Virus and virus- like diseases of citrus in Turkey Yilmaz M. in

Yilmaz M.

in

Martelli G.P. (ed.), D' Onghia A.M. (ed.).

Proceedings of the Mediterranean network on certification of citrus. 1995-1997 Bari : CIHEAM

Options Méditerranéennes : Série B. Etudes et Recherches; n. 21 1998

pages 85-93

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--- Yilmaz M. Viru s an d viru s-like diseases of citru s in Tu rkey. In : Martelli G.P. (ed.), D 'Onghia A.M.

(ed.). Proceedings of the Mediterranean network on certification of citrus. 1995-1997. Bari : CIHEAM, 1998. p. 85-93 (Options Méditerranéennes : Série B. Etudes et Recherches; n. 21)

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A.

Çukurova University Faculty of Agriculture Department of

Adana

-

-

among which complex, cachexia, infectious concave

gum, satsuma gummy and woody gall. is in

a mild and it is not in the field. A new disease by

myricae has been which is to infectious

words: diagnosis,

-

myricae a été signalée qui s'avère être très similaire à la panachure infectieuse.

agrumes, virus, virus similaires, diagnostic, Turquie

Citrus industry

in is due to high demands local consumption and

The total is

the in the 120,000 ha given

1992a, 1992b).

because of its

is widely used as a in the of is used as

in the

the in the The

Seedless,

Options Méditerranéennes, Série B /n021, - Proceedings of the Mediterranean Network on Certification of Citrus

86 A. Yilmaz

Lamas, and some local

Clementine and some i.e. Lee, .

to many the is

and diseases. At 15 diseases,

infectious leaf), concave

gum, gall, and have been

in Sieve tube bud union also found but causal

agents unknown. must be kept in mind that investigation was out via advanced techniques, likely to be identified

Graft-transmissible diseases

e and diseases

The psorosis complex consists of and

is in This disease is be found in all

of causing death, yields of of

scaling symptoms in takes 10-12 of sweet including Washington

Navel, Shamouti, Valencia, and some local found to be infected. was also

in Clementine, and Satsuma

diseases in Navel and Satsuma plantations. The incidence of complex 64 % to 80.5 % in Navel and 15.8 % to 31.0 % in Satsuma in the

(Gullu, 1989) and 50 % in Satsuma in the Aegean

and in the Sea the incidence was 1-2 % (Cengiz

et al., 1968 ).

Tristeza is disease of and sweet on

and causes stunting, slow dieback sudden decline, defoliation and death of the induces above the bud union and depletion in the of the ( Salibe,

1986). The possible of also

in the Aegean (Ozalp and 1967), in (Cengiz et al. 1976). CTV indexing and assays in the

1988). and (1973) estimated that the incidence of CTV is about 16% in Satsuma

in the et al. (1993) that it is 0.5 % in Navel 0.04

% in Satsuma in the

Satsuma dwarf causes little leaf and symptoms on the

leaves of Satsuma (Tanaka, 1968). This disease was in Satsuma 1973). The incidence was found to be about 2 % in the Aegean but in the the incidence was about 31.6% in Satsuma (Gullu, 1989).

Virus and virus-like diseases of citrus in Turkey 87

Concave gum on the trunk of

in the "oak

leaf'' in the young leaves is in the

of the Since concave gum used to be included in the

this the incidence of concave gum and

equal to 47 % in the Navel of

concave et al. 1993 ).

disease affects and has been found in

of the The disease -causes with

was

(1961) in The incidence of the disease was found to equal 80.3 % in % in

local in the we

symptoms in

Cristacortis symptoms causing stem pitting symptoms without

gumming in the of scion and (Salibe, to

the disease can be distinguished by and deep pitting in the

usually at the base of the pits. was in Shamouti in

the of (20 %) in in

the incidence of in the is about 0.4 %

.

Gummy bark was found in its incidence 1.2 % to 48.4%

in on s o u in the (Gullu,

stunting, wood pitting in the trunk and gum above the bud union (Salibe, 1986).

it was that 28% of Navel infected with gummy disease of in the

Cachexia disease, also

in of the phloem and cambial pitting of the wood

of the on

1965). is a

disease in in

The incidence of in the

is about 21.6 %

-

(Cengiz et al., 1968) G d 1.58 % in the studies

showed that 50 % of et al. 1993).

l

l

A. Yilnzaz

Exocortis splitting, scaling and gumming of the of the and

stunting. The disease affects and most of its lime, sweet

lime et al., 1961; Salibe, 1986).

(1965) on and in Cengiz et al. (1976) that

Shamouti, and Washington Navel and Femmine110 lemons, Satsuma

and on found to be infected with

and that 4.26% of Satsuma and

1.58% with cachexia in the

CV111 CV identified in

et al. (1993) 15 out of 16 10 out of 12

tested positive infected with

due to the use of symptoms not visible in the field.

diseases

Stubborn disease of caused by Spiroplasma citri, is and causes

stunting, leafy of buds,

twig dieback, off-season excessive lopsided with

columella, small 1969; Salibe, 1986).

