Peace Corps

Peace Corps

Fijian Gammar

DOCUMENT RESUME

ED 131 593 FL 008 147

AUTHOR TITLE

INS'aTUTION PUB DATE NOTE

Schutz, Albert J.; Komaitai, Ratu RusiateT.

Lessonsvin Fijian.

Peace C-orps, Washington, D.C.

May 68

194p.; Not available in hard copy due to marginal legibility of original doc,ament.

EDRS PRICE 1R-$0,..."3-3 Plus Postage. HC Not Availablefr m EDRS.

DESCR=PTORS Adult Education;Adult Programs; *Grammar;

*Instructional Materials; *Language instruction;

Pattern Drills (Language).; Phonology; Pronunciation;

*Second Language Learning; Substitution Drills;

*Textbooks; Uncommonly Taught Languages; Vocabulary;

Volunteers

IDENTIFIERS *Fijian; *Peace Corps ABSTRACT

This is A Eilian grammar developed by the Peace Corps. A preliminary sec ion on spelling and pronunciation is

followed by 18 chapters,- each consisting ofa dialogue, substitution and repetition drills, and vocabulary. _(AM)

******** ****** *** ********** ******** ****************

*- Documents acquired by ERIc include many informal unpublished *

. materials not available from other sources. ERIC makes every. effort *

* to obtain the best copy available. Nevertheless, items of marginal ^*

* reproducibility are often encountered and thisaffects the .guality ^*

* of the microfiche and hardcopy reproductionsERIC makes available via the ERIC Document Reproduction Service _{(EDRS) .} EDRS is not ^* responsible for the guaiity of the original'document. Reproductions * supplied by. EDRS are the best thatcan be, made from the original. ^*

LFSso93 iN FTJTAN

Developc2(1 by

Albert J. schUtz.

and

Ratu Rusiate T. Komaltai With the Assicinco of'

U S DEPARTMENT OF HEALTN.

EDUCATION & WELFARE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF

DUCATiON

'".' _F ^{F=I PEPQ0,}

Ft-QOM T ION OP !GIN-

' OPiNtONi

7E T) NOT Nir.F.';',ApiLY PEPRE-

-,F 7-g ryzAL NATaNt,t. tNSTITUTP OF

F r InN ir

Ayako Ya.:iuda

Honolulu, Haii

May 1968

2

FIJIAN

S e_lilg and Pronunciation

Although one's first guide to pronunciation is that a speaRer Of Fijian, from time to time it is necessary to pronounce.mords from the written form. The Fijian spelling system _h sullh a high nf C0nSI_5 tenCy Lie

tween symbol and sound that an acceptable pronunciation will be possible in most _cases.

It must be remembered, however, that the relationship between a sound and the letter

that-symtoli itis

arbitrary. Failure to recognize this has led to a proli- feration of criti,isms about the Fijian spelling_system, mostly because forms are not pronounced as they would he

if they wem

'Fijian pronunciation. But they serve as only an approxi- mation, and _{no more.}

CONSONANT3 Approximate English Equiv4,lent pl p (Without the puff of air that

accompanies.an Engiiah p in words like pin. -Closer to tir.-Y E in sLln.

NOTES

1. E is used only in borrowed words.

\

dr

VOWE

(as in uigiih not.

(as in English

No English _symbol. This sound is made by trilling or tapping the tip of the tongue against the r,um, ridge. opanish has a similar _{r sound.}

No Eng ish _symbol. This soun ^, _al- though interpreted as dr is actually the above r sound preceded by n.

1 in English like, bu the tIp of the tongue t uc bac_gum f the teeth rather t

dge.)

(as in English _wet,

made w _h ng the n the

y ( adc wIth less tens__ -ss of muscle than the English _sound.

occurs only before a.) This sound

Fijian has fiv- vowels, thereby using the symbols-that English

The sounds represented are nearer-to those of Spanl-h or Latin

AlthoUgh'fOur of the Fijian ioweIs sound

A

ame vowel imilarity ends.

to the Engli-h vowels in the words given as equivalents, the former do not end in a lIde. Por the first four of the following examples, only the starting point Of-the

4

de with the tip of the tongue

on the back of the teeth,' rather than on the gum ridge, as in English. Also with less air-rnore like stone than

tone.)

rt like sk± than key. In faster sp-_ h, particularly before an 'unstressed vowel, there is not a

definite stoppage of air, but on y a narrowing of the passage. It also may become voiced in this position.

No Eng.lish example can be given, but the sound is similar to the in German sagen.)

mb (like mL in

nd (like nd in cani ,

ng ike ng In finEor.)

No English symbol. Thio consonant sounds very similar to English _{v, but} is made by narromlng the opening.betm en the lips, rather than between the low_r lip and upper teeth) as in EngliSh.

th

m (as in English mat.)

DiphthOngs,

Although vowels like that In English make do not occur in Fliian,

there is more

ma

in

ome similar ones do.

In vi

culation of the I than the o

r spech, sequences like _this

becni

. more anct mope liRe d phthongs.

Stress

In any se

me are pronounced With more lo dness or stress, than _others. I- some

the stress is predi- able. It will occur under the 1oilow irig concat

1. On lon,, vewe7

the secoiidtoiast vol,Jel, unless the las

;el Is long.

Ti four-syllable words, on not onl the seeon

to-I sylie but also

longe: words, only cond!itions 1 and 2 hold. Other stresses are unpredictable.

P _ONUNCIATION DRILLS

ne learning a secon1 langua e has a ter- to interpret the sounds he hears in terms of his

'language. -Thus he produces what is commonly called a

forel,n accent. The followiAg drills are aimed to give the student practIce with the sounds Of Fijian _that lik ly't- be most dIffIcult for a speaker of English _tG

English sound, a d not ide, should be used _as a model.

make.

En lish boat.

English move.

The a in Engl -h father is a.better example than those preceding; there is no off-glide in either theEnglish or the Fijian sound.

Long _vo els

In describing English sounds, the te_ 'Ion

traditionally applied to certain vowels and referred, mainly to the quality -f the sound. For Fijian the term is used in quite

a di ferent sensethat

The difference between i and is that the latter las

longer than the _former. Each of the five vowels can occur long, and'there are pairs of .words that differ only in

was

that one has ,a short vowel and the other has a long

one. Failure to mark thIs difference is one of the:major weaknesses of the,traditional spelling_{system. In the}

, present teaching material as well as in recent grammars and dictionaries, .long vow-ls are marked as above'-- ith a macron.

nia 'benumbed'

B. Repeat the Fijian.

new (one dialect) way

2. Fijia.1 vowel sequences vs. English diphthons.

In certain positions, Fijian vowel sequences arc similar to Enp:lish diphthongs. , But for Fijian, there two peaks, compared with one for the English _examples.

A. Listen, but don't xepeat.

Fijian English

tel 'seacoast' _tie

tau fall (rain) town

tao 'entangled' _town

tel 'plant' _take

tou (plant) _ow

bai 'fence' _by

Bau 'Eau' bough

bei 'accuse' _bay

bou 'house post' bow

cai 'copulate' _thy

cau 'present' thou

cei 1who-' they

cou 'bald' though

dau. 'expert' ,endow

dei 'firm' _day

dou 'you three' dough

kai 'shell' kite

8

tO recognize and produco.

