ON THE LEAST DEVELOPED COUNTRIES – 2018

STATISTICAL TABLES

ON THE LEAST DEVELOPED COUNTRIES – 2018

STATISTICAL TABLES

ON THE LEAST DEVELOPED COUNTRIES – 2018

Notes

UNCTAD/LDC/2018/Stats This is an unedited publication.

The term “dollars” ($) refers to United States dollars unless otherwise stated. The term “billion” signifies 1,000 million.

Annual rates of growth and changes refer to compound rates. Exports are valued f.o.b. (free on board) and imports c.i.f. (cost, insurance, freight) unless otherwise specified.

Use of a dash (–) between dates representing years, e.g. 1981–1990, signifies the full period involved, including the initial and final years. An oblique stroke (/) between two years, e.g. 1991/92, signifies a fiscal or crop year.

Two dots (..) indicate that the data are not available, or are not separately reported.

A hyphen (-) indicates that the amount is nil or negligible.

Details and percentages do not necessarily add up to totals, because of rounding.

List of Tables

1. Development indicators, 2000–2017, selected years ... 1

2. Committee for Development Policy reviews: 2012, 2015 and 2018 ... 2

3. Indicators on area and population, 2018 ... 3

4. Real GDP growth, 2009-2018, selected years ... 4

5. Real GDP per capita growth, 2009-2018, selected years ... 5

6. Gross fixed capital formation, gross domestic savings and external resource gap in LDCs, 2009–2016, selected years ... 6

7. Share of value added in main economic sectors in LDCs, 2000–2016, selected years ... 7

8. Foreign direct investment inflows, 2009–2017, selected years ... 8

9. Migrant remittance inflows to LDCs, 2009–2017, selected years ... 9

10. Selected indicators on foreign debt burden, 2009–2017, selected years ... 10

11. Selected indicators on education, 2017 ... 11

12. Employment by sector in LDCs, 1991–2017, selected years ... 12

13. Total merchandise exports: Levels and annual average growth rates, 2009–2017, selected years ... 13

14. Total merchandise imports: Levels and annual average growth rates, 2009–2017, selected years ... 14

15. Product composition of merchandise exports, 2015–2017 ... 15

16. Product composition of merchandise imports, 2015–2017 ... 16

17. Main markets for merchandise exports of LDCs: share in 2015–2017 ... 17

18. Main sources of merchandise imports of LDCs: share in 2015–2017 ... 18

19. Total services exports: Levels and annual average growth rates, 2009–2017, selected years ... 19

20. Total services imports: Levels and annual average growth rates, 2009–2017, selected years ... 20

21. LDC merchandise and services export specialization, 2015–2017 ... 21

22. Total net ODA disbursements to LDCs by country and as percentage of GNI, 2009–2016, selected years ... 22

23. Gross aid disbursement to LDCs by sector, 2005–2016, selected years ... 23

24. Net ODA from individual DAC member countries to LDCs, 2000–2016, selected years ... 24

25. Access to electricity in LDCs, 2000–2016, selected years ... 25

Abbreviations

DAC GDP GNI HDI LDC MPI ODA ODC

Development Assistance Committee gross domestic product

gross national income Human Development Index least developed country

Multidsimensional Poverty index

official development assistance

other developing country

Country groups and product classifications used in these tables

LEAST DEVELOPED COUNTRIES

Geographical/structural classification

Unless otherwise specified, in this Report the least developed countries (LDCs) are classified according to a combination of geographical and structural criteria. The small island LDCs that are geographically in Africa or Asia are thus grouped with the Pacific islands to form the island LDCs group, due to their structural similarities. Haiti and Madagascar, which are regarded as large island States, are grouped together with the African LDCs.

African LDCs and Haiti: Angola, Benin, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Central African Republic, Chad, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gambia, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Haiti, Lesotho, Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Mozambique, Niger, Rwanda, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Sudan, Sudan, Togo, Uganda, United Republic of Tanzania, Zambia.

Asian LDCs: Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Cambodia, Lao People’s Democratic Republic, Myanmar, Nepal, Yemen.

Island LDCs: Comoros, Kiribati, Sao Tome and Principe, Solomon Islands, Timor-Leste, Tuvalu, Vanuatu.

Export specialization

UNCTAD has classified the LDCs under six export specialization categories, according to which type of exports ac- counted for at least 45 per cent of total exports of goods and services in 2014–2016.* The group composition is as follows:

Agricultural and food exporters: Guinea-Bissau, Malawi, Solomon Islands, Somalia.

Fuel exporters: Angola, Chad, Equatorial Guinea, Yemen.

Manufactures exporters: Bangladesh, Bhutan, Cambodia, Haiti, Lesotho.

Mineral exporters: Democratic Republic of the Congo, Burkina Faso, Guinea, Mali, Mauritania, Sierra Leone, Zambia.

Mixed exporters: Benin, Burundi, Kiribati, Lao People’s Democratic Republic, Liberia, Madagascar, Mozambique, Myanmar, Niger, Senegal, Sudan, Togo, United Republic of Tanzania.

Services exporters: Afghanistan, Central African Republic, Comoros, Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gambia, Kiribati, Nepal, Rwanda, Sao Tome and Principe, Timor-Leste, Tuvalu, Uganda, Vanuatu.

* No merchandise exports data are available for South Sudan.

Other developing countries (ODCs):

All developing countries (as classified by the United Nations) that are not LDCs.

Product classification

Goods: The figures provided below are the codes of the Standard International Trade Classification (SITC), revision 3.

Primary commodities: Sections 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, division 68 and groups 667 and 971.

Agriculture and food: Sections 0, 1, 2, and 4, excluding divisions 27 and 28.

Minerals: Divisions 27, 28, 68, and groups 667 and 971.

Fuels: Section 3.

Manufactures: Sections 5, 6 (excluding division 68 and group 667), 7 and 8.

Labour-intensive and resource-intensive manufactures:

Divisions 61, 63, 64, 65, 82, 83, 84, 85, 66 (excluding group 667).

Low-skill- and technology-intensive manufactures:

Divisions 67, 69 and groups 785, 786, 791, 793, 895, 899.

Medium-skill- and technology-intensive manufactures:

Divisions 62, 71, 72, 73, 74, 77 (excluding group 776), 81, and groups 781 to 784, 893, 894.

High-skill- and technology-intensive manufactures:

Section 5, divisions 75, 76, 87, 88 and groups 776, 792, 891, 892, 896, 897.

Section 9 (Commodities and transactions not classified elsewhere in the SITC) has been included only in the total

of exports of goods and services, but not in the goods classification above, except for group 971 (Gold, non-

monetary (excluding gold ores and concentrates)), which has been included in Minerals.

1. Development indicators, 2000–2017, selected years

Country

GNI per capita (current

dollars)

Income level Human Development Index (HDI)

Multi- dimensional

Poverty Index (MPI)

Value Rank Annual average growth Value

2017

Afghanistan 2 000 Low income 0.50 168 .. 1.05 0.27

Angola 6 060 Lower middle income 0.58 147 3.00 1.59 0.28

Bangladesh 4 040 Lower middle income 0.61 136 1.54 1.57 0.19

Benin 2 260 Low income 0.51 163 1.74 1.22 0.35

Bhutan 8 850 Lower middle income 0.61 134 .. 1.14 0.17

Burkina Faso 1 810 Low income 0.42 183 2.74 1.76 0.52

Burundi 770 Low income 0.42 185 2.68 0.77 0.40

Cambodia 3 760 Lower middle income 0.58 146 2.49 1.15 0.16

Central African Republic 730 Low income 0.37 188 1.27 0.64 0.46

Chad 1 920 Low income 0.40 186 2.20 1.22 0.53

Comoros 1 570 Low income 0.50 165 .. 0.63 0.18

Democratic Republic of the Congo 870 Low income 0.46 176 2.02 1.70 0.38

Djibouti 1 880 Lower middle income 0.48 172 2.15 0.82 0.17

Eritrea 1 083 Low income 0.44 179 .. 0.79 ..

Ethiopia 1 890 Low income 0.46 173 3.82 1.67 ..

Gambia 1 670 Low income 0.46 174 1.36 0.61 0.29

Guinea 2 180 Low income 0.46 175 2.09 1.83 0.34

Guinea-Bissau 1 700 Low income 0.46 177 .. 0.95 0.37

Haiti 1 830 Low income 0.50 168 0.61 0.83 0.23

Kiribati 2 780 Lower middle income 0.61 134 0.67 0.53 ..

Lao People's Democratic Republic 6 650 Lower middle income 0.60 139 1.59 1.39 0.21

Lesotho 3 510 Lower middle income 0.52 159 0.54 0.77 0.15

Liberia 710 Low income 0.44 181 0.50 0.97 0.33

Madagascar 1 510 Low income 0.52 161 1.01 0.43 0.45

Malawi 1 180 Low income 0.48 171 1.01 1.11 0.24

Mali 2 160 Low income 0.43 182 2.72 0.81 0.46

Mauritania 3 900 Lower middle income 0.52 159 0.96 0.95 0.26

Mozambique 1 200 Low income 0.44 180 3.09 1.13 0.41

Myanmar 5 830 Lower middle income 0.58 148 2.09 1.25 0.18

Nepal 2 710 Low income 0.57 149 1.72 1.19 0.15

Niger 990 Low income 0.35 189 2.35 1.54 0.59

Rwanda 1 990 Low income 0.52 158 3.77 1.11 0.27

Sao Tome and Principe 3 370 Lower middle income 0.59 143 1.01 1.21 0.09

Senegal 2 620 Low income 0.51 164 1.84 1.47 0.29

Sierra Leone 1 480 Low income 0.42 184 3.10 1.20 0.42

Solomon Islands 2 270 Lower middle income 0.55 152 1.19 1.07 ..

Somalia 88 Low income .. .. .. .. 0.52

South Sudan 546 Low income 0.39 187 .. -0.91 0.58

Sudan 4 480 Lower middle income 0.50 167 1.58 0.95 0.28

Timor-Leste 6 330 Low income 0.62 132 2.02 0.13 0.21

Togo 1 620 Low income 0.50 165 0.71 1.41 0.25

Tuvalu 5 780 Upper middle income .. .. .. .. ..

Uganda 1 820 Low income 0.52 162 2.02 0.86 0.28

United Republic of Tanzania 2 920 Lower middle income 0.54 154 2.24 1.25 0.27

Vanuatu 3 170 Lower middle income 0.60 138 .. 0.28 0.17

Yemen 935 Low income 0.45 178 1.18 -1.37 0.24

Zambia 3 920 Lower middle income 0.59 144 2.34 1.11 0.26

LDCs 2 722 1.77 0.96

Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators database, accessed August 2017; United Nations, Undata National accounts main aggregates database (accessed September 2017); UNDP, Human Development Report 2018 (accessed September 2017); World Bank Economies Income classification (accessed September 2017) Notes:

b

HDI: below 0.550: Low human development ; between 0.550 and 0.699: Medium human development . See Technical notes 1 at hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/

hdr2018_technical_notes.pdf

c

MPI : higher values indicate population multidimentionally poor. See Technical notes 5 at http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr2016_technical_notes.pdf

d

GNI : Eritrea, Somalia, South Sudan and Yemen data is from the United Nations Statistics Division and data is from 2016 only (https://unstats.un.org/unsd/snaama

Introduction.asp).

