Implementation of the 1993 System of National Accounts (1993 SNA) in Africa

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UNITED NATIONS

ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COUNCIL

Distr.: GENERAL

(ff ECA/DISD/CODI. 1/17

"/ 22 June 1999

ENGLISH

Original: FRENCH

ECONOMIC COMMISSION FOR AFRICA

First meeting of the Committee on Development Information (CODI)

Addis Ababa, Ethiopia 28 June-2 July 1999

IMPLEMENTATION OF THE 1993 SYSTEM OF

NATIONAL ACCOUNTS (1993 SNA) IN AFRICA

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ECA/DISD/CODI.1/17

Paragraph

I. INTRODUCTION 1-5

II. Main objectives of the regional survey on the implementation

III. of the 1993 SNA 6-10

IV. Implementation of the 1993 SNA in Africa: present situation and

National projections to 31 December 2004 11-18

4.1. Present situation 11-16

4.2. Country projections to 31 December 2004 17-18

V. Expected assistance needs in

the implementation of the 1993 SNA. 19-25

5.1. Overview 19-20

5.2. Main areas of focus for assistance to countries 21-22 5.3. Assistance programme to member States of AFRISTAT

in national accounts 23-25

VI. Recommendations on the implementation strategies of the

1993 SNA in Africa 26-36

6.1. Overview 26-28

6.2. At the national level 29-33

6.3. The role of ECA 35-34

6.4. The role of international institutions and bilateral and

multilateral organizations 35-36

VII. Conclusions 37-38

Annex

Regional survey on the implementation of the 1993 System of National (Summary table)

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ECA/DISD/CODI.1/I7

I. INTRODUCTION

1. National accounts are essential tools for development planning and the development of regional integration but African governments have not given the issue the required attention on a sustainable basis.Even though a considerable number of countries in the region now carry out regular estimates of their gross domestic product, its distribution by industry, and final expenditure on an annual basis, few countries among them compile other basic indicators of GDP, input and output tables, institutional sector accounts or balance sheets.from sector institutions and balance-sheet accounts.

Moreover, the effective integration of the informal sector in the national accounts is still a problem in most of the countries, owing to the lack of basic data.

2. This situation is attributable to three main factors, which are intertwined:

economic and financial constraints in many African countries with new priorities gaming ascendancy over the past decade; un- attractive working conditions in the national statistical services; and the exodus of skilled personnel.

3. At the regional level technical cooperation between the Economic Commission for Africa

(ECA) and member States on national accounts started to decline considerably as the regional component of the implementation of the National Accounts Capability Programme (NACP) financed by United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) ceased in March 1993. NACP has been unable to continue its technical assistance activities beyond that date as the new orientation in UNDP funding policies now emphasize on country programmes.

4. At the regional and national level, it is noteworthy that the Commission has organized seven workshops on the implementation of the 1993 SNA since the adoption of the new accounting system by the United Nations Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) in July 1993. ECA staff have conducted a number of technical assistance missions despite budgetary constraints attendant upon restructuring within the United Nations. These activities have contributed to capacity building in those countries albeit with limited impact.

5. The objective of this report is to give an account of the progress achieved in the implementation of the 1993 SNA in the region, highlighting the assistance needs of African countries as well as the aspectrs of the 1993 SNA on which the assistance should be focused. The information on the national strategies for the implementation of the 1993 SNA has been extracted from the results of a regional survey organized by ECA between 10 to 31 May, 1999.

II. MAIN OBJECTIVES OF THE REGIONAL SURVEY ON THE

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ECA/DISD/CODI.1/17 Page 2

IMPLEMENTATION OF THE 1993 SNA

6. The information on national strategies for the implementation of the 1993 SNA was collected by means of a simple questionnaire drawn up by the Developing Information Services Division (DISD) of ECA. The division also carried out the detailed analysis of the results, contained in the annex..

7. The questionnaire is divided into four sections. The first solicits specific information from individual countries on status of the development of their national accounts'with reference to the phases laid down by the Inter-secretariat Working Group on the implementation of the 1993 SNA

namely:

Pre-SNA Phases - development of basic data on production, trade, prices etc.

phase 1 : Compilation of basic indicators of gross domestic product (GDP).