1. Fijian lonF; vowels vs. English diphthoncs.

Here, a 1on-7, 1ts lons.er in duration ti.ah a

short vowea, ar.6 tir. is not significant change in _quality.

,In the ,tollowing

exerce, -ijlan long vowels

A. Li:lten, but dr,iHt _rt7,11;

Fijian

tI 'tpa' tea

'combine _tow

tti

.

ki (fish) _key

k3 "hero' _Kay

coo'

bI '11c-avy, be

bo 'seizc' _bow

'oil 'drinking coconut' _boo

Adi 'empty'

\d5 'animal exerement' _day d& 'rotten' _dough

,d-T1 ',indeed' (dialect) do

, m1 'urinate' _me

65 'goat' may

53 ¹some ^f _so

mu 'buttocks' moo

9

soke 'knot' kele 'anchor s.ple 'covered wi sore 'seed'

B. RGpeat.

mats'

i 'pick fruit by twist keli 'dig'

soli 'give'

sori _reeds'

, Initial _j.

. The use in the Fijian spelling system of g for [ni stems from a convention established'elsewhere in the Pacific- .by the earlly missionaries. It is similar to the final seu.ld in English sin3, but its occurrence in word- initia] nosition in Fijian presents special problems to speakern of EnpdisP

A. Listen'to the if.. rst serie , then repeat.

aga. aga

[Repeat five times

ogo ogo ogo

[Repeat five times

14.a

II

' [Repea five times]

ege ege e e

[Repeat five times]

ugu uT:u gu gu

[RePeat five tim ]

ga

go go

3. Rppeat --Ta 'gape'

galu 'dumb' gE 'do'

gone 'child' gunu 'drink'

gai 'pet pi gatu _{ta a''} Ri 'to _queal'

7f7;u lernest,

gusu 'mouth'

10

ka 'tree kei 'of' kou t ut'

B, ReocaL the F1jLan.

Long Ort vowels.

A.

LAstn, but d

la itchy' tara 'built' toro 'shave' eula 'needle'

lolc 'coconut juiee'

kaka _tutter'

kola ''.ut in pieces'

1

B. Repeat

Kay coat

kilã 'know

mila _.ratch' tara 'touch' tor3 'pig sty'"

1o1- (type kaki; 'parrot' kol5 (transitive)

_

4. Final -e vs.

Although in faster speech there is some falli together of these two sounds,

slower speech.

A. ,Li ten,-ba _{don repeat.}

sis (fish) s1s 'slide

kept distin-t in

kab coVer n. oco- kab _'adhere' nut leaf'

qa 'old person' _{ciasi 'crawl'}

yate 'liver' yati''move _wly'

teke 'kick teki

11

C.

Lstcn but

ra

rau

rawa

In

ro

,roko

-4-

rou

rr.peat.

ruku ratu

rut

speech, thc sound is often _ma

e gum ridge only once with the tip f the tongue. ^)=1,nc similar to the articulation o / in Ame):.1,..

Engiis

h.

E. Li- en, d -'t repeat.

later

-latter

F. Repeat.

G. Listen, but don't _repeat;\

cara 'clear path' koro _-lage'

et_ 'pri.i;e kiri

ciri 'drift' kar _'Iwle\ _canoe

cori tether' _.,keve

CQP0 single'

kirovhollow

H. _Repe,,t.

I. Li-t n, but

repea

12

egative

.Some learners subst tute [ -or [ng] for Listen

the fOilowng nironuniati

gone [gone]_

galu [ ]

gusU Tng _sul gatu [ngatu]

- D. Repest

gone galu gusu gatu E. D

Repond with

na RIMIT rusu RIGHT . RIGHT ^:

WRONG _.gusu WRONG _hi RIGHT ngone WRONG _{rRuiu WRONG.}

nOe

nunu RIGHT _{n5 - RI.,_ _}

.gatU WRONG

ge _{.,WRONG n}

al RIGHT _{ng5 'WRONG}

6. TrIlled dr _flap

,

For the production

of a tonguet ip. trill- the tongue

is no

A. DemonStration. Listen, but dp not repea

-Repeat

13

Prenas tops b., )1.,

These sprenasali', stops are very sImilar to Eng)ill

nd.[, and na (as in finger) , but in Fijian they occUP in wo-)M-initial

position as well as medial. Initially,^, the .easalization before the [b] and the [d] may be ra:t.):

-weak; that before [g] is mainta Tied. ^.

. A. .Li ten but don't repeat'.

ba Tfish _{fenr-.0 dl}

' fe es ' CII

bai _fence) /s

dara 'slip' (jai 'then'

11R)E3

dau 'commit ad _{l- ery'} galo 'swim' oq3 'thi5

,...,..

j51,/heavily

, 9. Prenasali ed trill or Tlap.

.Tho sound that is written dr 'is phonetically. _a Vu4a ' many I-

[ eqmnee 04 a 'plUs a- trilled or flapped _r. The d result of the movements the tongue goes through _in transition frco n to r.

A. Listen, but don t repeat.

dra 'blood'

vadra 'pandanus drau _leaf'

kedra 'their° .

dr-e- 'pull'

tadra 'dream' dri 'sea _cucumJ.1

dre 'run7 _{away '} H..: Repeat.

14

ra

rai rau rawa

rT)

rogo rusi roka ruku roko ratu

rou _rui

Repea

Contrast between R [not to be taped]

Fijian v, although _very

v [a] and English v [y].

ar in sound to EnglIsh

! Is not produod

Temonstration_[visual]

Fijian and English _v.

Fijian vR 'four'

the difference between

Engli /va/

vei 'there' /Vey/

,you /vow/

vau 'hibiscus' i vow

via 'want . via

y5 'urinal' /vow/

B. Repeat.

va v3 YU

vei vatu vosa

You vola vua

vau, voli vudi

via vonu vuka

that there is sometimes a meaninr; change in the _transfer, But the Fijl.an forms are atTleest partially

predletni

from the English _sources.

Because uf the nature of the two sound -ystems-- Engli*h and. Fijianthe

loans have'heen adapted to fit

. Fijian sysi-em and Still, for the most part, sound as

close to the original model a,fs possible. The chancPr3 occuv are due not only to the'differences in the lists of vowel* and consonants, but also to the way they pat- tern in each _syStem.

An English syllable is a phonemtcal)- complek unit, capable of beginning with as many as th,:-c.c,:

-consonants .(/ornstsnrnst's). HoWeveT 'a F3jian _{sylla -} ble consists

either of-avowelalone,

followed.by a vowel.

The result of this difference in otructures Is that Ent.7,11sn consonant cluter... .4re

, -

reduced for the,Fijian form, or they are separated by inserted vowels. Since final consonants do not _ochu:, Fijian, either reduction occUTS) or a final vowel is added.

