT :~NAI:oYSIS

".4 :1.Gen e ra~ ' . .

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viii

4.2 ,Flat Shell Elements - Q01l04 4. 3 Ohcr-eti'zation of the_J o i nt 4.4 ~lE!ment'StrE!s!JIesand Strains

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CIIAP'r~

¹⁵

"G~~=~=i~B~~~ ,,~ROGRAMME

^': ^' ^,

5.2 Test Ba.cdwar-ea~dLoadingOevices 5.3.. Dedgn'ofTypical, Joi'n ts· . . ,','',. ',' 5. 4. SpepimenFabrication"andW'!l¢ling,net.eti.e .',,' 5.5 oes~gnand Inst.!lllationof Cooling System ;/ ' :

for,_seaw~ter.Circ!11ation .'.' . ," .:.". 53.

"5.6 we~d~ ,SurfaceProfiling" "54

'CIIAY.rER,6,

TES~NG ' PR~G1~AM"E'

^.: ^.^5-6

· 6.1 ·G;me·ra,.i' ~ ,·." ,- , " "". " 56 6.2, sereae-ccec.Ap pl i c at i on a,nd,'A n d y s'is' '56

'"6'. 3 Tes t f!let - u p'and :Instr.umen t atLon "' . ..62

6.4 Automaticny-a Acquisi tion~yst~m',.

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64·.' 6.5 Me~sQrement ,of '.En dronm~ nl;a l·'sereroerers .66"

: :;~~::~s , ., . ( ..

^";6'6^';

6:e Comp.a.ct

T~Qsion

^'Specimen-^Test^{'s .I n,}

Seawa,'t~r : ~. ;;

CflAPT ER

,7' F1ITIGUI~'~Ril:TU~ '.MEC'Ei~N ALiSIS

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7.1 Cra c kGrowthDat a-and'Ma.t"e da lCo n stant s', 7.'2'

c~;c:n~r6'~,

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'~tr~B~,-':Inli~~~Iti

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,Fact or s for',Tubu l ar'J o i nt s ' "

], 3"Fatigu~t i.fe~timati.on·

CHAPTBR'8 TESTRESUX:T;i, 'OBSEaVATIONAND;DISCdSsioN

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8.3 Crack Ini t iatiori'anQ.crack'G~iI~l;l..'Behavi our 8. 4 Eff e ctof,

cere

.Seaw"ate-r·Jlnvi r oriJ'le n 1;....',..".

8.5 Effecto.£'Weld"To eGrinding,.' " ' 8:6 Joint Sti f f n es s Measurements

8.7 Fatigue Lives" ·.'" ".,....:-'.<.' 8.8,L'ife Est~matibn'Usin9~;F:acture

C R.APTRR

9' .CO~C:L~SIONS:~1?'R£C,d~MiNliAitiONS^..^,

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.REFERENCE~

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APPImOICES . , .-.. "

APpendixA: S~ l'"a~D<>-oge,·;tast dli.t1ori.. .. . Ap pendh: 81:He41UCe DlentdfSeawater-Properties

.Appendix C, Ca lculatton of Kaz1Jau.-Pri nl;:i pal.'

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Ap~n.d i ~ ·

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~:~:;.~i~ o~t~::~~_~n·~ci.',i.oad·-:··

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_-S;5 .:'Go.,.~a,D:V,'REtl:3~y,.D.B.Muggeridge.anc~..-H~

· ~"A r ock i as am-y . "corrolfion~FatigueBehaviouro£.Tubul~r

.. ·;~~:~r~,:fr~i~:~~r:~:· ~o~;:;_:n~: ,i~e_~~~;~ ,- , .

!:nglneerin9.In d i a n~,ns t'itute-'0"£ Technology,_Madr'as.

~1l~ia'.:.,Fe~r.~~.rY,,'9~Y~~·· ·· . " , _,_. ..~ 21~ S.'-S. __,Go~a ,n.V."Reddy, M~·Arockfasamy. D.B. Hugge,ridge

...and_,p ~S.cheema,"Experimanta.land Anal yticalStudies on fatigue.Beha v i o U1;" of Monopod,Tuoula r'Joints", Prea:e~teCl.

at'theThird.Intern,ational·'Conterence-cn"Beh a vio u r of "

.Offshore-Str"uc tu're s (BOS5~82),M.I.T.,'Ma s s a c h us e t t s', _ .

r.~~g_l\st. 19~2

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3."·Ei .S;..Go.W4a;M.)t.rocki.asamyand.D. V.Reddy, ~Fatigue.·Crack

. ;~~~~ri:r=~;~~;n~;_~U~ ~.~~Oi~:~~~:~

, ,Congre;ss"on Oceanic.En,gin:eering,

OPAD"i-8.2,.

san

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...:".. ';Redd,Y.".~Ct:frr 6s i"on,~F~tJgU~,~~ r.ength:'-'91;--9 ff s h o r e~"IOn opo~

,. ) 0 , . TubUlarJo,H'I~$'i,n ..CQld:'"Oc ean·E~viTonment_~,,Presented,a t

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'~'~:J ~~f.S1'lot~•.T~C.h~~<?~.,~gy"-co'p,~fre~c:e·,H?U~toJ:rr.:'r e xe s ,Ma y

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'.. 'Reddy_,'~Exper,imentaJrarid;~;AiJal , ColrO!H~m.':f,a1;igue :a-~}iav.tour:o'f.

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,8••,Ra.n g,e -cr.s,e~w~tec:'p~~~me<ter'"s.

\9:' Test"i~g .~~d'LQading'Petails·of y'o'int~

.LIST OFTABLES~;

Ta})le~No: T'i ile

1. "Mono'pod T·Ub~lar. ·Jo~nt·Paca m:e1::e

7 s'"

2a) Vlil. Fo:rmulae,lidJ.tX Li~iU. ofO{ffec~~~. . 'p~c'all\etric- " , ',':

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2b},.-~~~:~to~~n~.e~r:t~~~r~:~~ota';' b~".p.a~am~triC ·

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128 Tit l e'

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~2 . Surrunaryof'Cr~ck Gro~h"Da't~ : Join~.'-Dry 2,.

.IRi~hto!ce ntr~L.lne!, '

Z3.~·Summaryof'''Crac k Gr Owth.Dat a: :J O{~t." -:':·D ~!".):

(Ri gh t of.Centre'Wne)' . .-130

2 :}ti?,o~;~'c;;;~~ '~{~:J? .D~~~,~: . :

^{'Joi nt.}

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-Tabl eNO: .I

19 ~

^{'Fa t}ⁱ^gu'e^Tt;st

R~sults

,20 . , Compa ris onof Fat ig uei. iv es wit h Fracture Mecl'Yani c,s

21•.~~~~Vo~f~;~~~~ ~f~~h^{'Dat a:} ^Joint^.^';Dry-1'

" . ...

.:-~

l34·

" " ,'

25.~"summa·~y

of

C:iac)t.'~rowth^{.oee er} Jol.n~:~~^{,c o-r,r}^;2':

.: .' .' .>

^~.Ri~~

r:f

~een:r.e,L\inel;...: ..

2 .6 . : ~~~~~Yof(~;~~~ ; ~{~:1h .~~t? :· ·.~oint- -. co~r.: , ~ '. "'~3 ' ..

