STATISTICAL TABLES ON THE LEAST DEVELOPED COUNTRIES - 2017

STATISTICAL TABLES

ON THE LEAST DEVELOPED COUNTRIES - 2017

STATISTICAL TABLES

ON THE LEAST DEVELOPED COUNTRIES - 2017

Note

UNCTAD/LDC/2017/Stats

This is an unedited publication.

List of Tables

1. Development indicators ... 1

2. Committee for Development Policy reviews: 2009, 2012 and 2015 ... 2

3. Indicators on area and population, 2016 ... 3

4. Real GDP growth, 2002-2017, selected years ... 4

5. Real GDP per capita growth, 2002-2017, selected years ... 5

6. Gross fixed capital formation, gross domestic savings and external resource gap in LDCs, 2002–2015, selected years ... 6

7. Share of value added in main economic sectors in LDCs, 1990–2015, selected years ... 7

8. Foreign direct investment inflows, by region and economy, 2002–2016, selected years ... 8

9. Migrant remittance inflows to LDCs, 2002–2016, selected years ... 9

10. Selected indicators on foreign debt burden, 2002–2016, selected years ... 10

11. Selected indicators on education, 2016 ... 11

12. Employment by sector in LDCs: 1991–2016, selected years ... 12

13. Total merchandise exports: Levels and annual average growth rates, 2002–2016, selected years ... 13

14. Total merchandise imports: Levels and annual average growth rates, 2002–2016, selected years ... 14

15. Product composition of merchandise exports, 2014–2016 ... 15

16. Energy exports of LDCs, 2014–2016 ... 16

17. Product composition of merchandise imports, 2014–2016 ... 17

18. Energy imports of LDCs, 2014–2016 ... 18

19. Main markets for merchandise exports of LDCs: share in 2014–2016 ... 19

20. Main sources of merchandise imports of LDCs: share in 2014–2016 ... 20

21. Total services exports: Levels and annual average growth rates, 2005–2016, selected years ... 21

22. Total services imports: Levels and annual average growth rates, 2005–2016, selected years ... 22

23. LDC merchandise and services export specialization 2014–2016 ... 23

24. Total net ODA disbursements to LDCs and as percentage of GNI, 2002–2015, selected years ... 24

25. Gross aid disbursement to LDCs by sector, 2002–2015, selected years ... 25

26. Energy ODA disbursements to LDC, 2002–2015 ... 26

27. Net ODA from individual DAC member countries to LDCs, 2000–2015, selected years ... 27

28. Access to electricity in LDCs, 2002–2014, selected years ... 28

29. Total net installed electricity capacity in LDCs, levels, per capita and compound annual percentage growth rates, 2000–2014, selected years ... 29

30. Total gross electricity production in LDCs, levels, per capita and annual average growth rates, 2000–2014,

selected years ... 30

Foreword

The Statistical Tables on the Least Developed Countries – 2017 provides a collection of statistics and indicators relevant to the analysis of development in the least developed countries (LDCs). Reliable statistical information is indispensable for formulating sound economic policies and recommendations. The tables provide policymakers, researchers, academics, officials from national governments or international organizations, journalists, executive managers and members of non-governmental organizations access to cross-comparable sets of data. The tables are available online in document and spreadsheet format.

To help us provide better and more relevant statistics to users, you are invited to send your comments to LDCR@

unctad.org.

Country groups and product classifications used in these tables

LEAST DEVELOPED COUNTRIES

Geographical/structural classification

Unless otherwise specified, in this Report the least developed countries (LDCs) are classified according to a combination of geographical and structural criteria. The small island LDCs that are geographically in Africa or Asia are thus grouped with the Pacific islands to form the island LDCs group, due to their structural similarities. Haiti and Madagascar, which are regarded as large island States, are grouped together with the African LDCs.

Equatorial Guinea graduated from the LDC category in June 2017. However, data for this country are still included in the group aggregates (though not shown individually), because the country was still an LDC during the period covered by the data. The resulting groups are as follows:

African LDCs and Haiti: Angola, Benin, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Central African Republic, Chad, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Djibouti, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Ethiopia, the Gambia, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Haiti, Lesotho, Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Mozambique, the Niger, Rwanda, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Sudan, the Sudan, Togo, Uganda, United Republic of Tanzania, Zambia.

Asian LDCs: Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Cambodia, Lao People’s Democratic Republic, Myanmar, Nepal, Yemen.

Island LDCs: the Comoros, Kiribati, Sao Tome and Principe, Solomon Islands, Timor-Leste, Tuvalu, Vanuatu.

Export specialization*

UNCTAD has classified the LDCs under six export specialization categories, according to which type of exports ac- counted for at least 45 per cent of total exports of goods and services in 2014–2016. The group composition is as follows:

Agricultural and food exporters: Guinea-Bissau, Malawi, Solomon Islands, Somalia*.

Fuel exporters: Angola, Chad, Equatorial Guinea, Yemen.

Manufactures exporters: Bangladesh, Bhutan, Cambodia, Haiti, Lesotho.

Mineral exporters: The Democratic Republic of the Congo, Burkina Faso, Guinea, Mali, Mauritania, Sierra Leone, Zambia.

Mixed exporters: Benin, Burundi, Kiribati, the Lao People’s Democratic Republic, Liberia, Madagascar, Mozam- bique, Myanmar, the Niger, Senegal, the Sudan, Togo, the United Republic of Tanzania.

Services exporters: Afghanistan, the Central African Republic, the Comoros, Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, the Gambia, Kiribati, Nepal, Rwanda, Sao Tome and Principe, Timor-Leste, Tuvalu, Uganda, Vanuatu.

* No merchandise exports data are available for South Sudan.

OTHER GROUPS OF COUNTRIES AND TERRITORIES

Product classification

Goods: The figures provided below are the codes of the Standard International Trade Classification (SITC), revision 3.

Primary commodities: Sections 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, division 68 and groups 667 and 971.

Agriculture and food: Sections 0, 1, 2, and 4, excluding divisions 27 and 28.

Minerals: Divisions 27, 28, 68, and groups 667 and 971.

Fuels: Section 3.

Manufactures: Sections 5, 6 (excluding division 68 and group 667), 7 and 8.

Labour-intensive and resource-intensive manufactures: Divisions 61, 63, 64, 65, 82, 83, 84, 85, 66 (excluding group 667).

Low-skill- and technology-intensive manufactures: Divisions 67, 69 and groups 785, 786, 791, 793, 895, 899.

Medium-skill- and technology-intensive manufactures: Divisions 62, 71, 72, 73, 74, 77 (excluding group 776), 81, and groups 781 to 784, 893, 894.

High-skill- and technology-intensive manufactures: Section 5, divisions 75, 76, 87, 88 and groups 776, 792, 891, 892, 896, 897.

Section 9 (Commodities and transactions not classified elsewhere in the SITC) has been included only in the total of exports of goods and services, but not in the goods classification above, except for group 971 (Gold, non- monetary (excluding gold ores and concentrates)), which has been included in Minerals.

Products

Trade data for energy products are grouped according to the categories below. The figures provided are the codes of the Standard International Trade Classification (SITC), revision 3.

Coal: Coke, coal and briquettes: Division 32.

Crude oil: Petroleum oils and oils obtained from bituminous minerals, crude: Group 333.

Petroleum products: Petroleum oils or bituminous minerals (other than crude): Group 334, and Residual petroleum products, n.e.s., and related materials: Group 335.

Gas: Gas, natural and manufactured: Division 34.

Electricity: Electric current: Division 35.

Uranium: Uranium or thorium ores and concentrates: Group 286.

Services: Total services cover the following main categories: transport, travel, communications, construction,

insurance, financial services, computer and information services, royalties and licence fees, other business services,

personal, cultural, recreational and government services.

Explanatory notes

The term “dollars” ($) refers to United States dollars unless otherwise stated. The term “billion” signifies 1,000 million.

Annual rates of growth and changes refer to compound rates. Exports are valued f.o.b. (free on board) and imports c.i.f. (cost, insurance, freight) unless otherwise specified.

Use of a dash (–) between dates representing years, e.g. 1981–1990, signifies the full period involved, including the initial and final years. An oblique stroke (/) between two years, e.g. 1991/92, signifies a fiscal or crop year.

Two dots (..) indicate that the data are not available, or are not separately reported.

A hyphen (-) indicates that the amount is nil or negligible.

Details and percentages do not necessarily add up to totals, because of rounding.

1. Development indicators

Country

GNI per capita (current

dollars)

Income level

Human Development Index (HDI)

Multi-dimensional Poverty Index (MPI)

Value Rank Annual

average growth

Value

2016 2015 2000–

2010 2010–

2015 2015

Afghanistan 575 Low income 0.48 169 2.95 1.08 0.29

Angola 3 435 Lower middle income 0.53 150 2.38 1.49 ..

Bangladesh 1 327 Lower middle income 0.58 139 1.54 1.21 0.19

Benin 822 Low income 0.49 167 1.40 1.32 0.34

Bhutan 2 507 Lower middle income 0.61 132 .. 1.19 0.13

Burkina Faso 640 Low income 0.40 185 .. 1.27 0.51

Burundi 279 Low income 0.40 184 3.67 0.97 0.44

Cambodia 1 138 Lower middle income 0.56 143 2.61 1.09 0.15

Central African Republic 375 Low income 0.35 188 1.41 -0.47 0.42

Chad 717 Low income 0.40 186 2.13 1.37 0.54

Comoros 764 Low income 0.50 160 .. 0.78 0.17

Democratic Republic of the Congo 415 Low income 0.44 176 1.89 1.79 0.37

Djibouti 1 782

Lower middle income 0.47 172 2.19 0.98 0.13

Equatorial Guinea 6 545 Upper middle income 0.59 135 0.96 0.44 ..

Eritrea 761

Low income 0.42 179 .. 0.74 ..

Ethiopia 659 Low income 0.45 174 3.79 1.71 0.54

Gambia 439 Low income 0.45 173 1.40 0.46 0.29

Guinea 491 Low income 0.41 183 1.80 1.45 0.43

Guinea-Bissau 622 Low income 0.42 178 .. 0.67 0.49

Haiti 783 Low income 0.49 163 0.60 0.96 0.24

Kiribati 2 378 Lower middle income 0.59 137 .. 0.10 ..

Lao People's Democratic Republic 2 151 Lower middle income 0.59 138 1.59 1.59 0.19

Lesotho 1 208 Lower middle income 0.50 160 0.56 1.20 0.23

Liberia 373 Low income 0.43 177 0.51 1.00 0.36

Madagascar 397 Low income 0.51 158 1.01 0.33 0.42

Malawi 322 Low income 0.48 170 1.40 1.38 0.27

Mali 753 Low income 0.44 175 3.14 1.82 0.46

Mauritania 1 117 Lower middle income 0.51 157 0.94 1.04 0.29

Mozambique 478 Low income 0.42 181 2.90 1.03 0.39

Myanmar 1 180

Lower middle income 0.56 145 2.12 1.10 ..

Nepal 727 Low income 0.56 144 1.73 1.07 0.12

Niger 373 Low income 0.35 187 2.41 1.76 0.58

Rwanda 704 Low income 0.50 159 3.39 1.40 0.25

Sao Tome and Principe 1 731 Lower middle income 0.57 142 0.94 1.00 0.22

Senegal 950 Low income 0.49 162 1.80 1.65 0.28

Sierra Leone 488 Low income 0.42 179 2.65 1.39 0.41

Solomon Islands 1 883 Lower middle income 0.51 156 1.19 0.71 ..