2. Committee for Development Policy (CDP) reviews: 2012, 2015 and 2018 Country

Economic Vulnerability

Index

(EVI)

Human Assets Index

(HAI)

Economic Vulnerability

Index

(EVI)

Human Assets Index

(HAI)

Economic Vulnerability

Index

(EVI)

Human Assets Index

(HAI)

CDP 2012 review CDP 2015 review CDP 2018 review

Afghanistan 38.8 22.5 35.1 43.1 39.3 48.4

Angola 51.3 31.6 39.7 41.9 36.8 52.5

Bangladesh 32.4 54.7 25.1 63.8 25.2 73.2

Benin 36.2 41.1 31.2 50.1 34.3 49.8

Bhutan 44.2 59.0 40.2 67.9 36.3 72.9

Burkina Faso 37.5 29.2 39.5 36.5 38.2 42.9

Burundi 57.2 20.8 49.9 41.0 44.5 38.5

Cambodia 50.5 57.9 38.3 67.2 34.8 68.9

Central African Republic 35.7 21.6 33.5 22.9 33.6 17.4

Chad 52.8 18.1 46.0 24.4 52.4 22.1

Comoros 49.9 45.3 45.8 54.2 52.4 49.4

Democratic Republic of the Congo 35.4 21.7 30.3 29.9 27.2 41.9

Djibouti 46.3 42.4 37.7 54.6 36.3 58.0

Equatorial Guinea 43.7 43.0 39.3 54.8 graduated graduated

Eritrea 59.0 35.6 56.8 41.2 54.7 42.9

Ethiopia 33.5 28.2 31.8 39.2 32.1 45.3

Gambia 67.8 49.2 70.7 62.1 72.2 51.8

Guinea 28.6 36.8 24.9 38.7 30.2 39.5

Guinea-Bissau 60.5 34.2 53.6 44.8 52.4 41.7

Haiti 47.3 35.6 34.1 39.3 30.6 48.0

Kiribati 82.0 86.9 71.5 86.3 73.7 84.0

Lao People’s Democratic Republic 37.1 61.4 36.2 60.8 33.7 72.8

Lesotho 45.9 62.1 42.9 62.9 42.0 61.6

Liberia 61.0 38.5 57.9 46.2 53.2 37.2

Madagascar 38.0 52.5 36.7 53.5 37.8 54.5

Malawi 51.9 44.1 41.1 53.7 47.1 52.5

Mali 36.8 30.2 33.3 45.5 36.8 43.1

Mauritania 44.2 47.1 41.2 49.5 39.9 46.9

Mozambique 44.4 30.7 38.1 41.7 36.7 45.8

Myanmar 45.0 68.8 33.7 72.7 31.7 68.5

Nepal 27.8 59.8 26.8 68.7 28.4 71.2

Niger 38.6 24.3 37.6 34.7 35.3 35.4

Rwanda 47.3 42.2 40.7 51.5 36.4 55.0

Samoa 51.1 92.8 39.2 77.4 41.2 86.0

Sao Tome and Principe 46.1 74.9 33.0 55.9 33.4 57.1

Senegal 36.1 47.0 48.9 34.8 51.6 27.4

Sierra Leone 48.5 24.8 50.8 71.7 51.9 74.8

Solomon Islands 55.2 65.1 36.3 7.8 34.7 16.7

Somalia 50.1 1.4 56.0 29.1 55.6 25.8

Sudan 44.4 52.6 49.9 56.6 49.2 53.0

Timor-Leste 53.3 48.1 55.0 57.4 56.8 66.6

Togo 35.4 45.5 33.6 58.7 28.3 61.8

Tuvalu 63.9 88.1 54.0 88.8 56.0 90.1

Uganda 36.2 45.8 31.8 53.6 31.7 50.2

United Republic of Tanzania 28.7 40.1 28.8 52.0 27.9 56.0

Vanuatu 46.8 77.7 47.7 81.3 47.0 78.5

Yemen 38.5 52.3 35.4 59.8 38.6 59.2

Zambia 53.0 36.9 45.6 40.8 40.5 58.6

LDCs ^c) 41.3 43.6 35.1 52.3 33.9 57.1

Source: United Nations Committee for Development Policy (CDP) database, 2012, 2015 and 2018 reviews.

Notes.

EVI: higher values indicate higher vulnerablity.See explanotory notes at http://www.un.org/en/development/desa/policy/cdp/cdp_publications/2008cdphandbook.pdf

HAI: lower values indicate weaker human asset development. See explanotory notes at http://www.un.org/en/development/desa/policy/cdp/cdp_

publications/2008cdphandbook.pdf

c

Total LDCs: weighted average by GDP current value, with 2017 values for 2018 review (UNCTADstat database, November 2018).

3. Indicators on area and population, 2018

Country

Area Population

Land area^a

Per cent of arable land and land under permanent

crops

Per cent of land area covered by

forest

Density^c Urban^c

Poverty:

population below $1.90

a day^bc Thousand square

kilometers Per cent Per cent

Population per square kilometer of land area

Per cent

Afghanistan 652.9 12.1 2.1 55.7 25.5 ..

Angola 1 246.7 4.2 46.6 24.7 65.5 30.1

Bangladesh 130.2 65.4 11.0 1 278.1 36.6 14.8

Benin 112.8 28.4 39.1 101.9 47.3 48.6

Bhutan 38.1 3.0 71.8 21.4 40.9 1.5

Burkina Faso 273.6 23.0 20.0 72.2 29.4 43.7

Burundi 25.7 60.4 10.4 436.8 13.0 71.7

Cambodia 176.5 24.4 55.0 92.0 23.4 ..

Central African Republic 623.0 3.0 35.6 7.6 41.4 66.3

Chad 1 259.2 3.9 4.1 12.2 23.1 38.4

Comoros 1.9 63.4 20.3 447.3 29.0 18.1

Democratic Republic of the Congo 2 267.1 3.5 67.6 37.1 44.5 77.1

Djibouti 23.2 0.1 0.2 41.9 77.8 22.5

Eritrea 101.0 6.9 15.0 51.4 40.1 ..

Ethiopia 1 000.0 16.3 12.4 107.5 20.8 26.7

Gambia 10.1 44.0 47.9 213.8 61.3 10.1

Guinea 245.7 15.5 26.2 53.1 36.1 35.3

Guinea-Bissau 28.1 19.6 70.8 67.8 43.4 67.1

Haiti 27.6 49.0 3.6 403.2 55.3 23.5

Kiribati 0.8 42.0 15.0 146.2 54.1 ..

Lao People's Democratic Republic 230.8 7.2 79.6 30.2 35.0 22.7

Lesotho 30.4 8.3 1.5 74.5 28.2 59.6

Liberia 96.3 7.3 44.0 50.4 51.2 38.6

Madagascar 581.8 7.1 21.5 45.1 37.2 77.6

Malawi 94.3 41.8 33.8 203.3 16.9 71.4

Mali 1 220.2 5.4 4.0 15.7 42.4 49.7

Mauritania 1 030.7 0.4 0.2 4.4 53.7 6

Mozambique 786.4 7.6 48.8 38.8 36.0 62.9

Myanmar 653.1 18.8 46.1 82.4 30.6 6.4

Nepal 143.4 16.2 25.4 206.7 19.7 15

Niger 1 266.7 12.6 0.9 17.6 16.4 44.5

Rwanda 24.7 58.1 18.9 506.7 17.2 56

Sao Tome and Principe 1.0 49.7 55.8 217.5 72.8 32.3

Senegal 192.5 17.2 43.4 84.6 47.2 38

Sierra Leone 72.2 24.2 40.4 107.0 42.1 52.2

Solomon Islands 28.0 3.6 78.5 22.3 23.7 25.1

Somalia 627.3 1.8 10.4 24.2 45.0 ..

South Sudan 619.7 4.5 11.5 21.1 19.6 42.7

Sudan 1 861.5 9.3 10.5 23.5 34.6 14.9

Timor-Leste 14.9 15.5 47.6 89.0 30.6 30.3

Togo 54.4 51.8 4.2 146.9 41.7 49.2

Tuvalu 0.0 60.0 33.3 376.2 62.4 3.3

Uganda 200.5 45.4 11.7 221.6 23.8 41.6

United Republic of Tanzania 885.8 17.7 52.8 66.7 33.8 49.1

Vanuatu 12.2 11.9 36.1 23.1 25.3 13.2

Yemen 528.0 2.9 1.0 54.8 36.6 18.8

Zambia 743.4 5.0 65.9 23.7 43.5 57.5

LDCs 20 244.0 9.4 27.4 50.9 33.6 36.1

African LDCs and Haiti 17 660.5 8.6 27.2 90.9 34.2 46.7

Asian LDCs 2 552.9 15.1 26.6 673.8 32.3 13.1

Island LDCs 61.5 11.5 58.7 169.8 32.0 24.8

ODCs 56 297.4 14.1 28.3 87.8 53.9 10.3

Sources:FAO, FAOSTAT (data for 2015, accessed November 2018); United Nations/DESA/Population Division (accessed November 2018); World Bank, World Development Indicators database (accessed November 2018).

Notes:

Land area: country area excluding Inland water.

Poverty headcount ratio at $1.90 a day (2011 PPP) (% of population), refers to latest data 2008-2017.

Total values for LDCs, African LDCs and Haiti, Asian LDCs, Islands LDCs and ODCs: weighted average by population size.