~7 ^.. ~.~o~f.C;.~: ,~~~·,Da~ a.: · -JO.~~~,.:~· ~o~~: }:

.2?

"s~~arY:- ~f '~'rack

qrowth

'~~t;~ ;' Jolnt·.~

_Dry 1"

'( Lef t cs-cee c re.Lin e ) -\. .,;'.

•1 ",

of.-.. 35. Co.mpa r 1spnat;

F~ti9ue T~st

R"e,Sl.llts·wi th

"Re~e'vant

Publi shed.Data· ., ' .

.,~,

.

(19)

xiii LISTOFILLUSTRATI ONS

4. Arct icMarineDriliingStruc~urt;'. 146

S" TripodTowe ~.Pla t f orm, 1'47·

- .

6. Ma j o r ' Platfor.mLoadsandC~rr'osionZones 148 7.

weight-streng~h

,Compa r ison of Common

stru~tur,1Io1Sha'pes. 149

1.2:

1. Jacket- Ty~.aeee t st:ructu re

2. Cook I'pletAlas~,toto n'opodPl~tform

3. .Monocone Dril.ling,Unit

8';-~.Typesof ,Simple Pla'narJoints

9;

~,{o.int· :,W~t~ 'Stiff~ning

^Ri^n?1J

. m. .

_J~'intwi.tJ:l.0·U!=-..Stiffening.·lings

.

'Monop~''Jo i nt",Nomenclatur e -

.,..., " " • , <

-" Dia9~anunatic R;pr~se~~ati(:m ~etini ng

.n!eaHz~d Hot"'Sp'QtStress-.'

, b '.;.)

'1 3•.' St-ructural,Integri t y Pa,ramete rs ..

',.14'.,.

,;~h~~at'i~ Rep,rQntion or

^Fatigue^c^{rac k.}

.:,Gro wth in Steal

Fiat:.

^Sh:ll..

E'ielllen~:

Coordina.,t€s. eorce'and·

~onient Res~1.t~nts

.bi~t'a't~on

^of"

th~ :'De'~e"l-QPed -~u'r~A;e

^-

,B.ra,n~?;'Tuh;-,.1:'.. . ' ~ , ..

·Discr~·tizatiElO,bf::bhe',D~ ve lop,ed'Surface.- ,,}~·~~..n~h-;.:r~~~2;,~''-~~,:; ",_ .: '...

>- "

;~~~~~i~n

^or

t.h~ D~velop~d ~Urf~cQ, -t ~_

:Di;cr e t izat1o n.,af',ttl~:Oeveloped,Sur fa ce- -

,.Ma in'Tube, , . , . . ',' •

,

-: . .

143 144 145

149 1S0.

.--151

152

,153

154

....1S

t;-)

155"

156

'","J59

...

(20)

dv

·~~lage-'No."

--,="., 21;

22•.

23."

.24:

~om~l'1dson

.of "

Str'ai~' Dist~ibutfori~ :

Joint:"

cocr,2'.and Dry 1

25. Comparison of Strain Distributions: Joint-

ccrr. ') .

26. Compari.son'of'StrainDistributions: Joint,-

cor r•4 " . .

161

16.2

163

164

·1.6 5

/

27. Planof Test Assembly

28. Test,Assemblyfor FatigueLoa ding

. .

^,

30. Connection Unit.rcrHorizontalLOll.ding 170 29. Connection Unit fo r-_Verl;icalLoading. ;69

" ...,. ""' "

::"39~ wel~^ToeGd!'ld i ng'Prof ile' , ..179

.',40: Brittle

'L~CqUe~" c:oat1ng '

forJoi.nt.

Intersectl~n

180 _~'

..

,

174 175

176

,177.

178

.~,

.

Weldi ng Details

Det d la "of

~ing";to-TUbe

^wel'ds'^for Stiffened Joi nt . ".

s,ihematic of seavaee rCoolingandCircula tion

,~yste~s ',1.

Test.Set-upwi t h Test-Celland,CoolingUni t~ 38':

34 . Tubeweld,ConnectionEl e v ~ti on

35.

36.

37.

.

31: Detailsof~MonopodJointwi th.Sti~tening,~~ngs 171

:' 32 . -De t a ils-o f Monopod.Joint Without..Stiffen"ing-'~lngB'·172.

)3. ..Directions of App~ied.Loads , an~,.l\eactive.FO~~:·s,. : 1"73;

(21)

I,

.r.

;,:'

45. .'Te s t Set-upfor Dry Testing

.' 56.b } Test see-upof C'l'S Spe-cimen with Container

I " . /

~,:

180

c.r

18;;

181

tea 182'

.~) ~3-:

'18 3 i 18.4

185

,,,

1.87"

1~.8

\8 9 190

", ,,,

1,9 3 19,4:"

,..:"~5 196 Cross-Sectional View of Pr o t;ec t i ve Coati ngs for Strai nGauge InstallationsinWater StrainGauge Locations for Joint - Ory 1 St~ain'Ga uge Loca'tio·nsfor J~int-"Ory 2 s~rainGauge Loc a ti on s.f o r,J o i nt - Dty3 St ra inGauge~C:cationsfor Joint -'corr • I St rainGauge Loc atio ns for,J.o i nt -co rr•2 Strain G.auge,L"oca tion sfor'Joint-Corr.3

so,

49,

51.

.41.

48,

53. St'rai nGaugeLocati'&ns for Joint -·Co rr;.4·

54. Comput~r-,Controlled'Autom~ticData 1I:?qu isitionSystem

55.L:I,8~ock··Diag.raJll.,

o f

~~cqUis.1ti~nSystem':

56.&)StandardCqlllpact.Te nsion speci men :/'

'"

'F-19 Ure No. ,Ti~l~;:

·.,t~ , ~-- '~;it~:e La;~Ue:~ :~O:~'i:9--; f or

Sl:iff:ened

'J ~nt

^.

~2

^.a)

B~ittle: ~oati~~ c~ac 'k'~--~DU~ " :~~ 'TenS~'le'

^.

Lo a d (Cr i t i <;.il1.Region--.Bra n ch".'l}ibe.1) 42 . t/l Bri tt'ie

" Cciat'i ~g' _craCks~

^Due

~·to.- T~n~i~e

. Loa d, IBr a;nc h Tube 1)','

43. a}Bri t t l e'.coating'c r ecxs Due to'.compres sive Loaa. (Cri tic al,Region -Bran

7

^h',"Tube.',1).' 43.b)BrittleCoatingera'clts bue'

t6

^c:ompressiv~...'

,Load.(8 r a n

7

^h ^{Tub es}^,'²^!~nd ^3.l ^.

44 . 80)Brittle CoatingSr a c kt Due to-Te n s ile : , Load (BranchTubes2 and 3) .,',:• 44.b)Br ittleCo atingCra~ksDue to Te nsileLoa'd

(B r anc h'Tube2) .- - ."

..: 46.

(22)

62.f)Sf-caipDi s trib ut i on near Weld'l'oei Joint - ccr r,4

,.

64. Sur face Cr a ck,Gr o.:rt.h Developme nt:.Joint-

Dry 2 .