The following chartsshoW poss'ble correspondences for English and Fijian sounds.

1 ti

EngisboowIns

As the Fijians contact with nglish-speaking people increased, It was inevitable that they would accept _not only the f reigne contributions to their ulture,-bu also their names for these _gifts. these are some examples:

alakao ,aijini misilaaua manui

alcohol hygiene hour measles man-of-war

By 1941 (the date of the Fij an dic ionary ), it likely that the number of Engli h borrow ngs inuse was already higI

However, the dictionary lIsts fewer than 250. ,In 19681 approximately 450 pags of newspaier text were culled for borrowings', and over 500-were Counted, not Including prope1. names. The disparity between the.- numbers shows that it is diffIcult for'beginning students of the language to read.the newspaper with the aid or the-dictionarys,since many of the Fijian spellings seem quite unlike to'English'spurce wordsi and many _{of Its} meanings are rather different in Fijian. In addit on'to the borrowings omit ed in'.1941 and those that have _come into use'after that date,-there are some like kOteme

'god damn (It) and konoVoe succession of men having int6reourse wi'h one woman' (English 'convoy') that _are not likely to find their way ,into a ,dictionary _{comp_ led,} by a' Missionary. the ekamples show' that the En lish sources for the borro_ings are not always obvious _and

'17

MIC, LT SU

c

Cons onant Correspondences

FIJIAN

V

k

/IT

nt

rjk _q

d n d

t

S

s (1)

. V V

1 8

Ii 6

-Fr

rig d

ji

't1

IT.

U

ix;

el Corresponuences ENGLISH

u

. ey

FIJIAN

.e

a ew

ay

e

a

a

uw

W

0

a au

0

OU

01

The added vo els are di_ficUlt't0 predl

with (0---:othetImes. 0c_curring

are,hy far the most comb

after 1, a after lc, and u

aft

aiimIlation

-S3_ONS ^_

A i matal nilEs

-reetings; Whe Classroom and language-learningexpressio .,xpre5sions;

A.

B.

A.

Dialogue for mcmoriat_ion.

sa yadra. Good mo ming.

NI2 s. hula. Greetin

-Oni.2 s-a lake ki vei. _{Wh re- a}

B. Ki na makete.1 To the market.

A. E vei beka3 na _markc

Be Cya. Darulr Over there. Let's

A. To. S. vinaka. _{OK. -Good.}

NOTE5

1. -L6soni shows some or the commonest _pa

TisrordS-. -The consonants provided no.problem 3.

form; phonetically-Fijian 1, and,ff are not iloch fvom the correspon-'ingGnglish

sounds. Tbe.ft

to be expected) but the second is probably the

of Enc,lista spelling.ilon,

pai-t

Llounds. 8ince'Fijian regularly stresses the second-tf, 'last vowel,seme

forms,similar to this one have a

first- 'vowel,. thus stressing that one and mytChiJT ,losely the English stre4s pattern.. This, .alon i

for the long vowel in m5ke_ ^, in the dialogue-.

mci :.;on,monwealth pronunciation or syllable-final _r,

2 0

f, ^.

1.2

2. OnT can be plural, bLt here-it is a polite form for

one,. person. For many of the .o- pronouns, ko- also appear 0--,forms usUally occur at the-beginning of sentences

ind elsewhere in faster sp ch. There is no difference in xeaning.

3. Beka is also of making a reques

4, Daru spoken to^. the latter.

ed for politeness,- It has the effect or suggestion less abrupt. ⁷ -s to two people, the speaker and the person

called 'inclusive,' since it includes

II. epetItion drill.

Repe t the- following after S. yadra

sa bula

sa yadr6, saka-.

SR bula, saka.

Drau bula.

Dou bula.

Ni sa bula, na marana 10i ha ttraga.

3.

saka.

III. Reoetitiondrill.

SR bula, ^. sa yadra.

Vinaka na eacacak Ni Mai kana mada.

0 hula vinaka?' sa mooe.

Drau bUla.

NOTES

Mada is used The -Enzlish These: -t

and 'no'. It distinctior

the n del.

'Good morning.

Greetings.

Greetings.

Good morning, sir.

Greetings, sir.

Greeting6 to yoU (2).

Greetings' to yOu (3).

greetings to a crowd) Goodbye.

Goodbye,

Et7-12.2asIP

Ni sH bula.

Ni BR Yadra.

Io.SR Vinaka. (yes)

SR vinaka vakalevu. (no)2 I°, vaka-lailai.

Ni sH moce.

Ia, vinaka na hula.

D make coMmands or.mquest _valent might be Nould you m essions dr

can be the ot al ays refer to .onation that mak

abiupt.

nd.

'yes' s the

V. Simp e substitutjon Cue 1

make e .tUraga marama vale

vale lailai koro

makete

drill.

Sentence pattern E vei beka

E vei beka E vei beka E vei-beka E vei beka ,E vei-beka E vei beka E vei beka VI. Supplementary dialogue.

A: 0¹ cei na yacamunT?

B: Na yacaqu _{o Rusi,} Na yacamunT?

A:. Oiau, o Jone.

B; OnI lako mai _vei?

. A: Au lako mai Hawaii.

Oni sa iako Mai vei?

_Au lako mai Bau.-

vu

work- ph

Yalo vinaka.

Tale mada.

Vaka-malua.

Vaka-totolo.

Vosoti,au.

Tulou.6 SE dodonu?

Io.

Sega.

Au sega.ni

E,sega ni macala,nit Icy rut tw\t-'444.,,('%.,r a LA larsvc,

box-LA

sdia

NOTES

ci

cia

na makete?

1.3

na makete.

na tUraga?

na marama?

na Vale?

na vale laila1.

na koro na make e?

What's your name?

My name's Rusi.

Your name?

I'm John.

Where do you _{come om?}

I come from Hawaii.

Where do you _come come from Bau.

_room expressi Please.

Again.

Fast.

Pardon me.

Pardon me.

It is right?

Ye -No6

I'don't know.

I) don't understand.

/TOT clear) kohe-.

Wi-11

ons:*

1, 0 <or ko in slower speech) occurs before proper

noum

koya 'he, she', and cei 'who' when another marker is not used. FOr example, in Au lake mai Hawaii, o is not used before Raw ii, since_01.

mar-fiiii6117-7-

2. Tulpu (or tilou) is always used ifsoMeone p'asses something, stands, or reaches over another person's head, particularly ir that person is of high_rank. It is also said when walking through a crowded area with little walking space. It is not used in the other ways that

English 'excuse me' or 'pardon me' is used; that is, to ^. attract someone's attention, to take leave, or t -apologize .for an impolite action.

A cava beka na vosa vaka- vdlagi ni ?'

A cava beka,na vosa vaka- viti ni '?

A cava beka ni kena balebale na

Vinaka.

Vinaka vaka-levu.

VIII. VOcabulary.' a

a iau

balebale, bekaBau

buia eakacaka eava eel'

darU dodonu dou

drau-..

- ía,e

kana1.6

kei ki kilikoro

koya, oyi lako

1-6soni

What's the English word for What's theJljian word _or.