4. Real GDP growth, 2009–2018, selected years (Annual average growth rates, per cent)

Country average

2009-2016 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

2018

Afghanistan 6.3 6.5 3.1 -1.8 3.6 3.2 4.0

Angola 3.5 5.0 4.1 3.0 -0.7 1.9 2.7

Bangladesh 6.2 6.0 6.1 6.6 7.1 7.2 7.1

Benin 4.4 6.9 6.5 5.0 5.0 5.4 6.0

Bhutan 6.3 2.1 5.5 5.2 6.7 6.9 7.1

Burkina Faso 5.5 5.8 4.3 3.9 5.9 6.4 6.4

Burundi 2.7 4.9 4.7 -4.1 -1.0 0.0 0.0

Cambodia 6.1 7.4 7.1 7.0 7.2 7.0 7.1

Central African Republic -4.9 -36.7 1.0 4.8 -10.3 4.7 5.0

Chad 4.8 -5.9 3.4 4.4 -3.4 0.1 3.0

Comoros 4.8 9.6 5.9 2.6 4.5 2.8 3.0

Democratic Republic of the Congo 6.4 8.5 9.5 6.9 2.5 3.0 3.0

Djibouti 5.2 5.0 6.0 6.5 6.7 6.8 6.8

Eritrea 4.7 3.1 5.0 4.8 3.5 3.2 3.4

Ethiopia 10.2 10.4 9.9 9.6 7.6 6.5 7.3

Gambia 3.3 4.8 0.9 4.7 2.1 2.6 3.6

Guinea 3.9 3.9 3.7 4.5 5.2 5.6 5.4

Guinea-Bissau 3.5 3.3 0.2 5.1 5.2 5.4 4.8

Haiti 1.9 4.2 2.8 1.2 1.4 1.3 1.3

Kiribati 2.8 5.0 0.4 7.5 4.2 2.0 1.8

Lao People's Democratic Republic 7.7 8.0 7.6 7.6 7.0 7.2 7.3

Lesotho 4.2 2.2 2.3 5.6 2.9 2.9 3.6

Liberia 5.4 8.1 0.7 0.3 -1.6 2.9 4.3

Madagascar 1.7 2.3 3.3 3.0 4.1 4.3 4.5

Malawi 4.7 6.3 6.6 2.8 3.0 3.8 4.4

Mali 9.0 7.0 7.8 7.6 7.9 5.3 5.1

Mauritania 3.8 6.2 5.6 3.1 1.7 3.8 5.2

Mozambique 6.5 7.1 7.4 6.6 3.8 4.1 3.8

Myanmar 7.8 8.4 8.0 7.0 5.7 7.3 7.2

Nepal 3.9 4.1 6.0 2.7 0.6 7.5 4.6

Niger 5.4 5.3 7.5 4.0 5.0 5.2 5.5

Rwanda 6.8 4.7 7.0 6.9 5.9 6.1 6.7

Sao Tome and Principe 4.0 4.8 6.5 3.8 0.1 5.0 5.3

Senegal 4.2 3.5 4.3 6.5 6.6 6.4 6.4

Sierra Leone 4.5 20.7 4.6 -20.3 6.1 5.5 5.7

Solomon Islands 3.7 3.0 2.0 1.8 3.2 3.0 2.8

Somalia 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.5 3.3

South Sudan .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

Sudan

3.5 5.3 1.6 4.9 3.0 4.2 4.1

Timor-Leste -1.3 -10.9 -26.0 20.9 5.0 5.1 5.5

Togo 5.2 6.1 6.1 5.5 5.1 5.0 5.3

Tuvalu .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

Uganda 5.2 4.7 4.6 5.7 2.3 5.2 5.7

United Republic of Tanzania 6.6 7.3 7.0 7.0 7.0 6.5 6.8

Vanuatu 1.9 2.0 2.3 -1.0 4.0 4.2 3.8

Yemen -6.9 -1.6 -9.6 -28.1 -9.8 -7.5 -4.3

Zambia 6.1 5.1 4.7 2.9 3.6 3.2 4.2

LDCs 5.2 5.2 5.1 4.2 4.3 4.8 5.4

African LDCs and Haiti

Asian LDCs

Island LDCs

ODCs 5.2 5.3 4.7 4.5 4.3 4.5 4.7

Sources: UNCTAD secretariat calculations based on data from United Nations World Economic Situation and Prospects 2018 and Update as of mid-2018.

Notes:

Data for 2017 are partly estimated.

b

Data for 2018 are baseline scenario forecasts, based in part on Project LINK and the UN/DESA World Economic Forecasting Model.

c

Sudan include South Sudan until 2012.

5. Real GDP per capita growth, 2009–2018, selected years (Annual average growth rates, per cent)

Country average

2009-2016 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

2018

Afghanistan 3.3 3.3 -0.1 -4.2 1.2 0.8 1.6

Angola 0.0 1.5 0.6 -0.3 -4.0 -1.4 -0.6

Bangladesh 5.1 4.8 4.9 5.6 6.1 6.2 6.1

Benin 1.6 4.1 3.7 2.3 2.3 2.7 3.3

Bhutan 4.7 0.5 3.9 4.0 5.5 5.7 5.9

Burkina Faso 2.5 2.8 1.3 1.0 3.0 3.5 3.5

Burundi -0.4 1.9 1.7 -7.3 -4.2 -3.2 -3.2

Cambodia 4.5 5.8 5.5 5.5 5.7 5.5 5.6

Central African Republic -5.6 -37.1 0.6 3.2 -11.9 3.1 3.4

Chad 1.6 -9.2 0.1 1.4 -6.4 -2.9 0.0

Comoros 2.4 7.2 3.5 0.4 2.3 0.6 0.8

Democratic Republic of the Congo 3.1 5.2 6.2 3.7 -0.7 -0.2 -0.2

Djibouti 3.5 3.3 4.3 5.0 5.2 5.3 5.3

Eritrea 2.7 1.1 3.0 2.5 1.2 0.9 1.1

Ethiopia 7.6 7.8 7.3 7.2 5.2 4.1 4.9

Gambia 0.2 1.7 -2.2 1.7 -0.9 -0.4 0.6

Guinea 1.6 1.6 1.4 1.9 2.6 3.0 2.8

Guinea-Bissau 1.0 0.7 -2.4 2.7 2.8 3.0 2.4

Haiti 0.5 2.8 1.4 0.0 0.2 0.1 0.1

Kiribati 1.0 3.2 -1.4 5.8 2.5 0.3 0.1

Lao People's Democratic Republic 6.3 6.7 6.3 6.2 5.6 5.8 5.9

Lesotho 3.0 0.9 1.0 4.3 1.6 1.6 2.3

Liberia 2.6 5.5 -1.9 -2.2 -4.1 0.4 1.8

Madagascar -1.0 -0.4 0.6 0.3 1.4 1.6 1.8

Malawi 1.8 3.4 3.7 -0.1 0.1 0.9 1.5

Mali 6.0 4.1 4.9 4.6 4.9 2.3 2.1

Mauritania 0.9 3.3 2.7 0.4 -1.0 1.1 2.5

Mozambique 3.6 4.2 4.5 3.7 0.9 1.2 0.9

Myanmar 6.9 7.5 7.1 6.1 4.8 6.4 6.3

Nepal 2.8 2.9 4.8 1.6 -0.5 6.4 3.5

Niger 1.6 1.5 3.7 0.2 1.2 1.4 1.7

Rwanda 4.3 2.2 4.5 4.5 3.5 3.7 4.3

Sao Tome and Principe 1.8 2.6 4.3 1.6 -2.1 2.8 3.1

Senegal 1.3 0.5 1.3 3.7 3.8 3.6 3.6

Sierra Leone 2.2 18.4 2.3 -22.4 4.0 3.4 3.6

Solomon Islands 1.6 0.9 -0.1 -0.1 1.3 1.1 0.9

Somalia -0.3 -0.3 -0.3 -0.3 -0.3 -0.4 0.4

South Sudan -3.4 -3.3 -3.3 -2.7 -2.7 -2.7 -2.7

Sudan c 1.2 3.0 -0.7 2.5 0.6 1.8 1.7

Timor-Leste -3.4 -13.1 -28.2 18.8 2.9 3.0 3.4

Togo 2.6 3.5 3.5 3.1 2.7 2.6 2.9

Tuvalu -0.9 -0.9 -0.9 -0.9 -0.9 -0.9 -0.9

Uganda 1.8 1.3 1.2 2.5 -0.9 2.0 2.5

United Republic of Tanzania 3.5 4.2 3.9 3.9 3.9 3.4 3.7

Vanuatu -0.4 -0.3 0.0 -3.1 1.9 2.1 1.7

Yemen -9.5 -4.2 -12.2 -30.4 -12.1 -9.8 -6.6

Zambia 3.1 2.1 1.7 -0.1 0.6 0.2 1.2

LDCs 2.8 2.8 2.7 1.8 2.0 2.5 3.1

African LDCs and Haiti 2.3 2.8 2.4 2.2 0.6 1.4 1.8

Asian LDCs 3.9 4.2 3.4 2.1 3.9 4.8 4.9

Island LDCs -0.9 -7.0 -14.2 8.9 2.1 2.1 2.2

ODCs 3.7 3.7 3.2 2.9 2.8 3.3 3.6

Sources: UNCTAD secretariat calculations based on data from UN World Economic Situation and Prospects 2018 and Update as of mid-2018.

Notes:

Data for 2017 are partly estimated.

b

Data for 2018 are baseline scenario forecasts, based in part on Project LINK and the UN/DESA World Economic Forecasting Model.

c

Sudan include South Sudan until 2012. South Sudan and Tuvalu are not included in the analysis due to insufficient data.

6. Gross fixed capital formation, gross domestic savings and external resource gap in LDCs, 2009-2016, selected years

(Per cent of GDP)

Country Gross fixed capital formation Gross domestic savings External resource gap

average

2009-2016 2013 2014 2015 2016 average

2009-2016 2013 2014 2015 2016 average

2009-2016 2013 2014 2015 2016

Afghanistan 17.2 16.7 17.6 19.0 17.2 0.8 7.8 8.0 5.1 6.4 -16.4 -8.9 -9.6 -14.0 -10.8

Angola 28.9 26.2 27.5 28.5 25.0 40.4 40.8 37.6 31.1 34.3 11.4 14.7 10.1 2.6 9.2

Bangladesh 28.0 28.4 28.6 28.9 29.7 21.8 22.0 22.1 22.2 25.0 -6.2 -6.4 -6.5 -6.7 -4.7

Benin 22.9 28.0 24.4 22.0 18.8 12.1 14.1 16.0 15.7 8.4 -10.8 -13.9 -8.4 -6.3 -10.3

Bhutan 56.6 46.5 53.5 54.3 55.0 33.5 32.0 30.7 26.9 32.2 -23.1 -14.5 -22.9 -27.4 -22.8

Burkina Faso 27.8 31.8 24.9 31.6 31.1 17.5 17.6 16.8 16.7 21.8 -10.3 -14.2 -8.1 -14.9 -9.3

Burundi 15.4 13.4 14.5 16.9 16.9 -8.5 -13.8 -11.4 -6.8 -8.8 -23.9 -27.2 -25.9 -23.7 -25.7

Cambodia 19.1 18.7 20.9 21.4 21.7 15.7 17.0 17.3 17.8 18.7 -3.3 -1.7 -3.6 -3.6 -3.0

Central African Republic 12.0 8.1 9.5 13.0 12.8 -2.9 -3.1 -14.0 -7.7 -4.7 -14.8 -11.2 -23.5 -20.7 -17.5

Chad 19.4 21.6 20.2 16.9 13.1 22.7 27.2 27.3 20.8 23.6 3.3 5.7 7.1 3.9 10.5

Comoros 12.8 13.0 12.0 12.2 13.3 -4.6 -5.3 -7.3 -2.4 -2.5 -17.4 -18.3 -19.3 -14.6 -15.8

Dem. Rep. of the Congo 20.5 21.7 23.1 19.4 17.4 14.1 17.3 18.2 15.7 10.2 -6.3 -4.5 -4.9 -3.7 -7.2

Djibouti 30.7 31.4 24.7 37.7 32.5 -2.6 -5.8 -12.4 -6.6 -8.2 -33.3 -37.2 -37.2 -44.2 -40.7

Eritrea 8.7 8.7 7.9 7.6 7.4 0.1 3.6 4.0 1.3 4.0 -8.6 -5.1 -3.9 -6.3 -3.4

Ethiopia 33.2 33.4 36.9 39.2 38.3 17.2 17.6 20.5 21.9 22.4 -16.0 -15.8 -16.3 -17.2 -15.9