Final expenditures on GDP at current and constant prices, distribution of GDP by industry at current and constant price; supply and use tables at

current and constant prices;

Phase 2: Compilation of gross national income and other primary indicators: external account of primary incomes and transfers, capital and financial accounts for the rest of the world.

phase 3 : Compilation of institutional sector accounts (First step) production accounts for all institutional sectors, income distribution (primary and

secondary) use of income, capital and financial accounts for general

government.

Phase 4 : Compilation of institutional sector accounts (intermediate steps) distribution accounts (primary and secondary), use of income and capital accounts for all institutional sectors other than general government.

Phase 5 : Compilation of institutional sector accounts (final steps) financial accounts for all institutional sectors other than general government, and

6 : Other flow accounts and balance sheets. Other change in assets

t f ll iiil

accounts for all institutional sectors, balance sheets.

8. In the second sectionc countries would give an indication of the phase

they would have reached in the process by the year 2004, on the basis of

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their national plans and strategies for the implementation of the 1993 SNA.

In addition, they were requested to indicate whether they would require external assistance to reach this phase in the year 2004.

9. The objective of the third part was to identify the assistance needs of countries during the period 2000-2004. In this connection, countries were requested to choose from the following options:

• The availability of manuals and handbooks and other documents (software and other material) for the processing of national accounts;

• Training courses conducted abroad or locally in statistical training

institutes;

• Practical training through seminars, workshops and other inter-country

exchanges of experiences;

• Carryout research activities aimed at resolving practical and conceptual problems (estimation of capital stock and consumption of fixed capital from institutional sectors, measurement of women's contribution to Gross Domestic Product, use of the data on non-market and informal sectors for

the compilation of national accounts, etc);

• Technical assistance in the form of advisory services (bilateral

multilateral, etc); and/or;

• Other assistance (technical and financial) through specific cooperation projects (bilateral, multilateral etc).

10. Finally, the fourth section is designed to facilitate an assessment of the assistance needs of countries in the implementation of the various phases of the 1993 SNA, particularly with reference to:

• The development of basic data;

• The establishment of a comprehensive methodology for national accounting as laid down in the 1993 SNA;

• The use of micro-computers for compiling national accounts;

• The preparation of integrated economic accounts and input-output tables;

• The compilation and the use of balance of payments statistics with a view

to establishing the rest -of- the- world accounts;

• Here may be cited, for instance: the 1983 World Industriak Statistics Programmes; the African Household Survey Capability Programme (AHSCP); international

recommendations on building and public works statistics; international guidelines on the design and conduct of surveys in the agricultural, distribution and service sectors; the guidelines from the Fifth Conference of labour Statisticians, on employment statistics in the informal sector; the African Programme on Price Statistics; and the Internationa;

Price and Purchasing Poser Partiy Comparison Programme

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• The relationship between business accounting and national accounting;

• The preparation of household accounting;

• The preparation of satellite accounts on health, education and the

environment.

III. IMPLEMENTATION OF 1993 SNA IN AFRICA: PRESENT

SITUATION

AND NATIONAL PROJECTIONS TO 31 DECEMBER 2004.

.3.1. The present situation

11. The survey was carried out by mail. In all, 41 African countries out of 53 returned their questionnaires to ECA duly compjetedjthis represents a response rate slightly above 77 per cent. These countries include South Africa, Algeria, Angola, Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cape Verde, Cameroon, the Comoros, the Congo (Brazzavile), Cote d'lvoire, Djibouti, Ethiopia, Gabon, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Lesotho, Libya,

Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mauritius, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Nigeria, Central African Republic, Rwanda, Sao Tome, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Sudan, Swaziland, the United Republic of Tanzania, Togo,

Tunisia, Uganda, Zambia and Zimbabwe.

12. Ten out of the 41 countries, which is about a quarter indicated that they were currently implementing the Pre-SNA, phase namely the

development of basic data. They are Benin, the Comoros, the Congo, Gabon, the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, Mali, Senegal, the Sudan, Swaziland

and Tunisia.