What the meaning of Thank you. (good) Thank you very much.

cotmon article the

1st person sin ular meaning'

island name

perhaps, if you pleare, expressing doubt

live, recover from illness;

alive, sound in health; li sa bula 'good day, hello' workwhat, which -.

who

1st person dual inclusive right, correct, straight 2nd person trial

2nd person dual

(1) verbal particle, (2) in, at

but, and; sometimes also as a variant on io 'yes'

yes

with, andeat toltowards know

village

that, ther_ di ,g0

lesson (Engl.)

macala mada makete marama

1.5

_clear, plain, intelligible please; ,used to make a comMand

or suggestion less--abrupt market (Engl.)

matai lady_first

moce sleep, goodbye

-muni 2hd person plural or singular

polite

na marker for common _nouns-

ni_ of .

hi 2nd person plural. See onr

o marker for proper _nouns. Also,.ko

oiau contraction of ko 4- au

oni -2nd person plural or singular

polite. Also, konS

-qu 1st person singular

-..sa verbal par icle-

saka sir, madam

sega _no

_sega ni _not,

tale again

tulou pardon me

tUraga chief

vaka-lailai a little

vaka-levu greatly, a lot-

vaka-malua ^S _slowly

Yaka-totolo _fast

Vaka-valag English

Vakaviti

vale ^_ house

vale lailai _toilet

vei where

vinaka good, thank' you

vosa speak, talk; word, talk, _speech,

'language pardon me

name ^.

Wake, good mQrnIrg -

lease vosotl au

yadrayaca

yalo vinaka

2 4

2 1 FIJIAN

A i ka rda ni _soni (Who? Equat onal sentences1 Attrlbuti. on) I. ^. Dialogue to be memorized.

John:

0 cei oy?

Rusi: 0 Pita. It's Peter.

ohn: E kai2 Viti ₀ IsAic Fiji koya?

Rusi: Io. E gone3 ni _Yes. He's from Vanua Levu.

Vanua Levu.

John: A cava na nona Wha his ork?

cakacaka?

Rusi: E qase ni vuli. He's :a teacher.

John: 'nE koro nI vuli cava?

Rusi: Queen Vic oria School.

Which school?

Queen VictorIa School.

John: E koro ni vuli Is it,a good schdol?

vinaka?

Io. E dua na koro ni vuli vinaka.

Yes. It'sa good school...

1.- The phrases iii the equatIonal sent nces can be _Arked Co cei)'(oya)

(a: cavd) (na nona cakacaka) (e kai Viti) (o koya)

2. Kai refers to an inhabitant of a place. Once used only for males, it can now beu ed for females _also.

3 The literal meaning-of gone is 'child'.

23

II. Repeti ion.

na tUraga oya?

na marama oya?

O cei o koya?

0 cpi oya?

O cei oq3?

O eel ociori?

O cei o i a?

O cei na yacamunI?

mple substitution.

Cue

oq5 o koya na tUra a na marama -na yacamunT

na qase ni vuli na yacana

- IV. RepetitiOn,

Na koro ni vull cava?

Na.mikete cava?

.Na leeoni cava?

Na korocava?

Na,tUraga eava?

Na marama cava?

V. Simple substi ution.

Who's Who's Who's Whols Who's

that chief.

that lady?

be?

that .dis ant)?

this?

2.2

_Who's that -(by a-dre ee).

Who are they (plural What'S your

Sentence ER11.=

O cei oq6?

O cei oqö?

O cei o koya?

Which-sehool?

WhAch'market?

Which lesson?

Which Villa -e?

Which Chief?

-Which lady?'

Pattern: Na koro ni,vul_ caVa?

Sentence E!1:12=

No koro ni vuli cava?

kor0 ni vull Na,koro ni vuli_cava?

Cue

makete.

lEsoni koro taraga marama tamata yalewa tagane gone ,cakacnka

9

VI. Repetftion.

E dua na gone. _{A child.}

E dua na cauravou. 'A youth.

E dua na vale. A hous.e.

E dua na (lase. 'An old person.

E dua na (lase ni vuli. A teacher.

E dua.na koro. A.village.

E dua na koro ni vuli. A school'.

E .dua na niu. A coconut.

E dua'na .61 ni niU. A coconut E dua na vu ni kau. A tree.

ViIa. SImple substitutIon.

Cue

-; matai

tBraga dau teitei kai Viti kai Merika kai mua

'tamata vinakabull cauravou

(lase ^.

VIIb.

2.3

Sentence pattern

E dua na gaselni_vuli o ko-- 'E.dua na matai o koya.

E dua na.tUraga o koyn.

E dua na dau teite-1

9

'Cue Sentehce p_ttern

Na koro cava?

koro ni vpli Na koro ni vuli cava?

gaze Na gaze cava?

clase nivuli Na (lase ni vuli cava?

2 7

gone -

:gone vuli eauraveuvale yalewa tagane.

VIII. Simple subs Cue

o Pita

o

oiauo iko

,na tamat6, OQ Z,

ha eauravou oqb na yal.eWa oqo^. na tUraga oyM.

na gone vuli ocj na qase ni vuli oq0 IX. -Repetition.

E

-)E

2,11

ence pAtteED

na kai Viti o koya.

dua na ^: , Viti o Pita.

,dua na kai Viti o koya.

dua na kai Viti

Repeat the above sen ences after the model, which _now has question intonation.

X. Question and ansv

The following questions themselves serve as a modLI for the answer.- Only io-'yes' need be added, and the intona- tion thanged.from EiTicstionremains-the same. ^- to statement. The word order

Question Answe

E dua na gone vuli o koya? Io, e dua na gpne vull o keya.

mataisau tiiraga kai mua kai Viti:;

gone vull^. qase ni vuli eauravou marama dau teitei tamata vinaka

,puli

8

XI. Repetlition.

NaNa Na NaNa NaNa NaNa Na

tiaraga levu t5raga vinaka valesvinaka vale levu vale lailai koro lailai koro levu

vale batabata vale balayu vale tabu-'

XII.. SimDle

.5

Pattern: E dua na vale Cue

talevu lailai

Amtaka_a

The big chief The good chief The good house The

big

The small house, the Tho small village The big village The cool.house The,long -house, The. church (lit.

2.5

e

vinaka

Sentenoe pattern

E dug na vale vinaka.

-E dua na vale

E dua na vale levu.

XIII. Variable slot drill.

One or the=other of the underlined words in the model may be replaced by the cue.

Cue

koroCa yalewa mãtai gone -lallai _batabatavale

Sentence

E dua na tamata Vinaka.

dua ha tamata

'ca.

E chra n a

1..-11R1e- tabu is the patholio term for eh: ch building.

The geiieyahs use. vale_ni 1otu.