Somalia 101

Low income .. .. .. .. 0.50

South Sudan 793

Low income 0.42 181 .. -0.49 0.55

Sudan 2 144 Lower middle income 0.49 165 1.49 1.15 0.29

Timor-Leste 2 135

Lower middle income 0.61 133 2.57 -0.03 0.32

Togo 537 Low income 0.49 166 0.69 1.32 0.24

Tuvalu 5 094 Upper middle income .. .. .. .. ..

Uganda 658 Low income 0.49 163 1.88 0.66 0.36

United Republic of Tanzania 873 Low income 0.53 151 2.45 1.27 0.33

Vanuatu 2 843

Lower middle income 0.60 134 .. 0.20 0.13

Yemen 1 043 Lower middle income 0.48 168 1.06 -0.44 0.20

Zambia 1 304 Lower middle income 0.58 139 2.50 1.30 0.26

LDCs 957 0.508 - 1.90 1.08 0.33

Source: World Bank, WDI database (accessed august 2017); United Nations, Undata National account main aggregatesdatabase (accessed september 2017); UNDP, Human development Report 2016 (accessed September 2017); World Bank Economies Income classification (accessed September 2017).

Notes:

GNI current $ Atlas method , World Bank, WDI database (accessed August 2017);

b HDI: below 0.550: Low human development ; between 0.550 and 0.699: Medium human development . See Technical notes 1 at http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/

files/hdr2016_technical_notes.pdf.

c MPI : higher values indicate population multidimentionally poor. See Technical notes 5 at http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr2016_technical_notes.pdf.

d GNI current dollars, average 2013-2015 for Djibouti, Eritrea, Somalia and Vanuatu. Source: Undata, National accounts main aggregates database (accessed

September 2017).

e 2015 data for Myanmar, South Sudan and Timo-Leste. Source: World Bank, WDI database (accessed August 2017).

2. Committee for Development Policy (CDP) reviews: 2009, 2012 and 2015 Country

Economic Vulnerability

Index

(EVI)

Human Assets Index

(HAI)

Economic Vulnerability

Index

(EVI)

Human Assets Index

(HAI)

Economic Vulnerability

Index

(EVI)

Human Assets Index

(HAI)

CDP 2009 review CDP 2012 review CDP 2015 review

Afghanistan 39.5 15.2 38.8 22.5 35.1 43.1

Angola 49.8 26.0 51.3 31.6 39.7 41.9

Bangladesh 23.2 53.3 32.4 54.7 25.1 63.8

Benin 42.5 41.1 36.2 41.1 31.2 50.1

Bhutan 52.9 58.6 44.2 59.0 40.2 67.9

Burkina Faso 43.8 33.2 37.5 29.2 39.5 36.5

Burundi 56.8 22.1 57.2 20.8 49.9 41.0

Cambodia 55.6 57.8 50.5 57.9 38.3 67.2

Central African Republic 45.1 27.2 35.7 21.6 33.5 22.9

Chad 53.5 20.0 52.8 18.1 46.0 24.4

Comoros 56.9 48.2 49.9 45.3 45.8 54.2

Democratic Reublic of the Congo 49.3 22.6 35.4 21.7 30.3 29.9

Djibouti 51.2 44.5 46.3 42.4 37.7 54.6

Equatorial Guinea 60.5 49.5 43.7 43.0 39.3 54.8

Eritrea 55.5 36.2 59.0 35.6 56.8 41.2

Ethiopia 32.0 28.4 33.5 28.2 31.8 39.2

Gambia 56.3 42.6 67.8 49.2 70.7 62.1

Guinea 27.9 37.4 28.6 36.8 24.9 38.7

Guinea-Bissau 60.5 33.8 60.5 34.2 53.6 44.8

Haiti 52.2 39.8 47.3 35.6 34.1 39.3

Kiribati 75.3 87.6 82.0 86.9 71.5 86.3

Lao People's Democratic Republic 59.9 62.3 37.1 61.4 36.2 60.8

Lesotho 49.9 61.9 45.9 62.1 42.9 62.9

Liberia 65.5 30.6 61.0 38.5 57.9 46.2

Madagascar 37.2 45.5 38.0 52.5 36.7 53.5

Malawi 55.9 46.2 51.9 44.1 41.1 53.7

Mali 42.3 32.6 36.8 30.2 33.3 45.5

Mauritania 47.1 54.6 44.2 47.1 41.2 49.5

Mozambique 48.7 27.5 44.4 30.7 38.1 41.7

Myanmar 37.4 66.0 45.0 68.8 33.7 72.7

Nepal 33.6 58.3 27.8 59.8 26.8 68.7

Niger 45.8 22.8 38.6 24.3 37.6 34.7

Rwanda 55.0 33.0 47.3 42.2 40.7 51.5

Sao Tome and Principe 55.0 72.1 46.1 74.9 39.2 77.4

Senegal 37.6 40.7 36.1 47.0 33.0 55.9

Sierra Leone 50.7 20.4 48.5 24.8 48.9 34.8

Solomon Islands 58.0 64.1 55.2 65.1 50.8 71.7

Somalia 62.6 9.4 50.1 1.4 36.3 7.8

South Sudan .. .. .. .. 56.0 29.1

Sudan 52.9 51.4 44.4 52.6 49.9 56.6

Timor-Leste 56.7 54.0 53.3 48.1 55.0 57.4

Togo 42.8 42.6 35.4 45.5 33.6 58.7

Tuvalu 79.7 88.4 63.9 88.1 54.0 88.8

Uganda 51.9 51.3 36.2 45.8 31.8 53.6

United Republic of Tanzania 31.0 40.6 28.7 40.1 28.8 52

Vanuatu 62.3 72.3 46.8 77.7 47.7 81.3

Yemen 44.9 52.1 38.5 52.3 35.4 59.8

Zambia 52.8 40.7 53.0 36.9 45.6 40.8

LDCs^c 42.1 43.0 41.0 43.5 35.1 52.4

Source: United Nations Committee for Development Policy (CDP) database: 2009, 2012 and 2015 review.

Notes.

b HAI: lower values indicate weaker human asset development. See explanotory notes at http://www.un.org/en/development/desa/policy/cdp/cdp_

publications/2008cdphandbook.pdf.

c Total LDCs: weighted average by GDP current value (UNCTADstat database, accessed November 2017).

3. Indicators on area and population, 2016

Area Population

Country Land area^a

Per cent of arable land and land under permanent

crops

Per cent of land area covered by

forest

Density Urban

Poverty:

population below

$1.90-a-day^b Thousand square

kilometers

Population per square kilometer of land area

Per cent

Afghanistan 652.9 12.1 2.1 53.1 25.6 ..

Angola 1 246.7 4.2 46.6 23.1 36.6 30.1

Bangladesh 130.2 65.4 11.0

1

251.8 34.9 18.5

Benin 112.8 28.4 39.1 96.4 45.6 49.5

Bhutan 38.1 3.0 71.8 20.9 38.8 2.2

Burkina Faso 273.6 23.0 20.0 68.2 30.3 43.7

Burundi 25.7 60.4 10.4 409.8 13.1 73.7

Cambodia 176.5 24.4 55.0 89.3 21.2 ..

Central African Republic 623.0 3.0 35.6 7.4 43.0 66.3

Chad 1 259.2 3.9 4.1 11.5 21.9 38.4

Comoros 1.9 63.4 20.3 427.5 28.1 17.7

Democratic Republic of the Congo 2 267.1 3.5 67.6 34.7 40.0 77.1

Djibouti 23.2 0.1 0.2 40.7 75.0 22.5

Equatorial Guinea 28.1 6.4 56.7 43.5 27.0 ..

Eritrea 101.0 6.9 15.0 49.1 32.3 ..

Ethiopia 1 000.0 16.3 12.4 102.4 19.7 33.5

Gambia 10.1 44.0 47.9 201.4 60.1 ..

Guinea 245.7 15.5 26.2 50.4 38.4 35.3

Guinea-Bissau 28.1 19.6 70.8 64.6 50.5 67.1

Haiti 27.6 49.0 3.6 393.6 59.2 24.9

Kiribati 0.8 42.0 15.0 141.2 41.6 ..

Lao People's Democratic Republic 230.8 7.2 79.6 29.3 41.9 22.7

Lesotho 30.4 8.3 1.5 72.6 27.1 59.7

Liberia 96.3 7.3 44.0 47.9 50.1 38.6

Madagascar 581.8 7.1 21.5 42.8 35.8 77.8

Malawi 94.3 41.8 33.8 191.9 16.2 70.9

Mali 1 220.2 5.4 4.0 14.7 37.9 49.3

Mauritania 1 030.7 0.4 0.2 4.2 58.7 5.9

Mozambique 786.4 7.6 48.8 36.7 31.3 68.7

Myanmar 653.1 18.8 46.1 81.0 35.8 6.5

Nepal 143.4 16.2 25.4 202.2 18.8 15.0

Niger 1 266.7 12.6 0.9 16.3 18.4 45.5

Rwanda 24.7 58.1 18.9 483.1 31.9 60.4

Sao Tome and Principe 1.0 49.7 55.8 208.2 68.2 32.3

Senegal 192.5 17.2 43.4 80.0 44.0 38.0

Sierra Leone 72.2 24.2 40.4 102.5 35.1 52.3

Solomon Islands 28.0 3.6 78.5 21.4 22.7 25.1

Somalia 627.3 1.8 10.4 22.8 32.0 ..

South Sudan 619.7 4.5 11.5 19.7 19.5 42.7

Sudan 1 861.5 9.3 10.5 21.3 34.8 14.9

Timor-Leste 14.9 15.5 47.6 85.3 31.4 43.5

Togo 54.4 51.8 4.2 139.8 39.1 49.1

Tuvalu 0.0 60.0 33.3 369.9 54.3 3.3

Uganda 200.5 45.4 11.7 206.9 16.4 34.6

United Republic of Tanzania 885.8 17.7 52.8 62.7 31.3 49.1

Vanuatu 12.2 11.9 36.1 22.2 26.4 13.1

Yemen 528.0 2.9 1.0 52.2 33.3 18.8

Zambia 743.4 5.0 65.9 22.3 40.0 57.5

LDCs 20 272.1 9.4 27.4 48.4 31.3 37.4

African and Haiti

17 660.5 8.6 27.2 36.6 30.9 47.6

Asian LDCs

2 552.9 15.1 26.6 129.4 32.0 15.9

Island LDCs

61.5 11.5 58.7 55.5 31.3 20.9

ODCs 56 297.4 14.1 28.3 91.0 52.3 10.2

Sources: FAO, FAOSTAT (accessed october 2017); United Nations/DESA/Population Division; World Bank, WDI database (accessed november 2017).