13. Fifteen other countries that is about 37 per cent of the countries that participated in the survey indicated that they were implementing Phase I namely the compilation of basic indicators of gross domestic product (GDP).

They are Algeria, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cape Verde, Djibouti, Ethiopia,

Guinea-Bissau, Lesotho, Nigeria, Central African Republic, Rwanda, Sierra

Leone, Togo and Uganda'.

14. Two countries only (Madagascar and Morocco) stated that they had reached Phase 5 - compilation of institutional sector accounts (final steps) and three countries had attained Phase 4 (namely South Africa, Botswana, Cameroon) six had reached Phase 3 (Angola, Cote d'lvoire, Malawi,

Mauritius, Mozambique, and Sao Tome and Principe) and five had reached

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Phase 2 (Kenya, Namibia, Seychelles, the United Republic of Tanzania and

Zimbabwe).

15. Generally, the progress achieved is far from satisfactory as almost 60 per cent of the countries have not yet started Phase 2 of the implementation process of the 1993 SNA six years after its adoption by the United Nations

Economic and Social Council.

16. Moreover, the survey did not indicate whether countries which stated that they had gone beyond phase 2 of the implementation process really carried out the required adjustments to proceed from the 1988 SNA to the

1993 SNA.

3.2 National projections to 31 December 2004

17. On this point, the following conclusions emerge from an analysis of

the survey:

• Four African countries* have attained Phase 6 of the implementation of the 1993 SNA by 2004, while 11** countries will have reached Phase 5;

that is about 10 and 27 per cent of the countries covered;

• Thirteen African countries*** (about 30 per cent of the countriescovered) would have reached Phase 4 by the target year, and 11 (about 10 per

cent)-Phase 3;

• Finally, two countries (Burkina Faso and Sierra Leone) would have

implemented or would be implementing phase 2 of the implementation of the 1993 SNA at 31 December 2004.

18. It should be emphasized that the projections made by certain countries would seem very optimistic. This is particularly the case with countries planning to implement five or six phases of the process by the year 2004.

However, as could be seen later the countries concerned are expecting assistance from bilateral and multilateral sources during the period 2000-

2004.

* Here may be cited, for instance: the 1983 World Industriak Statistics Programmes; the African Household Survey Capability Programme (AHSCP); international

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IV. EXPECTED ASSISTANCE NEEDS IN THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE 1993 SNA

4.1. Overview

19. Apart from Botswana, all the countries that external asistance in one form or another will be necessary for the implementation of the 1993 SNA.

20. The assistance required by the 40 countries covered can be broken down as follows:

■ Nearly 90 per cent (i.e 37 countries) of the countries responding to the questionnaire would like to benefit from training courses and

programmes abroad or locally, in statistical training cnetres, while around 75 per cent (29 countries) would like to be furnished with, manuals and other documentation, and 70 percent (28 countries) responded in the affirmative for technical assistance missions;

■ Nearly three-quarters of the countries covered (28) declared support for research activities focused on resolving practical and conceptual

problems 9in areas such as computation methods foor balance sheets and fixed-capital expenditure, measure of women's contribution to GDP, use of data on non-market and informal sectors in national accounts

compilation, etc.)

■ Finally, 80 per cent of the countries covered (32) would like to benefit

from technical and financial assistance from specific bilateral and

multilateral cooperation programmes, and so on.

4.2. Areas of focus for assistance to countries 21. In descending order, they are as follows:

• The preparation of household accounts (for the three-quarters of the

countries)

• The preparation of integrated economic accounts with input and output tables (for three quarters of the countries);

• The preparation of satellite accounts in health, education and the environment (for about 70 per cent of the countries);

• The relationship between business accounts and national accounts (for half of the countries);

• The development of basic data (for 40 per cent of the countries);

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• The use of micro-computer in the compilation of national accounts (for 40 per cent of the countries also); and

• The preparation and use of balance of payments for the compiling of the rest of the world accounts (for less than 40 per cent of the countries).

