Empowering Women Entrepreneurs through Information and Communications Technologies

Empowering Women Entrepreneurs

through Information and Communications Technologies

A P R A C T I C A L G U I D E

U N C T A D C

U R R E N T

S

T U D I E S O N

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C I E N C E

, T

E C H N O L O G Y A N D

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N N O V A T I O N

N º 9

Empowering Women Entrepreneurs

through Information and Communications Technologies

A P R A C T I C A L G U I D E

U N C T A D C

U R R E N T

S

T U D I E S O N

S

C I E N C E

, T

E C H N O L O G Y A N D

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N N O V A T I O N N º 9

New York and Geneva, 2014

NOTE

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UNITED NATIONS PUBLICATION 81&7$''7/67,&75HY

© Copyright United Nations, 2014

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PREFACE

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

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CONTENTS

NOTE ... II PREFACE ... III ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ... IV ABBREVIATIONS ... VII

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION ... 1

A. Why ICTs for women’s entrepreneurship? ... 3

B. ICTs and the changing global landscape ... 3

C. ICTs to overcome barriers and constraints in women’s entrepreneurship ... 4

$FFHVVWRƂQDQFLQJ ... 5

2. Women’s time constraints or time poverty ... 5

3. Constraints on women’s physical mobility ... 5

4. Constraints on women’s access to education, skills and training ... 5

D. ILO and UNCTAD collaboration on ICTs for the Women’s Entrepreneurship Development Framework and methodology ... 6

E. Purpose and structure of this guide ... 7

CHAPTER 2 ICTS IN WOMEN’S ENTREPRENEURSHIP DEVELOPMENT ... 9

A. Introduction to women’s economic empowerment and ICTs ... 11

B. The ILO WED assessment Framework and methodology ... 12

C. The increasing use of ICTs by women entrepreneurs ... 13

D. ICTs in the WED assessment Framework and methodology ... 14

1. Framework condition 1: A gender-sensitive legal and regulatory environment that favours the economic empowerment of women ... 16

2. Framework condition 2: Effective WED policy leadership and coordination ... 16

)UDPHZRUNFRQGLWLRQ $FFHVVWRJHQGHUVHQVLWLYHƂQDQFLDOVHUYLFHV ... 17

4. Framework condition 4: Access to gender-sensitive business development support ... 18

5. Framework condition 5: Access to markets and access, ownership and usage of technology ... 20

6. Framework condition 6: Representation of women entrepreneurs and participation in policy dialogue ... 24

CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY AND PRACTICAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR CONDUCTING A NATIONAL ASSESSMENT OF ICTS FOR WED ... 27

A. Introduction ... 29

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30

1. Desk research ... 30

2. Key informant interviews ... 31

3. Surveys of women entrepreneurs ... 32

4. Focus group discussions ... 32

5. Scoring of the indicators for the ICT component of the WED Framework conditions ... 33

CHAPTER 4 WED-RELATED DATA SOURCES AND ICT INDICATORS ... 37

A. Sources of data on ICT and women’s entrepreneurship ... 39

1. Business or enterprise surveys ... 39

2. Population- or household-based surveys ... 40

3. Business registers ... 41

B. Key indicators in the WED Framework ... 41

1. Framework condition 1: Gender-sensitive legal and regulatory system ... 41

)UDPHZRUNFRQGLWLRQ $FFHVVWRJHQGHUVHQVLWLYHƂQDQFLDOVHUYLFHV ... 42

3. Framework condition 4: Access to gender-sensitive business development support ... 42

4. Framework condition 5: Access to markets and access, ownership and usage of technology ... 42

C. Additional ICT-related indicators ... 43

CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION AND THE ROAD AHEAD ... 45

FIGURES

Figure 1. Mobile phone subscriptions per 100 inhabitants, by region... 4

Figure 2. WED assessment Framework conditions and subconditions ... 15

Figure 3. Components of the ILO WED assessment methodology ... 29

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ANNEXES ... 51

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Entrepreneurship and icts ... 63

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ABBREVIATIONS

ADB Asian Development Bank BDS EXVLQHVVGHYHORSPHQWVXSSRUW ECA Economic Commission for Africa

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NAP national action plan

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STI science, technology and innovation

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UNDESA United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs

UNEP/SBC United Nations Environment Programme/Secretariat of the Basel Convention UNU-ISP 7KH8QLWHG1DWLRQV8QLYHUVLW\,QVWLWXWHIRU6XVWDLQDELOLW\DQG3HDFH

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INTRODUCTION

“ICTs have become essential enablers of socioeconomic development ...

Today’s and tomorrow’s technologies will help bring the Millennium Development Goals within reach.”

Ban Ki-Moon Secretary-General

United Nations

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B. ICTS AND THE CHANGING GLOBAL LANDSCAPE

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Figure 1. Mobile phone subscriptions per 100 inhabitants, by region

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 Africa

AViaaQG3aciƄc Transition economies Latin America and the Carribean Developed countries

Number

2012 2008

Source: ITU

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Box 1. The diversity of ICT

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Box 1. The diversity of ICT

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B. THE ILO WED

ASSESSMENT FRAMEWORK AND METHODOLOGY

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C. THE INCREASING USE OF ICTS BY WOMEN ENTREPRENEURS

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Box 2. Mobile phones — saving time and generating income in Lesotho

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D. ICTS IN THE WED

ASSESSMENT FRAMEWORK AND METHODOLOGY

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Figure 2. WED assessment framework conditions and subconditions

FrameYorM EonFKtKons SuDEonFKtKons 1. GenFer-sensKtKve NeIaN

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3. AEEess to IenFer- sensKtKve ƂnanEKaN servKEes

4. AEEess to IenFer- sensKtKve BDS servKEes

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. RepresentatKon oH Yomen entrepreneurs anF partKEKpatKon Kn poNKEy FKaNoIue

A. Labour laws and regulations

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A. WED as a national policy priority

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A. Women entrepreneurs’ participation in generic Ƅnancing programmes

B. )inancing programmes speciƄcally targeted to women-owned enterprises

A. Women’s access to mainstream BDS services B. Mainstream BDS services respond to the needs

of women entrepreneurs

C. Presence of women-focused BDS services

A. Export promotion for women entrepreneurs B. Government procurement programmes actively

targeting women’s enterprises

C. Supply chains and linkages that integrate women-owned enterprises

D. ICTs and technology access of women entrepreneurs

A. Representation and “voice” of women in business/sector membership associations B. Presence of women entrepreneurs’ associations

and networks

C. Participation of women entrepreneurs in public- private sector policy dialogue and inƅuence on outcomes

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Box 4. A television show for women entrepreneurs

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Box 5. Overcoming barriers to participation by women entrepreneurs in International Institute for Communication and Development training programmes.

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(i) Access to markets

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(ii) Access to business opportunities from Governments

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14 UNCTAD (2010), Information Economy Report 2010:

ICTs, Enterprises and Poverty AlleviationS

UNCTAD (2011), Information Economy Report 2011:

ICTs as an Enabler for Private Sector Development