2 9

draki vinaka ea bullbalavu vu ni niu

XIV. Question and answe Pattern: A cava oqö?

Cue (11 h pi-cturos) -17171 nI niu

valevale lailai 'vale tabu

yalewa tagane korogone -mataisau

gone dau dau teitei

)"%f. Vocabulary balavu

batabata bull-

ca

cauravou dau ^. dau teitei draki

dua

V.

gene daugone gone vuli ikeira

ka.

ka

kal

A

2.6

/ha 's ths

Re onse

cieTd na vti ni ni Oclori na vale.

Oqorl

long, tall cold, coolness

administrative offlcal bad, evil, ruin

youth expert

farmer weather

blle; preceding nouns it bece n.indefinIte article as e dua na,tamata ''a man'

child fisherman student

2nd person singular 3rd person plurAl

As i ka prefix ferming ordinal

. ruirTirals from cardinals;

ka rua 'second' inhabitant of

sailer

-hot, feverish wood- stick, tree

3 0

2,7

kbro ni vuli a school

koya 3rd person singular

lanai

levu big, r,reat, large

matai

,sMart, expert, skilled; carpen mataisau

carpenter Merika

America. Also Aterika

mua

3rd pen Zngular

niu_oc13 coconut

here, this -(by the speaker) oqori

there, that (by the addressee)

(lase

old person

(lase ni vuli teacher

rua _two

tabu aecyed orbidden

tagane

tamata

tpitei, i _farm,

arden plo vale tabu

church buIldIng.

Vanua Levu

aecOnd largest-isla d in the Fiji Group

Viti Fiji

vu

vulini kau _tree,learn, vtl ni niu

coconut tree

yalewa _wamen

2, 1

A ^::_ ka tolu ni 16soni (Comment-tvici Wh(,re?: LocEJ.ve equational srntenc Question into

I. Dia -gue to be

menorId.

A: A cave a cakava What 's he dein o :oya?

E cakacaka,tiko.

E cakacakc tiko e vei?

E cakacaka tiko _{mel He's} Suva.

E .i_vu na nona

cakacaka? Lots _f w

3 1

s; Review

Suva.

B: lo E levu dina. _Yes. Heally lots.

A:

S5 ded&

B: I°. Si tolu na

Has he wrked

three years.

1. The comment part of a'ae to w1,-%t is happenin It is SiErfc(iTiTo the predicato The Lp_pie sta-es the doer of' the action or the subj&cL of the comment. _Note that in English that the topic is mentio ed- first, and _{then_}

something is said about _it. In Fijian, the order for _mar-Ay sentence types is _revrirsqd.

Notice that In tne second, third-, and fourth lines in the dia3oguee the tcpic'(which could be 0 koya AneT) _is omitted. This is normal conversti.onal stYle; if the topic were restated in each sent3nco, the style would oe stilted.

The drills, which do not , tempt to be conversational, ⁰ include both thecomment Eind the topic,

2. T!,.ko, which means literally stay', is used after the verb to Andicate a p-x)grossi or habitual action.

3_ In many- sentences, se.- and e. ae interchangeable _At times, Sa is more emphatfc than c. Attempts to exp ain -_the differenceImitate the model.more explicitly have usually failed.

3 2

II. RepetitIon dr1Y.

0

cakacaka til ^_ moce tiko_ o Rus ^.

moku s ^_ _{o i110.}

dabe tlko na qc cici tiko na _gone.

dci tiko o

vosa tiko o Jane

laga sore tiko o More.

cialo tiko o RusA^. goli tike a koya.

Cue

Ranaiako

laga sere mocegale

gen

yobs a

gitotu cake dabe galeeici

vaka-cegU

tolurua [The ins

3. 2

He rking.

Rusi1s s1coping You're wasting time.

The old man is sitting _down.

The child is. running.

He running.

John talking.

Mary . singing.

Rusi swimming.

He's fihing.

-ubstitutlon.

. Sentence_

-oak& tiko o koya.

E lako tiko o koya.

E kana tiko _{o koya.}

Sentence

E dua2 na _gone.

E rua ha gone.

E telu na gone..

uctor cent nues the drill With numbers up to ten.]

1. Moku silra means literally 'kill the day '

2. . Numeral. fit into the same slot as the verbs In the

previous drills. E ruu na .gone means literally 'are two the children' ;'there are two childrenan idiomatic tvanslation is 'two children' 'or

33

IV. Q 5tion and anL-,wer.

With pi Sample

Q: A cava aj?

e dua na rone.

Q: A cava e cakava lAka?

A:

E cabct1ko

Other ve.rbs that can be alctured . macekana

puny taubale cici .laga

qoli

(-Tito

b. 1,..Tith objec

P. eava ocla

A: Oco_-i,:na pent.- Other ob -cts

sotevola

tarauses- i vava vinivb

Repetitaon.

E levu na vale ¹ vinaka na vale.

The house is big. (or, There are a_lot Of houses.

The house iS'good.

1. Note tha_ ese 'adjectives fit into

the

.Sa kama na vale 'The-house as burning _and Sa levu-na vale 'The house is big.'

3 4

E

vinaka na waga^.

lanai na

laliai na motoka.

cd na motokR.

cA na moto.

balavu na mote.

balavu na gaunisala.

vinaka na gaunisala.

lovu na vanUa.

vinaka na vanua.

VI. Simpl, substitution.

Cue

lailaI batabatE katakata vinaka makawa -galala

lekaleka tabu

VII. Varlab e -lot.

Cue

vinaka motokd eR .kampwaqa 'A:dtblo

bogibatabatd kEkana levuuoa -alga

vanua

buti5

rThe The The The TheThe The The The The

canoe is Good. ,

canoe is .small.

car is small.

car is bad.

spoar is bad.

spear is long.

road Is long, road Is good.

place is big.

land is good.

Sentence

SE na vale.

Sd lailai na vale.

SE batabatdna vale.

sa katakata na Vale.

Sentence

SE levu na vale.

S. vinaka na vale._

S5 Vinaka na motok5.

SR CR na motokd.

Sd cã na waa.

sa kama na

Sd totold na wage.

S5 totolo na bogi;

Sd_batabatd na bogi.

sa batabatd na kakana.

sa levuna kRkana,,.

85 levu.na uCa.

sa siga na uca.

S5 siga na Vanua.

sa buto na vanua.

VIII. QestIon and answer.

3.11

Qu- tion Answer_{_}

SA levu na uca? Io, ga levu _{na uca.}

sa vinaka na vale Io, si Ninaka na vale.

.sa balavu na gaunisa_a? #

sa bula vinaka na tUraga?

Si kele na moto1c5?

sa lailaina

Si.batabati na _val-?

Si soko na waqa?

Si gata na mote?

sa yawa na yanuyanu?

sa levUna koro?, sa vinaka na kikana:

Si vinaka na vale ni kana?

Si vinakana

Si Vinaka na vale ni yagona ni _Viti.

Si ievu na'ika?.

IX.

eons Cue ika

3;5

iven the cue, which may be'either topic or,comment, uct a sentence on the above model

vinaka ,balavulevu -batabati

koro

vale'

waqauca

vale ni kana

Possible relp_ars1R Si levu na ika.

E tolu na ika.

Si,vinaka na ika.

X. .Repetifion.

E lako ki

na mikc o koya.