Sweet Washington Navel, and tangelo,

susceptible to is a disease of in the

East 1986 ; Caglayan, 1987; et al. 1993). to active 50 % of

Navel in the (Gullu, 1989), which was also

in Navel in Satsuma in the Aegean

1987). No have been so found in

showing symptoms to diseases, e.g. sieve tube

in the causal agents of these still unknown.

New diseases

be a leaf type et al.,

1994), is in leaves in lemon, tangelo and

epidemic especially in lemon (a common local

et al. disease

to by the whitefly The disease symptoms

to those induced by infectious except that the infected plant in the field

infectious agent to

plants et al. 1992; Sen et al. (1994) isolated olive

Virus and virus-like diseases of citrus in Turkey 89

latent could be possible that

than one is involved in the induction of type of symptoms.

on citrus diseases

The attempt to detect in

in the by Chapot (1959; 1961).

the of

. . also pointed out the of

the last decades in the

(Chapot,l961;

1988; Gullu, et al., 1993; Onelge, 1994). Some

investigated especially of of

of et al. 1990; et al. 1994).

methods have been used the identification of in in the field (Table 1)

do not cause visible symptoms.

also used in diagnosis (Table 1). is

method. The plants used listed in Table 2. The the diagnosis of

out at the of the

of the in Adana, at the

in Antalya and at the of in

Conclusion

than 75 in all the

1986), but only 15 of them have so been found in

disease of CTV

and have not been found as yet.

that if advanced techniques used diagnosis and a in all

can be of the of

of in the the

attention should be paid :

- To the of the invoduced

- To have a legislation the of

- To establish of diseases.

90 A. Yilmaz

- To have on the "application of new detection techniques" in the

-

- To establish

Table Z

-

Symptoms in thefield methods

A

Concave gum

on

Oak trunk, gum

,

Gum spots in

Stunting and scaling of the

oak leaf symptoms in

assays

Virus and virzu-like diseases of citrus in Turkey 91

Table

-

hdicator plants Symptoms

Cmikly leaf

Concave gum

oak leaf pattem,vein banding, vein .

Oak

V-shaped inlet on flecking

White sesame ^on

epinasty in

on union

(861 S-l selection )

petioles

on tangelo plant, oak

Stunting, small leaves and cupping of leaves, in the leaves

-

-

- T. and E. (1973). Ege Satsuma Tanimi,

Yayilisi ve Ekonomik Onemi Bilim 5-8

1973.

-

- T. (1987). of Satsuma and on Satsuma

Turkish 8 (l), pp. 47-50.

in of J . Turkish. 15 (3), pp. 89-99.

- S. (1988) Akdeniz Taninmasi,

ve Saptanmasi,

Doktora Tezi, C.U. Fen Enst. Adana, 1988, p. 189.

- S . , Yilmaz, and (1992). Akdeniz

Yeni

Ulusal Bahce Bitkileri Cilt pp. 13-16.

92 A . Yilmaz

J. (1986). and the and the East.

FAO. Bull. 34 (l), pp. 7-14.

Caglayan, (1987). nin

Arastirilmasi Doktora Tezi, U. FakYltesi, Adana, 96.

Calavan, E.G. and (1965). of Among of

and of 3rd C o n . pp. 76-85.

Calavan, E.G. (1969). in Effects and

and Evidence First. Citrus Symp. Univ. of Calif.

U.S.A, 3, pp. 1402-1412.

Cengiz, A., Tekinel, N., S., SagsSzve, S. and O. (1968).

Bitki Bulteni, 8 (3), pp. 172-180.

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(1959). Studies on the of in In

Citrus Virus Diseases. eds. Univ. of Calif. pp. 109-117.

Chapot, (1961). In 2"d Conf. pp. 177-

181.

A., U., Onelge, N., S. and Sas, G. (1993). and

the of 12th Conf. pp. 397-400.

Fawcett, L.J. (1948). of in Navels. Citrus

Leaves, 28, pp. 8-9.

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ve Doktora Tezi,

Arastirma Yayinlari Serisi Yayin, 70,

U. and Sengonca, C. (1992). of of The

Spiroplasma citri in of J . Appl. 113, pp. 356-364.

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Combinations. Color Handbook Citrus Diseases, pp. 63-65.

S., A., O. and U. (1994). and of a New

of in the of 9"'. Cong.

of the Union. Aydin/ pp. 437-439.

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No:1982, 19 pp.

Nas, Z. Y. (1989). Adana Antalya,

Yayilisi, Gecis ve

Uzmanlik Tezi. Arastirma Yayinlari Serisi No: 63. Adana , A r s . Enst. Adana.

(1963). to of on FAO

No:1641, 16 pp.

Ozalp, O. and T. (1967). Bitki Bulteni, 7

(4), pp. 167-187.

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eds, 286 pp.

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Salibe, A.N. (1986). A for Citrus and in Turkey. to the

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