Gambia 22.1 21.9 21.2 20.9 18.8 5.2 10.5 0.3 0.5 0.5 -16.9 -11.4 -21.0 -20.4 -18.3

Guinea 22.8 23.4 22.7 22.3 25.2 -0.4 -4.0 -0.6 -4.9 -6.3 -23.2 -27.4 -23.3 -27.2 -31.5

Guinea-Bissau 7.8 5.7 6.5 12.1 14.0 -0.6 -0.7 -0.9 7.0 10.0 -8.4 -6.3 -7.4 -5.1 -4.1

Haiti 29.2 30.0 30.9 32.4 30.2 -6.2 -4.0 -3.3 1.9 -0.4 -35.4 -34.0 -34.2 -30.5 -30.6

Kiribati 42.0 43.2 43.3 43.5 42.2 -34.8 -38.8 -38.9 -39.6 -35.4 -76.9 -82.0 -82.2 -83.1 -77.6

Lao People's Dem. Rep. 27.0 27.3 26.4 28.2 26.4 18.5 12.8 12.4 15.3 16.7 -8.5 -14.5 -14.0 -12.8 -9.8

Lesotho 25.0 28.0 27.9 27.8 7.0 -25.6 -24.8 -20.4 -15.8 -32.3 -50.6 -52.7 -48.3 -43.6 -39.4

Liberia 34.7 57.2 22.7 40.8 40.2 3.5 26.8 3.6 13.0 14.5 -31.2 -30.4 -19.1 -27.8 -25.8

Madagascar 27.1 30.2 18.4 22.7 21.5 18.0 24.3 9.4 17.7 14.5 -9.1 -5.8 -9.1 -5.0 -7.0

Malawi 12.6 12.7 12.0 12.2 10.2 1.0 6.0 6.4 5.0 -2.0 -11.6 -6.7 -5.6 -7.2 -12.2

Mali 17.8 16.9 16.9 16.8 17.2 11.5 10.5 9.0 9.9 10.7 -6.3 -6.4 -7.9 -6.9 -6.5

Mauritania 46.4 55.0 54.3 60.0 47.0 27.3 33.8 25.5 19.6 21.9 -19.1 -21.1 -28.8 -40.4 -25.1

Mozambique 27.9 39.4 43.1 32.0 20.5 2.9 0.8 4.0 5.6 0.3 -25.1 -38.5 -39.1 -26.4 -20.3

Myanmar 29.0 31.5 31.7 34.6 32.9 29.5 32.7 28.4 26.2 26.6 0.5 1.2 -3.3 -8.4 -6.3

Nepal 23.6 22.6 23.5 28.0 28.8 10.2 10.6 11.9 9.2 3.8 -13.4 -12.0 -11.6 -18.8 -25.0

Niger 36.4 36.0 37.0 38.7 31.8 15.5 19.7 19.2 16.1 17.5 -20.9 -16.3 -17.8 -22.5 -14.3

Rwanda 24.2 25.4 24.4 25.8 25.3 5.8 8.7 7.1 2.4 5.4 -18.4 -16.7 -17.3 -23.4 -19.9

Sao Tome and Principe 28.3 24.4 33.7 35.4 31.1 -15.5 -13.8 -5.2 -5.5 -5.6 -43.8 -38.2 -39.0 -40.9 -36.8

Senegal 24.5 25.4 25.6 25.6 26.1 6.8 6.6 5.2 6.9 8.0 -17.7 -18.8 -20.3 -18.7 -18.1

Sierra Leone 20.6 13.9 12.1 15.5 16.8 -4.4 0.8 -14.2 -12.6 -12.6 -25.1 -13.1 -26.3 -28.1 -29.4

Solomon Islands 17.9 21.0 16.0 16.6 19.8 8.0 9.4 5.8 10.1 15.6 -9.8 -11.6 -10.2 -6.6 -4.2

Somalia 20.0 19.9 20.0 19.9 19.9 18.6 18.6 18.6 18.6 18.6 -1.3 -1.3 -1.3 -1.3 -1.3

South Sudan 9.8 11.3 9.7 9.7 6.0 -3.4 1.0 10.4 -16.6 14.9 -13.3 -10.3 0.7 -26.3 8.9

Sudan^a 24.0 27.4 23.9 24.0 24.1 19.8 18.4 17.0 16.7 15.3 -4.2 -9.0 -6.9 -7.4 -8.8

Timor-Leste 14.3 11.0 15.7 18.4 17.6 56.7 68.7 53.3 39.2 27.9 42.3 57.6 37.5 20.8 10.2

Togo 26.9 27.3 30.0 31.3 31.7 8.6 9.8 9.9 10.3 12.3 -18.3 -17.5 -20.1 -21.0 -19.5

Tuvalu 29.8 36.7 25.9 9.1 24.3 0.5 2.2 1.5 -20.3 1.9 -29.3 -34.5 -24.4 -29.4 -22.4

Uganda 25.8 27.0 25.3 24.4 23.9 14.6 16.6 13.0 13.9 17.2 -11.1 -10.4 -12.3 -10.4 -6.7

United Republic of Tanzania 31.2 30.0 32.6 34.3 33.5 20.3 14.6 22.0 25.8 24.4 -10.9 -15.4 -10.5 -8.4 -9.2

Vanuatu 29.5 25.2 25.8 34.3 28.5 22.2 22.6 23.4 19.7 21.9 -7.3 -2.6 -2.3 -14.5 -6.5

Yemen 17.5 17.6 16.2 16.6 14.2 2.3 5.3 0.6 -10.4 -19.8 -15.2 -12.3 -15.6 -27.0 -34.0

Zambia 30.0 26.0 31.0 38.4 38.5 34.9 35.6 33.3 34.6 34.8 4.8 9.6 2.3 -3.9 -3.7

LDCs 26.2 26.6 26.8 27.9 27.1 20.4 21.3 20.3 18.3 19.3 -5.9 -5.3 -6.6 -9.5 -7.8

African LDCs and Haiti 26.6 27.0 27.1 27.8 26.4 20.8 21.6 20.8 18.4 19.1 -5.7 -5.4 -6.2 -9.4 -7.3

Asian LDCs 25.9 26.3 26.7 28.1 28.1 19.2 20.1 19.2 18.2 19.6 -6.7 -6.2 -7.5 -9.8 -8.5

Island LDCs 17.2 14.8 17.7 20.3 20.1 34.1 42.8 28.4 20.7 15.8 17.0 28.0 10.7 0.4 -4.3

ODCs 31.3 31.6 31.7 32.1 31.3 35.2 35.8 35.3 34.2 33.6 3.9 4.3 3.6 2.0 2.4

Source: UNCTAD, UNCTADstat database (accessed November 2018) Notes: ^a Sudan includes South Sudan until 2012.

7. Share of value added in main economic sectors in LDCs, 2000-2016, selected years

(Per cent of GDP)

Country

Agriculture, hunting,

forestry, fishing Industry

Services

2000 2010 2016 2000 2010 2016 2000 2010 2016 2000 2010 2016

Afghanistan 57.0 28.8 24.1 16.8 12.6 11.5 6.4 8.7 10.5 19.8 49.8 53.9

Angola 5.7 6.1 8.0 2.9 4.4 4.9 70.2 46.8 41.1 21.2 42.7 46.0

Bangladesh 25.5 17.8 14.8 15.2 16.9 17.9 10.1 9.3 10.9 49.2 56.0 56.5

Benin 25.5 25.4 23.0 23.4 15.4 14.9 8.0 9.3 9.2 43.1 49.9 52.9

Bhutan 27.4 17.5 17.3 8.4 9.1 7.8 27.6 35.5 35.6 36.6 37.9 39.2

Burkina Faso 32.8 35.1 30.3 13.2 7.4 10.8 8.4 12.9 14.9 45.6 44.7 44.0

Burundi 40.5 40.7 37.7 13.2 10.8 10.9 5.7 5.4 4.4 40.7 43.0 47.1

Cambodia 37.8 36.0 26.3 16.9 15.6 17.0 6.2 7.6 14.3 39.1 40.7 42.4

Central African Republic 41.4 41.2 31.9 10.9 18.6 19.4 8.0 5.5 6.1 39.7 34.8 42.6

Chad 33.3 35.9 27.5 7.5 7.3 10.3 5.7 29.4 22.3 53.5 27.4 39.9

Comoros 37.0 41.4 42.0 6.2 5.2 9.1 5.3 3.2 2.7 51.5 50.3 46.2

Democratic Republic of the Congo 32.3 22.4 20.6 10.0 17.0 20.3 12.6 23.5 22.9 45.1 37.0 36.2

Djibouti 3.5 3.6 3.3 2.6 3.4 2.5 12.6 15.6 19.3 81.3 77.4 74.9

Eritrea 15.1 19.1 17.3 11.2 6.0 6.0 11.8 17.1 17.5 61.9 57.8 59.1

Ethiopia 47.8 45.3 36.8 5.8 4.2 4.3 6.6 6.2 16.8 39.8 44.3 42.2

Gambia 25.0 30.7 20.6 6.9 5.0 4.8 8.2 8.1 9.0 64.7 56.2 65.6

Guinea 22.7 18.6 20.2 3.0 11.3 6.7 29.7 23.0 30.2 44.6 47.1 42.9

Guinea-Bissau 43.3 46.2 44.2 13.9 11.6 12.9 0.8 1.8 1.9 41.9 40.3 41.1

Haiti 23.5 21.0 16.7 10.0 8.6 9.8 22.0 25.1 28.2 44.6 45.4 45.3

Kiribati 23.6 24.6 23.5 4.8 5.7 4.5 9.4 4.6 9.7 62.2 65.1 62.4

Lao People's Democratic Republic 33.6 23.6 19.5 8.7 11.6 8.8 15.4 19.4 23.7 42.2 45.5 48.0

