Making buildings responsive to peak energy demand

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Making buildings responsive to peak energy demand

Guy Newsham, Benjamin Birt and Aziz Laouadi

Making Buildings Responsive

to Peak Energy Demand

2

Overview



Why demand response is important



Lighting’s role in demand response



Heating Ventilating and Air Conditioning role

3

Introduction



Building energy

use growing



On-peak electricity

growing faster

4

Introduction



Electricity use

on peak

•

Estimate from

California

Peak Day 2003

2

– 5 PM

Rubinstein & Kiliccote, Demand Responsive Lighting: A Scoping Study,

LBNL/DRRC Report LBNL-62226 (2007).

http://drrc.lbl.gov/pubs/61090.pdf

Exterior lighting (1%)

Domestic hot water (1%)

Office equipment (2%)

Refrigeration (5%)

Ventilation (10%)

Other

(18%)

Interior lighting

(30%)

Air

conditioning

(32%)

Cooking (1%)

3 Hour Peak

5

July/August 2006

Introduction



Summer load

profile, Ontario



Load shifting



Load shedding



2-5% peak

reduction can

halve spot price

30ºC

35ºC

6

Introduction



Summer vs. winter peaks

•

Most of Canada, winter is peak

•

Peaks at different times

7

Introduction



Other benefits

•

Provide reserve power

•

Help accommodate

renewables on grid

Courtesy: Canadian Wind

Energy Association

8

Introduction



Effects on occupant

comfort?

•

Usually set lighting

and temperature

levels to optimize

comfort

•

Not true with demand

response

9

Laboratory Studies



Electric lighting can be

dimmed without hardship

•

20% over 10 seconds,

with no daylight

•

40%+ over 30 minutes,

with no daylight, or over

10 seconds with daylight



Temperature can increase

without hardship

•

1.5ºC over 2½ hours

10

Field Study

Federal office

11

Field Study



Office building

12

Field Study

No complaints

13

Field Study



College campus

•

Offices, classrooms,

and corridors in

7 buildings

•

2300 luminaires, 1852

dimmed on load shed

days

14

Field Study

0

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100

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:0

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:0

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:0

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1

0:

0

0

1

1:

0

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2:

0

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3:

0

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4:

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Time of Day

P

o

w

e

r

(k

W

)

2008-06-04

2008-06-27

2008-07-17

15.2 kW (18%)

11.3 kW (15%)

7.7 kW (14%)

No

complaints

No added use

of wall

controls

15

HVAC Field Trials



California

•

Automated demand response trials in 2004

•

Mostly HVAC strategies

•

18 sites, 36 buildings, >10 million ft

2

_{floor area}

http://drrc.lbl.gov/drrc-pubsall.html

Piette et al., Findings from the 2004 Fully Automated Demand

Response Tests in Large Facilities, LBNL/DRRC Report

16

HVAC Field Trials

30 ¢/kWh

75 ¢/kWh

Site

Albertsons

B of A

Cal EPA

CETC

Cisco

50 Douglas

Summit Ctr

Echelon

OFB

UCSB

Overhead light 35% off

Supply air temp. reset 55°F

59°F

Duct static pressure 2.2 IWC

1.8 IWC

Duct static pressure 1.0 IWC

0.5 IWC

Unload chiller and cool with ice storage

Two air handling units off

Electric humidifier off

VAV zone setup 2°F

Computer Room AH setup 2°F

Boiler pump off & stairwell fan-coils off

Sweep lighting where daylight is available

Stairwell, lobby, and hallway lights off

Global zone setup 76°F

78°F

Global zone setup 76°F

78°F

Zone set point increase

Dim office lighting

Global zone setup 72°F

76°F

Global zone setback 70°F

68°F

Supply fan VFD 70% limit

Economizer 100% open

Anti-sweat door heater night-mode

Supply air temp. reset

59°F

Duct static pressure

1.4 IWC

Turn off light where daylight is available

Global zone setup

80°F

Global zone setup

80°F

2 of 3 rooftop units off

Lobby, common area light off

Hallway light 33~50% off

Global zone setup

78°F

Global zone setback

66°F

Supply fan VFD 60% limit

Duct static pressure reset 0.4 IWC (partial)

Heating/cooling valve closed

17

HVAC Field Trials



Sept 8th, outdoor temperature 32ºC (90ºF)

Price ¢/kWh

10

30 75 30

10

18

HVAC Field Trials



California

•

Automated demand response trials in 2005

•

15 buildings, ~2 million ft

2

floor area

Piette et al., Automated Critical Peak Pricing Field Tests: Program

Description and Results, LBNL/DRRC Report LBNL-59351 (2006).

19

HVAC Field Trials



Chabot Space &

Science Center



Pre-cooling strategy

Site Name

Pre-event

Moderate Price

High Price

Slow Recovery

Chabot

 Free cooling

when the OAT

is below 62ºF

 Pre-cooling

until noon at

70ºF average

zone temp.

 Drift zone setpoint to 74ºF,

4/3 ºF each hour

 Drift zone setpoint to 78ºF,

4/3 ºF each hour

20

HVAC Field Trials



Sept 29th

Price multiple

x1

x3 x5

x1

No complaints

21

Simulations



NY Times HQ



HVAC

•

Morning pre-cooling

•

Afternoon

–

Stage 1: + 3ºF

–

Stage 2: + 6ºF



Lighting

•

Stage 1: dim perimeter 70%, core 50%

•

Stage 2: perimeter off

Kiliccote et al., Dynamic Controls for Energy Efficiency and

Demand Response: Framework Concepts and a New

Construction Study Case in New York, LBNL/DRRC Report

LBNL-60615 (2006).

http://drrc.lbl.gov/pubs/60615.pdf

22

Simulations



400 - 600 kW reduction

Baseline

23

Final Outcome



Substantial peak reductions possible



Support development of guidelines

based on:

•

Speed of response

•

Expectation of occurrence

•

Presence of daylight



Little risk of substantial hardship, if guidelines

24

Caution!

 These are TEMPORARY measures in extreme

circumstances NOT the new normal

25

Barriers



Controls infrastructure is expensive

•

Same infrastructure that saves energy

(e.g., dimming ballasts)



Limited utility incentives



Liability

www.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/irc