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Transactions of the Society of Heating, Air-Conditioning and Sanitary Engineers of
Japan, 72, January, pp. 117-127, 1999-01-01
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Measurement of interzonal airflows using multiple tracer gas
techniques. Part 2 - A proposal for tracer gas supply and an analytical
method for calculating appropriate interzonal airflows
Enai, M.; Shaw, C. Y.; Reardon, J. T.; Aratani, N.; Kajii, H.; Fukushima, F.
https://publications-cnrc.canada.ca/fra/droits
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M e a sure m e nt of int e rzona l a irflow s using m ult iple t ra c e r ga s
t e c hnique s. Pa rt 2 - A proposa l for t ra c e r ga s supply a nd a n
a na lyt ic a l m e t hod for c a lc ula t ing a ppropria t e int e rzona l a irflow s
N R C C - 4 3 0 9 5
E n a i , M . ; S h a w , C . Y . ; R e a r d o n , J . T . ; A r a t a n i ,
N . ; K a j i i , H . ; F u k u s h i m a , F .
J a n u a r y 1 9 9 9
A version of this document is published in / Une version de ce document se trouve dans:
Transactions of the Society of Heating, Air-Conditioning and Sanitary Engineers
of Japan,
72, January, pp. 117-127
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ｴＤｬｩｉＡｩｦＢｉｽ［ＱＢｩｴ＾＿ｔｴｾｪｅｉｏＦｯｾｴＡｉｬｩｉＢＬＢＧｬＦｭＺ ni'
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118
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Table 1 Calculated gas concentration by numerical analysis
Elapsed Constant Decay Decay
time [min} injection
<DGg1 •ﾮｃｧｾ (DC.1,<IDCoZ (DCg1,@Cg2 0 Q) 0 Q) 63 Q) 0 0 @ 0 @ 0 @ 98 4 Q) 6.77528 Q) 59.530 1 Q) 3.69704 8 @ 0.63461 @ 5.44324 @ 79.9872 12 Q) 19.2566 Q) 53.4634 Q) 9.47117 16 @ 2.29165 @ 9.31251 @ 65.6755 20 Q) 30.5061 Q) 48.3655 Q) 13.5263 24 @ 4.66701 @ 11.9903 @ 54.7771 28 Q) 40.713 Q) 44.013 1 Q) 16.2825 32 @ 7.53067 @ 13.7695 @ 46.0088 36 Q) 50.0288 Q) 40.2803 Q) 18.0612 40 @ 10.7103 @ 14.8742 @ 39.0451 44 Q) 56.675 Q) 37.0396 Q) 19.1083 48 @ 14.0758 @ 16.4758 @ 33.461 52 Q) 66.4496 Q) 34.1984 Q) 19.6116 56 @ 17.5311 ® 15..7049 ® 29.0049 60 Q) 73.7334 <D $1.6646 Q) 19.7144
Data for Flg.l(a)and Flg.l(b)
Datafor-Fig,2(a)and Fig.(b) CD : CSI[ppm} orC.1(ppbYln RM 1
<ID : Cg2 [ppm] orC.2[ppbJ in RM2
[Botlndary condition]
injection dose:Qg=0.006 9 m.a!h, VI =V2= 66 ins dt"'; 1/6000 h
F12=50.16tn3/h, Fh=40A6ms/h
FlO=6.93 mS/h, Fio=62.17 mYh
N,ｾｃＢ V, (dC"/dt),
Ns=Cg2V2(dC.2/dt),
toO
20 40 60 80
Elapsed time [min]
(a) Change of numerator and denominator
0 [xw] <>N, ON, ｾ N, , N, 0 • D • DN"+DNlI 0
ｾ
0 0 0 01
ｾ 'lU-IO"ｾＭＲＰ
Z 0 100 20 40 60 80Elapsed time [min]
(a) Change of numerator and denominator
o [xw] <> N, • N, A.N, , N, o 0
,
-• D • DN" + DN" 0Ｍｾ
Of---0 ---0 0 ｾ ｾＭＱｏi-20
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.<Yil 9 oF,,!40.46 8 • F,,!60.16 7 0 20 40 60 .,' '80 100 1.2 Elap$edtinie' [min] (b) Changeofratio to set airflow ratesFIg. 2 ｾ O.