Lesotho 8.2 5.6 5.8 15.8 13.6 11.8 21.0 19.2 20.5 55.0 61.7 61.8

Liberia 71.7 70.7 72.9 0.3 5.8 5.4 0.3 5.6 3.3 27.6 18.0 18.4

Madagascar 33.3 28.4 34.6 7.4 11.2 4.6 4.3 7.6 3.4 55.0 52.8 57.5

Malawi 41.4 31.9 25.1 14.9 10.7 9.2 4.6 5.7 7.2 39.1 51.7 58.5

Mali 34.9 34.9 39.8 14.5 16.1 13.2 9.2 9.2 6.0 41.3 39.7 41.0

Mauritania 35.9 21.3 23.4 11.1 7.5 8.3 16.3 33.4 27.8 36.7 37.8 40.4

Mozambique 22.8 28.9 24.1 16.8 11.1 9.3 6.1 7.5 11.8 54.2 52.5 54.8

Myanmar 57.2 36.9 25.3 7.2 19.9 22.4 2.5 6.6 12.5 33.1 36.7 39.8

Nepal 37.7 35.4 31.6 9.2 6.3 5.7 8.1 8.8 8.4 45.0 49.5 54.2

Niger 41.2 43.8 41.1 6.4 5.1 6.3 6.3 11.6 11.7 46.1 39.4 40.8

Rwanda 39.2 30.2 31.5 7.0 6.6 6.3 6.4 9.2 11.4 47.4 53.9 50.8

Sao Tome and Principe 20.0 11.8 11.5 7.6 8.9 7.2 9.8 9.3 9.5 62.6 70.1 71.9

Senegal 19.1 17.5 17.1 14.7 13.8 11.4 8.6 9.6 12.0 57.6 59.2 59.6

Sierra Leone 48.3 55.2 59.9 3.3 2.3 1.9 6.1 5.8 3.9 42.2 36.7 34.3

Solomon Islands 34.7 28.7 26.9 8.0 8.0 8.6 4.7 5.3 6.6 52.6 57.9 57.9

Somalia 60.2 60.2 60.2 2.5 2.5 2.5 4.9 4.9 4.9 32.5 32.5 32.5

South Sudan .. .. 4.1 .. .. 1.9 .. .. 37.9 .. .. 56.1

Sudan^a 37.1 34.6 31.7 5.7 8.2 8.3 11.7 14.7 12.4 45.6 42.5 47.6

Timor-Leste .. 4.8 7.0 .. 0.2 0.3 .. 79.6 68.9 .. 15.3 23.8

Togo 27.9 33.8 28.7 9.3 8.4 7.5 6.5 7.6 9.8 56.3 50.3 54.0

Tuvalu 20.2 27.6 24.3 0.8 1.1 1.0 6.5 3.6 7.2 72.6 67.7 67.5

Uganda 31.8 26.1 25.5 10.1 10.1 9.8 10.9 10.3 12.9 47.3 53.5 51.8

United Republic of Tanzania 31.5 31.7 31.1 8.2 7.3 5.5 9.0 14.1 21.3 51.2 46.9 42.1

Vanuatu 25.6 21.9 27.0 4.8 5.1 3.6 7.7 8.0 6.0 61.9 65.0 63.5

Yemen 12.2 12.1 15.4 5.3 8.0 9.0 36.8 26.5 22.0 45.7 53.4 53.6

Zambia 17.4 10.0 5.1 10.2 8.0 7.7 14.8 26.1 28.1 57.6 55.9 59.2

LDCs 29.8 24.3 22.0 10.2 10.7 11.5 15.2 18.1 17.9 44.8 46.9 48.6

African LDCs and Haiti 29.9 24.9 24.3 8.6 8.2 7.9 17.0 21.6 21.5 44.6 45.2 46.3

Asian LDCs 29.8 23.5 18.8 12.6 15.0 16.7 12.8 11.3 12.5 44.8 50.2 52.0

Island LDCs 31.8 15.5 20.2 6.4 2.7 4.3 6.2 48.8 32.7 55.6 33.1 42.8

ODCs 9.4 8.7 8.5 15.4 21.2 21.1 21.1 17.8 14.3 54.2 52.2 56.1

Source: UNCTAD, UNCTADstat database (accessed November 2018).

Notes: ^a Sudan includes South Sudan until 2012.

8. Foreign direct investment inflows, 2009-2017, selected years (Millions of dollars)

Country 2009-2016 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

Afghanistan 85.8 37.6 43.5 163.1 85.7 53.9

Angola -344.4 -7 120.0 1 921.7 9 282.2 4 104.4 -2 254.5

Bangladesh 1 470.1 1 599.2 1 551.3 2 235.4 2 332.7 2 151.6

Benin 225.1 360.2 405.2 149.6 131.7 184.4

Bhutan 28.6 13.7 31.6 17.1 -12.7 10.3

Burkina Faso 259.6 490.3 355.9 231.7 390.3 485.9

Burundi 8.4 7.4 47.1 7.4 0.1 0.3

Cambodia 1 768.7 2 068.5 1 853.5 1 822.8 2 475.9 2 784.4

Central African Republic 28.3 1.9 3.5 3.0 7.4 17.2

Chad 274.8 520.2 -675.5 559.4 244.5 335.0

Comoros 9.7 4.2 4.7 5.1 8.0 8.6

Democratic Republic of the Congo 1 927.7 2 098.2 1 843.2 1 673.5 1 204.7 1 340.2

Djibouti 127.9 286.0 153.0 124.0 160.0 165.0

Eritrea 56.8 43.9 46.5 49.3 52.3 55.5

Ethiopia 1 403.7 1 343.9 1 855.1 2 626.5 3 989.0 3 586.4

Gambia 25.0 25.5 35.6 12.5 -27.7 87.5

Guinea 457.7 134.0 77.1 48.2 1 597.3 576.5

Guinea-Bissau 21.7 19.6 28.9 18.6 24.0 16.6

Haiti 122.3 160.7 99.0 105.7 104.9 374.9

Kiribati 0.0 -0.1 1.2 0.8 2.1 1.4

Lao People's Democratic Republic 540.9 426.7 720.8 1 118.7 997.4 813.0

Lesotho 127.1 123.3 161.7 168.9 132.2 135.0

Liberia 607.0 1 061.3 276.7 627.0 453.2 247.8

Madagascar 668.9 551.3 313.7 435.8 450.6 389.1

Malawi 257.8 445.5 598.8 287.7 325.6 277.1

Mali 399.0 307.9 144.0 275.3 356.2 265.6

Mauritania 563.1 1 125.7 501.0 502.1 271.2 329.6

Mozambique 3 831.9 6 175.1 4 901.8 3 866.8 3 093.4 2 293.1

Myanmar 1 956.8 584.3 946.2 2 824.0 2 989.0 4 341.0

Nepal 71.5 71.3 30.2 51.6 106.0 198.0

Niger 751.2 719.1 821.9 529.1 301.1 334.3

Rwanda 272.7 257.6 458.9 379.8 342.3 366.2

Sao Tome and Principe 26.3 12.2 27.1 28.6 22.2 41.0

Senegal 349.4 311.3 402.6 408.9 472.0 532.3

Sierra Leone 402.2 429.7 375.1 252.4 138.0 560.0

Solomon Islands 62.8 53.4 21.7 31.6 37.3 36.5

Somalia 198.2 258.0 261.0 303.0 334.0 384.0

South Sudan -135.2 -793.0 44.0 -71.0 -17.0 80.0

Sudan

1 695.8 1 687.9 1 251.3 1 728.4 1 063.8 1 065.3

Timor-Leste 38.9 49.6 49.3 43.0 5.5 6.7

Togo 177.0 183.5 53.9 257.7 -46.3 145.6

Tuvalu 0.6 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3

Uganda 875.4 1 096.0 1 058.6 737.7 625.7 699.7

United Republic of Tanzania 1 528.1 2 087.3 1 416.1 1 560.8 1 365.4 1 180.4

Vanuatu 31.6 -19.4 -18.2 29.1 21.6 24.7

Yemen -209.3 -133.6 -233.1 -15.4 -561.0 -269.9

Zambia 1 352.6 2 099.8 1 488.8 1 304.9 662.9 1 091.2

LDCs 24 450.1 21 266.9 25 756.0 36 802.5 30 817.4 25 548.6

African LDCs and Haiti 18 567.1 16 499.0 20 725.9 28 446.8 22 307.2 15 347.0

Asian LDCs 5 713.0 4 667.7 4 944.0 8 217.2 8 413.2 10 082.3

Island LDCs 170.0 100.2 86.2 138.5 97.0 119.2

ODCs 618 611.5 626 688.7 659 368.0 706 996.8 639 286.8 644 805.4

Source: UNCTAD, UNCTADstat database (accessed November 2018) Notes: ^a Sudan includes South Sudan until 2012.

9. Migrant remittance inflows to LDCs, 2009-2017, selected years

Country Millions of dollars Percentage of GNI

average

2009-2016 2014 2015 2016 2017 average

2009-2016 2014 2015 2016 2017

Countries with remittances > 10 per cent of GNI in 2017

Nepal 5 034.6 5 888.7 6 729.9 6 611.8 6 928.1 27.5 28.3 31.9 31.5 29.8

Haiti 1 790.7 1 977.0 2 195.6 2 358.7 2 459.0 23.0 22.7 25.2 27.7 29.3

Gambia 123.0 137.8 136.0 207.4 215.7 13.5 15.8 15.7 23.6 22.8

Liberia 443.6 512.0 654.4 580.1 403.5 31.6 31.3 38.5 33.7 22.5

South Sudan 741.2 2.0 1 138.7 1 083.0 633.8 6.9 0.0 9.4 22.7 ..

Comoros 113.3 126.0 128.8 130.6 138.4 19.3 20.0 21.0 21.3 22.4

Senegal 1 667.8 1 929.1 1 670.0 1 948.0 2 237.7 11.7 12.8 11.4 13.3 14.9

Lesotho 491.5 393.0 370.8 343.7 401.0 16.9 13.2 12.9 12.3 14.1

Yemen 2 656.9 3 350.5 3 350.5 3 770.6 3 350.5 8.8 8.9 11.3 13.3 ..

Countries with remittances between 5 per cent and 10 per cent of GNI in 2017

Togo 349.7 427.3 363.6 349.7 402.1 9.8 10.9 8.0 7.6 8.5

Guinea-Bissau 61.3 92.4 85.0 56.4 103.6 6.0 8.5 7.7 4.8 8.4

Tuvalu 4.2 4.1 4.1 4.1 4.3 7.9 7.9 6.7 7.1 7.7

Mali 742.8 920.3 801.5 787.9 1 039.9 6.1 6.7 5.8 5.6 7.3

Kiribati 16.5 16.8 16.1 17.5 18.4 5.9 4.7 4.1 5.4 5.7

Bangladesh 13 160.7 14 987.5 15 295.5 13 574.3 13 498.2 8.5 8.8 8.0 6.3 5.6

Sao Tome and Principe 14.1 26.8 20.0 18.0 18.2 5.3 8.3 6.0 5.2 5.0

Countries with remittances < 5 per cent of GNI in 2017

Uganda 894.7 887.6 902.2 1 146.1 1 239.8 4.0 3.5 3.4 4.4 4.8

Myanmar 1 053.7 1 863.9 2 004.6 2 346.4 2 565.4 1.9 2.9 3.2 3.7 4.0

Burkina Faso 266.6 395.8 384.7 397.1 444.3 2.5 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.8

Timor-Leste 90.8 43.7 61.6 80.2 87.0 2.6 1.3 1.7 2.8 3.8

Democratic Republic of the Congo 692.0 756.4 1 166.6 593.5 1 273.8 2.5 2.3 3.3 1.6 3.5