Page No.

~.··1 9~ '.

't98 .f

^g8

;':

..

199 199

flOO 201

202

·20 3

"20 4

205

~i06.

207 208 209

210 I

,;

Surface Cra c k GrowthO~ v elopment: Jo i n t - Dry 3

SurfaceCrackGrowth Development: Joint :-

Corr.·1 '

J i

SurfaceCrackGrowt h Develo pmen t: Joint;.;

Dry 1 '

su'~arY'of^'Fat^igue^'^{'Cr aCK Gr}^owth^Rate Data for'A3~.:steel

FatigueC~ack Gro~h;'Data"t~r'TU~UlarJoints Assumed GeometryofBowedCr a ck in Tubular

Joipt.s , f

variation of'Correct i onF~ctor'Y with cra~k Deptp for TubplatJoi nts

S~hematic01Circumferentia l Str e s s OiS;tribu~-'-i-<m...AboveJoint It1tersecti~n

6'6.

63• 58.

56.c)Fa't1gueC~ack'G~owthDa t a'of 'Compa c t

Tension Specimens ' .

59, 57.

65. 60.

61.

62.a)Strain'Di stri b ut i onnearweld Toe: Joint- Dry2

r

62.b } St r a i n oj.stributio nneae; WeldToe: Joint-

,'_ ' " . O~~? ' " , ' .

62'.c}.StrainDistribut ionnearWeld Toe: Joint- Corr::.,.1,"

62 ~d·). St¢~4-n';Dist'i-:l.butiGfl

^nea^r^Weld^{To ei}

~

^Joint^-

..ocer,,2andDry'.. .,,'

::62.e ).

~~~~~?

3Distri b uti o'nnear we l d TOe : Joint-

.-."

..

(23)

. .1 ..'

, "

'22 8 ...•J.' -".

~p~cimerr~ ~p o~sp;"~cement : ' Jo11'1,~'

^_:.

Cor

·r....4_.

83. '.compad;~,on^{of Fatigue}^TeSt;-Re!l~J.t~:.' ... "

~asicS-NClir YEt&~?rTubu la r Joi nt s"

'84.

,8 2.

" -

(24)

.: ...

:')

x~~~~ ~'i~'< " , ..,

'No~~ciAt~'~£."'~

'Cr~ck · ~~Pt~

.';.'" ._'

'ini~i~f"k~ ,d~;f1).:: ,

^.^».^{- "}^;

';,i~~l ' :C:~.~'_:~~h'

:

; ~T9tal: n~mbeT'

^of^.

J::Ii~ok.~

.:,~. ~e~9t,~:If. chord.m,emQ~r .'

.'-'FQ;;C~ ··re~ili.·t,a~t;:a

':'~~~erial, :c~ri~:-an~

'N~mbet"

^,

Of:.Y~~~S'

-,rlum~erof.,~tf,:cyc'ies ' .'..S~o'p~.O fJ!'t~.ai9~t"liil"e .·M~an'(jiamet!,c:;;~~'bt:aC.e, .'"ir)\i"~~;'^s':~~l-il'~~^Qf~la~~ici't';

~, ~~' ~;',~i '~~d ~": ::~~~~C"~:~::~::~,,;~~: ' .

.

^";,

:.

;:~~;

../;'

.,»

'\~ : " " " ~~: j.

L·.'

<" ,'

·'Exp one tl.t a

~.A~p~ i~dloa d

T~.anll~e'l;"8e''s h e a r;forcea~,

,J" ;

_~"

r.·

..

(25)

fiot spot stea·in

Stress.conc;entr'ationfactor"

~,' 'Hot -'s pot s.tre~~.

. .

.'

wa.I l::thickness'of,brac'e

',Dis p l,ac ement s.in'xl,y~a~dz::-,directi~ti~^..

•wi a t h".of

: ;q'e~~~~n

^' ^.

'wallthi;.eknessof chorp,Thi<\knells of

"e .Le me nt; ." . .

.' .Nomi na l stress in't he br:ace.~, ,

aprr,ection't ac t or'

. :.\

Nomina l st"rai~.,intheb~a ce ,.~,o'

'-"'t}HS

~', l

.

^,.

.

^,

Extrapol~,tedstr·~inpa~'a.I,l~lt~._weldEce. .\. .strain

concent~,atio~"

^factor

!

I . SCNF

.r.\1.

., , "'X.

': . " :.Cfy:~ .~,

"'z',

·.9~,

·...lWr·mi1

:,st1-e~,s.

ⁱⁿ^;the-,

X"~.i:(eCtiO;·

'

!,' ,': -,

~o,rm'al__str~s:in theY-·di're.~~ion···

,',.,." . ~ .' .'. ;!

Normal ~tressin thea-ad drect.Lcn

~' ' Mefubra~e ' ~tress

-, ilK' e·"

Shea r stress , S~tressrange,

":Str~~ 8intensityfa:c.to,r ra nge Surfa ce stra i n

,

.

'f"

(26)

F I·

1

_;

.j

!

.j.

I ! I

) I ^... ^.

•2x~Length,;0£'chorej,'at,

Rean~1.a.of,cho rd " ~

Meanradius ofcho rd .,~_"R ,WaIlthlckness~;-Cho r d 'If

.( x.x.

. .

,Meanradi us'ofbrace- r ~ MeaD,radiusOt chord'"~ ."

;.".

-;.'

,.

~~

•..a r

-~

. ..::

K· _., '\_.J::~r:Jat:~'~~^_

ti t :irnell

~ur.face^.

r

(27)

. . ~,

... ^-

. .

",

~.",.

..

^{~. '}."

'CIIAPTBR-1 _'-;-

.... ^: I~TR~D'OCT~ON ' ·"

•• • • Cl.

..

-,:

. -

••.•v '

... .. . . .. ..

'

'. : . J

.· 1 ··

··::i·

r l

} _..i _l

...._.. -:-.---:-._.•••.: -.:7

(28)

'.1·

L .INTRODUcTIO~

'- ,

- .

i.l,.Gen e r a\' ,

:.

~e~e",;Ch

on

faH-~u'~ bf " wel~~~ 't:~B~J:aT

jOi n:t:'s" h a s

, . . . .... .,

. ·..

tU'b~l<;'~ ~onn'ectiotis 'has' b~~n" co~phcat'eo.

^by

,t~e t~b~

^v^eⁱ^r^:

~',.-. 'ra.di.fl:ile-ir.~Pi·l~tY;',whi c h

.i's·

a·.s~url::~9feevez-e~t;ess cO?c€nt,ratio'n

at:

',the: joint-i':lt e"i-se c ti o n,s~ Thi~.st~es.a^.

.' . ;::~:;::i~~:np;":::'.j:::a::;:~:t:r:i::::'.::::o:::~t:::.· .:

',ra~i !lr ;stiffness'or-the,~olulIln'memb e r.cr.t o limit,t h e,e f.£e d .

cif:' ~ie·~'i.b':it.Y'ing··g:_ Pl~tl!!a:;. Wi,~9'

^.i>f.a^{te s}

~n? i:in~'

^•

.

·st~ ffe.net.!l e~q. '~ i-l!fP~ope'r )o~n.t de.s~~~,

^fau^lty..

~elds :~uring.

·~:::~~:::~;.:n:::::~~l:~::·:~::.::::r::::i::· ~:t::::~t"::

jn'iti:a:ti6~: :.

.

.. ..

.

^.^-

.... .

" ,

. ' ". :

:1". :.... :.: .

... .

(29)

'2,._,

~ ^..

,-Most of th e explorati onarid productionplatfo r mli- - 'are~f'.t?e basicjaCke~type_~upporting-~.'.~la7or.m.de ck~s

.

showli"~~~~_FJ.lg .,-=~:. ~h~i~.stall,atiOn

of

thefi~"!.ttemplatet~pe' steir1 st-ruc ture'fin :rl3u ~l '"of-Mex;comarked th"l! f.irst,·use ,·o.f welded "'-,ubu l a r of.fs'flo r e plat fo r m. For aqallowei:.""a t e r s, .such CI;.i',

co~i, I:let:_~laha~and

the Beaufort

Sea. ~. mOd ~nd

~~-:-._

^..^._..:..

-'moii~1]A ~f~rm8

^have

~en"

ⁱⁿuse for water,

~e~th.~ .,u~

^'to

..- ., 301\l'::J~.1 g'l!..·,, 2. 3and4). Recently xe e r emeEnglneering'Cc:'mpa~y prop osed'."a~ripod^{Towe r} Plat f orm,Fi~.

s '; :

suppcirted"bY~hree .

~t- an;b '~~-~i;j;s'o'i!ei~ ~)-wtters u~

^t^o^{350 m,}

'"

_:~fis~~J<e , stru;~u'f.~_~ ~are ·sU~b ject.ed

^;^{0 l}arge"grav ity .!Oad s and 'enviro nmerrt al fO,lOces be s i d e s'corro sionand fduling.

The"'pi~todal

^'s: ll\lllar y"'Ofm';"j or

load~!

⁴eiwi ronH1enhlforc es .,

~a:nd cQX"ro~ lon

^{eo nes}ea t; ,different dep:hsa n a typlcal off s hore

8t,f~ctur~:is~'"shP;n ~U; ;~9 . ·;6~ ..,

^{sever m.}^'fllilur^{e s}^of

bular joins

_". ^in'

6f;sh~re

_"._1,,.;,':..str u ctu:e!l--h aVe_v- _~ triggered_.

~esearch

in t e r e s !8 forini~ro~.ed^{met h o d}~~~eS:i gn^.',Th e adventof . ge ne r a l pttqfosecompU'bar, pJ:o g rammes , bas ed on o Lae eLc a Lshell

.- ""

..

^~

-- ,. .. -,

^,

theory.ma'kes it-poe

..

^'

^- ..

sLb Le,toanalyze simplified tube sections by.;~cc~J:~ter;pl;:eGe'nta~}on^of_t~e"co mpf.e xconnectionof.the

"~ ~i;; .,~~~c ~·'··_

_---_~ _{•..• ?}_.~

.. ' \' -,

l.;.c

Ad:~~n"fages OiTu~i·af M~mbers

; ;~{:;tl.lbuiaJ: ·~e~M·I;.~;~.~~e ·

^excellent

st~ength

- , PJ:operties.90od...resistan;,cie~.^t^oprimary andloca l',b UCkli n g's

I

. - .

^~

(30)

(31)

~,,'

.

^~^,

.

'4.

x.-,-:,, '

. ..., tompeT~t.r;:: ,p;d,,~,;~ .'~'di.;O;~;d;r ^.. , th. f~t ig ^•• b~h.,.:O~;,, : , ·

..'.'

" o~>lIl9:~~:~' ~:~~i~\ j;:~ 'S j,~:e~ t o ._th ; co~'a,~t', ~~d', :'" ,.:

.,variable-~mp·fitUde.'l.oaa ings , i.lndel"~ry',and.nat.u z-aL «-oldocea n

~.

.. .

. \

.e ~v:iJ; C:'n~e.nts.·.

'.:"

'

" .,' : . ::' ,"

I':

. . . _·· :~;'i1:::.r~:;~::::~t:::·:2;:::;' ·

, :::~;:: :::h::~2:::::::~::~:fE, : :::: :ded .

,•>