22. Some countries require technical or financial assistance to successfully undertake the following activities:

• The establishment of a data collection programme on the structure and

activities of the informal sector;

• The selection of a new reference year for the implementation of a

comprehensive methodology for the compilation of national accounts as

laid down by the 1993 SNA;

• Supply and disposition tables: uses by product and industry;

• Organization, methodology and implementation of economic surveys which are vital for the establishment of a new reference year for national

accounts (year 2000 will be the new reference year);

• Compilation of regional accounts;

• Organization of a sample survey on the informal sector together with a survey on household income and expenditure and other surveys to

develop databases;

• Preparation of a social accounts matrix as well as balance sheets and

financial accounts;

• Additional training on financial accounts;

• Preparation of accounts for non-profit making institutions assisting

households;

• Preparation of quarterly accounts;

• Establishment of data dissemination system;

• Compilation and uses of public finance statistics with a view to compiling accounts for general government; and

• Integration of the informal sector into national accounts.

* Here may be cited, for instance: the 1983 World Industrial Statistics Programmes; the African Household Survey Capability Programme (AHSCP); international

Price and Purchasing Poser Partly Comparison Programme

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ECA/DISD/eODI.1/17 Page 8

4.3. Assistance programme to member States of AFRISTAT* in national

accounts

23. AFRISTAT is set to launch a common minimum statistics programme (PROSMIC) focusing on six priority areas ( statistical

coordination, national accounts, economic and social conditions, data

dissemination, social statistics and agricultural statistics). In that

connection, specific common objectives have been proposed, which all

member States expect to attain by the year 2004.

24 The national accounts facet of the minimum common statistical programme for the year 2004 has a three - pronged objective:

■ Compilation of national accounts data that are compatible with 1993 SNA with a content corresponding with phases 1 to 3 (phase 4 encouraged) as described by the Inter-secretariat Working Group on National Accounts;

■ Regular publication of the provisional and final versions of the accounts, including projected and exploratory accounts (projected accounts cover the current year, exploratory accounts the following year); and

■ Availability in each member State of steady, well-trained and motivated national accounts staff to stabilize accounts compilation methods.

23 The programme should enable member States to ensure promptitude in the production and dissemination of macroeconomic aggregates. In particular, each member State should, by the year 2004, have in place regularly published national accounts comprising:

■ Production accounts for all institutional sectors;

■ Accounts series, from production accounts to capital accounts, for government sectors; and

■ External accounts of primary incomes and transfers, capital accounts and rest-of-the world financial accounts.

4 RECOMMENDATIONS ON THE IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGIES FOR 1993 SNA IN AFRICA

5.1 Dverview

AFRISTAT is an organization of 16 French-speaking African countries, namely Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Commoros, Congo Brazzaville, Cote d'lvoire, Gabon, Guinea Bissau, Equatorial Guinea, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Central African Republic, Senegal, Chad and Togo.

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ECA/DISD/CODI.1/17 Page 9 24 African countries should, firstly, strengthen cooperation among themselves in the implementation of

the 1993 SNA. In that context, they coufd, in keeping with the recommendations of the Inter- secretariat Working Group on National Accounts, envisage the establishment of cooperation areas with poineering countries, in accordance with the following conditions;

■ The groups of countries should not be too large and should take into account existing cooperation structures at the subregional level, such as UNMOA, UDEAC, ECOWAS, COMESA, SADC and so on;

■ There should be a contractual obligation on the part of poineering countries to share experiences through exchanges of personnel and regular meetings; professional staff in poineering countries should be competent, and sufficiently motivated to remain in the service until the area programme is completed;

■ A strategy for outset implementation should be formulated at the outset for each member State of the group, and non-poineering countries should have the necessary facilities in place.

27 Secondly, the institutional framework for national accounts in many African countries' needs strengthening. This will facilitate not only resource mobilization at the national level, but also data collection, the coverage of which should be expanded significantly within the context of the new system of national accounts.

28 Finally, each country should formulate a strategy (five to ten years) for the implementation of the 1993 SNA. The strategy should define the following elements:

■ The system to be adopted, including if possible, satellite accounts;

■ The nomenelacture to be used;

■ The cycle of the compilation process (has year, annual compilation, etc.), which should be compatible with that of basic-data gathering.