E tiko Mai Suva.4-

E lako mai Merika _o,Pita.

-E cakacaka tiIo mai Viti o:koya.

E. lake ki na vale ni kana _{o Rusi.}

1. Place .naTes take no additional marker when used with the directionals. _Thus:

ki na mikete ki Suva

3 6

tiko mai Vanua Levu _{o Mere.}

E lako ki na motoka o Sala,

E lako ki na waqa na tUraga oc-15.

E eakacaka tiko mai, na koro ni v-1

ta'a oq3.

XI. Simple substituA on.

Cue

Lautoka na bose na waqa na motok4 na bose.

-na vale na vale na vale na koro- _na koro ni

Vanua Levu na sitoa..--- na-yanuyanu Tamavua

ni ni ni

yagona kana:

kuro

vuli

XII. Que-tion and

Ques-ion: E lako ki vei o koya?

Cue

cr.

3.6

Sentence

E lako kl Suva _{o koya.}

E lako ki Lautoka _{o koya.}

E lako ki na bose o koya.

Answer

na makete E lako ki na makete _{o koya.}

.Suva- E lako ki Suva o k6ya.

Lautoka na bose na wkla

na vale ni kana na vale ni kuro na vale ni yaciona

na vale ni yagena ru vavRiagis na koro

na koto ni vuli 'Vanua LevU

na sitoa :.TamaVua

na yanuyanu'_

3 7

XIII.. Simple subs titution.

Cur

Vat

BRNac_

'Sicatoka Navua Tavua Labasa Savusavu Lakeba

XIV. Q A- 'ion and answer.

Cue

ZLI a vu

Labasa Sbmosomo Lami

Wainibuka Korolevu Sigatoka Lomaiviti Yasawa

3.7

IC

Era lako mat .Lau na gone vuli.

Era gone r1 Lau.

Era lako mai Vat koula na g-ne vuli.

Era gone ni Vatukoula.

f

Sentence^_

Era lako mai vei na A talatala?

Era lako mai Lakeba.

Era lako mai vei na-i tal- ala.

Era lako mai Savusavu.

XV. RepetItion.

E tiko mai Lakeba o-koya.

Era tiko mai Korolevu na yalewa.

'E cakacaka tiko e Hawaii o Samu4',

E Vulf tiko e Hawaii o koya,.

I. Mai is used with place- away from tli- ^. der. 'Thus, someone in Suva would us0 mat .ri1fl sayin6u one is from

Nadi. But if he said someone was from. Suva or FIjI, he would-

-- _

tise e.

38

3.8

XVI. SubstItution. Use mai or e, depending on the location of the spea er and of tho cue.

Cue Sen'ente

E tiko c Hawaii o kaya.

Suva E tiko mai Suva o koya.

Merika E tiko.e Merika-o koya.

LMoloka'i HiloLautoka Hamakua Tavua Rakiraki' YasaWa LauLomaiviti

XVII. Vocabular

bosebogi night

meeting

dark'

caka-va caka 'do, make, wo

trans. takava

cidi run

dabe sit

ded6 long (time)

.dina true, genuine, since e, worthy

-era_ -3rd person plural

gade walk, stroll, gp for pleasure

galala empty

gata. -sharp

gaunisala path, track, rbad

ika fish

-kakana ^- food

kama _{-... -} burn

kea, keya, there

kele ^, arrive, come t- a stop

laga sere sing

lekaleka short ^_

mai preposition or place or

"movement

makawa oid

mOku hit,-usually with a stick

moku siga kill time or pass time'

moto

motoka motor car (Englj

peni-, pen, penny (Engl.

gale, swim ^.

sitoa siwa sotesoko

taiatala, , tarausese

taubale

tiko

tlkotolu totolo

cake ucavaka-c gu vale ni kana :vale ni kUro

vale ni yagona vanua

vavUlagi viniv5 waqavola yabaki yanuyanu vaqona

yawa

Place na-es_

Korolevu Labasa Lakeba Lami

L'au

Lautoka Lomaiviti NadiNausori Navua

Rakiraki Savusavu Sigatokg Suva ^. Somosomo

3.9

playfish with ne_

day, stop raining, d-ylight, sunny

_tore (Engl.) line fishing

sail ⁴

shirt (Engl.) minister

trousers (Engl,.).

walkl str011

a sign of continuation, progress or habituai-action

pit, remain, be in a place three

fast, Cluick

tand up; ta. -e at a.place' cake -'upT-

rest,-mtire

eating hOuse, restaurant cafe kitchentcooking house

,yagona drinking house land, place

shoe, sandal

Caucasian. Also vAlagi dress (Engl

pinafprer

yearboat island kava

distant, distance

).

4 0

3 10

Tamavua.

Tavua Vat ukoula Waini0 uk a Yas aw a

4.1

FIJ_ AN

A :1

ica v ni lsoni

(Time expresi %ft:, and future negativer via)

I. Dialogue to be memorie/. d.

A:

E vei

o MO An

want

keya. He went to Lam .

E. a lako c -.Wben did he go?

8

E a sega ni lake e nanoa?

E dai_ ,

E n6 lesii tale mai -p- naioa?

E na nqtca ni,

mat6.,a.

II. Repet tion.

This morning.

He didn't g0 yesterday?

No- ted y.

When will he come Back?.

Tomorrow m -ning.

E a lake e _nanea.

E a lake e na mataka E a lake .e ncr.vula o MU.

E a lake -6 na si.ga M5nit1^. ha lake e na siga

E na lesu tale mai ni mataka.

E na lesu tale mai

ena vula 0

E na le&u tale mai e .na yakavi.

E a lesu tale mai _{e' nanea}

t; a lesu tale .mai e na mataka.

r1

Ti-seba.

via

Il a newt' is uthed as the -object_{sof 'want'} vinakata is viAakata na k on5 'I want this' (

4

11.2

2. Note the difference in the answers to negative ques ions in:English and Fijian:

',-ENGLISH: -Didnst he go? No, he didn't.

FIJIAN: .E a sega ni lako? Io (yes), e a segalli lake..

.The English answer is to the 'sense'of the question;

the Fijian-answer is to .the construction of the question.

Ia. Substitutiorr.

-Cue _Sentence

E na lesu-tale mai ni mataka._{_} e_na vula o Me E na lesu tale.mai e na vula,o -e,na vula o Januerl E na lesu tale mal e na vula o

Janueri.

e na vula o Maj .

e namataka ni mataka e n4 bogi

e ,na.bogi ni mataka e na yakavi

-e na yekavi ni mataka .e daidai

e na yakaVi e daldai e na mataka

e na mataka e daidai

Mb.

niti' Januar- Feperueri., Vakarauwai

[continue with mon hs anç days]

E na vula 0 Januer

,

E na (Aga nniti.

IIIc. Depending on the cue, ohoose.the approp- a e tense marker, a or na.

E a lako e.nanoa.

EhiTa lako nr-FilTaka.