~~~~:flu~t.~~~';n~" f~~~.'.

'(ii..

~

^..

M.ea8~r~me~~

^',,0:

,~~tr.a~;ri9. 'i:r\.f sti1t~c a~d

''.

fati~.u~- loa!i~n:, , a : 'crit.l;c.~l

^:'t^ot,

spot~ '.~Ild··

^:..::

.::cOmpad,s~1l",i th,.mefi~lt~ e ~~mel"ltan.u ysi s"

1'~~e~b:::~:T\ ,~;,'/~.t~9u~ ·:~.i~es :~s.i'ng.' :r;act,'l~e

mei?hil.ni ~s',p,ri~clpl e s;^>

.c~mp~r.i.60'Il'of ;,~in,t",faHg.u.e,

behaviour,

iri.,~ir'

.

^{" ','} ^' ^..^,

and col ~ .:'ea'ffa t,e~e,nviron me!'lt ~', ·,.

(32)

I': ,'"-:-: ... s: '

".~"

,"; ;.

"~"

...:'

.!.

:1'

~',,-

J

(33)

.... ^\ - :

".:

'

...

^{', '}^'^.^/~

. ...

.'';~J'

.

'

-,', .

.

,,".,

... ... .

. .... . : '.; ""-

" '..

:

~,'..

.... . :': .

.,

....

'., .

" •..•::..:eHAPT~R:~: '.~'.

...

R~IEW o r LIT_ERA~U~

^:

....

-;.

: .:: ..

^'

.. :::,"

"

' . '

~

".

~ )'

. . .. : ..

^:

.'

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^,

'0'1'.,'

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,." :;

v",

" '

.-

..

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. '.

^'

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... .

... ,"

-:

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,

. . ...

- ,

(34)

.:...- ._ ._ . -.-

.~_".

"

".,",:

.

"".:.

<,

.

'"

~~i . · Theor~t~;Al "AlldY8i"

'~.rYI.~d'wet'

fatiqu,

tests,_ana"

i:i~i,d~ ai~ll:c()nsid e'ratio~8:,.

-i'

s .

..' ".':

:.~~ijl~ar~

^'"

;.~r~i~

^out

e~.t.~~;i~e :·1:h~pr~ti~4i.

studi.tI'I onT.,.joint.for.the str e s s comput ltto na.-in-8,·' '-

'~·l~dri c~f ~~e~+. ap~ &;Y·eJ:~~',,~,~ell ::t~·.'d~te~~i~: -t'h~ - .- . i..

~·IEW6~ ~~T~RA't'ORE·•

'·,2 . 1 Gf!lle~iIll'..•

..." : , :, j;;' ;;~~::::~ :::;:~:~.::~:~:::~.:::::.:,' tU~lY.·

^"

iiI:experimentalanda?alyei c al..~nve~t i,g8"t;ro.I?S·

,

... ..

(35)

' r ,,'

~~ ' ,

".,',

~. '

....

-,":,;:

.

'-.

..