'"
0.6 2 1 ---Of----·-_.-
0 bIN'1°
v 9 ...__._.. -oF,,/40.46 8 • F,.!50.l6 7 ----"'--- ..".__
.... -6 L 20 40 60 80 100 Elapsed time [min](b) Change of ratio to set airflow rates Fig. 1
DN"
=
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to
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0 0 0 o:JJO g geS 0 ｾＮ•
•
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DiP ,n .+1..
S gaS 0 t t ta n+1 200 400 600 Elapsed time after injection [min] Fig.4 Change in gas concentrationso
20
ｾＫｬ 40 60 80Elapsed time [min]
Fig.5 Simultaneous time set by one of the gas concentrations
Family room Living
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[(Clt2,n "":Cg2;n-l)/6.tJ2Dt Cg2 H =CgZ,n+1 (dCg2 /dt)= (CgtＭＺＭｃｧＲｾ Uri",1" <!; 7.>,First floor Second floor
1) heating and ventilation: electric baseboard heater,
ｦｯｲ｣･､ｾ｡ｩｲ furnace
2) outdoor temperature: -IS.DoC,
indoor temperature:23.D"C
Fig,S"'Floor
plan
of research house(NRC/Canada)3M: .1,3 64,3 186.3 229,3 105.3 42,3 46.t': ,1<°,7 74.4 152,8 226.4 106.8 33.1 5At , ,,0,4 64.1 127,7 236.5 107,3 4,5 2M : 2B 57.7 165.2 221.0 123,6 68.8 3At , 4,2 79,6 141:3 216,7 94.1 18,7 4M : 2.9 67,5 150,8 205,3 123.0 68.5 5M : 02 185.8 5).7 237.1 88,3 -97,2 [ppm] [ppm] [ppm]
°
NiO=O N20= 1000 me.
..
.No, CO, eH, N20
1 CD 98,2664 lID 1902,78 ® 943M4 2 lID 3.09054 ® 91.4655 CD 15.244 3 3 ® 10,154 CD 86,8709 lID 21.5869 4 CD 36l.266 lID 1643.42 ® 79,1,315 5 lID 17.8585 ® 199,566 CD .33,2592 6 ® 37.1767 CD 150.815 lID '37.2566 7 CD 583.304 lID 1425.77 ® 671.483 8 lID 41.8662 ® 279,009 CD 46.5014 9 ® 76.2963 CD 196,691 ® 48.3163 10 CD 771.663 lID 1242.48 ® 570.074 11 lID 72,4723 ® 335,679 CD 55,9465 12 ® 123,803 (j) 228.388 lID 55,8016 13 CD 932.247 lID 1087.57 ® 486.134 14 ® 107,606 ® 374.309 CD 62.3848 15 ® 176.828 CD 249.017 lID 60,531 5 16 CD 1069.85 ® 966.14
®
416.458 17 lID 145,651 ® 398,738 CD 66.4563 18 ® 233,167 CD 261.065 lID 63.1523 19 CD 1188.38 lID 844.183 ® 358.443 20 lID 185.357 ® 412.066 CD 68.6775 CD, lID, ﾮｾｒｍＱＬｒｍＲＬｒｍＳ F Ol =66.0 ｆｾＲ =49.5 Fos = 16.5 [rn3/h] FlO ""'33.0 F12= 33.0 FI3 ""49.5 [ma/h] F20 ""l6.5F21= 33.0 Fis=49.5 [ma/h] ｆＳｾ］ 82.5 Fal=16.5 F32 ""16.5 [rn3/h] Vl'=V2""YiI ""66.0 his dt=2/60 h injection dose: ｑＨ･ｏＬＩｾＰＮＲ ｑＨ･ｈＬＩｾｏ ｑＨｎＬｄＩｾｏ [m'/h] initial condition: (D COf=O CH4=0 ®COi=O CH4=2000 @C02=O CH.=OTable3 Numerical gas concentration by analytical thQd [m'/h] [m"/h] 47.1 13.4 [m'/h] 0 ＼＾ｄｉｆｾｆＬｩ • DIF-F.. ｴ＾ＮｉｎｔｬｾｆｏｬｾｉｎｔｬｾｾＬ｟ ｾ INT2-F" •INT2-F., 0 INT3-F"..=.INT3-F.._ , .