5.2 At the national level

29 We will reiterate that the adequate implementation of 1993 ANA in African countries will depend, to a large extent, on a significant expansion of the coverage and improvement of the quality of the basic data.

30 A supporting integrated basic data system is necessary for the 1993 SNA accounts and tables compilation process, and in particular:

recommendations on building and public works statistics; international guidelines on the design and conduct of surveys in the agricultural, distribution and service sectors; the guidelines from the Fifth Conference of labour Statisticians, on employment statistics in the informal sector; the African Programme on Price Statistics; and the Intemationa;

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■ Agriculture, industrial production, external trade, prices, employment, retail-trade, production in the construction sector and public works, household income and consumption, and financial transactions;

■ Property and other monetary and financial flows.

31 African countries must draw upon the pertinent international and regional

quidelines* to improve their statistical survey systems, while giving due attention to the need for systematic utilization of administrative sources as well as the overall business accounting systems used in various countries.

32 In the context of the integration of databases, the following should be emphasized:

■ Establishment of interministerial coordinating committees on statistical surveys;

■ Harmonization of concepts and classification systems;

33 Finally, particular attention should be given to resource mobilization for the implementation of 1993 SNA. The ideal approach would be to formulate, in general terms, a medium - to long-term work programme and subsequently, to prepare concise project documents on the various components of the programme, including quantitative data on government participation in costs, and a detailed breakdown of the expected contribution of bilateral and multilateral donors.

5.3 The role of ECA

34 The Commission should, in particular:

■ Continue its training activities, by organizing workshops on specific aspects of the implementation of the SNA (including household accounts, integration of the informal sector into national accounts, and son on).

■ Continue providing technical assistance, in the preparation of project documents as well as in national accounts compilation;

■ Act as an intermediary, whenever necessary, between African States and donor agencies, for the purposes of resource mobilization for the implementation of the 1993 SNA;

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■ Organize and facilitate cooperation and exchanges of experiences among African national accounts professioals in collaboration with other African cooperation agencies, such as AFRISTAT; and

■ Forge closer collaborative linkages with the United Nations Statistics Division, EUROSTAT, INSEE (France) and other bilateral and multilateral institutions, in the context of 1993 SNA implementation.

4.4 The role of international institutions and bilateral and multilateral cooperation agencies

35 international institutions should continue their assistance programme to African countries, with the context of the recommendations of the Inter- Secretariat Working Group on National accounts. This comprises:

■ Training;

■ The supply of manuals;

■ The development of accounts compilation software; and

■ Research activities focusing on various practical and conceptual problems.

36 The bilateral and multilateral donor agencies, and bilateral and multilateral cooperation agencies, for their part, are invited to consider favourably the solicitations for funding for the purposes of implementation of various aspects of the 1993 SNA in the region.

Cocnlusion

37 on the whole, the process of implementation of the 1993 SNA in Africa is unsatisfactory. In that context therefore, only a multifaceted and coordinated assistance programme to African States—particularly for phases 3, 4 and 5— will any significant progress be possible over the next five-year period.

38 None the less, African governments for their part, must urgently take the appropriate steps in that context, and ensure that these tie in with the

pertinent medium and long-term strategies.

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REGIONAL SURVEY ON THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE 1993 SYSTEM OF NATIONAL ACCOUNTS (1993 SNA)

SUMMARY TABLE Country

South Africa Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cape Verde Cameroon Comoros Congo (Brazzaville) Cfite d'ivoire Djibouti Ethiopia Gabon Guinea Bissau Kenya Lesotho Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Namibia Nigeria

Central African Republic

Rwanda Sao Tome &

Principe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Sudan Swaziland Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe

Year/implementation phase

1999(status as at 31 May 1999)

4 1 3 0 (Pre-SNA)

4 1 1 1 4 0 (Pre-SNA)

0 (Pre-SNA)

3 1 0 {Pre-SNA)

1 2

I 0

(Pre-SNA) 5 3 0 (Pre-SNA)

3 5 3 2 1

1 1 3 0 (Pre-SNA)

2 1 0 (Pre-SNA)

0 (Pre-SNA)

2 1 0 (Pre-SNA)

1 1 . 2

2004(proje ctions to 31 Dec. 2004)

5 4 3 6 4 25 5 3 3 4 5 3 3 4

4 4 4 6 6 5 6 5 4 3 5

4 3 3 5 4 2 3 3 3 4 5 4 5 1

Countries requiring external assistance (technical and/or financial) over the period 2000-2004

X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

Formal assistance required by individual countries for 1993 SNA implementation over the Deriod 2000-2004

Availability of manuals hand books etc.