, }\ ( '~ ' , ','

^'^{, '}

~.1 •

'for -.th e.analydp,..~"f^{tu h uu r} ·j9i~t8 '"^using^both ^{tria n}^{gul ar} ^and

: .~ .Ju;~·~_~uer~i,-f,\~ite ._~~~~.n~s. " .;~' f~~xib~l1-t.y

^of

"' tbe.we~-·

^.

'".9.'f"th"?.br-~nc:" an~cho r dIIfImb~..ee,

," .. Nott, add'ttan a!o r d (Ill ) de;lved

c'l~a ~d

form . - . ,

:;:::~;~:: :;:~;::":::::":e:::,:e .; '::;:::~::dd~:r~:~09';: ~,

';'.

ran.ge:. ~t~ell:a, raIl:9.';: d' numbeof

cycles to fa l\l.ur e , an"....·

: ',. :",'>'

(36)

e.

,,~ . .

probabilitydistributionfor,the occurrence of wave heights' wereder'.i::ved for-asi ngle'sea state/ster...

_"U n it~.,e l e ment' method for deter mining stresses,:""- s.trainaand'd'e,f ac~atlon~:;h a s."b~enpresented ~YMeh r otra rul• Empirical',fot;rnulaewere alsode v e l oped for··'s~~~trical

.

^- ^{. , '} ^{,.. ",} "

.

rectangul.ar. . ,tubes,...to. 'esti mat e the.jointraodujus. , The

.

"1::resu'lts.wereche'c~ed:with fu.ll-scale,e~periment;wi th

~ii_f~ re~t. 'lo:adi~~s a~d 'boUna&ry condit!~na.

A'

oon-.

-. ':"

CO~ fo~ma~'le',be~ndi~g' '' f~~ld>~,:"s used; r~ conjUnct·i~n '~~ith"

^the^"

'con'f~r~a~le~c~p s.tant's t ra in;mem.bra~ef.~ eldw1r1ch-,a:h~we?:.f

\..,'bett~r pe.!fOrmance'th.~n^aCO~fo~mable.~et^ofli~ea r^. funcdons-.

Theeff~cti:v~ne~s"^of^.hl^'gh.^:ic^.^'oc9-e^r .\scpai~met~J,c

~'O~~d fi~ite '.~1~~e~.t~ (Qr- '..,e~d~d ~t~~Ul'~; j6 ,i.n~ an'a;ys~'s

^was

.'st;Ud.i~d 'i)y : H;~9a:n.'t.'

²

'f.: ;:~he'::'ii~~'t~ ,~~~~;;~: mod~~· , us~d.:.~

^:

':r,e:l;one-te-c h!l1q ue'to'.re~~~e. ~the'nuffibe:r,,?f,d~~ re~s,offn~!;'dorL.

.the'~illte.'~1~meni:.s,'~t..~dti"c'~1-'.·re9{9,ne~ite.redef i n edusb']"

.

;hi~her

^orde'r^.

soit4 ~,:reme~.~s

^.,toPr-,?,vtde'.

f~'~'

^{mo re}

at:!c~r~te'

^{• '}^,

tesu·lts . The

rezone

tech'nique,W'aseff'i c;le:nt~inrequcing·t:he.~

,'',.-,

', ,..-'.

' J~hnston

^.

(~

^31.

reV:ieWed~e

^.

~~.a~:~a~l,~ ::e~.pe~r~.~e~t,~~.

dataon':.we l de<l 'tubula r'jointsand::compared'wit hthe-oye-rtc~l

.~.

. \

I _I

I 1 :.-

, . -j- :i

(37)

.J

g' .

• :-.

~ur'ne~~Tand

^Maddox^(f^{4 )}car r ied'out ilsta ti sti c al an~i~sis-'-~f.&:111.a-.'a ile le dataonthe fati9'ue desi g n stresses

./ .' " .,

..

:

.

•and~~~P~.s,d·Chal}~eSⁱⁿ~e

""?"

^de^{; ign}.~Ies

s:? a.s, :0

~~

.

. .de peq.d~nt:.'ons.t.re ap.range only.' h.r;t herre s e ar ch was '..

au9;es.t';dto

~ilivelt ig~te

^the-^ihciuence"of'residblll

~tre sse8.

⁰^{, .}

'.~,.;;0. f '. • ," . .

Marshall

q,)

r~d ewe.d.tholll! ~r:ican.Codeof Practi c e.on the ._de s Ign.rul es oftubu la.rjOint·rela.ti~.e'tostatic ult i:nate

": ..

^'

analysi s. .1, '', f . ; .'

-r

·i6~hida. louiand li d a (16) Studied the ~fI{lv io·ur·'·

~

... .

^,

^..

" repr esEmt i rigadf:osire:d

di spI~c~ment

^field.'

··...Fr~ct~rl!..-':

^..

<: :.:" ;

^M'^" ^{, , '}^{' : .}^\

, . , ,~~;:;= ' ~·::~t: :':': : :l;· ·:

~

^,1:' ^,^-^•^. ^'

. 1 : >....

.

^-^-^~

(38)

, - '

:" .:." -r:»,

,10

~'t"res's ;i~l:~risit;y'f~to( ^ob1lai^ne'(lfro(ll,f~ti9~ec~a.ck"9ro~h

d~ata:

^.-The

~~;'~(c~'~' fat~g~

^l^{i y es}

'~e're cpm~a~~Q-

'.Jtll ; h'·

t~e

resul~.s ~f ~i.9ht

^eeee

~f" n';n-o.;'erlappi~g K- jQ!nt-,'data'~ ,

^{.. '} ^•^• ^",-

: _I

Th~ ll.e~~~opme';t ?t :ara) ~ riC 'e.qiJ~t.iOr'lS

^end^{·th ei r}

'I1a1idit~yrangesforT,Y.II.andT\li" oints was made-by'Ku;;ng . et.al (19), 'using thin shell {ln1te elemen t

po~puter

-program " .' . ,'

,.~ "JI,tJ~INT."~

^,^':he

.~~p~rrme·nta; h~t,

^sp

t' ,st-r~ss c/)~c~ntrations

^'

eompa{e r-e"as~nIIbly,_wl!'l:.l-wi th,1;hetil'cu b:te dval ues~

" ,"van,Del f t (29) ,c;lryl;dout';t;.wodi.me lls i on'a l,

; lll ,.,IJ!f1

^~

^... 11!!~~ ; ·

: : ' .' ". ,'

~.

a.t . D ry

"F a U qtle'Te st s. C,'

: " m~'~ C~~H::::::::: ,:::e::::ri:::,::',~: ':~b:~::,~~~~:,~:::,:

".("~e~ts:i.nc1.ll,de ?-joi.nts·,,,!ith'.and wl,tbout ring,sti ffenera ,.,w:l:ng -

-

~~ates

^-'.

9.~~~~.t pl~tes. ~ int~·:7~e'ldl!~:i

^..

~.o.n

^...

irit~r:W~ld~~

^cast..

'i-

.

',"

(39)

.- .

.1t. ' ~

_st~~l·.s~~t-~welded. flare~,jC!i~ts~andceinent-gro~tfillecl . j?_lnt'S"

Jl~qer,

Bt.a t i c.:lln d

.slow':'''CYCl~

alternating'ioad s. BucklingantiPo"St:"buc~iing^st^'re^{nqth of}'c i rclli arJoint~^{'hav e}

>."a ls o

bee~ ,studie·,i,

^..