°
0 0 o. \;- W 11 .III
,
Table 2 Calculation result during the appropriated intervalT(step interval: I:::..=1l.8min)
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[m'/h] N()te,,:D!F7iAifferential method H"T "7Jntewal method INTCintegral iIitervaJ=tJ.t) INTCintegral -intervalｾ 2M) 2M: 0,8 57.9 '173.4 230.5 117.7 60,5 3M: 1.9 78.9 150.1 227.1 91.8 14.8 4M : -0.4 63,9 159,7 224,0 122,8 68.6 5M: ｾＰＬＹ 185.2 68.7 244.7 88.6 ｾＹＷＬＵｾ
DIF 5.0 ｾ 400 ｾ 30 • 20 ｾ" 10ｾ
<-100 ＭＲＰｾＴＮＵ 50 85.4 121 156 192 227 263 298 334 369 405 440 476 Elapsed ,time after injection [miJi]Fig; 6 "Comparisons of analyticartnethods n-5 WiiI11H1Ht, "Ii;;<{j\I€i:¥:<1lf!ll:¥:I"DltA-;- /5"Ii;;< iIIllJl:
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Elapsed' tillui'from theｾｳｴｬｩｲｴ ofintegratirig:t=t, [min] Catcilhl'te<faJrrlbWsb:Y':i'ritegral methodCtest 108) Fig. 9
ｾ
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ｾ 100Elapsedtime: t=(tl+tJ)/2 [min]
Ca) Calculated airflows 1:JydifferentialmethodCtest108)
M :measured airflows by an airflow measuring device
D :calculated airflows with the differential method
I :calculated airflows with the integral method t1 :appropriate time of differential method
T :time interval of the integral method Table 4 Test conditions and test results
ｾ ｯｦＭｾｾｾｾ］ｾｾｾｾｾｾｾｾｾ
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,t,=_st!ltttime for integrBtingＭＵﾰｃＢ＼ｬｾＢＢｾｏｏｴｴＺｬｎ ＺｾＧＺ＼ｾ
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ｾ ｾ-5 :
M ... LQ 1.0 <0 t'-o t'-'lI!b) ｾ 1 5 0 ' , - - - , -;;:. ¢ F;, • 1';, ..F;, ｾ F,. .;Fi, iiF,. J'. ＱＰＰｦＭｾＭＭＭＭＭｾｾＭｾ｟｣｟ＭｾＭｪRMI RM2 RM3 interzonal airflows [ac/h] run time Test
No. Tracer gas dose[m]] [m]] [m]]
F" F" F" F28 Fal F" [min] 101 SF, Np CH, MO.7 0.79 0.80 0.79 0.80 0.78 2,4 7548 7470 DO." 0.88 0.73 0.79 0.92 0.95 tj=33.2
.
.
I 0.8 1.03 0.53 0.65 0.63 0.86 T 283.7 104 SF, N,o CH4 MO.5C 0,48 0.51 0.51 0,49 0,49 3.3 7516 7466 D 0.5 0.54 0.47 0.46 0.54 0.56 t1=40.4 I 0.8 0.83 0,45 0.52 0.600.78 T 182.5 108 CH, N,O SFa MO.3 0.89 0.60 0.61 0.60 0.79760 6760 4.4 D 0.3 0.77 0.56 0,48 0.74 0.83 t1=37.3 I 0.3 0.80 0.50 0,43 0.64 0.83 T 272.6 109 CH, N,O SF, M1.0 0.23 0.25 0.99 0.98 0.26 6760 6760 4.4 D 1.0 0.22 0.23 0.90 1.09 0.24 t1=47.4 I 1.0 0.26 0.20 0.90 1.07 0.28 T 201.5 11l CH, N,O SFe MO.2 0.24 0.25 0.24 0.25 0.24 6 000 6000 3.3 D 0.2 0.24 0.23 0.19 0.30 0.27 tl=32.5 I 0,2 0.21 0.21 0.19 0.25 0.28 T 211.3 113 CH. Np SF, MO.7 0.79 0.79 0.78 0.77 0.80 7520 7520 4,4 D 0.8 0.71 0.86 0.71 0.87 0.86 t1=36.2 I 0.810.76 0.77 0.67 0.84 0.84 T 158.8 ｾ E
•
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.6 4 2..
if..
