Linking above - and belowground phenology of hybrid walnut in temperate agroforestry systems. Abstract number 111

3rd European AGROFORESTRY Conference 2016

EURAF

EUROPEAN AGROFORESTRY FEDERATION

3rd European Agroforestry Conference

Celebrating 20 years of Agroforestry research in

Europe

Montpellier, France, 23-25 May 2016

Book of Abstracts

Editor-In-Chief: Marie Gosme

Editors: Joana Amaral Paulo

Robert Borek Paul Burgess Christian Dupraz Nuria Ferreiro Dominguez

Dirk Freese Pilar Gonzalez-Hernandez Marie Gosme Tibor Hartel Norbert Lamersdorf Gerry Lawson Bohdan Lojka Delphine Meziere Gerardo Moreno Rosa Mosquera-Losada Joao Palma Anastasia Pantera Pierluigi Paris Andrea Pisanelli Tobias Plieninger Bert Reubens Mercedes Rois Adolfo Rosati Jo Smith Andrea Vityi

We thank Esther Lauri for her help on formatting this document, and the local organizing committee, in particular Sandrine Renoir

s . ies ^ , e poster;

LINKING ABOVE - AND BELOWGROUND PHENOLOGY

OF HYBRID WALNUT IN TEMPERATE AGROFORESTRY

SYSTEMS

Mohamed A1*, Monnier Y1, Mao Z \ Maeght JL2, Jourdan C3, Sabatier S4, Stokes A1 * Correpondence author: [email protected]

(1) INRA, UMR AMAP, F-34398 Montpellier, France (2) IRD, UMR 242 lEES-Paris c/o Soils and Fertilisers Research Insitute, Fianoi, Vietnam (3) CIRAD UMR Eco&Sols, Montpellier, France (4) CIRAD, UMR AMAP, F-34398 Montpellier,

France Introduction

Climate models predict that an increase in atmospheric C 0 2 concentration, precipitation and temperature could affect many biological phenomena and increase the frequency and magnitude of extreme weather events (IPCC, 2007). Root and shoot phenology could be strongly influenced by the variations in soil water content (Wan, C et al.2002; Green,J.J et al.2005), soil temperatures (Steinaker & Wilson 2008 ; Steinaker et al.,2010; Coll et al., 2012) and air temperatures (Tierney.G.L et al.,2003; Fukuzawa et al.,2013). Changes in plant phenology are considered to be a very sensitive and observable indicator of plant responses to climate change (Steinaker et al., 2010). In contrast, very little is known about the relationship between shoot and root phenology especially in the natural soil environment (Harris et al., 1995; Steinaker et al., 2010).

Material and methods

We report shoot and root phenology of hybrid walnut ( J u g la n s n ig ra *r e g ia ) in three temperate

agroforestry systems, along a climatic gradient (mediterranean, continental and oceanic) of precipitation and temperature in France (fig.1). All trees were planted in 1995, 1994 and 1999 in the three climates (Mediterranean, continental and oceanic) respectively. Fine root dynamics were studied using rhizotrons and minirhizotrons. All rhizotrons in oceanic and continental climate placed at 10 to 60 cm soil depth and at 10 to 300 cm soil depth in a Mediterranean climate. Fine roots dynamics were measured using a flatbed scanner and cameras in rhizotrons and circular scanner in minirhizotrons (fig.2). The retrieved images were analyzed in the SmartRoot software (Lobet et al., 2012) (fig.3).

3 " European Agroforestry Conference - Montpellier. 23-25 May 2016

Farmers' testimonies across Europe (poster) Abstract number 111

Camera

Time lapse cameras (CU DDE BACK ATTACK)

Flatbed scanner Epson Perfection V370.

S ca n ne r CI-600 Digital Imager

Figure2: Methods used for measuring root dynamics in the three climates

Figure.3: Image analysis in SmartRoot

Results

In our preliminary results, significant and positive correlations were found between mean fine root elongation rate and air temperatures (fig.4), and between root elongation rate (cm/day) and soil temperatures at the two depths of soil (10cm & 60 cm depth) (fig.5 &6) in the two climates (oceanic and continental) with higher correlation in the continental climate. During 2015, fine root elongation (mm) began in early May corresponding the budburst period, peaked during June and July, and almost ceased by mid-November with the leaf-fall in oceanic and continental climates (fig.7). Our preliminary results highlight that shoots and root phenology is synchronized in hybrid walnut in agroforestry systems whatever the climatic gradient.

Figure 4: Correlation between root elongation rate (cm/day) and mean air temperature in a) continental and b) oceanic climates

- European Agroforestry Conference «-McTpeilier. 2?. Farmers' testimonies across Europe ¡poster)

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Co n tin en tal m ean soil tem p era tu re at 10 cm depth

R2 = 0 .6 6 9 4

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Continental mean soil temperature at 10 cn 16 depth

Figure 5: Correlation between root elongation rate (cm/day) and mean soil temperature at 10 cm soil depth in continental and oceanic climates

* 3 R 2 = 0 .7 0 2 R 2 = 0 .6 1 5 14 36 « ^ S \ 2 a, 05 s ' 1 2 s ' ro 8P | s ' o S? r 3 ! - 2

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C o n tin e n ta l m ean soil te m p e ra tu re a t 50 c m depth O ce a n ic m ean soil te m p e ra tu re a t 50 c m depth

Figure 6: Correlation between root elongation rate (cm/day) and mean soil temperature at 50 cm soil depth In continental and oceanic climates

Mean root elongation rate(mm/day)

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