Djibouti 40.4 35.5 63.3 58.0 62.1 2.4 .. 3.9 3.3 3.5

Madagascar 341.7 344.4 326.8 299.2 342.8 3.6 3.3 3.2 3.0 3.3

Benin 204.2 304.3 214.3 221.5 266.3 2.5 3.2 2.3 2.5 3.0

Niger 158.3 218.8 171.5 176.3 197.8 2.3 2.7 2.2 2.3 2.6

Rwanda 155.2 183.6 159.2 172.5 215.3 2.2 2.3 1.9 2.0 2.4

Vanuatu 20.2 28.1 24.1 18.9 19.4 2.8 3.4 3.2 2.4 2.4

Mozambique 134.4 155.5 142.9 93.4 257.9 1.0 0.9 0.9 0.7 2.1

Bhutan 15.2 14.3 19.7 34.3 43.2 0.9 0.8 1.1 1.7 2.0

Cambodia 243.8 376.8 400.0 370.6 386.3 1.8 2.4 2.4 2.1 2.0

Afghanistan 267.6 249.8 341.3 368.0 378.2 1.4 1.2 1.7 1.8 1.9

Mauritania .. .. .. .. 77.2 .. .. .. .. 1.6

Solomon Islands 17.5 16.3 18.6 20.3 16.1 2.1 1.5 1.6 1.8 1.4

Sierra Leone 53.8 62.4 48.2 46.8 49.2 1.5 1.3 1.2 1.3 1.3

Burundi 42.7 56.3 51.0 31.3 33.7 1.8 2.0 1.8 1.1 1.1

Ethiopia 818.3 1 796.4 1 087.0 772.2 815.5 1.8 3.4 1.8 1.1 1.1

Bhutan 2.9 11.8 14.3 19.7 34.3 0.3 0.7 0.8 1.0 1.7

Sierra Leone 22.1 69.7 62.4 48.2 48.2 1.3 1.4 1.3 1.1 1.5

Myanmar 98.1 1 643.9 279.0 386.8 681.8 0.6 2.8 0.4 0.7 1.2

Ethiopia 186.2 624.4 1 796.4 1 087.0 772.2 1.3 1.3 3.2 1.7 1.1

United Republic of Tanzania 344.3 389.5 387.8 411.2 435.0 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.9

Lao People's Democratic Republic 69.7 40.1 93.0 116.4 124.3 0.7 0.3 0.7 0.8 0.8

Malawi 30.1 38.5 41.5 34.3 40.9 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.6 0.7

Guinea 78.3 121.4 130.6 52.2 43.8 1.1 1.5 1.6 0.6 0.4

Zambia 50.2 58.3 47.0 38.5 93.6 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.4

Sudan 712.6 506.6 151.4 153.4 212.9 1.1 0.7 0.2 0.2 0.2

Angola 17.7 31.0 11.1 4.0 1.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Central African Republic .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

Chad .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

Eritrea .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

Somalia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

LDCs^b 33 762.8 39 766.3 41 410.3 39 898.1 41 575.7 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.3 4.2

African LDCS and Haiti 11 447.1 12 733.0 12 902.5 12 416.1 13 999.6 2.5 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.4

Asian LDCs 22 502.3 26 771.6 28 234.6 27 192.5 27 274.3 7.5 7.8 7.9 7.1 6.2

Island LDCs 276.7 261.8 273.2 289.5 301.7 4.5 3.9 3.9 4.7 5.3

ODCs 299 206.7 336 206.0 357 229.2 343 232.2 360 103.2 1.2 1.4 1.5 1.5 1.4

Source: UNCTAD secretariat based on World Bank, Data and analysis on migration and remittances, http://www.worldbank.org/migration (accessed November 2018);

10. Selected indicators on foreign debt burden 2009-2017, selected years Country

External debt stocks

(% of GNI current $)

External debt stocks (% of exports of

goods, services and primary income) Total debt service (% of exports of goods, services and primary income)

average 2009–

2016 2015 2016 2017 average

2009–

2016 2015 2016 2017 average

2009–

2016 2015 2016 2017

Countries with debt stocks > 100 per cent of GNI in 2017

Bhutan 86.8 107.3 114.0 113.3 217.7 269.1 346.9 353.1 14.2 17.2 16.6 10.5

Djibouti 73.9 74.1 96.0 112.5 189.9 195.2 287.0 338.5 8.2 7.1 10.0 11.1

Mozambique 54.4 71.3 99.5 100.8 178.5 243.5 276.3 216.5 3.8 6.6 6.7 5.0

Countries with debt stocks between 50 per cent and 100 per cent of GNI in 2017

Lao People's Democratic Republic 87.2 84.8 89.4 90.8 281.6 252.2 259.6 248.6 11.3 9.1 10.7 13.4

Mauritania 67.9 81.5 85.0 85.2 148.2 222.0 227.2 207.3 7.6 12.7 13.4 13.2

Sao Tome and Princip 79.3 79.3 69.8 66.6 483.7 257.3 241.2 276.3 10.7 2.9 2.8 3.4

Gambia 60.9 60.9 55.2 65.9 199.3 201.0 210.2 247.5 11.7 14.4 15.3 16.9

Zambia 35.7 56.5 75.8 65.2 91.4 142.8 207.3 179.4 4.1 6.7 9.9 18.1

Liberia 57.3 47.7 52.3 61.3 163.5 160.5 239.8 252.9 3.1 8.7 3.1 3.5

Cambodia 46.5 57.2 59.6 57.2 66.9 71.1 76.3 73.1 4.2 4.9 5.4 3.9

Senegal 36.4 44.5 47.1 56.28 123.6 139.6 159.5 212.6 8.3 8.9 9.5 14.2

Countries with debt stocks < 50 per cent of GNI in 2017

Eritrea 49.2 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

Sierra Leone 35.4 37.3 50.4 47.3 160.5 196.9 170.2 .. 3.0 6.6 3.8 ..

Niger 34.3 41.2 43.5 47.2 157.4 205.4 241.8 288.5 3.7 6.3 7.2 9.9

Vanuatu 27.9 37.1 36.7 46.0 52.8 74.7 68.2 .. 1.7 1.9 2.1 ..

Uganda 26.0 36.0 40.3 44.3 133.0 201.2 196.0 222.5 4.0 2.0 17.4 3.8

Somalia 44.8 43.8 42.6 40.3 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

Central African Republic 34.0 42.9 39.1 37.4 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

Rwanda 21.9 27.0 33.7 37.4 137.8 144.2 177.2 161.4 3.0 3.9 4.5 3.9

United Republic of Tanzania 30.6 34.4 34.5 35.4 151.0 173.1 172.9 205.6 3.3 3.9 7.4 8.4

Malawi 24.0 28.1 34.9 35.1 101.9 111.8 151.2 172.9 3.2 4.5 6.2 5.7

Ethiopia 26.8 32.7 32.7 33.2 232.0 349.3 401.9 397.6 10.0 17.2 20.8 20.8

Togo 31.5 24.9 26.0 32.8 62.5 56.7 63.4 105.9 2.7 3.2 4.8 5.8

Chad 24.2 27.9 32.6 31.9 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

Lesotho 29.9 31.9 34.1 31.6 56.2 62.2 64.7 60.7 2.9 3.7 4.2 3.6

Angola 25.4 28.9 39.3 31.6 52.3 80.9 123.5 103.8 10.2 15.6 25.1 13.4

Benin 23.4 26.4 27.0 31.3 91.8 102.5 103.5 114.5 3.6 3.6 4.2 4.2

Madagascar 30.8 32.1 31.0 30.3 105.2 95.9 88.5 82.2 2.9 4.5 3.7 3.2

Mali 25.4 28.8 27.7 29.3 102.4 114.0 110.1 127.6 2.8 3.3 3.5 4.5

Solomon Islands 28.1 18.5 20.7 28.6 45.3 35.9 40.3 53.6 4.3 2.4 3.9 3.9

Haiti 19.1 24.0 26.9 26.2 102.9 116.1 128.9 138.4 3.4 1.9 5.4 1.5

Yemen 22.5 20.1 26.0 .. 199.3 386.0 738.4 .. 6.5 18.9 14.6 ..

Comoros 36.6 22.9 25.6 25.3 214.4 126.7 137.8 124.6 6.2 7.3 4.4 1.9

Burkina Faso 23.5 26.3 25.3 25.0 94.4 90.0 81.8 86.0 2.9 3.8 3.5 3.7

Myanmar 22.1 26.0 23.6 24.5 115.3 101.6 103.0 106.4 6.2 8.1 12.3 5.2

Guinea-Bissau 53.9 29.3 24.4 24.3 250.5 92.0 94.5 87.8 3.4 1.0 2.2 2.4

Sudan 34.5 24.3 24.4 20.3 334.2 436.3 455.2 387.3 6.0 10.7 6.3 4.2

Nepal 21.5 19.1 20.1 20.1 175.7 154.8 167.2 165.7 9.4 8.5 9.3 8.5

Bangladesh 19.4 17.5 16.6 18.1 110.2 103.4 102.8 120.1 5.6 4.7 4.7 5.5

Burundi 25.9 20.4 20.1 17.7 325.0 323.5 289.1 245.5 11.2 13.9 16.0 14.4

Guinea 31.3 16.6 15.9 14.3 133.1 73.3 55.2 31.7 6.9 5.3 2.5 1.4

Democratic Republic of the Congo 26.7 15.3 14.8 14.0 79.9 50.8 50.2 38.3 4.5 3.7 4.8 3.0

Afghanistan 14.1 13.0 12.4 12.1 126.4 147.9 187.1 186.7 1.5 2.9 4.0 4.0

Timor-Leste 2.1 3.2 1.3 1.9 3.8 6.4 4.5 5.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1

Kiribati .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

South Sudan .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

Tuvalu .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

LDCs^b 27.1 28.4 30.6 29.9 136.2 168.5 196.8 179.2 5.9 8.1 9.9 7.8

African LDCS and Haiti 29.5 31.5 35.7 33.8 142.6 186.5 220.1 215.8 6.1 9.0 11.9 9.3

Asian LDCs 23.7 23.8 23.7 24.4 125.9 137.0 163.7 128.1 5.8 6.8 7.2 5.8

Island LDCs 15.0 15.3 16.4 21.5 56.0 43.0 47.9 47.5 1.9 1.5 1.7 1.3

ODCs 16.8 17.9 18.1 18.8 77.3 86.5 91.5 83.7 8.9 9.9 13.0 11.4

Source: UNCTAD secretariat based on World Bank, World Development Indicators (WDI) database (accessed November 2018).

Notes:

Countries sorted by descending order 2016.

^b LDC aggregates excluding Kiribati, South Sudan and Tuvalu for which data is unavailable.