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Elapsed time [min] Ca) Change of ratio to set airflow rates
(All doors closed tightly during tracer gas test)
11m
outdoor
,Fig.B Test rooms in Institute for Research in Construction, NRC
Elapsedtime {min].
Cb) Chimge of ratio to set airflowrates(rounded data) Fig. 7
°12 32 52 12 92
'l'abl.410. ｾ＼ＱｬｊｬＺｬｅｉｓｊｉｉＬ＼ＱｬＭｪｬｬｊＨｴ･ｳｴ No. lOB)" Fig. 9 (a), (b) 101FT. iJ'jI(oHIl!l!'l'l;lli ;<1&I:I:H&30-50 j}<1l1lll ＧｬＧＺｬｩＺｾｴｊｊｬＺｬｅｉｓｊｉｉＬＧ［ＧＱＢＢＧｬＱＮｴＺＮ lIIoHll!l!<1lJi,\i't. ,;-'J71
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;°0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 Measured air change rates [ac/h)
Fig. 10 Conparison of measured air change rates and calculated ones in test roomS
f'fiil!O) 20% O)frjl!flloli!l'J;ｾＬ l'Il,H'lm1C' 1;l30% "'Ill;tｾ
'Tｾ "'''tilmｌｉｾＮ
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, 160 240 320 400 480 Elaspedtime [min]
(a) Set airflow rates as boudary condition ＳＰＰｾＭＭＭＭＭＭＭＭＭＭＭｾ
'+-F" ....F.. --F...F...F" ....F"-+-F,,-F,, 7F.. '+-F" ...F" -<r-F" -F..""'-F;, -o-F;, -+-F" -F,. -FlO ---F,. :-:o-F;.
RMI RM3
Boundary condition'and initial eondition Vi",,92.23, V.=132.08, V.=110.48, V4=25.51[rna] injection dose: Q,(SF,) .,0.03 ｑＬＨｃｈＬＩｾＰＬＰＲＷ Q,(CO,I"M! ｑＬＨｾＬｏＩｆｏＮｏｉｉ [m'/h] d,.,1/60
ｾ
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.
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[min]
Seeond plari
_ Zone exeept spaees for measuring airflow rates Fig; 14 Floor plan of test house(Sapporo)
ｾ ＵＰｾＺＺＺＺＺｾｾｾｾ
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*
.
Ga.s· sampling ｾ Gas' samplingpomt line
Fig.15 Cross section and measurement system
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•
ｾ 0 F,,(decay) 0 F,,\decay! "
..!:: -tiO .. F,,(decay) . "F..(deeay)
.."'-'< .,. F"(steady injection). F,1(steadyｩｮｪ･｣ｴｩｯｾ " . "":'100 F,,(steady Injection}=F,.(Bteao:!y. injection)
.",-16 64 112
Elapsed tiineafter start of measuring [min] (b) , Calculated. airflow ratesＱＩｹｬｾＬ｡ｳｴ square,1?ethod,
(rounded data) Fig. 13 Ca) 200
ｾ
150 100 ｾ 50e
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o
M 32 48 ｾ M 96 112 128Elapsed time after start ofmeasurinll rminl
(b) Rounded data
Fig.12 Calculated airflowrates by differentialmethod
to.
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ＲＵＰｲＮＭｾＭＧｾＭＭＭＭＧＭｾｾｾＭＭＭＬ ｾ ＲＰＰｈＱＭＭｾｾｾ｟ｾﾷｌＭﾷＧ ｦＬＮｾｆＬＮ ＫｾＭＭＭＱ ｾ 1M ｾｾ ｾｾ III ＱＰＰｦＭＧ｜ＧＪＱ｜ＭｉＭＧＮＭＪｾ｣Ｇｨｲｬ＼Ｍ｣Ｍ｣
F
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ｾＬ
20 - 15ｾ ｬｾ
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i Sky lightRM3
..