Notes:

4. Real GDP growth, 2002–2017, selected years (Annual average growth rates, per cent)

Country 2002–2008 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

2017

Afghanistan 7.4 14.0 5.7 2.7 1.3 2.4 2.5

Angola 16.2 5.2 6.8 4.8 3.0 -0.7 1.5

Bangladesh 6.3 6.3 6.0 6.3 6.8 7.2 7.1

Benin 4.0 4.8 7.2 6.4 2.1 4.0 5.4

Bhutan 8.4 6.4 3.6 4.0 6.1 6.2 5.9

Burkina Faso 6.2 6.5 5.7 4.2 4.0 5.9 6.4

Burundi 4.2 4.4 5.9 4.5 -4.0 -1.0 0.0

Cambodia 10.4 7.3 7.4 7.1 7.2 7.0 6.9

Central African Republic 2.3 4.1 -36.7 1.0 4.8 4.5 4.7

Chad 9.9 8.8 5.8 6.9 1.8 -6.4 0.6

Comoros 1.6 3.0 3.5 2.0 1.0 2.2 3.3

Democratic Republic of the Congo 6.0 7.1 8.5 9.5 6.9 2.4 2.8

Djibouti 4.1 4.8 5.0 6.0 6.5 6.5 7.0

Equatorial Guinea 14.3 8.3 -4.1 -0.7 -9.1 -9.7 -7.4

Eritrea -0.9 7.0 3.1 5.0 4.8 3.7 3.3

Ethiopia 10.3 8.7 9.9 10.3 10.4 8.0 8.5

The Gambia 3.3 5.6 4.8 0.9 4.3 2.2 3.0

Guinea 3.3 5.9 3.9 3.7 3.5 6.6 6.7

Guinea-Bissau 2.9 -1.7 3.3 1.0 5.1 5.1 5.0

Haiti 0.9 2.9 4.2 2.8 1.2 1.4 1.0

Kiribati 0.9 5.1 5.0 0.4 7.5 4.2 2.8

Lao People’s Democratic Republic 7.6 7.8 8.0 7.6 7.3 7.0 6.9

Lesotho 3.9 5.3 3.6 3.4 2.5 2.4 4.6

Liberia 2.8 8.2 8.7 0.7 0.0 -1.6 2.6

Madagascar 6.1 3.0 2.3 3.3 3.1 4.2 4.3

Malawi 5.8 1.9 5.2 5.7 3.0 2.3 4.5

Mali 4.8 -0.8 2.3 7.0 6.0 5.8 5.3

Mauritania 8.1 5.8 6.1 5.6 0.9 1.7 3.8

Mozambique 8.1 7.2 7.1 7.4 6.6 3.8 4.7

Myanmar 12.1 7.3 8.4 8.0 7.0 6.1 7.2

Nepal 4.0 4.8 4.1 6.0 3.3 0.4 7.5

Niger 5.2 11.9 5.3 7.5 4.0 5.0 4.2

Rwanda 8.1 8.8 4.7 7.6 8.9 5.9 6.2

Sao Tome and Principe 5.8 4.5 4.3 4.1 4.0 4.1 5.0

Senegal 4.8 4.5 3.6 4.1 6.5 6.7 6.8

Sierra Leone 6.1 15.2 20.7 4.6 -20.5 6.1 6.0

Solomon Islands 7.6 4.6 3.0 2.3 2.5 3.3 3.0

Somalia .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

Sudan 5.9 -3.0 5.2 1.6 4.9 3.1 3.7

South Sudan .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

Timor-Leste 3.4 5.0 2.7 4.3 4.0 5.0 4.0

Togo 2.7 5.9 6.1 5.4 5.3 5.0 5.0

Tuvalu 1.0 -3.8 4.6 1.3 9.1 3.0 3.2

Uganda 7.9 2.2 4.7 4.6 5.7 2.3 4.4

United Republic of Tanzania 6.5 5.1 7.3 7.0 7.0 7.0 6.5

Vanuatu 5.7 1.8 2.0 2.3 1.6 4.0 4.5

Yemen 4.0 2.4 4.8 -0.2 -28.1 -9.8 -2.0

Zambia 7.6 7.6 5.1 4.7 2.9 3.4 4.0

LDCs 7.5 5.4 5.8 5.5 3.9 3.8 5.0

African LDCs and Haiti

8.0 4.8 5.7 5.4 4.3 2.9 4.1

Asian LDCs

6.7 6.5 6.2 5.7 3.1 5.3 6.4

Island LDCs

4.0 4.3 2.8 3.5 3.4 4.4 3.9

ODCs 6.9 5.0 5.0 4.6 4.2 3.9 4.3

Developed economies 2.3 1.1 1.2 2.0 2.3 1.6 2.1

Sources: UNCTAD secretariat calculations based on data from IMF, World Economic Outlook database (accessed November 2017).

Notes: a Data for 2016 are preliminary, and are forecasted for 2017. b Sudan include South Sudan until 2012.

5. Real GDP per capita growth, 2002–2017, selected years (Annual average growth rates, per cent)

Country 2002–2008 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

2017

Afghanistan 4.0 11.2 3.2 0.3 -1.0 -1.9 -7.0

Angola 12.9 2.1 3.7 1.8 0.0 -3.6 -1.5

Bangladesh 4.9 5.0 4.8 5.2 5.7 6.1 6.0

Benin 0.7 2.0 4.4 3.6 -0.4 1.5 2.9

Bhutan 5.8 4.6 1.9 2.3 4.4 4.6 4.2

Burkina Faso 3.0 3.3 2.6 1.2 1.1 4.1 3.5

Burundi 2.3 2.0 3.5 2.0 -6.2 -3.4 -2.3

Cambodia 8.7 5.4 5.9 5.5 5.6 5.5 5.4

Central African Republic 0.5 2.1 -37.9 -0.9 2.8 2.5 2.8

Chad 6.4 6.2 3.2 4.3 -0.7 -8.7 -2.1

Comoros -0.7 -0.1 0.5 -0.9 -1.9 -0.8 0.3

Democratic Republic of the Congo 3.0 4.0 5.3 6.3 3.8 -0.6 -0.2

Djibouti 1.2 2.0 2.1 3.2 3.5 3.6 4.2

Equatorial Guinea 11.0 5.4 -6.8 -3.4 -11.5 -12.1 -9.8

Eritrea -4.1 3.6 -0.2 1.6 1.4 0.4 0.0

Ethiopia 7.2 7.0 8.2 8.6 8.7 6.3 6.8

The Gambia 0.0 2.2 1.4 -2.3 1.0 -1.1 -0.3

Guinea 1.1 3.2 1.3 1.1 1.0 4.0 4.1

Guinea-Bissau 0.7 -3.8 1.0 -1.2 2.9 2.8 2.8

Haiti -0.6 1.4 2.8 1.4 -0.1 0.2 -0.2

Kiribati -1.2 3.1 4.0 -1.4 6.6 2.3 0.1

Lao People’s Democratic Republic 5.9 6.3 6.5 6.1 5.6 5.5 5.4

Lesotho 3.7 5.0 3.3 3.2 2.3 2.1 4.4

Liberia 1.3 5.5 5.9 -1.9 -2.5 -3.9 0.2

Madagascar 3.0 0.2 -0.6 0.5 0.3 1.3 1.5

Malawi 3.2 -1.0 2.3 2.7 0.1 -0.6 1.6

Mali 1.4 -3.7 -0.7 3.6 2.6 2.4 1.9

Mauritania 6.5 3.2 3.6 3.1 -1.4 -0.6 1.4

Mozambique 5.0 4.2 4.2 4.5 3.7 1.1 2.0

Myanmar 11.4 6.4 7.5 7.1 6.1 5.3 6.4

Nepal 2.8 3.6 2.9 4.7 2.1 -0.8 6.2

Niger 1.4 8.5 2.1 4.3 0.8 1.9 1.1

Rwanda 6.0 5.7 2.3 5.1 6.0 3.8 3.5

Sao Tome and Principe 3.1 1.7 1.6 1.5 1.4 1.6 2.5

Senegal 2.0 1.3 0.4 0.9 3.3 3.5 3.6

Sierra Leone 2.4 13.0 18.2 2.4 -21.6 4.1 4.1

Solomon Islands 5.0 2.3 0.8 -0.1 0.3 1.0 0.8

Somalia .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

Sudan 3.2 -9.6 2.0 -1.5 1.8 0.0 0.7

South Sudan .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

Timor-Leste 1.4 2.7 0.2 1.6 1.7 2.7 1.7

Togo -0.4 3.1 3.3 2.6 2.5 2.2 2.2

Tuvalu -0.9 -3.8 4.6 1.3 9.1 3.0 3.2

Uganda 4.3 -0.9 1.7 1.6 2.6 -0.7 1.4

United Republic of Tanzania 3.5 2.7 5.2 4.9 4.9 4.9 4.4

Vanuatu 3.3 -0.7 -0.4 0.0 -0.7 1.7 2.3

Yemen 0.8 -0.6 1.8 -3.1 -30.2 -12.4 -4.8

Zambia 4.7 4.4 1.9 1.5 -0.2 0.3 0.8

LDCs 5.0 3.0 3.6 3.2 1.7 1.6 2.5

African LDCs and Haiti

5.0 1.8 3.0 2.7 1.7 0.3 1.4

Asian LDCs

5.2 4.9 4.7 4.3 1.8 3.7 4.2

Island LDCs

1.8 1.8 0.4 0.9 1.0 1.9 1.4

ODCs 5.5 3.7 3.7 3.3 3.0 2.6 3.0

Developed economies 1.8 0.7 0.8 1.5 1.8 1.1 1.7

Sources: Same as for table 4.

6. Gross fixed capital formation, gross domestic savings and external resource gap in LDCs, 2002–2015, selected years

(Per cent of real GDP)

Country Gross fixed capital formation Gross domestic savings External resource gap

2002–

2008 2012 2013 2014 2015 2002–

2008 2012 2013 2014 2015 2002–

2008 2012 2013 2014 2015

Afghanistan 19.3 15.9 14.2 10.7 11.7 -19.2 -27.9 -19.9 -28.0 -27.9 -38.4 -43.8 -34.1 -38.8 -39.6

Angola 26.9 28.6 27.7 27.5 12.9 52.1 52.4 48.9 50.1 34.8 25.2 23.8 21.2 22.6 21.9

Bangladesh 24.3 29.0 28.8 29.9 30.0 19.9 27.3 27.8 29.1 29.4 -4.3 -1.7 -1.0 -0.8 -0.6

Benin 21.2 23.1 30.7 27.8 28.2 10.6 10.7 12.9 15.3 16.4 -10.6 -12.4 -17.8 -12.5 -11.8

Bhutan 50.6 66.8 42.5 57.0 55.1 37.9 40.6 38.4 33.5 32.4 -12.7 -26.1 -4.0 -23.4 -22.8

Burkina Faso 18.9 34.7 36.0 30.0 30.5 8.4 16.2 15.8 17.5 14.9 -10.5 -18.5 -20.1 -12.5 -15.5

Burundi 17.1 22.5 22.1 21.6 15.6 -5.3 -4.7 -11.2 -11.0 -35.3 -22.4 -27.2 -33.3 -32.7 -50.9

Cambodia 19.4 21.6 23.2 23.6 22.8 11.5 7.6 9.1 11.4 13.5 -7.9 -14.0 -14.1 -12.2 -9.3

Central African Republic 9.8 10.0 5.5 6.5 9.0 4.5 5.8 -1.5 -11.6 -11.3 -5.3 -4.2 -7.0 -18.1 -20.3

Chad 23.6 25.4 25.4 24.0 24.0 17.4 17.2 13.1 15.6 15.6 -6.2 -8.2 -12.2 -8.4 -8.4

Comoros 14.7 15.2 14.5 14.0 14.0 9.6 5.7 3.5 5.6 5.4 -5.1 -9.5 -11.0 -8.4 -8.6

Dem. Rep. of the Congo 12.6 36.2 33.2 31.9 27.3 13.2 14.6 12.3 14.0 14.8 0.6 -21.6 -20.8 -17.9 -12.5