11. Selected indicators on education, 2017*

Country

Primary completion rate Net primary school

enrolment rate Net secondary school

enrolment rate Youth literacy rate

school-age population) (per cent of people aged 15-24)

Total Female Male Total Female Male Total Female Male Total Female Male

Afghanistan 40.7 26.6 53.7 .. .. .. 54.3 40.2 67.5 47.0 32.1 61.9

Angola .. .. .. 84.0 73.0 94.9 12.4 11.1 13.7 77.4 70.6 84.9

Bangladesh 80.0 84.4 75.1 90.5 93.0 88.1 57.2 61.1 53.6 93.0 94.4 91.5

Benin 59.4 56.2 61.9 97.0 88.2 99.9 45.0 38.1 51.8 52.5 40.9 63.9

Bhutan 67.9 70.0 65.9 79.9 80.1 79.6 62.4 68.0 57.1 87.3 84.5 90.4

Burkina Faso 30.9 29.5 32.1 76.4 75.4 77.4 26.8 27.5 26.2 50.1 44.0 57.0

Burundi 53.3 57.9 48.7 96.6 97.5 95.8 21.6 24.7 18.5 79.6 75.0 85.3

Cambodia 72.3 77.2 67.7 90.6 90.3 90.8 52.0 56.0 48.0 87.1 85.9 88.4

Central African Republic .. .. .. 70.6 62.1 79.1 13.6 9.3 17.9 36.4 27.0 48.9

Chad 27.3 23.7 30.6 79.1 68.7 89.3 .. .. .. 30.8 22.4 40.7

Comoros .. .. .. 79.8 78.9 80.7 43.9 45.5 42.5 71.6 69.6 73.8

Democratic Republic of the Congo 68.9 66.5 71.2 .. .. .. .. .. .. 85.0 79.7 91.0

Djibouti .. .. .. 59.1 55.7 62.3 35.9 32.6 39.0 .. .. ..

Eritrea .. .. .. 37.4 35.6 39.1 22.4 22.5 22.4 87.0 82.6 91.3

Ethiopia 39.6 40.8 38.1 85.6 82.4 88.7 33.8 32.9 34.7 55.0 47.0 63.0

Gambia 62.0 60.2 64.0 77.6 81.4 73.8 37.7 41.3 34.1 60.8 56.1 66.0

Guinea 42.2 35.6 49.4 75.7 70.1 81.1 31.8 25.3 38.2 46.3 37.2 57.0

Guinea-Bissau 29.1 25.7 32.3 68.2 66.7 69.8 .. .. .. 60.4 49.8 71.3

Haiti 44.1 48.7 39.1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

Kiribati .. .. .. 95.1 .. .. 69.6 75.5 64.1 .. .. ..

Lao People's Democratic Republic 67.1 68.2 66.1 93.3 92.8 93.8 60.0 60.9 59.1 72.1 67.1 77.3

Lesotho 64.9 78.2 52.6 80.9 81.6 80.2 37.1 45.3 29.1 86.6 94.0 79.6

Liberia 34.2 32.5 36.1 37.6 36.3 38.9 .. .. .. 49.1 37.2 63.5

Madagascar 39.0 42.6 35.4 .. .. .. 31.1 31.6 30.5 76.8 75.3 78.4

Malawi 54.3 58.5 50.5 97.5 95.3 89.9 36.7 36.0 37.3 72.9 73.4 72.5

Mali 42.0 37.8 45.5 55.7 52.5 58.8 31.1 27.7 34.3 49.4 39.2 60.5

Mauritania 38.3 34.8 42.4 79.2 81.1 77.4 24.3 23.5 25.1 56.1 47.7 66.4

Mozambique 41.5 39.4 43.7 89.1 86.8 91.4 18.6 18.8 18.5 67.1 56.5 79.8

Myanmar 83.2 84.5 81.8 97.7 87.3 88.2 62.5 64.3 60.7 84.8 84.4 85.1

Nepal 75.2 71.7 78.9 94.7 93.3 96.1 54.1 53.3 54.8 84.8 80.2 89.9

Niger 28.3 22.7 34.5 62.4 57.5 67.1 17.2 13.9 20.4 23.5 15.1 34.5

Rwanda 54.3 61.1 47.6 95.1 96.1 94.1 27.2 29.3 25.2 82.3 83.5 81.1

Sao Tome and Principe 67.3 72.9 62.6 96.1 95.7 96.4 67.2 70.7 63.7 96.7 96.4 97.1

Senegal 43.4 41.8 45.0 71.4 74.8 68.2 .. .. .. 69.5 63.5 75.6

Sierra Leone 66.6 68.3 64.7 99.1 99.3 98.9 .. .. .. 57.0 50.9 64.5

Solomon Islands .. .. .. 69.5 69.8 69.3 31.0 28.9 33.0 .. .. ..

Somalia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

South Sudan 24.5 18.2 31.5 30.9 26.7 35.1 .. .. .. 36.7 29.6 44.1

Sudan 65.4 64.4 66.5 53.8 55.1 52.4 .. .. .. 65.8 62.7 68.7

Timor-Leste 60.1 63.8 56.6 78.7 79.8 77.7 55.8 59.7 52.1 79.5 78.6 80.5

Togo 61.3 57.6 64.6 90.0 87.1 92.8 36.4 31.3 41.4 84.3 78.4 89.7

Tuvalu .. .. .. 84.4 85.2 84.1 72.5 82.9 63.2 .. .. ..

Uganda 39.4 43.2 35.7 93.7 95.1 92.2 22.2 21.3 23.2 83.7 81.7 85.8

United Republic of Tanzania 79.5 83.7 75.1 78.9 80.2 77.5 27.8 29.0 26.5 85.8 84.6 87.0

Vanuatu 81.1 84.5 78.0 85.8 87.1 84.6 49.5 51.2 48.0 .. .. ..

Yemen .. .. .. 84.8 77.8 91.6 41.7 33.2 49.9 .. .. ..

Zambia 75.0 76.0 .. 87.4 88.3 86.5 .. .. .. 88.7 86.5 91.2

LDCs 56.2 56.3 54.2 82.4 80.9 82.9 39.0 38.3 39.8 73.8 69.8 78.1

African LDCs and Haiti 51.8 51.9 49.1 79.2 77.1 80.7 27.0 25.8 28.2 67.8 62.6 73.7

Asian LDCs 71.1 71.0 70.7 91.4 91.6 89.0 52.7 52.7 52.8 85.0 83.6 86.4

Island LDCs 63.7 67.6 60.2 85.8 85.8 85.2 47.6 49.5 45.8 78.1 76.8 79.5

ODCs 82.4 82.8 80.9 89.0 88.1 89.6 65.8 66.0 65.5 92.2 90.2 94.0

Sources: UNESCO, UIS database (accessed November 2018).

Notes: * 2017 or latest year available since 2006; LDCs group and ODCs weighted by primary or secondary school-age population and by group age population.

12. Employment by sector in LDCs, 1991–2017, selected years

(Percentage of total employment)

Country Employment in agriculture Employment in industry Employment in manufacturing Employment in services

Afghanistan 71.3 79.2 64.5 62.2 6.6 5.9 6.1 6.7 3.9 3.7 2.9 3.1 22.2 15.0 29.4 31.1

Angola 38.3 37.5 47.2 50.6 8.5 8.6 8.7 8.6 3.5 2.9 1.8 1.7 53.2 53.9 44.0 40.8

Bangladesh 69.5 64.8 47.3 39.1 13.6 10.7 17.6 21.1 12.4 7.6 12.4 14.5 16.9 24.5 35.1 39.8

Benin 54.0 48.3 45.3 43.2 7.2 12.7 10.5 18.5 5.3 10.1 7.6 15.2 38.8 39.0 44.2 38.3

Bhutan 85.3 80.9 59.5 56.6 1.6 2.3 6.7 9.8 1.1 0.9 3.8 6.5 13.2 16.7 33.7 33.3

Burkina Faso 88.9 85.7 60.9 28.3 3.2 4.0 11.4 32.0 2.7 3.1 7.2 15.0 7.9 10.3 27.7 39.8

Burundi 91.7 92.3 91.4 91.4 2.4 2.2 2.6 2.5 1.6 1.6 1.9 1.8 5.9 5.5 6.1 6.1

Cambodia 79.9 73.7 54.2 26.7 4.1 8.4 16.2 27.0 2.8 7.0 10.9 17.1 16.0 17.9 29.6 46.3

Central African Republic 84.6 86.1 86.2 85.7 8.5 7.0 7.1 8.0 7.9 6.4 6.5 7.4 7.0 6.9 6.8 6.4

Chad 86.6 86.9 86.8 87.2 6.3 6.6 6.1 4.9 5.6 6.0 5.2 4.1 7.1 6.4 7.1 7.9

Comoros 56.4 55.7 55.5 55.0 14.9 13.9 14.6 15.3 8.5 7.4 8.5 8.9 28.7 30.3 29.3 29.7

Democratic Republic of the Congo 85.8 84.6 79.6 81.9 7.0 9.8 11.7 11.1 6.3 9.2 11.2 10.5 7.2 5.6 8.7 7.0

Djibouti 31.0 36.7 33.0 29.8 24.4 22.9 27.5 29.8 12.7 13.5 15.9 16.4 44.7 40.4 39.5 40.7

Eritrea 85.2 82.2 84.4 83.9 7.0 8.0 7.3 7.0 6.3 7.0 6.1 5.7 7.8 9.8 8.4 9.1

Ethiopia 90.2 85.8 77.2 68.2 2.2 3.7 6.3 9.4 1.7 2.9 4.1 4.7 7.7 10.5 16.6 22.4

Gambia 33.8 33.1 32.8 27.1 16.2 15.0 14.8 15.3 10.2 8.9 8.8 9.1 50.0 51.9 52.5 57.6

Guinea 71.1 70.9 70.3 68.2 5.5 5.7 5.9 5.9 3.0 3.0 3.3 3.2 23.5 23.4 23.8 25.9

Guinea-Bissau 85.9 84.6 84.4 83.5 6.0 6.9 6.5 7.0 5.2 6.3 5.9 6.3 8.1 8.5 9.0 9.6

Haiti 52.7 51.8 47.2 41.2 9.2 10.1 10.3 12.3 6.4 6.5 6.2 7.0 38.2 38.1 42.5 46.5

Kiribati .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

Lao People's Democratic Republic 86.3 82.9 71.5 61.3 3.2 3.4 8.3 9.7 2.0 1.9 5.1 5.4 10.5 13.7 20.2 29.0

Lesotho 61.5 63.2 12.9 10.5 13.8 12.7 39.3 40.4 5.4 4.8 13.9 12.8 24.4 24.1 47.8 49.1

Liberia 41.2 49.6 47.3 43.0 9.3 7.8 10.8 12.0 4.1 3.7 6.5 7.0 49.8 42.4 41.9 45.1

Madagascar 78.3 77.8 74.0 74.4 5.7 6.1 5.5 9.2 4.6 5.0 4.3 6.6 16.0 16.1 20.5 16.4

Malawi 84.0 85.2 84.8 84.7 10.8 9.0 8.8 8.4 10.2 8.4 8.1 7.7 5.2 5.9 6.5 6.9

Mali 50.0 45.7 57.5 57.6 13.7 15.9 11.1 8.4 9.8 11.5 7.3 4.6 36.3 38.4 31.5 33.9

Mauritania 81.3 79.5 77.3 75.8 6.3 7.6 7.6 7.2 5.2 6.5 6.0 5.6 12.5 12.9 15.1 16.9

Mozambique 85.4 81.5 77.3 73.3 2.9 3.7 3.4 4.3 0.8 0.9 0.5 0.6 11.7 14.8 19.3 22.4

Myanmar 78.3 75.8 60.6 49.9 11.0 10.0 15.0 16.6 8.9 7.3 10.7 10.8 10.7 14.3 24.4 33.5