,ni mataka E na lako ni mataka..-

e nanoa E a lako.e nanoa.

e daidai E.a lako e daidai./E na lake daidai.

e na \Tula o June E a lako e na vula _{o JunQ,./}

E na lako e na vula _{o June.}

e na m4taka'ni mataka E na lako-e na mataka ni _mataka.

e na bog& ni mataka e na tolu na kaleke e na mataka e _lea e na yakavi cna yakavi.ni matnki

nia

e na bouj

IV. Repetition.

Au via lake- AU via mace.

Au via kana.

E via grm.o k6ya.

O via mate2

O via laki-siwa.

O 'via g75c16?

O via aka-jcegu?

O via rrilki;

mataka.

y. Subst1fut,ion.

Cue

E

,

na lake e na begi nt'/ma ka.

a lako e na tolu na/kaleko:/, E na lako,e na toilu na kaleke.

a lake c na mataka _{e nanoaC} a,lako e na yak vi e nana.o

na lake e na y kavi ni _mataka:

a lake e na b, ./E na lako e na bogi. _/

lesu t le mai gunugunu bia

taralala danlsi

gaa

kana

lake ki kana

VI. Variable slot.

Cue

* The w;toriEA indlcal;e1 which new vocabulary,

,Sentence

0 via lake _{e na bog-_}

O via lesu tale mai e na- beg_

O via gunu e'na bogi?

O via gunu bia e na begi?

. .

Senten'ce

E a via moce mai Tavua

414

nanea o Samu.

CO or a pattern in

!

lessen, mIght be use

iko lako ki

Peni taubale mai

cakacaka e na bogi moce

na tUrao.

Nausori lesu tale e na yakavi e na. mataka na Bull

na mata ni vanua

VII. Question and a Questions:

Cue

LI'.

E a via tiko mai Tavua e nanoa o Samu.

E a via jako mai Tavua e nanoa o Samu.-

E a via lake ki Tavua e nanoa o Samu.

E a via lako ki Tavua e nanoa o Peni.

E a via taubale ki TavUa.e nanoa 0 Peni.

E a via taubale mai Tavua,e nanoa o Peni

E a via cakacaka mai Tavua e nanoa o Peni.

E a via cakacaka mai Tavua e na bogi

E a via mace mai Tavua e na bogi-o Peni.

E a via,moce mai.Tavua e -na bogi na tUraga.

E a via moce mai NaUsori e na bogi na tUraga.

E a-via lesu tale mai Nausori e na bogi na tUraga.

E a via lesu tale mai Nausori e na yakavi na triraga.

E a via lesu tale mai Nausori e na mataka.ha tUraga.

E a via lesu tale mai Nausori e na mataka na bull. ^.

E a via lesu tale mai Nausori e na mataka_na mata hi vanua..

or.

E a lako e na sga .cava?

E na lako p na siga cava?

hi mataka e na mataka

e na sigalevu e nt yakavi e na bogi e nanoa

e na mricawa sR

otl

e na vula sA ot e na yabakisE oti

na.mRcawa mai muri e na vula mai ocia e na yabaki.mai oc15 e na micawa mai oci5

Answer

E na lako ni mataka.

E a/na lake 6 na mataka.

. .

45

VIII^. Repetition.

4,5

Auna sega ni in'ki si ii pmtal E a scg ni lakn e na vula

na sega ru les ⁽⁷ na stga Mbniti.

E na sega.n_ lnsu taie maie na 'vula o Tiseba.

E a scnnI lest/ mai _c

E na sca

sa na_sega-ni'tara valo nt mataka.

E sega ni macala-e na'slgalevu_nikua.

E na sega ni lalki.Suva ci na,mTreawamal OciTi.-

E a sega na gird5-e n loflia nf vula rua sa oti.

IX.

Au na siwa ni matai.

E a lako e na vula-o E na lesu tale mai o ,141

E na lesu- tale .mai e na vula o Tlsoba.

E a lesu mai e na bogi.

F na la'ki Suva e na yalcavi.

E sa na tara vale ni, mataka, ^. E na macala e na sigaleVu

nUua

E na lalki Suva e na mdeawa_{mai oei.}

-E a gtide7 e na loma ni vularua sl oti.

Xa.

E;:picn drf11.

Cue

seEa r vaka-lev e ha mat lailai'

nanoa

e r na

Nu

;

Sentence AU via kana.

Au .,ega.ni via kana.

Au saga ni via kana vaka-levu.

Au a,sega ni via kana vaka-levu.

Au a. sega ni via kana vaka-levu e ha mataka.

Au a Sega ni via kana vaka-levu- e na mataka lailai.

Au a sega ni via kana vaka-levu e na mataka lailai e nanoa.

E soko.

E soko e na waga.

E na soko e na maga.

E na soko e na waqa kl Mukul., E na soko e na waqa ki Nukui

e na yakavi..

ni mataka sega

Xc .

via

a

serra ni

ki na vale e na bogi

na Si a TiMiti

XI.

Repetit on.

Au via gunu.

Au vinakata na wai ni Au via kana.

Au vinakata na kaka a.

b Via mate?'

O yinOcata iia maLu?

(t) via ;s- waY

0 vinakata na siwa?1

XII. 1Sub-1

Use either via_ or v

na k416.na

sisili Slwa

n,1 wa ni

1wa

yacionc.

moce'

dau sAwa'

A.6

,

)

E na soko e na waqa ki .Nukui p: na Yakavi ni mataka.

E na sega ni soko e na waqatki Nukui e na yakavi ni mat,aka.

o.

I want to drink.

I want lemon juice.

I want to eat

I want food.

Do you want to die?' Do you want death?

Do you want' to -fish?

Do you like fishing?

Sentence

Au via alnu wai ni moll.

Au

AU

Au

vinakata na kakana.

via sisili.

via siwa.

vinakata na wit ni.

vintkata na yaciona.

via moce.

more often asked.

4 7

na i-mocemoce ^. vakatotelo' na totolo. ^. na savasa

Au vinakata na I mocemoce.

Au via. vaka-totolo.

.11u vinakata-na totelo.

Au vinakata na savaDava.

XIII. Supplementary dialogue..

A: , dua na kflonT Do you want any hing?

vinakata?

: A:

Io, au via raica na D.O.

koy 'qb.

I d like to see the D.O.

ni tiko jieLs not in.

-B: E tiko beka mai -vei Where Is he?

A: E tiko mai Nunidawa. He's in .1Tunidawa.

.B: 0 kila na gauna e na Do you know, when he is going lesu mai kina?

Spga, au sega ni .kila.

sayinaka, au na qai Very Well, I'll be back and mai rai tale e .na

siga VakarauW,Ika.

to be back?

I 'don't know.

. check on Friday.

- the short fOrIII of min.

48.

XIV.V .abulary.

R past tense marker

bia beer_ (Engl.)

.daldal today.

'.dn1

D.O. bistrict Officer (En

,Feperuori February.(Eng1;)

-gauna -time

.gunu ^. drink

Janueri January (Engl.)