Djibouti 21.1 19.6 28.2 30.7 41.4 -4.3 -30.0 -15.1 -14.3 -2.2 -25.4 -49.5 -43.3 -45.0 -43.6

Equatorial Guinea 23.1 41.5 26.4 25.9 44.2 71.5 66.9 58.2 58.9 72.7 48.4 25.4 31.8 33.0 28.4

Eritrea 14.4 8.2 7.8 7.3 7.3 -12.8 20.7 17.6 20.4 13.4 -27.2 12.5 9.8 13.0 6.1

Ethiopia 25.4 56.0 58.0 66.4 74.3 12.0 17.2 17.5 20.8 25.1 -13.3 -38.8 -40.5 -45.6 -49.2

Gambia 33.2 23.0 21.4 21.2 21.1 9.4 8.1 7.7 -2.3 -1.2 -23.9 -14.9 -13.7 -23.5 -22.3

Guinea 20.6 37.1 31.3 14.2 15.6 7.8 -0.3 -7.1 -18.2 -13.3 -12.8 -37.4 -38.4 -32.4 -28.9

Guinea-Bissau 7.5 8.3 7.1 7.9 7.9 -5.7 -0.6 1.8 1.2 -3.1 -13.2 -8.8 -5.3 -6.7 -10.9

Haiti 27.4 29.7 30.2 30.0 30.4 0.5 -1.1 0.4 0.8 1.4 -26.9 -30.8 -29.8 -29.2 -29.1

Kiribati 43.4 42.7 42.8 42.4 43.7 -39.3 -37.1 -37.3 -36.2 -40.2 -82.6 -79.8 -80.1 -78.6 -83.9

Lao People's Dem. Republic 39.3 47.1 43.7 45.1 47.5 24.0 31.5 30.0 30.5 29.9 -15.3 -15.6 -13.7 -14.6 -17.6

Lesotho 26.3 32.5 37.8 31.5 34.7 -45.7 -42.4 -33.0 -34.8 -29.0 -72.0 -74.9 -70.8 -66.3 -63.7

Liberia 18.2 25.4 19.5 19.5 20.0 -34.5 -31.8 -32.4 -50.5 -36.7 -52.7 -57.2 -51.8 -70.0 -56.6

Madagascar 25.7 31.0 29.5 28.9 27.5 6.4 9.3 10.6 13.2 14.3 -19.3 -21.7 -18.9 -15.6 -13.2

Malawi 16.1 7.9 8.7 8.5 9.8 -1.1 -1.3 11.5 10.5 5.7 -17.3 -9.2 2.8 2.0 -4.1

Mali 20.0 14.0 16.5 16.3 16.8 12.7 11.0 11.5 9.5 7.2 -7.4 -3.0 -5.0 -6.8 -9.6

Mauritania 35.5 78.7 61.1 66.7 53.5 10.4 5.6 7.3 11.7 11.2 -25.1 -73.1 -53.8 -55.1 -42.3

Mozambique 14.3 35.5 50.7 58.5 41.2 3.0 6.4 5.9 8.4 8.9 -11.3 -29.0 -44.9 -50.1 -32.3

Myanmar 13.6 33.0 34.8 36.7 39.4 14.4 20.1 17.5 18.4 20.2 0.8 -12.9 -17.3 -18.2 -19.2

Nepal 20.9 19.3 21.6 22.7 26.4 11.4 4.4 6.8 7.8 7.2 -9.4 -14.9 -14.8 -14.9 -19.2

Niger 21.6 32.6 33.1 34.5 35.5 9.9 16.6 17.5 17.2 14.2 -11.7 -16.0 -15.6 -17.3 -21.2

Rwanda 17.6 26.4 27.0 27.6 28.2 2.1 5.2 6.6 7.3 5.0 -15.5 -21.1 -20.4 -20.3 -23.2

Sao Tome and Principe 26.4 22.3 18.5 15.6 19.9 -18.7 -30.8 -38.5 -41.4 -23.0 -45.1 -53.1 -57.0 -57.0 -42.9

Senegal 24.7 26.4 30.1 31.1 31.0 7.2 7.6 8.7 8.1 9.1 -17.5 -18.9 -21.4 -23.0 -21.9

Sierra Leone 9.6 26.7 18.7 16.7 16.9 -2.2 -0.9 7.4 8.7 -5.9 -11.8 -27.6 -11.3 -7.9 -22.9

Solomon Islands 13.3 13.3 18.1 13.5 13.9 -4.9 17.4 18.2 12.7 13.0 -18.2 4.0 0.2 -0.8 -0.9

Somalia 21.0 20.8 20.7 20.5 20.5 19.7 19.4 19.4 20.3 20.4 -1.3 -1.3 -1.3 -0.2 -0.1

South Sudan .. 8.8 9.4 7.7 6.2 .. -1.0 14.7 24.4 25.6 .. -9.8 5.3 16.8 19.4

Sudan a 17.2 19.2 19.3 19.2 19.2 16.1 7.7 8.6 8.2 8.2 -1.1 -11.4 -10.8 -11.0 -11.1

Timor-Leste b 4.9 15.1 12.6 19.2 15.6 60.3 60.5 60.2 42.0 54.2 55.4 45.5 47.6 22.8 38.6

Togo 16.1 31.9 31.3 31.7 31.7 -8.8 10.2 -7.1 -5.0 -0.6 -24.9 -21.7 -38.4 -36.7 -32.3

Tuvalu 62.6 48.8 49.7 48.2 48.5 -2.8 2.1 -0.1 -1.3 -1.7 -65.4 -46.7 -49.8 -49.5 -50.2

Uganda 26.9 32.0 31.2 30.2 30.5 15.0 20.8 21.8 18.1 17.3 -11.9 -11.2 -9.5 -12.1 -13.2

United Republic of Tanzania 27.7 36.0 35.0 37.4 39.0 24.7 25.1 22.9 25.6 29.7 -2.9 -10.9 -12.1 -11.8 -9.3

Vanuatu 27.5 26.4 30.3 32.3 29.7 21.0 25.0 24.2 23.8 24.3 -6.5 -1.4 -6.1 -8.6 -5.4

Yemen 18.1 23.6 23.4 25.0 5.5 26.7 27.1 25.0 18.0 8.6 8.6 3.4 1.6 -7.0 3.1

Zambia 27.6 23.7 25.6 26.4 42.2 17.1 9.5 10.9 14.2 9.7 -10.5 -14.2 -14.7 -12.2 -32.5

LDCs 22.1 29.4 29.4 30.2 29.2 19.8 21.0 20.5 20.8 19.6 -2.3 -8.3 -8.8 -9.4 -9.7

African LDCs and Haiti ^{22.3 30.5 30.4 31.1 29.8 20.9 21.3 20.4 21.3 19.1 -1.4 -9.1 -10.0 -9.8 -10.6}

Asian LDCs ^{21.8 27.7 27.7 28.8 28.5 17.3 19.9 20.3 19.9 20.2 -4.6 -7.8 -7.4 -8.8 -8.3}

Islands LDCs ^{12.7 16.8 16.3 19.2 17.5 31.6 38.4 35.0 21.6 27.8 18.9 21.6 18.7 2.4 10.2}

ODCs 26.6 31.4 31.7 31.7 31.6 32.5 34.3 34.3 34.4 34.6 5.9 2.9 2.6 2.7 2.9

Source: UNCTAD, UNCTADstat database (accessed October 2017).

Notes: a Sudan includes South Sudan until 2011; b Timor-Leste average 2003–2008.

7. Share of value added in main economic sectors in LDCs, 1990–2015, selected years

(Per cent of GDP)

Country

Agriculture, hunting,

forestry, fishing Industry Services

Manufacturing Non-manufacturing

1990 2000 2010 2015 1990 2000 2010 2015 1990 2000 2010 2015 1990 2000 2010 2015

Afghanistan 35.7 57.0 29.6 23.3 3.5 6.4 8.9 11.4 20.2 16.8 13.0 12.0 40.6 19.8 48.5 53.3

Angola 18.0 5.7 6.2 6.8 36.0 70.2 47.6 46.6 5.0 2.9 4.5 4.6 41.0 21.2 41.7 42.0

Bangladesh 31.5 25.5 17.8 15.5 8.0 10.1 9.3 10.5 13.4 15.2 16.9 17.6 47.2 49.2 56.0 56.3

Benin 35.4 25.5 25.4 23.2 5.2 8.0 9.3 9.3 7.5 23.4 15.4 15.7 51.9 43.1 49.9 51.9

Bhutan 37.1 27.4 17.5 17.2 18.0 27.6 35.5 35.0 8.2 8.4 9.1 8.9 36.7 36.6 37.9 38.8

Burkina Faso 28.8 32.8 35.1 34.5 6.7 8.4 12.9 15.0 14.3 13.2 7.4 6.7 50.3 45.6 44.7 43.7

Burundi 52.4 40.5 40.7 36.3 4.3 5.7 5.4 4.8 16.8 13.2 10.8 9.1 26.5 40.7 43.0 49.8

Cambodia 50.1 37.8 36.0 28.2 4.4 6.2 7.6 12.4 7.3 16.9 15.6 17.0 38.2 39.1 40.7 42.3

Central African Republic 36.0 41.4 41.2 34.9 7.4 8.0 5.5 4.6 18.9 10.9 18.6 20.2 37.7 39.7 34.8 40.4

Chad 27.3 33.4 35.9 25.4 7.9 5.7 29.4 28.9 8.4 7.0 7.3 10.1 56.4 53.8 27.4 35.6

Comoros 38.4 34.3 32.5 30.7 5.6 2.9 2.6 2.3 4.0 1.2 1.5 1.6 52.0 61.6 63.3 65.3

Democratic Republic of the Congo 31.0 32.3 22.4 19.9 17.7 12.6 23.5 27.0 11.3 10.0 17.0 17.3 40.0 45.1 37.0 35.9

Djibouti 3.1 3.5 3.6 3.3 18.4 12.6 15.6 19.1 3.6 2.6 3.4 2.3 74.9 81.3 77.4 75.3

Equatorial Guinea 14.2 5.8 1.1 1.2 12.6 60.0 53.4 54.4 3.2 11.2 20.9 18.7 70.0 23.1 24.6 25.7

Eritrea .. 15.1 19.1 17.2 .. 11.8 17.1 17.4 .. 11.2 6.0 6.0 .. 61.9 57.8 59.3

Ethiopia^a 41.1 47.8 45.3 40.5 5.3 6.6 6.2 12.0 11.1 5.8 4.2 4.0 42.5 39.8 44.3 43.5

Gambia 17.8 23.8 30.7 21.1 5.6 7.8 8.1 9.7 8.2 6.6 5.0 5.1 68.4 61.7 56.3 64.0

Guinea 19.7 22.7 18.6 19.8 30.6 29.7 23.0 22.0 3.0 3.0 11.3 10.8 46.7 44.6 47.1 47.4

Guinea-Bissau 44.6 43.3 46.2 45.0 14.3 0.8 1.8 1.7 3.9 13.9 11.6 12.7 37.2 41.9 40.3 40.5

Haiti 30.9 23.5 21.0 16.7 9.7 22.0 25.1 28.4 14.2 10.0 8.6 9.8 45.2 44.6 45.4 45.1