•
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RMI
..
il"
RM2W,IJas airflow path
RMI RM2 RM3 RM4
Family Japanese BR(S) BR(LI
room style room injection dose:
ＺＧＮｾＬＨｓｆｉＩ Q,(CH,) Q,(CO,) Q.(N,O) 0,0138 0.011 4 0,12 0.012 8 [m'/h]
Fig.16 Airflow model and injection dose
steady injection
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126
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5) M.Enal, C.Y.Shaw and1.1'. Reardon: On the Multiple Tracer ｇ｡ｳｔｾ｣ｨｮｩｱｵ･ｳＬｦｯｲＬｍ･｡ｳｵｲｩｮｧ Interzonal Airflows in Buildings, ASHRAE Trans" Vol. 96, Pt. 1
(1990). pp.I-1O
6) M. Enal, C. Y. Shaw,J.T. Reardon andR.J.Magee: Mul-tiple Tracer Gas Techniq1.!es for Measuring Interzonal
Airflo,ws forｔｨｲ･ｾ Interconnected SPlicesｩｮＬｂｾｩｬ､ｩｮｧｳＬ
ａｓｾｒａｅ ,'r'rans",yoL96,:ｾｴｬＨＬＱＹｲｏＩｾ ｾｐＮ 178 .' ":, '
7) M. Enai and J,T, Reardon- : Intetzonal Airflows by MathematicalSolutidrisMMultifM,GasCO'ncentrations and bySjm,ul,t.ape9,u;s:i\nalysisi!,'tｃ｡ｳｾＧｯｦ ｔｗＨｬｾｾｮ･Ｎ ｾ
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8) ｬｩｉｏｬｾＢＢ ＡｉｩｬＡｦｩｩＡｩｾ . IJ\l'JiEiIl . 1II0l 'Jl' iilit3 l'?'
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9) M. Enai, N. Aratani, C. Y. Shaw andJ.T. Reardon: Dif-ferential and Integral Method for Computing Interzonal Airflows Using Multiple Tracer Gases, ISRACVE Proceedings(l992), pp.ＵＴＰｾＵＴＵ
10) M. Enal, N. Aratani, C. Y. Shaw andJ.T. Reardon: The Analytical Accuracy of Multiple Tracer Gas Techniques for Measuring Interzonal Airflows, ROOMVENT '96 Proceedings(1996), pp.69...75
11) D. T. Harrje, G, S, Dutt, D.L. Bohac andK.J. Gadsby:
Documenting Air Movement and Infiltration in Multicell Building Using Various Tracer - Gas Techniques. ASHRAE Trans., VoL 91(1985), Pt. 2
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§
I
Measurement of Interzonal Airflows Using
Multiple Tracer Gas Techniques
Part 2 - A Proposal for Tracer Gas Supply and an Analytical Method for Calculatiug Appropriate Iuterzonal Airflows
by Masamichi ENAI*l, Chia-yu SHAW"'2,James T.REARDON*2,NoboruARATANI*3,
Hiroshi KAJII*4and Fumiyuki FUKUSHIMA *5
Key Words: Interzonal Airflows, Multiple Tracer Gas Techniques, Tracer Gas Supply, Analytical Method, Gas Concentration, Suitable Time
Synopsis: Recently, wooden houses in Hokkaido
have become more airtight. As concern for indoor air
quality has grown, so too has the need to measure
interzonal airflows in houses to assess the distribution of outdoor air. Interzonal airflows betseen rooms are usually calculated by measuring concentrations of tracer gases in each room. Therefore, gas injection methods as well as analytical methods ml.lst be dis-cussed for calculating appropriate interzonal airflows.
1) Interzonal airflows by the decay mode should be
calculated during suitable times, not just after in-jection and or at the end of the decay.
2) Interzonal airflows by the constant injection
*1 Department of Urban Environment Engineering,
Gradu-ate School of Engineering. Hokkaido University, Member
*z National Research Council Canada
.3 Hokkaido University, Member 04 Nikken Sekkei Ltd., Member
'5 Department of Urban Environment Engineering,
Gradu-ate. School of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Student Member
127
mode can be calculated as fairly stable rates.Ifit is
adopted over a long period of time, interzonal air-flow can be calculated as a variable of elapsed time, and it can reduce the causes of errors such as a rounded effect.
3) The integral method under a steady condition
can be used to calculate the stable and appropriate interzonal airflow rates over a long period of time. On the other hand, the differential method, during a suitable time, can be used to calculate more acCu-rate interzonal airflow acCu-rates than is possible by the integral method.
4) The constant injection mode over a long period of time should be chosen as the tracer gas injection method for field measurements. Either the integral method or the least squares method by governing differential representation should be adopted as the appropriate analytical method in such a case.
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