X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

X X X X X

X X X X

X X X

Training courses and programme s locally and abroad in statistical training centres

X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

X X X X X

Practical training through seminars and workshops and other international exchanges

X X X X X

Research activities focused on Resolving practical and conceptual problems

X X X X X

X X X X X X X X X X

X X

Bilateral and multilateral technical assistance missions etc.

x X X X X x x X X x X X X X x X x

X x

X X X X X

X x x

x x X x X x x

X X X

Technical and financial assistance through specific cooperation programme s (bilateral, multilateral etc.)

X x x x

x x x x x

x x

x x x

x x X x x

x x x

x x X x

x x x

x x

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fcCA/DlSD/CODU/17 Page 13

REGIONAL SURVEY ON THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE 1993 SYSTEM OF NATIONAL ACCOUNTS

SUMMARY TABLE (CONT'D)

Country

South Africa Algeria Angola iBenin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cape Verde Cameroon Comoros Congo (Brazavilles) Cdted'Ivoire Djibouti Ethiopia Gabon Guinea-Bissau Kenya Lesotho Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Morocco Mauritius Mozambique Namibia Nigeria - Central African Republic Rwanda Sao Tome and Principe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Sudan Swaziland Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe

Areas of focus for external assistance Development

of data bases

X X X

X X X X X X

X

X X X X X

Establishment of a comprehensiv

e

methodology for national

accounts compilation in

the light of 1993 SNA

X X

X X X

X X

X X X X

X

X X X X X X

X X X

Use of micro computers in national accounts compilation

X

X X

X X X X .

X

X X X X X

X

Compilation of integrated economic accounts and input -output

tables

X X X

X X

X

X X X X X X X X X X X

X X X

X X

X X X

Compilation and use of balance of payments with a view

to establishing

the rest-of- the-world- accounts

X

X X X

X X

X

X X

X

Relation between business accounts and

national accounts

X

X X

X

X X

X X X

Compilation of household accounts

X

1 X

X

X X X

X X X X X

■x X X X

X X X X X

X X X

X X X X X

X X

Compilation of satellite accounts for

the health education

and.

environmenta . 1 sectors

X

X X X X

X X,

X X X X X X X X

X X

X

X X X

X X

Other areas (specified)

X(a) X(b)

xe

1

X(d)

X(e) X(f) Xfe)

X{h) X(I) x(i)

X(k)

X(l) X(m)

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ECA/D1SO/COJJU/17 Page 14 Cross Reference

(a): Establishment of data gathering programme on informal sector structure and activities.

(b): Selection of a new base year with 9 view to establishing a comprehensive methodology for the compilation of national accounts in the light of the 1993 SNA.

©: Supply- and-disposition table by projuct and industry; organization, methodology and conduct of economic surveys for the establishment of a new base year for national accounts (2000 to be the new base year).

(d): Supply - and -disposition tables and regional accounts (e): Quarterly accounts

(f): Survey by polling, on the informal sector, combined with a survey on household income and expenditure and other surveys for basic-data construction.

(g): Social accounts matrix; property accounts compilation; supplementary information on financial accounts

(h): Financial accounts

(i): Accounts of non-profit institutions providing serivices to households (j): Quarterly accounts

(k): Establishment of a data dissemination system

(I): Compilation and use of public finance statistics with a view to establishing accounts for "

general government

(m): Integration of the informal sector in national accounts.

* Here may be cited, for instance: the 1983 World Industriak Statistics Programmes; the African Household Survey Capability Programme (AHSCP); international recommendations on building and public works statistics; international guidelines on the design and conduct of surveys in the agricultural, distribution and service sectors; the guidelines from the Fifth Conference of labour Statisticians, on