Fu.r;:~he~

^studies were suggestedto:-

det!r~i'~~ :st;re~s 'CO/lc~n~rati ons

^and^the ^effect..

o f '~v~-;'-s~~~in'

'"o"n;f a £ j qile

l,ife

of"l a r g e scaletubula t Joi~ts^•

.' ,

. '

,." . '

. .

. ,' .T~:pi:a<:.{241<¥1d~Me ,^{T;; p}rac and"Noel,(251 studied.<

~M·,st.res~'colJ~entr~tion5ⁱⁿ tUb,u~a'rc~nJ)ections'.' ~sin9the .•

meaSU'~red

^stresse^.s)

the-

conto u r's .of isost a tic!! and

is'obara'~ " _

,. -.: "'.... .

....

' .. . ' .

weH!',ppn str ucted.and the,stress-pa t t ern and stress-

, , ,~.' d · i ,st.; ~~ ~tion~ piottea~ f~r<~e. spec ~m~ns

^tested^.

To~rac. JohnstonandNoe~ q6 ) sugg e s ted furth,er

«,

" , ' .

. ..

,.

',re s~ a'r~htlec,es~a-rytode velop bet 't e-rmethods forth e oe.sig.~

·of.:wei~eq^.j^bⁱ^{nt !!...}^.and^tIie^{il'e e}^d,^for atlld~ell^{on three}

."~citmens io nal eff.ec~s,^{,c yclic}^l^{oadi n g}^,"umub ti v e:damage, ,.,.

'-.\ .~test ingof sp~dnien'iiwithtwoor~~remembersframing,i nt,o""

t.h~ c1}~rd" andstrengt ~~n ing of.jO-;~lo:,I.··

Babika r.(~7l.cpndu~tedte.~~ onove r1o!lfPin~ joints,' partiallyintersecting;'andno n - i nt e rs ect i ng joints. The : .•

spe~ imens , "l ii;e N"":'type'~

^truss'·'j'o i ll1;.S

';'~ith

hol1p;;"-

re~a'Wular

". "

( C~'O;d

^and

,~9"J.,l;cdla r,'~Ol l~~

^web

:~mbers~

^The

ve~tical

^load ^of"^;

::}~j ~'~~7imens

^W^lJ,s^:'

i~,trO.~UCed. ~y pres~ressing.

^The^{cy c lic} ^"^,'

.spe~d_'ll'AFi e o,,'f r o m S t.o-) 0CYCles/m.f; ~., I.t.:was found th,t.'th e"..•

..

te:llt~ thAt~the joi"'t~

^{wi th} ¹^OOt

o,Yr~' e~hibit~d

. - '; ';'•

'~a~is~A'~~~; "~!t:~~~~ . .... ~hen r;::t:lmpsr~~

,

to" _par~iallY inte~ect'i n-"g

'4,-,"

I

" 1, . 1 1 "

.r:' ·

·..··:···'1

.' '.

(40)

,

~..' .-foin ts. .Th e J:l0n-int.ers ec t io"g .joint s ' werefauna:uns a f e"if.

desigrie.d'

aC~9rdlng' -to-ClaSll --'F~oi'n~

'.

~l.ciC}h:'y'

⁽²⁸

~ ~arr.ie_~::~0t. '-

^tea^t^s..on^N-^{t y.}^pe ^{cr rc ui.a}^r

-.1l~11""Owaec tiLort s~odetermin e ~eformatJ,on Chal'aC~eristic8and"

... : . -.:~:~tj:;:::::::::;::g;f ~r~i~~::::;~::~:~:;::~:·.~ - .

';"i t.hOut.in~e

..

r!lect ionof^.the-b r an<::h^- -,memb'e r s^',^- • •Te^. st s"^" on "e....

^-

o

·-t,ubUl!I .rlltee l.oon nect io;),w~ r~ p~rf Qrmed'^_^byKwa nC2 9 1.fo'r . al[ia l'forc~~'on,th ebr a nche s a~d - .;ompar.~dt.h,e..~.esu-tts >..,lth

"the:fi n ite €!le:m~nt^·,and^.thethi:ee~d:[riien8iona'1photoe lastic sojucLona ,

methodof analy iing'ari n g-s t if f ene dtubula-t"

1.

",,"

.-J ~, I -

I 1

r

(41)

l~

v-...,

..

_'-'

.

^.'

; . ,

(42)

- :','

-: '! !' und't obe·abo~t..25'--30", lpwei ,than. t:hdse,o~'tp.e.i~?late?

.

·,t~s-t~-.:".^The',aQ.al y'!=icar:r~$,?lts tro~ th~ H~nit~~^element^llle^thod

'C~!J'Ipa~ed. !e~8~n~bly ~11 '~ith:.t:he experi~ent~l ~alues.

' :,~~s'ts··?~, .N--ty~e·tr~s s~_j.?i~ts^with^{holl. ow} ^-, .~eCtan(iUlar'Sh~id.and'Ci re'~~a~b~ac~ ~~mber,s.^{were ca}^{r r-I ed} .o u t,"3Shirioud a'1'4 0 }'i The'j~intsweren~n-overlappin9 ~d'i

.,tiff~n~ ·wit-h ·stiffe~,ing'

^{'pl ate}^{'wei d ed}

'~o'

^the

l oad~d

^{face of}

the."

~.~o rd"'~t th~ j'o~n~. ~''I'he ~~,int~

^{,sh owe d}

b~r ovement

ⁱⁿ^'

" :.

.---

(43)

consi dera bly .

~; ~

- ..

'.~'~

' "

. ^.

'ulti~te~i~~d

^ca^rrying^{ca pacit y} ^AS

a

re,sul t of "btif f,e n in g.

¥.Pla f es ."',.;./. ' -:>

Mall

'ar:i1

Zir n (tl)inve stigated symmetrical K-

'j o i nts.with'hOll'oli-'

';rr~ular

me mbe r s unaer

stati~-::a.

.'d ; nami c

l~ad~,:

^.^Amon^g^the

~~:e'rl~PPing

^.and

non-o~eriapping

^{'jo i}^nt,s,ⁱ^t^:

wa s foundtha t thela~te:r~:·W,l.th nega~iveecce~t:ri~ity, Sh"owe.d indfea5ed'loati cafl';,yingcap~city,^"^{St at i}^c^and'f a tigu e't es te'

. ··· ····,~,:·:··.:·2:~t;r~:~?:::;:; ~~t~:~~~'::;:::~:::::::::::~:::;ythat

-,.. ... '..

i:nc;'r~~:~:.

^.In

f~tigue s~~ength

^COUld'be^'

achie~e~

⁰ⁱⁿ

It-jorn~'

' '' ~:::~:~::::::d~~::!;::i::,:::~s :::: : :a:,::a:: : : ,::: :

f-QtMUfl..e,.derive'd:by ~eale ·'.and'T.op~ac.(11'. Correlation

. :::::~i1:~:·e::~~:::~;:;;·::::~:::;~:2~;:'·::i::: ,

experim:ntrep o :t;t e4'by.Ref. tatr ,all th~cracks~earedin the brace of,t;he weld toei~c~nt,rasttothos~ appearingin thechorde ; Th ecombination

.

of-butt and

.

fillet welds and griru:iing welded'beadsin'.~thevici nity ofcritIcallystressed areasimproved:

~6e 'f~:~~'u';i":~tr'en9'th

^{of It-joi}^n'ts ^"

'"

. '.;.'