Kiribati 24.8 23.6 24.6 24.1 4.4 9.4 4.6 8.8 9.6 4.8 5.8 4.8 61.2 62.2 65.0 62.2

Lao People's Democratic Republic 45.1 43.5 29.7 23.6 8.4 11.0 18.8 24.3 4.0 7.8 10.1 8.5 42.5 37.8 41.4 43.6

Lesotho 18.6 11.9 8.3 7.7 9.4 16.8 17.3 20.9 9.6 13.6 13.8 10.4 62.4 57.7 60.5 61.0

Liberia 53.4 71.8 70.0 70.8 5.3 0.3 5.5 5.6 11.2 0.3 5.7 5.8 30.0 27.6 18.7 17.9

Madagascar 31.8 28.9 27.6 24.9 1.8 3.7 5.2 4.6 12.2 12.2 14.3 13.8 54.1 55.2 52.9 56.7

Malawi 46.0 41.4 31.9 26.1 8.8 4.6 5.7 7.2 21.8 14.9 10.7 9.4 23.4 39.1 51.7 57.3

Mali 40.3 34.9 34.9 39.9 4.2 9.2 9.2 5.8 12.3 14.5 16.1 13.8 43.2 41.3 39.7 40.5

Mauritania 45.8 35.9 21.3 20.9 15.4 16.3 33.4 33.5 7.7 11.1 7.5 8.2 31.1 36.7 37.8 37.4

Mozambique 37.1 22.8 28.9 24.6 2.5 6.1 7.5 11.3 16.0 16.8 11.1 9.8 44.5 54.2 52.5 54.4

Myanmar 57.3 57.2 36.9 26.7 2.8 2.5 6.6 13.9 7.8 7.2 19.9 20.7 32.2 33.1 36.7 38.7

Nepal 48.4 37.7 35.4 31.8 6.3 8.1 8.8 8.8 6.0 9.2 6.3 6.1 39.3 45.0 49.5 53.3

Niger 34.0 41.2 43.8 39.6 11.0 6.3 11.6 12.9 6.4 6.4 5.1 6.2 48.6 46.1 39.4 41.3

Rwanda 44.0 39.2 34.7 34.6 7.2 6.4 8.0 10.0 12.3 7.0 5.8 5.1 36.5 47.4 51.5 50.3

Sao Tome and Principe 27.6 20.0 11.8 12.3 10.2 9.8 9.3 8.4 7.7 7.6 8.9 6.4 54.5 62.6 70.1 73.0

Senegal 19.1 19.1 17.5 15.5 6.1 8.6 9.6 10.4 17.2 14.7 13.8 13.7 57.6 57.6 59.2 60.4

Sierra Leone 48.1 48.3 55.2 51.4 5.6 6.1 5.8 15.8 3.5 3.3 2.3 1.8 42.8 42.2 36.7 31.1

Solomon Islands 45.5 34.7 28.7 28.2 4.2 4.7 5.3 7.0 3.7 8.0 8.0 8.6 46.6 52.6 57.9 56.3

Somalia 69.3 60.2 60.2 60.2 4.0 4.9 4.9 4.9 2.0 2.5 2.5 2.5 24.7 32.5 32.5 32.5

South Sudan .. .. .. 4.6 .. .. .. 55.7 .. .. .. 2.3 .. .. .. 37.4

Sudan^b 41.4 37.1 34.6 32.4 6.1 11.7 14.7 11.5 6.0 5.7 8.2 8.5 46.5 45.6 42.5 47.6

Timor-Leste .. .. 4.5 5.2 .. .. 82.1 79.7 .. .. 0.2 0.2 .. .. 13.2 14.9

Togo 37.9 37.6 46.1 45.7 14.8 10.4 9.4 12.8 10.5 9.2 8.7 6.9 36.9 42.2 35.7 34.6

Tuvalu 25.6 19.4 27.6 26.0 13.0 7.0 4.6 6.5 1.5 0.8 1.1 1.1 59.8 72.8 66.7 66.4

Uganda 46.4 31.8 26.1 25.6 6.1 10.9 10.3 12.3 7.1 10.1 10.1 9.2 40.5 47.3 53.5 52.9

United Republic of Tanzania 29.7 31.5 31.7 31.0 6.6 9.0 14.1 20.2 10.0 8.2 7.3 5.7 53.7 51.2 46.9 43.1

Vanuatu 23.9 25.6 21.9 26.7 4.6 7.7 8.0 4.8 5.3 4.8 5.1 3.6 66.2 61.9 65.0 64.9

Yemen 22.0 12.2 12.0 14.7 15.3 36.8 29.9 28.4 7.2 5.3 8.5 8.5 52.7 45.7 49.5 48.4

Zambia 17.0 17.4 10.0 8.2 18.7 14.8 26.1 23.9 29.4 10.2 8.0 8.4 35.0 57.6 55.9 59.5

LDCs 33.5 29.7 23.8 21.7 11.3 15.6 19.3 20.1 10.8 10.3 11.0 11.1 44.2 44.4 45.9 47.1

African LDCs and Haiti 32.4 29.5 24.1 23.0 13.0 17.7 23.1 24.3 10.5 8.8 8.8 8.0 44.1 44.1 44.0 44.7

Asian LDCs 36.2 30.0 23.6 19.7 7.5 12.7 11.9 13.3 11.7 12.6 15.0 16.1 44.3 44.7 49.5 50.9

Islands LDCs 35.6 30.9 13.5 17.1 5.7 5.3 51.6 39.1 4.7 4.5 2.0 2.7 54.0 59.4 32.9 41.1

ODCs 13.7 9.4 8.7 8.6 18.6 21.4 17.9 15.6 18.7 15.4 21.3 20.7 48.9 53.8 52.0 55.1

Source: UNCTAD, UNCTADstat database (accessed November 2017).