June June -(Engl.).

kR thing

kaloko clock (Engl.)

kE, e.lc here, this plade

-kina there, there loy, there with.,

there froM

lesu return

.loma center, middle, inside

mReawa. week ^{, .}

Maji -March (Engl.) _{Also Mati_}

mata ^_ _{face, eye.}

mataka, na mataka morning .

mataka, ni mataka _tomorrow

mate ^. ,disease, die

ME May (Engl.)

MoceMoce, I sleeping place, a,bed

moll. Citrus ^.

MEniti Monday (Engl.) ^. _.

muri-a muri. Ef011ow'; trans. muria;

e:muri 'behind, later'., 'ki muri 'to the rear'^,

mai Muri 'at or from the rear afterwards'

na ^, future tense marker

naica time, when

nanoa _yesterday

Ilikua today

Nukui village on the Rewa De_ a

oti finish, after

gal now, then, so, just

rai-ca rai 'sight, vi ion, see,

understandl; trans. rai_a

sara watch

savasavR clean

sigalevu midday, noon

sisili bathe

tara build

taraialR a.kind of moke danced with both partners EZIding arms and

facing the front, stepping alone, with a fast beat.

4 9

Tiseba Vasite

Vakaraubukava Vakarauwai

viavinakata vulaVunidawa

fo

14. 9

trans. taralalataka 'dame with someone in airs fashiont.

comber _{ngi )} sday (Erij1

Satuwant

want,

ice

month, n.ori

adininiti 3tIVe station

for,

.Proince, of Naitasiri

wa ni^. slwa fIshing li

. wai water

yakiivi _.eVerall

yaloya o a reflectip9 ya1_pza10

0 'the image o portrait of....

'!a_l_p_sj_g11._Lya.1 -alo 'the -pictu e 1 own'

50

FIJ AN A i ka linia niJEs (Alienable 'possession,-ni, attributi _n) 1. Xdalog e to be memorized.

0 raica na'noqu sele?

A.

Have you seen ray knife?

ni raica. I'haven't Seen it.

Na I sole nei ceitaura t ko o _e Who e kntre is Will Viliame

B: Oya na nona. Na noMuni I sole e

duatani.

_AI

That's his. Your kni different.

A:

Auld1R.

1.- Fijian had a more deta led:systea of possess ves (genitives ) than does English. As .anexample, 'ay' _can

be transia ed in four ways, depending upon what is possessed.

The follow ng diagram shows the outline of the _ystem:.

Posse on Alienable

ke- (for edibles and certain innate qualities)

for drinkables) (for other items)

The membership of some words will come as a surprise .to speakers ofan edible, moll 'citrus_{English. -as}Tavako. 'tobacco'_-a drinkable. is classed a

In genera_ meñibership of a particular word to one class is fairly rigid. But,there is some cutting across classes. Dalo 'taro' is, as one would expect, i^. the edible class.'--U71.7a if-one is speaking of dalp

strictly 6s a marketable prodUtt, he.uses the-Fi5= possessive.For the language learner,the whole systemHoperates li-ke a gender -yetem and should be treated _{as such.} Thus,

In allen able

Suffixed forms

]

12.911x_nAllE

kin-terms

5.2 as in German or,.Frenph, nouns-have tobe__learned.with the^. marker of'gender. Fortunately, the class'to which-anoun belongs is much easier to.prediet in Fijian than in German or French.

4 Sega ni lake ki na noda bose.

E ,a lako ki.na nona

E sa yali na nomun _{I sele?-'} jE vei beka na nedra I teitei?

Nomu lako--aU na rarawa kinal OSta na nodaru I tag.

vei bcka na nomu t _noa, dina na-nona kolY.

:Si totolo dina na noda waqa.

E sega ni.-gata na noqu i.sole.

Simple substItution.

Cue

noqunomu nomuni .nodra

nodaru nodanoqu nodranona

Sen -ence

0q6 na nona vale nt_kana.

0(15 na noqu vale ni kana.

0q5 na nomi vale ni kana.

tion and ans er.

Drill leader points to one, two, three or more of the class 'and .asks, Nei cei?

C4e.

(poInts to himself

(points to student reciting) (poInts to another student) [etc.

Answer Na nomunr.

Na noqu.

Na nona.

'Repetition.

5..3

00 na nOqu vale.* _{This is my house!}

Oq na noqu waqa. _{This is} my-canoe.

00 ,na, nomu motolza. This is your

-00 na nomukoro.

Ociori,na.nomu peni.

OVA na nomu yanuyanu.

Oqn'na-nodarti vale.

00:na npdaru koro.

Oya na nodra koro.

Oya na nodra yanuya u.

iAble slot.

Cue

noqU koro'

vale ni kana nomu

vale la laioya4 nonakuro

vale ni kuro

t

This is your v lage.

-That's your pen._

That's your island.

This is our house.

This is our village.

That's their village.

That's their island.

Repetiti n drill.' Sa kana vinaRL dina _na

kena dalo.

00 na kequ tavioka.

E levu na kena"Uvi.

E balavu na kemuni ika.

Oya na kena tavako.

vakarau na kemu _kakana.,

by, oti na ké'qu

VIII.

Cue

kemu kemunl:

Sentence 0q6 na nala 0(16 na noqu 0q3 n4 noqu

()go' na noqu 0q3 .na nomu Oya na nomu Oya na nOmu

Oclori.na nomuyale lailai.

Oqori na nona vale. _lailai.

Oqori na nona kuro.

Oqori na nena vale ni _kuro.

vale.

vale.

koro.

vale ni kana..

vale ni kana.

vale ni kana.

vale lailai.

His taro is really good food!

Ths

He has a lot APf yams.

Tour (pl!),P1sh -is long.

Those ar'e 114.s:cigarettes.

Yoar tooTis ready.

I'm ollt of eigarottes.:.

Sentence

sn levu na kemu tavako.

-Sa levu na kemu _tavako.

Sa levu na kemunT _tavako.,

keirau.

-keitou kena

. keda

kedra

'Var able slot drill

lena

-tavioka oqori

.k.equ

madrai kemuoya keMudrauuvi oqa

c'T X Repotition.

sa -unu vinaka dina-na na yagona.

5.4

!ence

0qP na kena .da Qqp na kena

Qqb pa kena tavioka.

Oqori na kena ta:0.0-ca.

Oqori na kequ tavioka.

Ogori na kequ madrai.

Oya,na kequmadrat.

Oyg'na kemu madrai.

Qyg na-kemu. uvi

Oyd na kemudrau uvi.

Oqb na kemudrau uvi.

his yagona really tastes _nice.

Oq na mequ maxi°. Jfhis is my mango.

sa ..ilai na memanr bia. 'Your beer is almostemp .sa 1 vu'na-mena _rourou. He has a lot of _rourou.

'Oyi r^, memu meleni. That is.your melon. ,

Si maca_ a mequ wai. My water is .empty,,_

Sa katakata na memu, a ,YOur watex'is hot.

,

XL

Cue

:menmeqU memUni{

meirau memudoumeda

lailai na sa lailai na m Sg lailai na men

-U yaciona.

yaqona.

Yaqona.