-

Tes ts onN-.~yp,e joi ntsintU bul~rframewor ks have beencar ried'out by:E'ai~¥,Q~~~'WO~and Shi nouda J4~) to inve8tig~tethe.streng~h.an~the~inforcin9 ef f,e<:~ofthe

· A I- i

: I

. I

(44)

.. -] \.:

',j '

I

"

,I '6

.. ...

condu~ted

^"^by

Dele ~ques. Y~lbert ~~d~;-fin~ ~-'co (4S:t t~ ..:.

^.^,.' inve9tig~ t-eJ:.he~.^:oadcarty.in~C.~Ra_?it~an1,,_Ch~Ck^{th e}at:c~~ c~

of current desi'9n methods. ,For,~llthe four.s pe c i mens..t e's te d

stre88 e~ ~er~'

^co_mputed

~8i~ measu;~d el~~d.: ~de!O:t..·~

^{:f n}^:'

princfi;ies . _',~._;"_

~. '~-Test9 ~;;-_N or-V-ty~~-'--(wa_J::';en)

. dii:' ders

-wer-e'

thelon gi t udi na l di r.e cti on S'o

Martin(46,)

test~d

smal},7seale.

T-'j;;in~:'

^,^{; 0} ^•

.~

^...':'^,^.

invest~9ate

^..:the

ma~imum,''S~re~s con~~l',,"tra~;ops.

^{:rdtigu e}

~~

^:-,

we r e used

~ n\~'~ formulati~~

^of^'^{tlle :des}^{ig n}

~~'r~·es.:·anQ·\h~"

^!R;.1,^' ^.

val~di

^t^{y of}

-r ' B'.,~rul;· CheCk~l:lfoi ~.;:H~;,\.~nj ,..cu~ula~i.v;·," .

^' da~~geca'lculati<?~s; ."

... .An

.e:x'p-erim~.~,~a·l met~od k obta~;;" h~t spo~. : ~t.~es~~

~concentrations.."fo r ,u':IYt'iffe.ned..t.l-lbUl~rT..:~~d X-j~rnt..s.·:.h,":.':'@

Crack"depth-

a.IJ~

^_^_:.en9th^we^r-e-.^me.aSured

)~nd. th~

^...^.

re~~lt~B u~e~.:

^t.o

.: esti~ate'the.l,He"Ofjp~ntsapplying'frac ture'J!leC~~ ~iCS

, >:~:,~:~"::~'.~·,dt.d ,if.;) ,;t~ f,.ni;1 p~~~e, t~chord

^wail^'

':.'.;" '""' .

F'at;i? teS.8 ~~~er ra~.d?m Ibadi~g . ~~~.~. ·.~.a;.r,~.i:~d:.:OU~,' ·

by Dove r .,.aol dl:i¥oo~.·Hibb~ ,:,..{and $:h a rtelOworth .(4H.o~·'J,l1bu hr.'-

T"iO~~:s '~,~~:ie';t;~ ^to '~n-p~~ne -;~di.it-::Of-p.ia.;'b~~d~n~ i .

(45)

.:

^..''

.

,, -

.

bf;e.?,pr~s7n:t~~.

^'bt

lior<lsw~rth

⁽⁴⁷⁾^.;

Str;'~~~ '~t;e ' ~~s,~:r~d

wi t h

bdt,tle" laCqll~.<and 'r'e"s,~:s~a~'~e

'str a l.o

g~~ges )~ th~

.,' '. jo i n t ecat emOd~ls ~._~P of:-~crYii~.-tu:p-ing·~" '·Hl~acek.(AS !· ',"

p~es~~ted. ~:st: ;~gllltS'

^'of^{"1'{ S}

.,~Illcii;'oi~~ and_~:"'typeweld~d"

^:

__0

::::~:-:~::~:::~

^_

~:::-:::~::;o::· ::: ::: :::~e:.::c:e::~i~e,: _

-' ..- ' .'-.~nwar.db~~k~lng'df~e.~in.tube~tnbe-r,w.a,s.Corr'elat"e€1with '.' .t.he.·.st r.enqth.~of ,'t.u~.i.J larla.t t.i.ce'~irdera~d..est,ab,lisMd~:, .'

"ehor d

..

', tlib~. '",sle~d~rness crit~don

.

^..., ^- an'd,. ''theshape.factor''. ' "f-or" K-._

'.j~i~ts., ^-^.

':st,..;t~!:o;~:!:j~t;.::nt:t:i::r~::::t~::.::::f_:::~·

^the

' ..

~~:r~tep:^.by.sa~e:.~:,^"^" ^.'!~e ,ge~~etr,ic conf~911ration,~:s^'

chanqed ~P,a,lte'r'J:he.!r i g ~dity,~nltlload carryin~'caJ?~~ityat 'fr~~urt: : .~,.

Hauk 1:;0),ca'r r i ed-out "testson,rec~angu'lar'^tiollow

:'s:'~,~:~.~:~ ral. )o~nt:s

^...^.inc.l^udi-n<i^(K

~.nd T~~01nts -~n<l ~as~red jOin~~

. .st,n;.~g~hs_·:~.ter,ms Qf·tlJe.ratio .of"'yiel~ joi nt'to 'yield .' .' t~n'slonme~er-:.a~d"ma x i mum"jo irit:"to!,~ m"'_xi mumtens ion

"memb er '•

,.,. . .s.t.a t i ct,e8-t:~^on·2~,^N^and.K-~ype.^cU'ctilar^·mem~ei.

j~!n'tswere'¢ond llc t ed

'by

'Anders on iSl)toinv~st,ig;te

~ir::cum'fe't~ntial s~resse"S' ' i~ ,

^the',ch^O;d

"me:~be'r .

^.Th'e

~est9n'

^.

"

PFoc'e~ures'-for ~~lded ~t~achment

"t o eueee

have: b:e~.n

,:d i-s cus ; e d'

b~ ' :"eiwo~m a~d' .~~n\iln ('52):

;he

theorrt~?al:'Bol,?b~anB ' baS~d

~.-,f, •

..

^{; .,}

,

._~,

^'

,/ I

':1

" .'

" ,

~-.

(46)

\

. ....

^~

• •: . : • • : .' .-' , : ]'8 ' "" _

: . '

· -l?~".Sh~·~l-~~·Y ~r~' ~IIlP~(~~ .~-t~·~:P;r.i

^.

.,~~t~l 'va·iues_ al~~9·:. ^w ^:l) ^'

.:... .-withrecolJl:)end aU ons for·al~"erri~th.e.des19~:pro~edu.~·e~^,

," .'.:' : . • _f; _i~;~ 'st:::::~;:~i:~~~:~:i~:~n=::::~i~:::::;.:·::t:~:~~:n~' •. .