Nepal 82.3 72.2 74.8 71.7 2.8 11.3 7.5 8.1 2.1 7.2 0.2 0.2 14.9 16.5 17.7 20.1

Niger 75.3 77.1 77.7 75.6 6.5 6.8 7.2 7.6 5.9 6.2 6.5 6.9 18.2 16.2 15.1 16.8

Rwanda 88.6 88.6 79.6 66.5 2.6 2.7 5.6 8.2 1.4 1.3 2.3 2.0 8.7 8.7 14.8 25.3

Sao Tome and Principe 41.4 30.6 22.9 16.9 13.8 16.7 16.7 13.6 3.4 8.3 8.3 5.1 44.8 52.8 60.4 67.8

Senegal 46.6 44.4 53.3 53.4 15.2 16.6 19.7 20.1 8.8 9.1 13.4 14.0 38.2 39.1 27.0 26.5

Sierra Leone 63.4 66.4 63.7 60.6 5.9 5.7 6.5 6.2 3.2 3.2 3.5 3.1 30.7 27.9 29.8 33.3

Solomon Islands 72.4 71.2 69.4 69.5 8.1 8.8 9.0 9.9 5.7 5.9 5.9 6.5 19.5 20.0 21.2 20.6

Somalia 86.9 86.9 86.4 86.2 6.5 7.2 7.4 7.6 5.8 6.6 6.8 7.0 6.6 6.0 6.2 6.2

South Sudan 64.4 58.0 54.1 64.9 17.8 18.4 19.8 19.0 12.3 11.2 11.2 13.6 17.8 23.5 26.1 16.1

Sudan 61.8 58.7 49.2 53.3 18.1 20.6 22.6 19.2 12.5 13.8 12.4 12.1 20.1 20.8 28.2 27.5

Timor-Leste 50.2 55.5 50.8 24.8 9.3 8.3 9.5 15.3 3.0 3.5 3.3 4.4 40.9 36.2 40.1 59.9

Togo 41.6 41.0 38.3 37.8 18.7 18.1 18.3 17.3 15.4 14.7 14.7 13.0 39.6 41.0 43.4 44.9

Tuvalu .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

Uganda 75.4 70.2 71.1 69.0 7.1 7.7 7.1 6.9 5.9 6.1 5.0 4.1 17.5 22.1 21.8 24.1

United Republic of Tanzania 77.7 77.2 72.2 66.7 5.1 4.8 5.4 6.0 3.6 3.3 3.1 2.5 17.2 18.0 22.4 27.3

Vanuatu 61.4 62.0 61.9 65.3 5.3 5.6 7.2 5.9 1.8 1.4 2.1 1.7 31.6 32.4 32.0 29.7

Yemen 54.9 49.0 24.1 44.5 10.8 12.0 19.0 12.9 4.1 4.1 6.6 5.5 34.3 38.9 56.9 42.6

Zambia 66.3 71.6 63.4 53.3 10.0 5.8 8.8 11.9 6.9 2.8 3.8 4.6 23.8 22.6 27.9 34.8

LDCs^a 75.6 72.7 64.7 60.2 8.2 8.6 11.0 12.6 6.5 6.2 7.2 7.8 16.1 18.7 24.2 27.2

African LDCs and Haiti 76.8 75.0 70.6 67.1 6.8 7.7 8.8 10.2 5.1 5.6 5.9 6.3 16.4 17.4 20.6 22.7

Asian LDCs 73.9 69.3 54.5 46.9 10.4 10.1 14.9 17.3 8.8 7.0 9.5 10.7 15.7 20.6 30.6 35.8

Island LDCs 56.7 59.9 57.1 47.3 8.8 8.7 9.5 11.6 3.6 4.3 4.4 4.8 34.5 31.4 33.5 41.1

ODCs 51.3 43.8 32.5 26.4 22.0 22.3 24.6 23.9 17.5 16.7 15.8 13.9 26.7 33.9 43.0 49.7

Source: ILOstat - Trends Econometric Models, ILO estimates and projections (accessed November 2017).

a

LDC aggregates excluding Kiribati and Tuvalu which data is unvailable.

13. Total merchandise exports: Levels and annual average growth rates, 2009-2017, selected years

Country Total merchandise exports (millions of dollars) Annual average growth rates (per cent)

average

2009–2016 2014 2015 2016 2017 average

2009–2016 2014 2015 2016 2017

Afghanistan 481.2 570.4 571.4 596.5 700.0 2.2 10.8 0.2 4.4 17.4

Angola 52 251.6 59 169.9 33 181.1 27 588.9 34 613.5 -6.5 -13.3 -43.9 -16.9 25.5

Bangladesh 26 329.4 30 405.2 32 378.7 34 894.3 35 850.9 11.3 4.4 6.5 7.8 2.7

Benin 1 670.1 2 559.9 1 681.7 1 778.4 2 056.3 6.3 29.2 -34.3 5.7 15.6

Bhutan 568.4 583.1 549.2 524.7 572.7 0.9 7.3 -5.8 -4.5 9.2

Burkina Faso 2 070.8 2 452.7 2 176.4 2 508.9 2 874.9 20.6 4.1 -11.3 15.3 14.6

Burundi 110.2 132.0 120.6 109.3 171.9 11.3 40.1 -8.6 -9.4 57.2

Cambodia 7 000.6 6 846.0 8 542.0 10 069.0 11 011.0 11.2 2.7 24.8 17.9 9.4

Central African Republic 132.2 98.5 85.7 103.9 124.3 -1.3 -15.1 -13.0 21.2 19.7

Chad 3 610.4 4 193.7 2 899.9 1 989.8 1 343.7 -5.5 10.4 -30.9 -31.4 -32.5

Comoros 21.9 25.9 17.0 30.8 39.6 30.8 26.2 -34.5 81.5 28.6

Democratic Republic of the Congo 5 954.2 7 914.8 6 090.9 5 628.1 7 764.6 5.7 25.6 -23.0 -7.6 38.0

Djibouti 111.0 129.2 131.8 134.5 137.2 9.0 8.0 2.0 2.0 2.0

Eritrea 322.1 630.3 425.5 271.8 303.9 404.1 99.7 -32.5 -36.1 11.8

Ethiopia 2 777.8 3 427.4 3 049.6 2 918.7 3 160.7 8.9 10.1 -11.0 -4.3 8.3

Gambia 95.1 104.0 109.0 94.0 68.2 53.5 -2.1 4.8 -13.7 -27.5

Guinea 1 753.7 2 066.3 1 781.2 2 414.4 4 594.1 9.9 9.5 -13.8 35.6 90.3

Guinea-Bissau 183.6 166.1 252.3 276.6 340.8 16.4 8.7 51.9 9.6 23.2

Haiti 811.4 950.4 881.6 1 036.0 980.2 10.7 7.3 -7.2 17.5 -5.4

Kiribati 7.8 10.1 10.7 10.5 13.5 13.1 52.0 5.5 -1.7 28.4

Lao People's Democratic Republic 2 288.3 2 662.0 2 769.0 3 352.1 4 822.6 16.7 17.6 4.0 21.1 43.9

Lesotho 894.7 826.4 844.1 883.8 1 032.6 1.3 -2.4 2.1 4.7 16.8

Liberia 345.4 444.4 283.3 279.3 388.8 8.1 -20.5 -36.3 -1.4 39.2

Madagascar 1 724.2 2 196.1 2 042.4 2 324.8 2 796.5 8.9 14.2 -7.0 13.8 20.3

Malawi 1 185.1 1 369.5 1 048.3 992.7 941.4 3.5 13.4 -23.5 -5.3 -5.2

Mali 2 427.2 2 775.9 2 715.5 2 832.3 2 992.6 4.6 18.7 -2.2 4.3 5.7

Mauritania 2 025.5 1 935.4 1 388.6 1 400.7 1 722.4 0.4 -27.0 -28.3 0.9 23.0

Mozambique 3 474.1 4 420.5 3 413.3 3 328.2 4 725.3 4.6 9.9 -22.8 -2.5 42.0

Myanmar 9 922.9 11 452.7 11 428.8 11 831.3 13 883.7 7.7 2.0 -0.2 3.5 17.3

Nepal 836.6 889.0 720.7 695.9 740.7 -3.3 1.2 -18.9 -3.4 6.4

Niger 1 250.0 1 444.5 1 087.0 1 033.8 1 128.3 2.5 -8.9 -24.7 -4.9 9.1

Rwanda 555.3 723.1 683.7 745.0 1 189.2 15.4 2.9 -5.4 9.0 59.6

Sao Tome and Principe 11.4 17.2 11.3 13.6 15.6 14.2 148.2 -34.3 20.6 14.3

Senegal 2 489.4 2 750.2 2 611.7 2 640.3 2 881.3 2.7 3.4 -5.0 1.1 9.1

Sierra Leone 823.2 1 552.0 512.0 561.0 794.0 34.1 -19.0 -67.0 9.6 41.5

Solomon Islands 386.2 458.5 400.4 437.3 499.7 13.6 -5.8 -12.7 9.2 14.3

Somalia 481.9 510.0 440.0 440.0 430.0 0.9 -1.9 -13.7 0.0 -2.3

South Sudan .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

Sudan^a 6 452.5 4 350.2 3 169.0 3 093.6 4 061.0 0.6 -38.6 -27.2 -2.4 31.3

Timor-Leste 17.5 15.5 18.0 20.0 16.7 18.1 -12.4 16.6 11.1 -16.7

Togo 1 157.8 1 324.1 1 010.1 1 038.0 981.6 3.5 -12.8 -23.7 2.8 -5.4

Tuvalu 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 53.2 460.5 -12.0 13.2 -58.3

Uganda 2 140.2 2 262.0 2 267.0 2 482.3 2 901.5 5.3 -6.1 0.2 9.5 16.9

United Repubvlic of Tanzania 4 567.1 4 627.5 4 889.7 5 146.3 4 343.2 7.5 1.5 5.7 5.2 -15.6

Vanuatu 52.3 62.9 38.8 50.3 38.5 3.6 61.3 -38.3 29.6 -23.5

Yemen 6 341.6 7 792.0 1 911.0 371.0 1 209.0 -18.1 -6.1 -75.5 -80.6 225.9

Zambia 7 962.6 9 694.2 7 011.8 6 516.4 8 150.7 6.3 -8.5 -27.7 -7.1 25.1

LDCs 166 077.0 188 991.9 147 651.9 145 489.4 169 408.9 0.9 -3.9 -21.9 -1.5 16.4

African LDCs and Haiti 111 810.5 127 201.1 88 284.8 82 591.7 99 994.6 -1.9 -6.9 -30.6 -6.4 21.1

Asian LDCs 53 769.1 61 200.4 58 870.7 62 334.9 68 790.7 7.1 2.8 -3.8 5.9 10.4

Island LDCs 497.4 590.4 496.4 562.8 623.6 10.6 2.2 -15.9 13.4 10.8

ODCs 7 185 562.0 8 249 167.7 7 236 356.0 6 886 913.5 7 676 513.0 2.6 0.2 -12.3 -4.8 11.5

Source: UNCTAD, UNCTADstat database (accessed November 2018).

Notes:

Sudan includes South Sudan until 2012.