8. Foreign direct investment inflows, by region and economy, 2002–2016, selected years (Millions of dollars)

Country 2002–2008 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

Afghanistan 148.3 26.8 47.2 36.7 163.1 99.6

Angola 9 481.2 15 077.7 14 345.9 16 543.2 16 176.4 14 363.6

Bangladesh 648.1 1 292.6 1 599.2 1 551.3 2 235.4 2 332.7

Benin 93.3 229.6 360.2 405.2 149.7 160.6

Bhutan 20.5 19.9 35.9 17.5 7.3 -12.5

Burkina Faso 82.2 329.3 490.3 355.9 231.8 308.7

Burundi 1.0 0.6 7.4 47.1 7.4 0.1

Cambodia 419.6 1 835.0 1 872.4 1 720.1 1 701.0 1 916.1

Central African Republic 35.8 70.0 1.9 3.5 3.0 31.2

Chad 267.2 579.8 520.2 -675.5 559.6 559.9

Comoros 2.2 10.4 4.2 4.7 5.1 8.0

Democratic Republic of the Congo 720.8 3 312.1 2 098.2 1 843.2 1 673.5 1 204.7

Djibouti 87.3 110.0 286.0 153.0 124.0 160.0

Equatorial Guinea 434.5 985.3 582.9 167.9 233.3 54.0

Eritrea 19.3 41.4 43.9 46.5 49.3 52.3

Ethiopia 343.7 278.6 1 343.9 1 855.2 2 192.7 3 196.4

Gambia 55.9 40.9 24.8 35.1 10.6 -1.8

Guinea 154.6 606.5 134.0 77.1 48.2 104.3

Guinea-Bissau 9.3 6.6 19.6 28.9 18.6 19.6

Haiti 45.2 156.0 160.4 99.0 105.7 104.4

Kiribati 0.8 -3.4 1.1 8.1 1.7 3.1

Lao People's Democratic Reublic. 115.3 294.4 426.7 720.8 1 118.7 889.9

Lesotho 47.5 138.9 123.3 161.7 168.9 132.2

Liberia 150.9 984.6 1 061.3 276.7 627.0 453.2

Madagascar 367.8 812.5 567.1 350.7 440.8 540.6

Malawi 97.9 129.5 445.5 598.8 287.7 325.6

Mali 148.2 397.9 307.9 144.0 275.4 125.5

Mauritania 288.9 1 388.6 1 125.7 501.0 502.1 271.6

Mozambique 338.6 5 629.4 6 175.1 4 901.8 3 866.8 3 093.4

Myanmar 577.6 496.9 584.3 946.2 2 824.0 2 190.0

Nepal -0.3 92.0 71.3 30.2 51.6 105.9

Niger 83.5 841.3 719.1 821.9 529.3 292.8

Rwanda 33.9 255.0 257.6 458.9 379.8 409.8

Sao Tome and Principe 25.6 22.5 12.2 27.1 28.6 22.2

Senegal 166.8 276.2 311.3 402.6 409.0 392.8

Sierra Leone 53.8 722.5 429.7 403.9 263.0 516.0

Solomon Islands 32.0 23.9 53.4 21.7 31.6 24.5

Somalia 48.9 107.3 258.0 283.0 306.0 339.0

South Sudan .. 161.0 -793.0 44.0 -71.0 -17.0

Sudan

1 455.7 2 311.0 1 687.9 1 251.3 1 728.4 1 063.8

Timor-Leste 12.5 38.5 49.6 49.3 43.0 5.5

Togo 53.4 121.5 183.5 53.9 257.8 254.9

Tuvalu .. 1.7 -0.6 0.3 0.2 0.2

Uganda 461.1 1 205.4 1 096.0 1 058.6 538.5 541.2

United Republic of Tanzania 618.5 1 799.6 2 087.3 1 672.6 1 604.6 1 365.4

Vanuatu 37.2 77.6 -19.4 -18.2 29.1 32.4

Yemen 494.2 -531.0 -133.6 -233.1 -15.4 -561.0

Zambia 606.3 1 731.5 2 099.8 1 488.8 1 582.7 468.5

LDCs 19 383.0 44 535.5 43 166.7 40 741.9 43 505.4 37 943.9

African LDCs and Haiti

16 852.8 40 837.9 38 562.8 35 859.2 35 280.5 30 887.3

Asian LDCs

2 423.4 3 526.5 4 503.4 4 789.7 8 085.5 6 960.7

Islands LDCs

106.8 171.2 100.5 93.0 139.4 95.9

ODCs 341 486.4 626 462.6 631 491.5 663 038.6 708 823.7 608 086.6

9. Migrant remittance inflows to LDCs, 2002–2016, selected years Country

Millions of dollars Percentage of GNI

2002–

2008 2013 2014 2015 2016 2002–

2008 2013 2014 2015 2016

Countries with remittances > 10 per cent of GNI in 2016

Nepal 1 342.6 5 588.9 5 888.7 6 729.9 6 606.8 15.7 28.8 29.0 31.1 30.6

Liberia 57.8 383.4 505.7 640.8 548.8 13.2 23.3 30.1 36.5 30.2

Haiti 1 008.6 1 781.0 1 977.0 2 195.6 2 358.7 22.5 21.0 22.4 25.1 29.2

Gambia 59.7 180.7 137.8 136.0 207.4 9.4 20.5 16.8 14.9 22.1

Comoros 73.0 115.9 126.0 128.8 130.6 19.0 18.7 19.4 22.6 21.1

Senegal 838.6 1 613.9 1 929.1 1 929.1 2 015.9 9.4 11.1 12.9 14.6 14.1

Lesotho 571.5 462.9 393.0 370.8 343.7 28.1 16.1 14.0 14.2 14.0

Yemen 1 305.3 3 342.5 3 350.5 3 350.5 3 350.5 8.2 8.7 8.3 9.2 12.3

Countries with remittances between 5 per cent and 10 per cent of GNI in 2016

Togo 210.9 397.4 427.3 363.6 351.2 10.2 11.6 10.6 9.8 8.7

Guinea-Bissau 29.5 63.8 92.4 85.0 93.3 5.0 6.2 8.4 8.1 8.3

Tuvalu 5.0 4.1 4.1 4.1 4.1 13.0 7.0 8.2 7.3 7.3

Mali 230.2 894.5 920.3 920.3 936.8 3.7 7.2 6.8 7.5 6.9

Kiribati 12.8 17.2 16.8 16.1 17.5 8.1 5.8 4.9 4.7 6.7

Bangladesh 5 029.5 13 867.0 14 987.5 15 295.5 13 559.4 6.8 8.6 8.1 7.4 5.8

Sao Tome and Principe 1.7 26.6 26.8 20.0 18.0 1.4 8.7 7.6 6.3 5.1

Countries with remittances < 5 per cent of GNI in 2016

Uganda 422.8 940.7 887.6 902.2 1.015.7 4.6 3.9 3.2 3.3 4.0

Burkina Faso 66.4 308.4 395.8 395.8 405.7 1.2 2.6 3.3 3.7 3.4

Djibouti 25.4 35.6 35.5 63.3 63.3 3.1 2.4 2.1 3.4 3.1

Timor-Leste 10.6 33.6 43.7 61.6 80.2 0.8 0.7 1.2 2.3 2.9

Madagascar 146.2 427.5 286.2 272.2 250.5 2.5 4.2 2.8 2.9 2.6

Vanuatu 5.4 23.7 28.1 24.1 18.9 1.3 3.0 3.5 3.3 2.6

Niger 60.2 145.9 218.8 171.5 181.6 1.7 1.9 2.7 2.4 2.4

Benin 140.6 248.7 304.3 214.4 207.1 2.9 2.7 3.2 2.6 2.4

Afghanistan 105.7 313.8 268.1 301.2 430.8 1.5 1.4 1.2 1.4 2.2

Rwanda 36.3 123.1 183.6 159.2 172.5 1.3 1.6 2.3 2.0 2.1

Cambodia 168.1 176.0 376.8 400.0 370.6 2.6 1.2 2.4 2.4 2.0

Solomon Islands 8.0 20.6 16.3 18.6 20.3 1.9 2.0 1.5 1.7 1.8

Burundi 0.8 48.6 56.3 51.0 51.0 0.1 1.8 1.8 1.7 1.7

Bhutan 2.9 11.8 14.3 19.7 34.3 0.3 0.7 0.8 1.0 1.7

Sierra Leone 22.1 69.7 62.4 48.2 48.2 1.3 1.4 1.3 1.1 1.5

Myanmar 98.1 1 643.9 279.0 386.8 681.8 0.6 2.8 0.4 0.7 1.2

Ethiopia 186.2 624.4 1 796.4 1 087.0 772.2 1.3 1.3 3.2 1.7 1.1

Guinea 45.1 93.0 121.4 130.6 52.2 1.4 1.6 2.0 2.1 0.9

United Republic of Tanzania 18.8 381.9 389.5 387.8 411.2 0.1 0.9 0.8 0.9 0.9

Mozambique 76.2 152.4 155.5 142.9 93.4 1.0 1.0 0.9 1.0 0.9

Lao People's Democratic Republic 4.5 59.6 40.1 93.0 116.4 0.1 0.5 0.3 0.7 0.8

Malawi 15.4 34.1 38.5 34.4 34.4 0.4 0.6 0.7 0.6 0.6

Zambia 53.8 54.0 58.3 47.0 38.5 0.6 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

Sudan 1 099.9 619.5 506.6 151.4 153.4 3.8 1.4 0.7 0.2 0.2

Democratic Republic of the Congo 10.5 33.1 22.4 4.7 4.7 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0

Angola 82.1 11.1 31.0 11.1 11.1 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

LDCs^b 13 446.6 35 374.4 37 399.0 37 765.5 36 262.4 3.9 4.2 4.0 4.1 3.9

African LDCS and Haiti 5 412.5 10 129.3 11 932.4 10 915.7 10 822.4 2.5 2.0 2.1 2.0 2.1

Asian LDCs 7 964.4 25 003.4 25 204.9 26 576.6 25 150.6 6.1 7.7 7.0 7.0 6.3

Islands LDCs 69.7 241.8 261.8 273.2 289.5 2.4 3.1 3.8 4.7 9.1

ODCs 172 161.3 345 346.5 364 796.0 370 460.1 363 024.8 1.6 1.3 1.3 1.4 1.3

Source: UNCTAD secretariat based on World Bank, Data and analysis on migration and remittances, http://www.worldbank.org/migration, (accessed November 2017);

World development Indicators database; and UNSD, UNdata database (accessed November 2017).

Notes:

b LDC aggregates excluding Central African Republic, Chad, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Mauritania, Somalia, South Sudan for which data are unavailable.

10. Selected indicators on foreign debt burden, 2002–2016, selected years Country

External debt stocks

(% of GNI current$)

External debt stocks

(% of exports of goods and services) Total debt service (% of exports of goods and services)

2008 2014 2015 2016 2002–

2008 2014 2015 2016 2002–

2008 2014 2015 2016

Countries with debt stocks > 100 per cent of GNI in 2016

Bhutan 75.5 100.7 107.3 113.8 173.2 258.3 297.5 357.0 6.3 11.6 19.1 11.7

Countries with debt stocks between 50 per cent and 100 per cent of GNI in 2016

Mozambique 55.2 51.8 68.6 95.7 164.0 153.4 209.7 268.9 2.3 3.8 8.5 12.8

Lao People's Democratic Republic 131.3 89.9 94.6 93.1 357.6 240.5 292.1 303.5 14.4 8.3 9.4 11.9

Mauritania 99.1 67.1 81.0 84.8 221.2 166.8 210.1 223.4 7.7 10.5 11.6 13.3

Djibouti 69.4 56.0 66.5 84.8 175.6 171.9 195.2 239.9 6.9 7.1 7.1 8.4

Sao Tome and Principe 265.1 60.1 78.5 70.4 1 564.6 213.7 257.1 230.7 29.1 13.4 2.8 2.8

Cambodia 43.0 50.1 55.0 54.4 59.1 75.8 83.7 83.4 0.7 6.3 6.8 6.5

Gambia 104.8 63.9 57.9 54.0 474.5 236.5 258.8 218.3 19.8 21.4 18.8 16.1

Liberia 933.5 40.5 47.7 52.3 1 091.4 118.9 211.3 211.5 66.9 3.1 11.2 2.6

Zambia 81.7 28.3 42.0 50.6 165.3 71.4 111.3 128.9 9.4 3.8 6.3 8.6

Countries with debt stocks < 50 per cent of GNI in 2016

Senegal 43.4 37.6 44.5 46.6 142.2 130.6 148.4 156.4 9.4 8.3 9.5 9.7

Somalia .. 56.8 53.0 46.3 .. 360.6 336.6 286.7 .. .. .. ..

Sierra Leone 85.4 25.3 32.9 44.8 504.1 80.2 167.4 170.5 6.4 2.3 6.4 4.2

Niger 50.4 33.0 41.2 43.5 258.9 154.2 237.9 .. 9.1 3.6 7.4 ..

Angola 48.1 24.5 28.6 41.2 39.0 47.5 80.1 119.5 9.1 10.6 15.5 25.6

Uganda 42.4 32.8 36.2 39.6 215.2 180.5 203.6 221.0 6.3 4.2 2.0 18.9

Central African Republic 78.4 37.5 41.6 38.8 524.8 289.2 331.3 305.3 14.9 7.0 8.9 11.2

Lesotho 37.0 32.0 34.0 35.9 49.9 65.5 62.4 65.3 4.6 3.0 3.9 4.2

United Republic of Tanzania 45.4 30.1 34.6 35.3 213.8 153.4 157.2 197.8 3.1 2.6 3.2 6.1

Malawi 61.6 28.1 27.9 34.7 281.6 81.3 92.8 101.9 6.4 3.2 3.6 4.0

Rwanda 51.2 25.8 27.8 34.1 331.8 171.3 190.1 220.8 6.7 4.7 9.3 10.6

Ethiopia 46.3 29.4 31.4 32.0 237.2 252.2 333.7 397.9 5.2 11.8 17.3 21.5

Madagascar 63.4 27.7 31.6 30.6 207.4 84.3 88.3 90.4 3.9 2.8 4.1 3.8

Vanuatu 34.6 27.3 30.0 29.4 76.2 55.2 60.6 50.8 2.1 2.0 2.0 1.8

Togo 87.7 24.5 28.4 29.1 212.3 49.4 61.1 62.6 5.4 3.0 3.5 4.7

Mali 47.0 25.4 29.9 27.9 156.4 106.8 129.1 132.1 5.1 3.1 3.7 4.3

Benin 28.7 21.3 26.5 27.1 124.3 65.8 93.6 88.6 4.6 2.7 3.2 3.5

Haiti 34.6 22.0 23.8 26.8 241.1 119.4 119.4 130.7 10.3 1.4 2.0 5.3

Guinea-Bissau 189.5 24.6 29.9 26.3 938.3 130.1 106.7 88.6 7.3 1.0 0.8 1.6

Yemen 39.0 19.3 20.0 26.0 87.0 84.2 188.6 787.0 3.4 3.8 9.2 15.6

Comoros 78.8 22.3 23.5 25.9 483.5 132.7 138.2 149.9 13.7 0.5 7.4 5.9

Sudan 75.4 29.3 24.2 24.3 293.2 325.1 269.2 224.4 5.0 3.9 6.6 3.2

Burkina Faso 32.5 21.2 24.3 23.9 288.0 79.9 95.7 92.6 8.0 2.9 4.1 4.0

Guinea 106.8 23.1 22.3 23.8 311.5 77.6 77.4 90.7 13.9 4.1 5.5 4.2

Burundi 128.2 22.3 20.3 21.2 1 598.0 287.2 333.9 337.2 40.7 12.1 13.9 32.7

Solomon Islands 43.3 17.0 18.5 20.8 115.6 31.5 39.9 40.3 7.6 2.9 2.7 ..

Nepal 41.1 20.5 19.1 19.7 272.8 181.0 166.3 188.7 10.6 9.9 8.9 10.2

Chad 40.1 18.0 15.3 17.6 63.3 50.4 49.8 57.5 2.3 12.4 1.5 1.4

Bangladesh 27.0 19.3 18.6 17.6 191.4 108.6 114.4 111.6 7.6 6.0 4.9 4.8

Eritrea 71.0 22.6 18.4 16.8 1 098.3 .. .. .. 20.5 .. .. ..

Democratic Republic of the Congo 98.5 17.8 16.1 15.8 315.3 48.9 47.5 57.3 11.1 3.6 3.4 4.9

Afghanistan 18.3 12.8 12.5 12.2 97.0 195.9 180.3 179.0 0.5 2.9 3.2 3.3

Myanmar 56.1 10.0 11.3 11.0 112.4 45.3 60.2 58.3 24.0 0.5 0.6 0.9

LDCs^b 50.9 25.8 27.3 29.1 150.3 99.9 127.7 144.1 7.3 6.3 7.4 10.4

African LDCS and Haiti 61.1 28.5 31.0 34.5 153.7 98.5 133.2 166.2 8.1 6.9 8.8 14.7

Asian LDCs 35.5 21.6 22.2 22.2 141.9 103.4 119.0 117.2 5.3 5.1 5.2 5.2

Islands LDCs 71.9 26.3 29.6 30.2 216.9 63.7 82.7 190.5 7.0 3.3 3.4 4.3

ODCs 26.0 23.6 22.9 23.6 78.2 93.7 95.0 105.3 12.6 9.5 10.2 14.2

Source: UNCTAD secretariat based on World Bank, World development Indicators (accessed November 2017).

Notes: a Countries sorted by descending order 2016; b LDC aggregates excluding Equatorial Guinea, Kiribati, South Sudan, Timor-Leste and Tuvalu which data is unavailable.

11. Selected indicators on education, 2016*

Country

Primary completion rate Net primary school

enrolment rate Net secondary school

enrolment rate Youth literacy rate

school-age population)

(per cent of people aged 15-24)

Total Female Male Total Female Male Total Female Male Total Female Male

Afghanistan 40.7 26.6 53.7 .. .. .. 48.9 35.6 61.4 47.0 32.1 61.9

Angola .. .. .. 84.0 73.0 94.9 12.4 11.1 13.7 77.4 70.6 84.9

Bangladesh 80.0 84.4 75.1 90.5 95.1 86.1 57.2 61.1 53.6 92.2 93.5 90.9

Benin 59.4 56.2 61.9 95.9 88.2 99.9 45.0 38.1 51.8 52.5 40.9 63.9

Bhutan 67.9 70.0 65.9 85.6 86.5 84.7 62.8 66.9 58.9 87.3 84.5 90.4

Burkina Faso 30.9 29.5 32.1 69.1 67.3 70.9 26.5 25.8 27.1 50.1 44.0 57.0

Burundi 39.8 38.4 41.4 94.1 95.0 93.3 27.7 28.4 27.0 79.6 75.0 85.3

Cambodia 72.3 77.2 67.7 94.9 96.2 93.7 38.2 36.5 39.8 87.1 85.9 88.4

Central African Republic .. .. .. 70.6 62.1 79.1 13.6 9.3 17.9 36.4 27.0 48.9

Chad 27.3 23.7 30.6 79.1 68.7 89.3 .. .. .. 30.8 22.4 40.7

Comoros .. .. .. 79.5 77.9 81.0 43.9 45.5 42.5 71.6 69.6 73.8

Democratic Republic of the Congo 68.9 66.5 71.2 .. .. .. .. .. .. 85.0 79.7 91.0

Djibouti .. .. .. 53.5 54.0 60.7 25.4 21.3 29.4 .. .. ..

Equatorial Guinea .. .. .. 55.7 55.9 55.5 .. .. .. .. .. ..

Eritrea .. .. .. 39.0 37.1 40.7 25.2 23.6 26.8 87.0 82.6 91.3

Ethiopia 39.6 40.8 38.1 85.6 82.4 88.7 31.0 30.5 31.6 55.0 47.0 63.0

Gambia 62.0 60.2 64.0 74.8 78.3 71.3 .. .. .. 60.8 56.1 66.0

Guinea 42.2 35.6 49.4 75.7 70.1 81.1 31.8 25.3 38.2 46.3 37.2 57.0

Guinea-Bissau 29.1 25.7 32.3 68.2 66.7 69.8 .. .. .. 60.4 49.8 71.3

Haiti 44.1 48.7 39.1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

Kiribati .. .. .. 95.2 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

Lao People's Democratic Republic 67.1 68.2 66.1 92.7 92.1 93.3 54.3 53.5 55.1 72.1 67.1 77.3

Lesotho 64.9 78.2 52.6 80.2 81.5 78.8 37.1 45.3 29.1 86.6 94.0 79.6

Liberia 34.2 32.5 36.1 37.6 36.3 38.9 .. .. .. 49.1 37.2 63.5

Madagascar 39.0 42.6 35.4 .. .. .. 31.1 31.6 30.5 76.8 75.3 78.4

Malawi 54.3 58.5 50.5 97.5 95.3 89.9 36.7 36.0 37.3 72.9 73.4 72.5

Mali 42.0 37.8 45.5 55.7 52.5 58.8 31.1 27.7 34.3 49.4 39.2 60.5

Mauritania 38.3 34.8 42.4 79.2 81.1 77.4 24.3 23.5 25.1 56.1 47.7 66.4

Mozambique 41.5 39.4 43.7 89.1 86.8 91.4 18.6 18.8 18.5 67.1 56.5 79.8

Myanmar 83.2 84.5 81.8 94.5 87.3 88.2 48.3 48.6 47.9 84.8 84.4 85.1

Nepal 75.2 71.7 78.9 97.0 96.6 97.3 54.4 55.7 53.2 84.8 80.2 89.9

Niger 28.3 22.7 34.5 62.4 57.5 67.1 17.2 13.9 20.4 23.5 15.1 34.5

Rwanda 54.3 61.1 47.6 95.1 96.1 94.1 27.2 29.3 25.2 82.3 83.5 81.1

Sao Tome and Principe 67.3 72.9 62.6 94.9 93.6 96.2 67.2 70.7 63.7 96.7 96.4 97.1

Senegal 43.4 41.8 45.0 71.4 74.8 68.2 .. .. .. 55.9 51.0 61.1

Sierra Leone 66.6 68.3 64.7 99.1 99.3 98.9 .. .. .. 57.0 50.9 64.5

Solomon Islands .. .. .. 70.5 70.7 70.4 31.0 28.9 33.0 .. .. ..

Somalia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

South Sudan 24.5 18.2 31.5 30.9 26.7 35.1 .. .. .. 36.7 29.6 44.1

Sudan 65.4 64.4 66.5 53.8 55.1 52.4 .. .. .. 65.8 62.7 68.7

Timor-Leste 60.1 63.8 56.6 95.6 97.4 93.9 55.8 59.7 52.1 79.5 78.6 80.5

Togo 61.3 57.6 64.6 95.4 88.0 94.3 .. .. .. 84.3 78.4 89.7

Tuvalu .. .. .. 84.4 85.2 84.1 72.5 82.9 63.2 .. .. ..

Uganda 39.4 43.2 35.7 93.7 95.1 92.2 22.2 21.3 23.2 83.7 81.7 85.8

United Republic of Tanzania 79.5 83.7 75.1 80.1 80.7 79.5 .. .. .. 85.8 84.6 87.0

Vanuatu 81.1 84.5 78.0 85.8 87.1 84.6 49.5 51.2 48.0 .. .. ..

Yemen .. .. .. 84.8 77.8 91.6 41.7 33.2 49.9 .. .. ..

Zambia 75.0 76.0 .. 87.4 88.3 86.5 .. .. .. 88.7 86.5 91.2

LDCs 56.2 56.3 54.2 82.4 80.9 82.9 39.0 38.3 39.8 73.8 69.8 78.1

African LDCs and Haiti 51.8 51.9 49.1 79.2 77.1 80.7 27.0 25.8 28.2 67.8 62.6 73.7

Asian LDCs 71.1 71.0 70.7 91.4 91.6 89.0 52.7 52.7 52.8 85.0 83.6 86.4

Island LDCs 63.7 67.6 60.2 85.8 85.8 85.2 47.6 49.5 45.8 78.1 76.8 79.5

ODCs 82.4 82.8 80.9 89.0 88.1 89.6 65.8 66.0 65.5 92.2 90.2 94.0

Sources: UNESCO, UIS database (accessed November 2017).

Notes: * 2016 or latest year available since 2006; LDCs group and ODCs weighted by primary or secondary school-age population and by group age population.

12. Employment by sector in LDCs, 1991–2016, selected years

(Percentage of total employment)

Country Employment in agriculture Employment in industry of which: employment in utility

sector Employment in services

1991 2000 2010 2016 1991 2000 2010 2016 1991 2000 2010 2016 1991 2000 2010 2016

Afghanistan 62.0 69.4 64.2 61.6 12.1 11.0 9.4 10.0 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4 25.8 19.6 26.4 28.5

Angola 10.0 9.1 4.9 4.2 38.5 38.2 37.9 37.4 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 51.5 52.7 57.2 58.4

Bangladesh 60.7 59.5 47.3 41.7 12.3 9.9 17.6 18.9 0.1 0.3 0.2 0.3 26.9 30.7 35.1 39.4

Benin 49.5 45.3 45.3 43.4 6.0 10.3 10.5 10.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 44.5 44.4 44.2 46.4

Bhutan 62.3 54.1 59.3 57.3 11.5 16.4 6.8 9.8 1.6 1.6 1.7 1.3 26.7 29.5 33.9 32.9

Burkina Faso 85.9 85.4 80.8 80.1 3.3 3.2 5.1 4.9 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.2 10.8 11.4 14.1 15.0

Burundi 91.4 91.3 90.8 91.3 2.7 2.6 2.6 2.6 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 5.8 6.0 6.5 6.1

Cambodia 79.9 73.6 54.2 43.2 4.1 8.5 16.2 19.6 0.1 0.1 1.3 1.5 16.0 18.0 29.6 37.2

Central African Republic 68.6 69.9 69.6 72.4 5.0 4.5 4.6 4.3 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 26.4 25.7 25.8 23.3

Chad 77.2 78.1 78.0 76.6 1.9 1.9 1.9 2.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 21.0 20.1 20.0 21.4

Comoros 60.6 61.2 62.4 61.9 5.1 5.2 5.4 4.9 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 33.3 33.6 32.8 32.7

Democratic Republic of the Congo 67.5 71.7 68.1 65.4 4.3 4.5 6.0 5.9 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 28.3 23.8 25.9 28.8

Djibouti 22.6 25.5 25.7 23.6 21.9 19.8 23.0 23.9 .. .. .. .. 55.5 54.7 51.3 52.5

Equatorial Guinea 72.8 36.6 16.8 18.4 4.3 12.3 20.4 18.4 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 23.4 51.5 62.6 63.2

Eritrea 65.1 57.7 61.3 57.1 4.8 6.1 6.6 7.6 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 30.1 36.2 32.2 35.4

Ethiopia 49.4 48.1 66.8 70.9 12.4 13.7 9.1 8.3 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.6 38.2 38.2 24.1 20.9

Gambia 52.5 44.0 34.4 30.3 4.7 7.0 11.7 14.0 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.4 42.4 49.0 53.8 55.7

Guinea 75.3 74.6 74.3 69.8 5.6 5.5 5.8 7.3 0.1 0.1 0.1 1.6 19.1 19.9 19.9 22.9

Guinea-Bissau 65.5 63.3 62.4 60.4 5.0 5.2 5.3 5.8 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 29.5 31.5 32.2 33.9

Haiti 50.5 50.8 49.8 47.2 9.6 10.2 10.6 12.4 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4 39.9 39.0 39.6 40.4

Kiribati .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

Lao People's Democratic Republic 85.9 84.7 81.9 79.0 3.4 2.8 3.6 3.9 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 10.7 12.5 14.6 17.1

Lesotho 62.4 67.3 42.1 40.4 12.2 9.4 20.1 20.3 0.5 0.9 1.1 1.2 25.3 23.2 38.0 39.5

Liberia 42.6 49.5 47.4 45.5 8.2 5.3 10.7 11.6 0.5 0.4 0.2 0.2 49.2 45.2 42.0 42.8

Madagascar 78.6 77.7 79.6 74.3 5.4 6.1 5.2 9.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 15.9 16.2 15.2 16.5

Malawi 74.4 72.8 70.5 69.9 4.9 4.4 4.8 4.7 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 20.6 22.8 24.7 25.4

Mali 44.4 43.0 58.9 57.0 15.0 15.2 13.8 14.6 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 40.6 41.7 27.3 28.4

Mauritania 51.5 49.0 44.0 40.5 7.2 7.9 9.2 9.4 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 41.3 43.3 46.7 50.1

Mozambique 79.0 77.1 75.6 75.0 3.2 3.9 3.8 4.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 17.8 19.0 20.7 21.0

Myanmar 57.1 52.1 38.3 24.9 7.6 9.8 13.8 14.3 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 35.3 38.1 48.0 60.8

Nepal 83.9 73.0 74.3 72.7 2.9 11.2 10.5 10.9 0.2 0.3 0.9 1.0 13.2 15.8 15.2 16.4

Niger 61.0 63.2 64.0 62.3 13.4 13.2 13.8 14.4 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 25.6 23.7 22.3 23.3

Rwanda 88.0 88.2 77.9 75.2 3.0 2.7 5.5 7.2 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 9.0 9.1 16.5 17.6

Sao Tome and Principe 36.4 32.4 26.0 22.0 12.1 16.2 16.0 13.6 .. .. .. .. 48.5 51.4 58.0 62.7

Senegal 50.9 49.5 55.5 52.0 12.8 13.6 21.0 20.5 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.6 36.3 36.9 23.5 27.5

Sierra Leone 67.1 67.9 68.6 68.2 6.5 6.5 6.4 6.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 26.3 25.5 25.0 25.4

Solomon Islands 51.9 50.5 51.7 47.9 2.5 2.8 2.8 2.4 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 45.6 47.7 45.5 49.7

Somalia 72.4 73.2 72.4 72.1 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 .. .. .. .. 23.1 22.3 22.8 23.2

Sudan 43.5 40.9 34.3 33.0 17.9 19.6 20.2 20.4 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.6 38.6 39.5 45.4 46.6

Timor-Leste 54.6 55.5 50.8 51.3 2.1 2.1 1.6 2.2 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 42.9 42.4 47.6 46.9

Togo 64.4 63.8 63.2 62.8 8.3 8.2 8.6 8.7 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 27.3 28.0 28.2 28.5

Tuvalu .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

Uganda 69.0 66.0 73.7 72.4 7.6 8.1 6.9 7.3 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 23.4 25.9 19.4 20.3

United Republic of Tanzania 78.6 79.1 72.2 67.3 3.7 2.7 5.5 6.3 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 17.7 18.2 22.3 26.4

Vanuatu 63.6 60.8 61.2 61.2 6.1 6.3 7.1 6.9 .. .. .. .. 31.8 31.6 31.6 31.9

Yemen 52.0 46.3 24.1 28.6 11.2 12.7 19.0 17.1 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.4 36.8 41.1 56.9 54.3

Zambia 65.1 73.2 65.0 54.9 14.6 5.9 8.7 10.0 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.6 20.3 20.9 26.4 35.1

LDCs^a 63.7 62.2 59.3 56.4 9.1 9.4 11.3 11.8 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.4 27.2 28.4 29.4 31.8

African LDCs and Haiti 63.9 63.5 65.5 64.2 8.7 9.0 9.0 9.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.4 27.4 27.6 25.6 26.5

Asian LDCs 63.6 60.5 49.4 43.2 9.6 9.9 15.1 16.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 26.8 29.6 35.4 40.8

Island LDCs 55.3 55.1 53.7 52.7 3.8 4.4 4.6 4.4 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 40.6 40.5 41.9 42.7

ODCs 50.5 46.1 35.5 30.8 18.7 18.6 22.3 23.0 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.7 30.8 35.3 42.2 46.2

Source: ILOstat - Trends Econometric Models, ILO estimates and projections (accessed November 2017).

a LDC aggregates excluding Kiribati and Tuvalu which data is unvailable.

13. Total merchandise exports: Levels and annual average growth rates, 2002–2016, selected years

Country Total merchandise exports (millions of dollars) Annual average growth rates (per cent)

2002–

2008 2009-

2016 2014 2015 2016 2002–

2008 2008-

2016 2014 2015 2016

Afghanistan 334.7 481.3 570.5 571.4 596.5 31.5 4.3 10.8 0.2 4.4

Angola 27 508.3 52 146.4 58 672.4 33 047.8 27 196.5 45.1 -6.1 -13.4 -43.7 -17.7

Bangladesh 10 071.1 26 105.3 30 102.6 31 734.2 34 275.3 17.7 11.2 3.4 5.4 8.0

Benin 743.0 1 629.6 2 563.2 1 778.1 1 354.1 18.4 5.2 29.3 -30.6 -23.8

Bhutan 328.2 565.9 578.7 545.1 520.8 36.2 -0.2 7.3 -5.8 -4.5

Burkina Faso 487.5 2 075.3 2 452.7 2 177.5 2 401.4 18.2 15.2 4.1 -11.2 10.3

Burundi 49.6 109.8 141.5 113.8 103.1 11.5 7.5 50.2 -19.6 -9.4

Cambodia 3 124.3 7 056.5 6 846.0 8 542.4 10 069.3 15.4 10.3 2.7 24.8 17.9

Central African Republic 146.0 130.5 95.7 85.4 93.4 3.2 -6.7 -17.5 -10.8 9.4

Chad 2 463.4 3 475.0 3 800.0 2 600.0 1 600.0 61.4 -6.7 0.0 -31.6 -38.5

Comoros 15.2 21.6 23.5 17.0 30.6 -16.8 11.6 14.4 -27.8 80.8

Democratic Republic of the Congo 2 433.5 5 740.7 6 600.0 5 800.0 5 525.9 24.1 4.8 4.8 -12.1 -4.7

Djibouti 46.4 112.0 129.2 133.6 140.5 11.1 10.1 8.0 3.4 5.2

Equatorial Guinea 7 173.7 10 837.5 12 600.0 6 500.0 4 800.0 38.3 -8.1 -14.3 -48.4 -26.2

Eritrea 16.6 332.6 625.7 485.0 335.4 -11.0 72.3 104.0 -22.5 -30.8

Ethiopia 922.3 2 745.2 3 427.4 3 049.6 2 918.7 23.8 9.1 10.1 -11.0 -4.3

Gambia 12.3 96.8 103.9 108.9 107.2 3.3 19.5 -2.1 4.8 -1.6

Guinea 932.1 1 702.4 1 946.7 1 781.2 2 414.0 14.5 7.9 9.3 -8.5 35.5

Guinea-Bissau 84.3 181.9 166.1 252.3 263.1 14.0 9.0 8.7 51.9 4.3

Haiti 430.4 817.3 852.0 1 037.0 1 001.7 10.3 9.7 -4.4 21.7 -3.4

Kiribati 5.3 7.9 10.1 11.0 11.0 23.0 8.5 52.0 8.4 0.0

Lao People's Democratic

Republic 590.8 2 223.0 2 639.9 2 769.0 3 155.4 24.8 16.2 16.6 4.9 14.0

Lesotho 648.9 896.0 826.4 844.1 894.0 13.9 0.0 -2.4 2.1 5.9

Liberia 160.1 329.5 444.4 265.3 169.6 9.7 3.6 -20.5 -40.3 -36.1

Madagascar 972.9 1 733.8 2 243.2 2 164.5 2 256.4 15.0 10.3 16.7 -3.5 4.2

Malawi 606.8 1 197.5 1 341.9 1 080.1 1 087.5 15.4 1.4 11.1 -19.5 0.7

Mali 1 258.2 2 381.5 2 779.4 2 716.7 2 538.1 13.7 5.4 18.8 -2.3 -6.6

Mauritania 836.8 2 000.6 2 139.8 1 461.9 1 399.0 37.0 -0.6 -13.1 -31.7 -4.3

Mozambique 1 792.8 3 413.5 4 725.3 3 196.1 3 141.8 22.6 4.9 17.4 -32.4 -1.7

Myanmar 4 277.5 10 037.4 11 451.9 12 197.2 11 672.7 19.2 8.1 1.0 6.5 -4.3

Nepal 810.8 825.0 900.9 660.2 637.5 9.6 -4.4 4.4 -26.7 -3.4

Niger 503.4 1 243.6 1 444.5 1 087.0 1 052.5 19.0 2.6 -8.9 -24.7 -3.2

Rwanda 135.2 549.7 653.4 683.7 744.4 27.3 16.1 -7.1 4.6 8.9

Sao Tome and Principe 7.0 9.9 10.5 9.2 10.5 9.9 -0.4 51.3 -12.1 13.6

Senegal 1 487.1 2 480.2 2 750.2 2 611.7 2 640.3 10.1 3.7 3.4 -5.0 1.1

Sierra Leone 161.5 832.4 1 552.0 511.7 635.0 28.1 21.0 -19.0 -67.0 24.1

Solomon Islands 117.1 380.4 458.5 400.4 437.3 23.4 12.8 -6.3 -12.7 9.2

Somalia 287.1 481.9 510.0 440.0 440.0 9.0 0.8 -1.9 -13.7 0.0

South Sudan .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

Sudan^a .. 4 267.0 5 462.5 2 985.0 1 734.9 .. -22.6 -22.9 -45.4 -41.9

Sudan (former)^b 5 490.8 10 267.4 .. .. .. 34.5 -1.7 .. .. ..

Timor-Leste^c 8.9 17.5 15.5 18.0 20.0 8.5 7.2 -12.2 16.4 11.1

Togo 635.1 1 189.7 1 324.1 1 010.1 1 293.0 8.8 4.9 -12.8 -23.7 28.0

Tuvalu 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 -0.1 -4.4 460.5 -12.0 13.2

Uganda 926.9 2 147.8 2 262.0 2 267.0 2 543.2 24.6 5.9 -6.1 0.2 12.2

United Repubvlic of Tanzania 1 757.6 4 503.5 4 627.5 4 931.1 4 741.9 20.6 5.8 4.9 6.6 -3.8

Vanuatu 39.4 49.8 59.4 36.8 47.2 18.6 -3.4 61.5 -38.1 28.2

Yemen 5 289.7 6 307.4 7 800.0 1 000.0 1 000.0 16.4 -20.6 -6.0 -87.2 0.0

Zambia 2 687.0 7 868.4 9 687.9 6 983.2 5 804.1 37.9 4.6 -8.6 -27.9 -16.9

LDCs 88 816.4 175 989.0 200 419.2 152 701.4 145 855.1 28.6 0.7 -4.8 -23.8 -4.5

African LDCs and Haiti ^{63 797.5 121 899.9 138 950.9 94 189.2 83 370.7} 33.8 -2.3 -7.5 -32.2 -11.5

Asian LDCs ^{24 827.2 53 601.8 60 890.5 58 019.5 61 927.6} 17.6 7.2 2.2 -4.7 6.7

Island LDCs 191.7 487.4 577.8 492.6 556.9 17.9 9.7 0.0 -14.7 13.0

ODCs 3 839 190.7 7 164 050.9 8 272 741.0 7 176 113.0 6 823 408.2 20.5 3.8 0.5 -13.3 -4.9

Source: UNCTAD, UNCTADstat database (accessed November 2017).

Notes: a The Sudan data since 2012; b Former Sudan: data up to 2011; c Timor-Leste: data since 2003.