• "

'c'l?n~i~iOns~ si~ke. Fu1ishl.~a , Is~ida ,

^KajimotQ,

Mina~i'

^and^'

' :~.. . _' :~::';:~'~~~~~t;:>:;f.:::::':~::::::::~h::;:::::::l::~:f. '

,,,. ':'a 9we l ding r e si'duaJ's t'te'!lS,and 'we'ld det e c t s introduced

aft:~ .

'.: ". ~e ' ~l~ ~ '~ l::~mp~ion-re

9ucce ss f u'ily

eYa'lu~ted

^b;

', : '~e/~';9. ~~e cnlc~ 'op:?i~~'

displ ac ement.and.

improvem~nts

'".s\l9 ge st ed'in,sei'-em ng lM1:;edaisfor offshor e st ruct ur es•

. '.' . .pa"r.;:

p~l1ll'imer^and ^P:^uang ^{155 )}

carried

out

tests

on..p:,

; ,

•or'and X-typeof'jo'i nt s.and degeloped fonaul ae toruitimate

·.:· s·tren'3:t~"s. " 1fll~ sttength'''beha~io~r and ·fai~;u.·~·

IlIechan i5lll'

;f .---

. :::::~;:l::::i':~t~ . ? ~.n-:~'.' ~ '~h:~~~' ,Ol

I'

. f

'.;;'.,;"

-:

' .~

.

~

"' j ,-; •...:

", I.

. . ;., :,~ .. ~ ;J' J ;

(47)

, .,

^,,^'~.'

1~

,' .

.distributi,onat the interac tion:of,the ' tubes were invEl.s t i ga t e d , wbi ch~eci.to an empi.ri,cal formulafor predict ing,the collapseload.

Static.and dYnamicte n s i le'tests on 6weldedste el

t;u~

^node ^joints^{w,:r e,}

~onaucted

^{at the}

Tech~ic'al.[JniversitY

of Stuttgart (59lto,e~til'l\atethel,?~dbearing,capacityof suc~ joints. The ·joi~tsunder static load,failedby de'fo rmati'onot-the chordmembe rs. Inth e'dyn':mi'cte s ts" peak stre~s s e swe re observed at the w,e l ~....of thet,lemember.

Aninvestig~tion,onlo~d-deformation'

'c ha r acte r i sti cs o{statically~~adedjoi nts of"~~c~ang~~~r

hollow sections wasca r r i e dout'-by'Eastwood, Osgerby,Wood and M: e'(60); .:rhe speci mens

we~e

^of

n~on-int,erse~~ing""

branches,pa~.tial1yinter~cting pranch~sand.compl~elY oV,e r lappi ngbranthe~withone branchcarryingcompressi~n:a nd

't~e ~he'r"

in tension. It.was found from

the experi~e'nts ~;that

.' ,-', , <fJ ."" - , -, ', ''-~. '

an increa s einoverLa p-ezhi bits,bet t -er.load':c a r r yin g: ~ capa9i t.Y."".'The:~a.n.c~s^-^of^,^failure^{of the}~ho rds"" b~^the col l a ps e of the top'fac.e are more' tooccur-whencompared to

""t he.

J?~~s ~'~.li ove';l;~,~'

^,

• "¥ ' :

~asfwo~d· ·.nd Woo~

^(61l,

carr~ed..

au; terts on

•.ove'rl:app"i:ngand"'_~l~.edgap jointsIpt;~~ui.ar.s t.r uc t ur e s

..: ;niy'~,: .~'t.~~l~'r:· ~~,~ ~ound S_~;tion~': ~;~: , d:ff~\e~t' ;

'·~nalytic:al.t.e~~ni.qu~s ,·^Viz^{, '}fin+~te~l~merrt. r^,f^{il,li.t e:}diff~rence

·.AI1'1I~~m^enel'astd~foul1cia~i~p^analog;~~e'u~ed,^to^,

.. I " ' • :' : ''..-•.:-. ... ~• •: .. .-" " , ~.•" • •-•

" ./

r.:

;'/

·z; , I

I

I'

(48)

,." _,

..

'.'t :

.... .

:

. ....

,

.. ..

.

^'^'-,

" "

' .., <.

Pease (64)

pres~nted'~ttai~' gaug~

^te'st

~~5U1l:'; 'f~r

aT-j o int;C inwhich thebranc:h)i'~s,load~d il1t.en~io~., :',~~:, ... • mea sured'local

~~reh.es compare'(v re·~.s.o~.!tblY'.we.i.l

^with^.:

~.

anal ytica l v'l1~e8obi:a:-in'~d^f^rom,Bi^jhards'a'~p'roacii~ ^The^' ^, ^: inv-es tig s titin waa

ltmit'e~

^{on l y:'to}

~jO~f}t

^and^One

:~om~rna~~o~

^-,^:^:

of member sizes. The"G ri ~?tati on^{of t'he}str:a i~~auges^'was'

• bas e d on: the stress coat----an·a'lysis. -." ~ ^.^' S~.edley^(6S⁾ re.vie~d^t^h; ^{p'roble ms}^of fatigue'":':-".'. ' ana l ysis of"pf f s ho re steel Btru~turesa:n8 the' rel e van c eQf~

;

.i'fl~e'~tl,~~t~ ,t;h~ s.t're.::~.st.ribu~i~ri. a~d d~f~.T~~.~.i.;ri '

."."char~<;:terlsti cs'.,C!:ro.undthe_join.t·•. :- ...

, Ba~~~~~d. ; os g~rl:if, ~~d ·:ahd . _Ba~lk~r. (~2,iJat'~fed

^.

...,,-. . out"fatigue.

.test~' on.~joint~·

^consisting^'of.

re~t~'q\llll-'r:

^chord^'.'

'" .

. .

~ '

.. ...

,. '

..

^' -~. ':-'. '

member.s-wi,t hoiroula r"l5ra nc hmenba re.we·l de d·.at·.4S·.en d·SO·~

':~:wo:::~:~P:::t:";:;~::~:::_~~~t::::::l::~:~:~Y;~;':" ."

.-cap~city^andt:t~risve~rse',.st~ f fness:of th~'^7:!,o.rd^.,~p.+i^{:h a_}^s^:.',^.^,-;-.' litt leeffect on f~t {gue ~r~ot"mance." •

~ deS1~n ~roceduce:' 'f~r

^'low^{cyc Ie•.}

t"ati~ue ·l'ife

^of,

" "iii- • ":--','. •' .'. ...-; : -: ...•.'..".:..' tubula r_jointsfor offs1Jore:·stru'?t.u re~.haa-~en.-d~ve~·oPl::dby

Grigor~

⁽⁶³^). ^';Phe

ana:,lyti~af res~lt.s··US1·n~,:app~.oache'S ;" v:i~ ,

sre ce ur e

~ecl;:lanics

^{'8;pp r}^08ch' -"''lbe

N~val r . ia~.·dr/~ · appr~ach,~.and

^Notch

St~e~s

Â081Y!lfeâppj-oâch

,w~r-~ :.cdlll~a~~d"

with.~expe r imenta lval ue sO?la rge scaie."modeIs'.,!f.-~'aq,d

_K-. '

..

^,'.

'. t'

.-i

I . 'Nath,al'Libmry O!~a

"",.

THESES

: