THE EFFECT oi CLIMATE ON THE

\.

THE EFFECT oi ^{CLIMATE ON THE}

GROWTH OF SALIX·SPECIES IN *N

EXP ERIM EN T AL ENERGY PLANTATION ENVIRONMENT .

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Co~right@ Barb~raJDowsleyUSc.IHon.)

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AIh r5i~ ou bm;tt~dtotheSchoolorGraduate Studit~.illp;mlalfulrillmtn ~ or t ht

requirrmtnt5(nr thedrgrt·..of Ma,!;ter of Sfienc:e

, Drp:ort meniofGeognp,by ,

Memcna lUniver$ityofNewfcundte nd 27February1088

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Newfouodbnd

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Permission"h a s'be e n grant.ed to the National Li brar}" of Canada ec microfilm'this .thesh"a nd to _lend~or sell

copies of thefillll.~

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pUblicati~/' ri9'ht-.~

^and nsitl)er the thesis no r exeene tve-extracts from it may.,be printed 0;.o t h erwi s e.

rep.roduced wi th o.d t his/her writtenpermission.

r a:atO~ii~~~~~~~~u~ten:~~~~~t:

du Canada de IlLfrof illl'ler cette th~8e at de proterou de vendre des exe.plaire, du

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pUblication, ni loll. th'l!S8 n.i de, lo n g s ejltt.rait8 de cetr evc I De doivent atre' imprillllts ow

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!lutoz;.ieation. &crlte\

ISBN 0..315.-433,32 -9

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Abstr-act

The spatiallydiverseaad ortenuOM'tt ledntareorthe,u-;~erwe:L1h..r"rlns ul:u Newfoundlandsaue't 'tbat theinn uence of'diD)ate00bIOJD"-" produdl"n.h",!hlItt-hk ..o on.t"

consider at ion wheo naminiol: potent.a lsit~.forWQ"den"rlU pbot"t1<>n.•. Tb ..~r"wl lI!f.10",,1' le;l:"taad b:l./i"diam"terorIbre,, 'wilIow(So liz)sp~clninlIiI,n;~..,;m..nlal ....N~y~I;,"htl"o ..avi...nment at Pasad"na , Newfoundla nd (i9 'OI'Nlatitude, ;,7-30'W1n1lKit'I<I..1 w"" ..,nIll;n..,1 during the 1985 growingseasoo.

S.~im'-nnti~

^{(eloll\'number0083,SWI'''ro)}

w~;'f"'lOd ~o

^{he th ..}

most successfuldone, achievinga finalmeanshoothe~ghtoj 2U'Jern andafinal mean.h"o tb~...

diameter of1.~9em..Soliz purpurM(clonenumber'077,~weden) and, S.o/btl(clrlO~number[,02,1, Romania)shoots attainedfinalmeanheightsof 183 cmand 180cm'fo,pectiv el~ ,andIinaltn..an

.

" , - ' ~

basedi;lmeler.of1.07 emIIn~1.44ernrespect ively,Th1threespecie.we." ',il\nifi" :,,itly dirrerent. intheirfinalmeanheig~ tand base diameterattainmen t.

Theheightand basediamet erofS.vim"noli~,S.~urpurMand5.01611 clan...wa.sreeerded "n awe"kiy~~i.sbetween JUlie'10 and C ..tc her7,1985.Th'5e:l5Onal palt'ern-a(,.lIoo'ill ;.ghlalll~

bas"diametergrowth ofS.vitl'\ inol i~andS.olbo clones

.

W;l..l~rf~c ~ ivd y...qlla ine.l.bys~r o n ,l-u tl l e r.

.

polynomilllrc!t.r","si~nequations[multiple....z~^{98%) ,}The seuona l patter nof'!;purpurM5hoot ,heightgrowthwasalsod..scribedby" quadr;ltie equationw,he,..:l.~basrdiametcr~rnwtbdu,;nlt tb 1985g,o", i'ngseasonW:I./idescribed

b ia ..

^{ubie or}thi'!.":d"rpolynomia l

,eg" "li~)"

^..quatinn

T.ot31shootheighto~thethreesped","w~recorded dnily""lwe ,,~J~ne21 andAUg~ 5t1-1, 1'.)85 and climatic~n~i:>blc"atthe Up.<'rlm,,"t nlplani3tion~itew"remonil<"edsimultan ..":l.ly Ruland deriveddimatic va7iableseeeerd ..dtile cutrent d"y and tbe l'r..vinusdaywereII'l5LO'lI'or entry into multipleregressionmodel.":ith the daily'shoothei~ ljncrementehangeof..aeh'ofthe tbreespecies as thedependent variable. Maximum airtempera tu reandthehour.of daylight D(

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^{. ,} ~

the~urrentday accountedfor 6'J%,S'J%and&&% oftilevanance indally'heightgfowlho(

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~~.~ ~~. p~~v io "adayIrcrnmn&lIr~m~ntlof ortradiatl on.lD<lm<HI~led~,aJ".~_snflh~amountof w.?,.terInth~tootzon~ .a.ctountedril lafunher10%endJ%oftbe rarrablllll)'Indadybelght

•_grqwth,,'S.vim rnuJi,"',DdS.):,.orp urOQabo018 respeenv..ly

']1i.eonefudedfromtb~, ..ollilAotllijasludy!b:umaximumbioma&&production ofthethre..•

aprciesexa mined will~realised atpl"nt"tion.it••wbe'"thedimucoftheIIro wingae,,-,oo ('nablumaximumphotosynthet icefficie ocy via highmputsofsolarenergyand tbeavoidanceof wat er rrefid tconditions.

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Con tl:lCt 110_13SC.O IIo:'ZI. s..oooz totlu'Nr...roudl" ndrOTnlTy

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N.wroll ndland.

Ih~ l!-fthi~Ih,,~i5~u l ril1"his U:pTtt3.lio ns.

I3.m-ind1"rdt~~Mr.^S..ndyRob er tson ortheNrwrnund1:o n'l

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tonrldnuill my~bililies.uu..h...Ididn't.Dr.J,H.MrC" llltbq,O"I':lftmrn;of<:.-nI;I"l'h"

QII«Il',Uni",·n;',..kindly&"Yept'rm..siollfor IhII~or hlSurru b:ll:lllcrd:\t:l...

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0,.O:r.ridSpiU lr hollH.BritIShCol \l rp ~i:lMi!listr yurFor"' l.I,lt".,r".:I,,..."'D,I.-.l l"ml pInti?51Yt m1)bt$d:andnuts!Aodtbt1I~^or.lb~ⁿ u-snd-Iomllf'dmrl~"d ~r..:;o"Io- , I,",nll'lIr .dail1"':;ot..rb:a.!;Ulr t.Dr.SpjUlf,bou~:also,...rdtil :uI1r:alnlr:ah,,"~"rI....W:>I.r,.."I"...

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TiltDr p:artm..nlofGtolr;pbl.Memori,,1Uni" t " lll.,,"'~'d^..dl"l'~"'~~""I"

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t.r",t1,..!ir M wor k,nndt""hnlf'31usist~ nr..inth..for mof Mr,G..t:aklF...t....""lh.,,,t...h"""tllrr r..."'ltIn"l have

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the tquiprnt nt.lGerald:also:l.JI.i,ttdblwri~in&pro&r":fm,thattrand .."rd :amount:l.in of'hI'"inlo neatlilt 'tp:u:k'a&ts .'I thankTtrry St ilnrothi' g..n..roll~ ~:af\·olnphi(.k,lI.In;' ra rt,nl.lJIn.."r ill m1dia&r:am,.D/ RebereRO,(.."OD.U..adorthtD..panm..ntDrGf'O~hy,^{i.thanktdru t hi.}

d,.~d inlion^to'r:adll:at..sllld..llIsthroll,bhi~.(onst:ant ,,~(ollra~^{..mrntan,IIIl'}3.II~lIr3n("thM tltr"

sllldutlir..i5:1.!1bass lr rr....as~s.iblt,

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Iam most gr:r.tdul to Dr,Chri3t opberShar pe,".cl illgDeanofGrad ua teStudinandfonner

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Ilead orthG..o~ra.phyDep:a. t me nl, forhi.~ontinu31Iuppn.t3n\!eoe(>ura,g,emeot thro ugho u tmy

/Jlli"~ :r.~ Memo ;a.. I

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Th.. stafralldr"lident.ofthe Newfoundlandfor••try Re.earrhCeotre'.Pasadena Researeb Sl3tion dur ioA J985arethanktdfot makingmy fieldw~rksucha pleasurabletxPtrience . To ~ tho... who.pentagood deal of theirsummer withmeamongstthewillows ,Tony Qllilty;John lIoweandAlNiles,Lthank-yourOtalltbe giggle.andetencgraphie assistance.

My'ellow.tudent.intheIteoltu phy grad"ffie.oyerthe'ast,reo'"year s:SheldonHe'~tt . Tr..vor [kll.hdieG3l1aghrr,Ngja p-~uoyKohandJoan Moulto n,haveprovided friendsh ip ,and ad.ir e,nut to mentio n moreihan a millionlaughs,be itwith them or at them.Tothos~

,rAradtlat~st ude nt.! intheOT HER departments,particul~rly M~rt,ha^{MacDonald,Melissa}

L:I<~pnhcim.((niBM,cAI<'el;eand lan McKinnon. Ialflindebtedto yourortlle...goodti~e'stoo l\" nIPrO"~^tornpl\~ion,and'r~r^te:icllingme-abo ut youlcllr~~r"of tile world.

My lriends in St.John'sandthro ughoutthe island haveputupwithyeafsofinanewillow

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ta lkandwriter 1bloek ~Thcyhavtmademy stayheremuch morethanjllst anacademic

"xl"'rie nee by showingm~a Newfoun d landth a~will benevube(orgot t tn.

Thisthesi".i!·dedi~atedto~yparen ts.(orwit~outtheirblindbeliefin~heirdaughter'slove

"r thew,....ls andthei r unfailinRsupportthroughop~eYUtS,[mightsti ll hesellingSpxeAge Sh lvinlT.

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Table of C o nte nts '

,J' 1~1~~~~~~~~O:;:Dt1t~D

^foremy

1.2. Plant growthanddim'lte

1.3.Theeftectof climateon growthinwoodrocrlOpl"nt"t",n~

lA.\Voodenert,YplaDt::ltionresearch IRNrwfo uhdl" nd

2. SiT E DESCRIPTIO NANDDATA COLLECT IO N

2.1.Site DUCTiptio n 2.Z.D:r.taCollect lo'1 I

2.2.1. Growlh Me:l.Su·remeoUJ 2.2.2 .MeteorololtlC:l1Me:l.~lI r..m(,lIt5 2.3.PublishedDat a.

2,31 Deer LakeClimatologica!5t:'11"11D:\u' 2.3.2.D:lylcngt bData

I,j I

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10 rc II , II , t-l

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211

3.'DATAAN ALYSISPR O C E D UR ES ,

"3 .1.C~nvu'ion^o(r"3.w~bt"^{l.od1ilyV"IOC5} 3. 1.1.Growt h Messur ements 3.1.2.Airandsoiltemperatures 3.1.3.V;>pOlir pressur e'd erlcitof the air 3.~, ~.NetR:LdiatioD 3.1.5.Eva potranspiration 3.1.6.Water Balance Caleula nons 3.1.7. Wi.dspeed 3.2.St:ltj' t ~alAoaly,i"

3.2.1.Growt hmn5Qr~m~nt~. 3.2.2.D~ilygrowth andclimaticnti~hl~!

• _r

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'In' .10

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-4.RESULT S 4.1.GrowthMeasurements

4.1.1.Weeklyheigbt growt h,Jun~10toOctob<or 7,1'.185 4.1.2.Daily>h~ightgrowth"June20 to August14. 1085

• ,'4.1,3 . Weeklybasediam~fergrowt h,June24to October7,108.) 4.H.DlIilyblUediameti~IIrowth, Jun e 20 10 AUgU8111.108,) 42.DlIilytSrowt handdim~tol ogie ~1meas urements

4.2.1.T~!tinltrotlinear rela tion8hipsb<otwp~ndailygrowthandr1imalolo~ip~J meas uremen ts

"

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/ i

. I vii

/. -

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.'

'12.2.Stcpwi,c multip leregr"BIOIl orda ily height

i~;re~

chao", e(:0climatic.

¥:Iria bl~A

Ii/DISC USSIONANDCO!'(.CLUSIONS r,.I.S<'311onal growthdu rin~1985 r"z.O"i!ygr~wth.June20 toAlIgItAJ, H.1085 {,.3.Dailygrowth:mdc1imalologit:l.l'mnsuu menu

!,.J,1.Climatic va riabl,eswil hnon-signirk aotlin..ar relarions hipstc dallyheight

,rowth -

.~.3,2.Step-wisemultiple regressionordaily~igbtgrov,;th ODdailyelimaue u;i"bles

!, .3,2.I~Cur rcntday'smax imu m dailytemperature 5,3,:J..Z.ll oursordaylight

.', .3.2.3.Pru iouaot:.,.'sev apotranspirat ion

.5a.3. Diner..nceebttw~othespecies

[j,:l.-I.Surrimarya ndrond usions ./

. ,

~EFEnENCES

APPE MDIXA. EneclD' Balanceand Solar Ra di a ti on pats

APP E NDIXB.C.ic:ulatl on,an d Data ViedInCha phr3 RI.Conversionof net_~ridineomjng50lat_{t~i:ltjond~t:J..}

u.e.

Comparisoncr eakulatedandmeasuredd:lilynetr:J.di~tion.June":!Oto August H.

1985,:J.~the P:J.!I:ldtDa nu;serysite. '

n.3.Regression.or d:lily maxlme mandminimumairtemperatu refromthe Dee'rLa ke dimntologiearsta lion anddai l~lota lnetradiation atthePasadenanursery5i t~ .

·0.·1.The<.Ierivalionortheco-efflcient brorrhec:lleulation orthesbillim itedt:lteor lr:l.D'pir:ltion

o.5.C~ul~l ionorthe e:..ly !e:lSOnwa.te.ha.lao ee.MayHtoJUDeHI.1985 O.G.Calculation or thewa terb:J.laoeeorthesoil, June20toAugust14,1'.185. ~ 0.7.Dailyrneasar emente orwindspeed.JuDe20toAUl"sttot;1985

APPEND IXC. Reau lt .oftheline a r leal t- squ are.regr enl onofdally'dlm atl e

"var iabl esanddally meansbootheig ht andbuediameterIncre ment ch ange. •

\

es

ee

68 10 12 12

-s

16 78 79

"

03

"

"

⁰⁸

100 '00

'--

'"

110 'IS

'. 7

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Tabl"'\.-I:

Tabl..,4-2 : Tabl ..,4-J:

Table4-4:

'Table 4-6:

.

-:'

_Table4-0:

Table4-7:

Table 4-g.

Table 4-lh

Table4-101

Ta ble....11' Tab le4-12:

Table4_13,

Table....14,

Tabl...15.

,/'

List of T ables

~:';~:~a:r~:;tj:::a~~5C·6;:~~~lr~~~;:.l(~~:r ~;~:I;I'~:;:~ v'~;::;t,~r'lht ^r,J;tr,

t(04l01:171=3.0fi5 .

Rrsult. of loodo..,.... ,,'fi~t..,stfor Ira..t-.qua rr,polynom, alrr R,r " ~ \ R"r

~~:~w~;a:oSa hl~~ ~~I%I::C~u:~a:l:

^d;[

~Jr~~nnrt~~a~"'~::~>~:~':1

^I

r~:':'\~,~,~ :~,

~;::~to~'I~::t~~ql>:a;:sr:~r:r''''$Sion 9'tYt:;~!

ShouLhright ,:nJ,oIi:m day.June::lOtoAugu stU,.Hlfl5.n=1:.!Io9,mtlral.alllr"rHUIXIl,l,

1·2m- IO,8. ,

:h~~~:,r ':~~~~:i::do~o::~a~(:~:n:t ~:i:~~ ~I~r;;l~:is:;:;.r~~~,,~:;n:~

^frum

AUIU.tH,1l18 ~,Q'(O.OI,2,1247)=3,M3.

R~ult;or1",~t-5'1u::n"pclynominlregreasjonorwrrklyIUt:,1 IIWan,bu" t basediameteron~nlja llday.JUlie2,1to Octllbrl 7,19S.',.n_W,rrit,r:11 .,.

v:llueo,t(0.00 1:l5)- 4073.

Result.orgoodnrssor'ittes tfor Ira.,I--.quarr>lpolynomIal rrJ:lr, ,i"nur' totaf'meansho o tb:J.5..diam..tn onJulian day, JOInr::l.jtoOr tobr r7,Itt!!!"

n_16 . ~ -

One-wayanaly .is o( vannnce tableof me.antotal h:iS<'di:un~t~r,rr",d",I'

ondcLobel7,198~,byspecies .

ResoJuo(le;Llt·~~ ::re.regressio nofdally tot al., hoot h:LW ,jiam"l rrnn ~I JIl1i3nd3y , Jone:.)Oto August11,198~,n=-12·10,cr il'ral value nr

F(0.001;1,1247}_1O.8. ,

R~'\I1t.orunpla nnedcomp3'isons amonJtther~g r~'~lo ncll('Hkl e n L~f,nnl ;,:!"

~:~AI~~ella~ r;:.'~~;r ~~(~o~~~ ~~~t4~~:~~~;~er ~n6'han

^{rlay, Junr}

,II

Listofd:lily climato logicalvarinbleat~.te rlr,,'signlfica Oi linear rela tionshipsw,it hdaily heightaeddiametermcrernentrh"n~e Dailyand p,eviousday'.dimaticvariab le"' bown toh:>.ve" ",,,niricant linrar rebtioD.hi p (O\wit h d :r.ilyheightine,emrnt cha nl\",,r"n..:.!{I u.

AlIllI.t14,198.5. . '

RuulLsofstepwise mllitiple,eg,e~$ ion(o,·;trI\ O,noindepe,!de nt v:r.riablheot..red in themod~l.Criticalvalues:

sr nos.

1.50)=Hm,

Tcletance.... O.80. , .

Result. ofstepwisemultipleregressionfo'stepI, oneinllcprndrn t variableenteredin themodel. Cr ilka lvalues:F(OOS.1.,,0)_1 (10,

Tolerao~e_O.fIO '

Resultsofste pwise moltiple,rlrr.~io nfOIstep2,twoLDflel""ndrn t vllriables~nte,~diath~modd.Crollcal"aillu;F(OOr., 1.::.1))_inn, Toleranee=0.80.

·. " !

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^.

lI~u l li.ofstepwesemulti plet~s,eSMonforflep'J ,tbr....tndependem unablnenteredinth,,'m~del.CmicaJ,y alue.;FfO.05. 1.501'- 400.

Tol.raDce _0.80, I

Table 4-1 7, lI"oult. ofmult ip le,. ~ressioD01dally bellbt inn . mn t.hange ondaily efimauc.:>Ilabl... . June20toAu ~ u.1H.HlSS.F(O.OS:!.50)- 4OO}.

T" bleA- II Dates(oJwhenen.rU bala nce andslllar rad iallon dMa werecoU..cted Tabl ..B-1, T.mprra tured'p"nden t value.u. edInIh. ea ku lationof \.heener~y

limited rMe01evapo tran.pira ting,\byH(J O134J"t o June19(J OJ701

I'Jl'l5 •

TableB-2, V~lueJ!usedin'he calt ubt ionnfthenergyIimit..d rat e of na potra n' lliral lon MayI4( ID I34) t n J une19 ( IDJ70I,198'"

" Ta bleB-3' waterBalanceofthe top20emofth... oil,MayH (ID(34)to June19

lJD1711},I01l5

T"bleB-"'! Valu~sU5<"<Iin Ihecalcula t ionoro et radiat ion "singsolarradiationdaea."

JuneZO(ID171)toAugu.tH(ID'.l26),1<)85

Ta bl..B-S, ValuesUM'dInthee;lIeulauonofnet radiation"sing.temp eraturedata

"'romtheDeerLak..Met eorolngi. al Station,June20jID 171)tot\ugu1t Ta ble13-(1:

~~l(:~

EY:lpllt,ans~il:ltion,

~=J'i~?~h5~

calcula t ionof theJune 20(JD1711 to

Energ~imiled

August14(ID

R :

226),198 ...^of • Tob.le B-1:. Wat ..r 8;.Ia neeofthe top20 emofthesoil.June20(ID1711to Augu.t

H (10226 ), 1985.

T..bJ..B- 81D:l.ily meanY:l.lueaofwind;Peed in UIsec",June 20to AUiust14.IlIa5 TllbleC-I, lIi~lI lt.orregressinn ofSalizpurp.urelt d:l.ilyshoot,hei9;htiner~men t

changeon daily .allle5orchma ricY:l.ria blea;l(O.OOI, 50)-3.50 Tabl .. C- ZI Re.8ults..'01telre" i""ofSari~p"pltrfa~a.i ly,hoot~eightincrement

rh:l.nge Pllthe pr""fI'U5 <1:lY'sYaluesof ~l m atie. a fl:l.bles;t(O.OOI ,50 )=

,3.50. '. . ' , ,

.Tab l~C-31 Resultsofres rea.ionofSali~ vimlnl1li~daily shootheigh t i1lereme nt eha ngeondailyvaluesofclimatievari :l.bles;1(0'.001, 50) = 3.'50 Tabl e C· "" Re50Ultsof regrcssionofSal;:v,min/1l;sdailyshootheightimrement

, eh:l.ngennthepreYio". d:r..j'.Yaluesordim atic va r ia hles;t(OOOI,50)=

3.50 ,

Result.ofregre5sin norSali:albad:l.ilyshootbeigbtincrementehange on daily valu..anfd im:l.t k Yariables ; t(O.ool,50 )=3.50. ' Table C- G,

~e:~::y7~::~:;~;~;a~:..:a:::I~~:t~a~~r~::I:;;b~~~~:~~~)m.:n~.~~~n&e

^nn·

Ta bleC-7' Results of ,egrn sion of S/1/izpu rpure/1daily~hootbasediameter , iner emrntch:l.ngeondaily~:l.luesofelirnatie .:l.r iables;t(O.OOI,50)= Tabl.. C.81

~:~~JtII

^of

re&reS~io~f

^S/1/izpurp urea daily

~hoot

^{balledi:ametel}

incr ement(!ha ~ geootheprevious day'svaluesofclimuuevaetablee:

l(0.OOl. 50)_3.50.

Tab leC- 'Ill Result sofregressionorSali:v,)ninI11i5d:l.ilyshootb(l.!lediamet er incr ement chnseODdaily.alues or dim:l.tic variables;t(O,OOI, 50)- 3

.s

0

TableC-I O, Re.ults or regression orSali:l1iminali,d:l.ilyshootbas e·di:l.meler inereme'ntehangcon Ih..Plllyiou .day'.'i aluesofdimatieYariables;

....Ta ble

c' .ll' ~~~~t~':~~e;e:~~

^{ofSaliz<Jlbadaily}.hootbasediamet er

increm~l\I,

chllnseon d ailyY:lluel o(elim:llieY:l.rillbln;t(0,001,50)":"3.50

,

.

6tl __'

"

10·1

106,

I"

113

----

^II>lIS

120 121

123 12,1

12'

12'

12'

128

. ' - -,

) _ :

Table C·121R~5UI... off~gr<'S510nor5Qliz dlb<.d:\II~~b"'''1b;>...,tl"mtIN rurrem..nt eI>"n&"nnIii..P" VIOUSd:l.y·~v"lun"rrhm ,,(,rv:m"hl...:1(IlIKll.MI)_

,,,

.v .

. (

• I'

I

"

..

List of Figu.res

Figure2-JI Map oftheislandof Newfoundla ndsho...jlllthe location of til..Pasadena

"

J8

]lJ2 13'

llIJ\

nun.,y~it.. ,

Flgure""!-:h Diagramof th..Hpl'fimenl altlln gy plantation.oJPa.sadrn:l,

r-:ewfound b nd\ •

F1lIu re2-3. Photograph;,f tb.. t<lIl l..n~of theSlh"O~""t....n. 15 FllIure2- 4. Phol,, ~ra p h

or

th..StieR"e Aswcial..s an" ,m Iff 16

FIgure 2-6. 'P ho tog raphof th..Estertin...Abgllsreeo rdr.y", 17

~::~~: ~::: ~~:::~:::::~ :~: :i:;~S~:JI::::l~;3:~r h e ",n $ y :; .. a m~ur~ry s it .. ': ;

Fllure2-8. Photogr aph of tbepyseheometerunits of th..enul.)'balance measuremen t 19 _ystem

Flaure4· 1. Heightg.owthor'<;,f';"Apeciu:>tth..Puatle'13,OU...,)'Aite, June10to _ 0 ..lob...7,_1985.

Fllllre4.21' Daily beightg "owthofSali,sp....i..sat th e P.a.saden:l oursery·site,june

:m10AUiustIi,1985.' •

Flgu re~_31 Dar~rapllof daily heightincrementthanlte foraltspeelee,June'20to AUiust 14,1985.

Flgu re"- 4:lBase dlameterglowt.hor56f,:r:spetiesatthe PasadenaDurn t)'site,JUDe ili

2~toOclob~r7,1985 .

6'lg ure4- 51Dnlly basediameter!trow t ~"fSnliz species at IhePasadenaDurserysite. SO

June'20to AuiustH,1985. .,

Fig ure"-G, Oat!raphofdaily ll115e di3rrleteri~<remNl tch30geforan.p';cies,June 20to August14, 1985.

,·Flgure 8-11.Comparisonorcalcubtedand measureddailytotaleetradiation.Jlme'20 99 10 AugustIi,1085 attheP;l5ade.n~nlirserysile.

.Figu reB-2, Theratio orthe It actton ofext eaetablewaterinIheroo tlooe to the tlailyequilibrium rate ofevapqt raospir3Iion•.,sust he ntioo f t h etual raleofdi'ily evapotranspirnucntothrdaily..quilibriunlrate of ..xa.potranspitation. . . '

Figu reB-3, 5011moure repotrnh alas arunclLon' ofso ilwater cont..ntfor a typic

s:r.ndyloarnsoil • .

Ch a pte r 1 Introd uc t ion

1.1.Woodenl':rgyplantationrores try

Tbconc~pt".or w~n~r lJ'pbnt:.tioR5...". first inlfolht c..<11>1 Su'S" an,1"' ..mpin197 .1 IAnderson d ai,1!l8.J)in/upon s.. toIbf,",orldoil'5horh.~c·.Th..rllnr..pt aCt"",!,',,,1Loa,ld,,-••

Lhc..pp:ucn tundcr.utiliutio norplLo tO'lynth cticcnc:n au ib blcfr,m,."I:l~"I ""I"

woodbiom :lS5.ll3rticula rlyincQunl ries!"'-' .es5ing fcwfo••ilr ncI KY,Icp,,,it .(Sir..n,lUliO) PntcnliaJU5<'5ofbiom:aufromenc!1J'pbntatioo!:ncllldcwoo,1(nrdolllr,t icr"rl ,rur..I....tr;..

powf't &cnr' atiooandforcor.H rsionto!iquid :l.od,,,,,rudll

Wood tnc'U pl:aOI;>.tion5 0,.,hou"""l.:llioo 'o,psLs°W..,c,HlllI) c..,llfist" fscnr 'io"aIJ,

. ' .

.

^.

imprond ,':LSIIrowill&tr«t....~khareioollsinlyc" l lin.~andIIbJ<"( t ...br.~u...',two to~D^,C:ln.PLn li l 'deMity ndr1lnl:uioll sir:e m:lJ

"""J

MC''IIdil'to;"~"il,,bllitJ^..rbnd.

clloiteor mtc:b:llliJ:ltiollror h:lO'" tin,.:ladtreeIi~~^llro.....Ib' d...dtr....'p""' iroo ",..n""'l lillitN!l.otbislYPSll1fo. "t.yda.. totb ~ir"bility1.0...spr....t... 'lIr...

l'!L.""

furtil..

plant:atio.top..nistthro ulh r. pt'uN! h....ust$.Ortid.,u,,~

AfM"'C"

Ihl h" t-.·~I., I I"Q"

:Hd

^{ror ellera} plnl:ltionsilltemp..u tedim:ltr'Sint'"d.. " urn"r..,m:lpl hirch,:L~h, t(,...

bl:loCklocust,ald.r,PQplar:aDd..i1lo...jf.., ..,193 1 ~ •

Th.. ohious10:11of!ibo,t rot:llionlo.~t l')'istb..mUl miullun "Ih,,,m:..",,,,,,I,,rtl<>".Tb..

n :lU..mpl..,Jviatb.h,..~inlor ,,,,,Il k don..s10' hilth pmd" .tivit,~n,lth.. ",:ltr hinl "ru ... liP'"d u:lnd ,..net k elOM to liite.p"p:lr:ltionorth...it.. throUII"th..,''m''''201 orul~ t i nl

/

.

nllet :tt ionandamelio,rati on ofthesoil prior10 rbntinll isn~~eoo:t'yto..nour..m:ni m'lJnlru...th nd productivii;.Thes..

l~li(ln

oran optimalpbnti nldenitJ'f"r 'th.. elon..and tli...it.. ;""I."

}mporl :tnt.Th..d~l<' rmill:lt iollofnuui..llt.pquir..in"lltl"fthrt, anllIh" ir..or tb..m..th",jr" , l(lpJicatio nort h..r;eIl..t,iflllS...ilIinsul..lbullro...tbilillot ' ..lIu ddu..t"nut,iO'nl.u"...ln

"d,t,t i"n . thl'I'h(JIce"fthemo~tbendu:.ia lculuvatioBpraclJcl"Sand lh", selertio llo( methodsof

Cl"nin ~i.theI'fl'ationorg~nl'tirrl'plip...of t'enby v",gehli_ epropagatIon.Trees....hil'h I'''"".''"~ul'.irl'lllr:u t.~ul' h~imperiorblUmilMcharac teri5tirs , fr05t·ha(diness.Pl's t reeisrance.etc may tlll'll·fnrt II<"s~ll'cVdand'repr",JOl'ed.Forspel'i~such"",willo....andpophv thisi.

~"I';"nplishl'dby the...pl>\nlingofstemeuttlngswhichwillruotandgrowIn\.(l~ep5.ratl'plants l-'\ ndl'r. " n,,1"01,10&.1)..Popl:...and willowspeetesalsoby~ridiZl'rl'adil yMlthat t....c speeiesbot h

J",..,,,,,,,i,,~.ul,ni" r 'l""lilie.maybebredlngeth e.~oprodllcl'~~I'. .pecifi< hybrid.withide,,1

"h~l r"c tl" is t irs(ibi'I).Cillnes may thenbern3!.(:heQto.p"/'iricsite...heretheyml&htprodllee -1,..,1 "ndl'rthl'e~ i . tln~enViro llm<nta lconditions .

.~t...rhoiceofsitl' isVN)'import antin.sh'l'trotation fO'l'str y.Exi5tingplantat ionsare.

&l'o... "lIyI,,<aled00al.> "ndooed "grieultu rall andsinC" nad;L and cheUnued State•.andon 1'""tl: lIlIl. tbathavl'b..enexploitedforIuel inSwede n,Finlandaod Ir..bnd{Ander.on<101.H183}

The"v:libhilityof landisanoh.Juij~r"sUl<tiooin theset"':lionofsitesfotwoodenergy pbnta Ulln•.S(lil prnp er ti<seon5ld<red"n por tan~for tree grow th.include.5t,u ctur~,texture,

~ ,. .

.. ..

~

~mp".i~i (J n,aemuo n and moistureandnlltrl entavail~bl h ty[F ege,1981). Thero ots of phil\;'! must be~bl.. to e". ilypen<trateth~soil.re. pireand find availablenut rie nt.and water loL""o1'1tV.l!lll-l).Aml'li"''lt innnrthe.nilpri... t(l phnti ngi.u.u311;nece!lSa ryinene.gy f p1;).ntati"n furest ry irm:l.ximum

~ro\\'th

i. upecl "d't o o<:<ur.Me:J.5U TI'5employedInclude

~hl' lr

-.

\ " ~

rcnmva l nrex ~~ ti ngvcgrt au on,plo\\'in&an,dcultlvatlonto modifyth..soilstruc ture, and the ap"l;cationof lime:lndrl'rtlli~('rs(F"I\.'J8I)

Typc"fplaMing

.

.t <>ckisdl'pend eM onthetree speeicseultivatcd

.

.Porthosespecieswhich rr l" ",h lee vrgeh tively:.hootelltt ingsm'"""uing 16 to26ern inlengt h"replant"dv~rtically:

cilh"rflu"h ....ith theground~rwit h :ltleast onebudabove rbe soil5urbcc(Food andA&Ticllltllre Org" n;"'t;on,IDi O).The r"l ati v,elynarrowspacingoftre~.ⁱⁿ\\'0':" energypl"n tati~n.ba.~^m3.d..

<lInH,ntinna l forestr yplantin,;mae~ in eryobsolete.Althou gh modirical;oDS tofOTl'stry and

;griClllturalp~:lnt ingmac hin~ryhvebeenmede,thedevelopmentofplantio& mac jnnery sl'('ci~caUy^{gearl'd10WMdssho rtrotation}ror~5try.;s DCce5Sary{F"ge.

Igijn.

Planting ofbnreroo t sl'edlingsa ndcont" iner ilcdscedli ngs,aisooe<urs. burjtIscorraidered rnoreexpe neive thantbe plantingofhardwoodcutti ngs.

.,

'J

PI:lntingd~n;ityis;nimpc na meon:.ron~oto(~n;'lr;yplanl:lll'UlrO'''''lr~'.Th' "I'l im 11 d~nsitywillb~d~p~nd~ntonIh~ .p~t1ngrown andlh~m~th<><bofI,lantln ~,fllhi"" ll" nand

C:lnopy r:lrrldly,inhibitingth~glowthof",~ds, 11""'~' N,ifm",hnnL(":ll."illrll,lin~..

!.:.'

t"h jlhf~ ,the II/1cmgshould beat1~:t.It ~mh},1m(ibid),Til..f"olrol 0'wr tdK'<lwthi.

partieul:ltly important duringthl lir.~rr wyt :ll. a(lftpl:lnlln'g'wth" lth,,,w'l>\:1""bl,·ttl fitml)' I. h bli.hth~m.~lv ~".Th~r..mov :ll 0' ("o mp"lillltHltrt:llion will <o" bI.. liltJuu n,.1,!allISt..m.k~

'ullu~01th..,v :libbl~li,.ht,m~i!ltu,~aminut l i..nlll.Ir m....II" nif:l1trn<lin~"rth.. 'ifilli~

may b.nee•••:llY for theccnr rololw....d.""ei~"

Th<intensiv~natu .. o, .ho rere t n uc a'orl . t ryI'lihly [.otr.ull,m"1I1s;I,,. r,h',u:ln;1Inr nutri.ntsperunit tim.than mar.tradtt ion:tl'or rs tr y pI:letl..r'I An,I<'f~ "orl "I.l!l~;\).U" """ l..l halvntillll,resultsinIhedeple tio n ofnu tlil ntson plnntauon~It<.dur-toth~''' S;'ll,,!f1'!l1u nl "I the.."isting...g.tationandth.sub..qu" ntl.. ..hing " ( null i..ot.,!\o!.wl....'g.. .,r"trr" 'r"";""

"<,spec.me demandfOI

nlltlilnt~

^dUling

gro"'t~

^isr"'1uir..,Ji'VJ" lrr to :", hi,·••:'I.tIl1l.1

~,.,

^....th

'ill

;111

,.netgypl:lOtatioo envieca me nt(F,ge,19811-Thi~Iy pl' 0' io'o, m:l.tinnnll~1IthI'It,, i n ~,1rrom bboT ;I~O'Y u;~rime n l~u;lmin ingthelatl ofionijl't:'~fby.r,w,t., Ih.tl.~r~r~and,. 1.," "f nijtr;~n tuti'i~ation^fordirfrr. rttshoot::I~'Sand 5<"""ns,and lb,"d,. ttlhuuoo"rn"t".nt;;willoll

th~':lf;ollspl"n~<:o,o n..nts (ibidl. _

""'-. Th:reis

h.owe~t,

^no

e"len.i.~

litrralur . on

th~

ou'lr",ntrNI'llrrroenl'IIf

.lifrtr~"l

"1""'\'"

fortllelrQPtimalglo wth[Ande rson'I <11, 1983 ).Nit/o,.n,I'ho'rrhoru~"n,jIH,l:~,."qln:al"

commonlyusedJnwood.nN gy plant ationsto~nric lJ'."ilsJF."p,I!lKI), Hilthrlln"pnU"u"n,or nitrogenin theleavesofpoplarhaY.be.ofoundn.etSs:lrYf",acti. "~T"w l ht'l,,..rlll.li\n,J~,,,,nrl nl,\'J83 ),Themo nitoring of

.

nit rogen

. 't1urin~

th; gmwlOg .e:'l'''"is

~''''''''Uy

''';L

^.

-nn1", 1":td 'I',1 awayor mayb.eom.boundto other mat..i:.l,inthefOilrton,lenntl;ilun•.,,, I,~ hl~ltltill'I,w,t. fur upt ake.Timingorapplica tion s , applica tioo rat . andrela u vecoocl'ntrallons..r frr l,Ii'.rUwillh~

depend. nt on th",plantationsit. andthe ;''luilem~ol-lorthl'"p,c"s^tl;r"w"

Th. uaminationorth.sulc. ptibility ofvarious clon..sto p"stll3001di, ,,a..'"'"n~c""",,ryi(

J

_I

~I"n ~..typ i~allyplante dnona_Ia.~.area,andnnebe.bioo.ou~'.n"".t.pr e i•••ould th..,.et ;. all y d"~l r"yaplantation ifp••oentlv e,"e""U "'~were no t .mploye d.B,..,.jj" l: ofclone.,,,' re.i. t 3 " . e I"p"rt,~"h r ,n",e t ~a,,~1,i!<'""e~th ata'" knownlIal ar.d.i~tilemo.terreeu..metbod of .""I""ti"".In,,,' I;cid" 5 and r""Rietde.mayaloobeuu d althougb thepotc"lliI Lenv ironm cllt,,1 ha u rrl••hn"l<:II).<. rdu llyu"mine<:t¥routh. ir ..mploym..nt.lIe.hivo. ou .mam m a ls ab.op05e a O"..at to woo,l.ne.gypl"nt ations ..SGli"~pp.(willo w).ne.g yplan l :>tionsInSw.drn~.per;en. .. I:UK"PI""luctionlou •• <luetobr ow_inK mO""e andminD.lo. sut>ndeer,rabbiuand v,,""

1( 'h; ;t; ;. "".11"ndvonF'irtk~,'10 8-11.f>rtv~ntui. .mea."lr~'sur bMtherenc'n~inorplant:tt ion.

".th~u... ",ch.'m"':tl r<'l'd Jen t>oarecOJl8id..rHl ut,..mely upe "". .,and~"oi.o"m..nta lly

"hJ""ti"nah lrin thr c,... of eh.micalU.e. The·b.~edin gand."Ie.,tlon ofdone. that"'"mO'e I:r .. " i. t" nlth anoth'"m "y"1I..vi"t ..polenlialln du,,to anim"r-p••t.

In~... ivrIY ma" "lIed,shorlr., t at i..nfo'~'I'inte m per:l-leclima t"sha r " beendnel"p.d• rr bt ,... ]yrr ee nl ly andm".tortheyieldsrep". ted intheliteraillreI"da te"J~rromar.~where r.I" lIr .a~,^{bein,;lester!fo,produetjnnunder}nat"fa lcondllron. .Yj~ldprojections areIhere'ore K",:".a l1r m,,<I.. ncmsmall..."'.h 'Plots(Fege,IllSI).R,p<>rted yie\ds orPop"lu""PI'. (!,op lar )

cl"n~"

inC"n" <l,,hav ..ran,l\edrrom 5

i~

19 tonn",ofd,y m:>-t t "rper h"u"r" per yearII.

DM/~')

(ibid), Swe de n h"":l..h ieYed

imp.es~iY"~r,,sul\.

^"sin,;Soliz·don" .in exp••

im'~I:>,1

-.woo d "nerg y plant,""ti "ns . Dllri"gthefirst I/;,ow;ngseason (U:l.SO,,-!'r"I" nt inll )ste mbiomassyi.lds

•"•• rrbtiYrlylowat Itn 3tn n n" s or dry m" l vrpro'hee ta••per y.a•.YieldsfollOWing they""r ofr. tal>l16hm.. nlrang ebctw. en10to~OtDM/h~/rrde pendi ng nn.egion :>-l rlim:ll..an<lthe int..n.ity orman a llem e.ot.ThebC5\ yield aU.w..edinSwed.nWas3iitDM/ h"/r rinJIl8S.when th.. plant"tio n w""irrig:l ..dandf' fl iliied ...glliarly(PertlllandLind.oth , 19 86 ).

1.2.Plant growth an d climate

Th...I... (i(>11ofpl:lIlla~i.,nsit. inw~~en...gyPTodll~ti(>nmll51t"k ..into eon5idc,"lionIhe ..rreet orIheloc,,1 climat ic.ond ittoo.ontb.gmwt horth~pl:>-nt>oand the subseque ntprodllctio n ofviable biomass. The YeACt"tive,r~wthorpb ntsIsth. re.u lt ofa~om b; nat ion'ofpby.i cal and poy. illl" gi. ,,1\I.""ess~.w~idl<:reate~lantco nst iluntsrm~e:1Ibo ndio xid e,o~r&~n;waler.and n"l,i~nts.

..

tra nsportofwatu ,min..raj,andassimilates (Ca:l.lilra. Hl6.'), Th..qualilyor~iKhtthatI'r",hl" "~

anoptimalra teQrphQIQ~y n lll..~isis~pl'i:i..sSPI'ciric.SlIad..lo~..ranttiprCI"Sar~ad"pt..,llo m",imir..th<:>irrat.. ofpllQlMyntll "sls",1I..n

"'p", ..

,1 tnI..."th" n r,,1l~"nlilllti.",h,-,.."" .h,l..

int ol..raptspecie'willexp..rienc..maximumratr!of phol""yMh...i",~'h^..n~x po^{....d In}rullli~h l

dirr..,~n t .p~du(ibid).C..n~rally.photo'Jnlh~lic'al";n....""..'"""thI"lnp ,-,at"'..I" an"I''''''''''' buti~decline!atbi&II'lempenl ures.Til.."',alcr,talUSortil..plant"I.",...U..ct. tllr':llr ,,' phQtosynthesi! .",hiclld ..cli n"wi t ll drrrc~ing walrrJl<llcn tlal llhitil

Thrprocr",sof,..spiration r..suIt. intll....fo"':.lli,,n"thigh..nr r.llY

,,,,ml,,,,m1"

(,,,ml~"

o:'{idatio~ofcarbohydra tesIOi.arbon-dioxideandwa ter. Theen..,&y Cf<:>:ltr d byIllI"r..,pi, ati" n pro....s.isus..dfor'til.. growthandsynl~....is of"..",cl·llcon,tit"..nt.andfortit..mnint..nan...."r

, ,

..;o;isting c..

n

st ructur..(Jones,I':l83).Tbeamountof..n..rgy3v"ilahl..r" r_ltrn~th.synth.",;s^;lntl mai n.tena~c eis.dircetlyd..pen.den ~onIh..ava~labi~i tyofca'b~lIYd ra t7'erC,al"'1byI,h"t".ynl h.·sis_

andthusIS indIrectly subjectto thesame environmentaldfeeh .Rlspirat lUnlal~^IShl~hly, ^..

s~n~itive^tochang..,intemp~tatu,e:andi?cr e3.l...."'ithinn~:l!lingl~mp^{..rature(ibid):}

Wal..rcomprises::vimuch:l550%nfth..trl'!hw..ight nrwood y pl" ntsand IIl..r..r",..;.

n..ces5a'ytomain tain rhebustcstructu..or plants (Jon..._1( 83). Amaio t..nanc.. "t ....al,..

pQtenLialwithin theplant isneeessa rrforgro"'tbtooccur.asee11up a n~i"n3DddivI,i"nar"

I .

dependentonturgorpre~urecr..ated byth-econc~nt.r~LiO~O.f^{wale,in PlnnL}.'."/.'iJ'.'n"•.I!lS:l).

The1"'at..reta eus orapla nt",IIIalso a((etlth..""' ''·It' ...or..

nlyme'~

^nec.-led(0' h..m,cal••aotlnn>

~

which wilrinturnarr«t ther3L9'ofsynLbe.ilIano;! d..gradatlon ofcelJconatll u"t.,(Ibid).An adequatesuppl;of ",at "risetscr..qaitedforLh..mdabolisrnofCt!.. IH':,"and nltfiC'g..n..Doltil<' ~ .y nthe". of

p,~ns

^{Waler ''''}th.. solv..nt ,nwhlcb gasesrnrn..ral.and

nth/n~"tcs

^"Dvrplant

erlls and aretransport..d b..tw....nc..llsandpl.ln~ or&an a ItISalso~IIereact a torsubolrnteIn ma nyblOcbemlCalprocessesand IS(: ndam ent al lntheprecessofPhOL7srnt Sl~IRa venelal.

1!l81)

/

· 6

Tra n ~ll ir ;'ti"nIOY"I""stilelossofwater vapour fromthepJan~and 15dependentonthe

"'lIply"tenf"II.Yandtbe vap ourpress ure~r3djeDtbetween thesurfacewhr..."vapora tiollis ''''~'H ' lhll.and the:tit(Kra m..r,108.1).Iti.thedominant proee..inplao~ waterrelationsasiti.

thille v'lol'",,,t;,,f' demandtil:.! ....ultsinth,"movem ento{ wa.le rintotheroot s,tb,<>ughthe plant via th e .yl<-m:lndOUIthroUl\h the.t oma l:>..tb.. pores inleaH. and stemsthrough which,...

1'",..,.

:l.'Iwatervapour.Appro~imattly96%ofwater tba tenter' a plantislos t via transpirancn whilennlytheremaining

;,%

is usedlormet abo lismand gro wth(ibid ).Whentileha nspi rational demandrrom theatmosphereHre~sthetateofsupplytbata plantisebletomainta in,the .."t.-remlt..nt,tllr«o"andtolaJpJantwaterpctentlalIs reduced :.n d'suebllcon djtionsresult W:o.te rs t re".cond ' tioR,typic:l.llyc<. uset bedosureoft be.tom:lt:l.wbict inhibi t.lbeuphkeof c:l,ho".dio~idefrom tbe:ltmo' l'hereandintu rnlimih thenteof pbotrnsynt hesisIEcke" tu. 11lRSI.W:lterstres.inpf:."u lendsto an overa ll reductio n in growt hdueto theJimita t ionsit imposes onallphy"iologie:lI and bioche minlaetivitid which atedep ende nt on an adequatewater pIltenti n!.Highlates.oftranSPit;.tion

Oldy

J\:lV"e5 "itive

~rfects

in tha i the,ta ll!or ;lb"o.rptionof minu a ls:m.1Ybeincre:uedby theincre3'!ed~peed !R qua ntityof waterbeing movedrrom th"

tnot.t htou g hthep la~ (K r:lmer. I083 l .

Translocnt i.!!."" lSth e procCll.bywh ich tb e nr hydratescreate d by pbotosynthes,ls are ttaMJlor led;iathe phJill;.!Jl, fromthele:uesto varioussiteswithintheplaot wherethey maybe stored01ltsed rorgrowth {Ra ven dai,10811.Althoughthemechanicsoftr.1nsloc:ltioll areDot

•

Mlyu nde rst-ood.,itislho ught t hat p hotosyn t hatelaret ra n,polt edo nasou rcf!-Io-$ink ba.lis.

wherelh r,olllc"Saretbe leav esand sto lagearu.$.and lhe.inks aretb oseplantpa lts thai are unable 10 ml'f'tthe irown nutr il ionalneeds to enablegrowt h.Transl~ alionorassimila tesfrom leavesisknown 10beredueed In w;\terstlesscondition,'rorsomeplantsped es ,alt bo\lg btbe proeeaedoestlotappurtobe:ISsensitiveto wa terderieitslISphotosy nt hesis(Kramer, HI83). Tbe cone..ntral lon of as.imil:ll.t'Stransportedduring waterdericit !itua tio nl isgen er :lllylower tblUl duringnoo.str eu eo,ndi.tiona.Watdl aw(11163) attribuled thistotbe'"fr eet ofthe loweredaeliv ities ot bot b the soureeand the link aleaa,duriDl wate r. boltages. utbe rtba o Ibereducedabilit)' ot rhe condu etlagsye tern totranspoltm:Heriall ,

C-- ,

.J

1.3.The effect o!cli ma te- o n growthin wood energy plantation!

in drt ..rminin,! prod ecticnin..n~r.upI3nt~ti<lnro r~lrrinnorthernbt ;luM"is~irlrm v..raure rhi.isdu..to it'scontr "lov..rt heltng lho( l h..g'owing$""""0.l"'h...rgiOR$ orS...d..n eonsid..r..dsuitable for..n..rgypl~n t 3.l i onro.rslTyar..those whichp"~s.",ammimum or11UO drg'fedays (thres holdvalueof5'Cltl'ntluand Lindmth, l9116 }

C Airtem~r3.turb^{b..low0.Cdu ringthe}R.o" inI 5f'a.:5nnpn~^..a pnttntial lh rraltll prod," t tio ni o r" ..,g,y plntat ions.p:lfl'ruI 3rlyirth.lowt"ln p<',alu,..sIMu itin,1.. f"rm"I;"n"r ietcrysh ls in thetinu .,. or th..plant.'! (Ch,i.ttrssl>.and vonFirth,19~HFrost"rru rringw;l l110 thO'growingseasontypicallyr... ult.in thede3thof thO'YOllIII. 51I':u uofth~pbnl.wh..r.lh•

.1Ct;V.m.~.m~:H.I""'at" d.Thi,su ggcst. thatrlong.lio nn(thrst..~^{lOoulclbl'.ev..}r..ty resuictedby theheel ing\orpbn~tissue,not onlydutto thedeathofmtri~ t..mshiltalsodueto the d.stru,cLionof plantpartsMerss,,;yforI'hota.ynth~istoeecurtib~t).SQ.~iz'I"'ciesstudi.d onder,laboratory conditionsin Swedenh"rshown'flOstdamagew".nexpo~edtot.mptUIU,r~

IJ.ctwttn·2:and·3'C.

In5--'t n, theelleet ofclimate on.biomass

PlOdu~tion

inSalix8pp.energy plan t a tioM llt1!l beeninvestigatedthlOugh themodelli ngof growthprocesse s M afunction ofdim:lli~ v:ar i~ bl..

neaim of th..re.~rarehisto provid..aecurate,predietiv.. mo<l.l.lo thatpnt~ntblprodoctivilyfur vartc u s regioosmay beest im a ledforyurswit hgoml, av. ugeanti pQOrwtat hrrwod itlon, (&ke rstend01,1983).

Themodelsarehased on thosepr~Yiou sl'(.tvelopedtorigriru ltural crops.loralt houghth..

plants "rewoodyperroni"I .,thr hor izontallyhomogrorousn.lurror1,1:Ulln t i"M m:ak•.IIl. m mOfit similarto.agricult ura lecos yste,ms [Eckenten.HIM).Themodel prop osed andtest;dby E:rke,.t ..n (10S5)is basedon predictingbiolll:l!>s intQnneJl of dryrnarterperh.e hr~ :l8a fuftClion or photosynthesis,1'Iwale,-g ro wthf,",~ anda t.mperalurl'function. D.il, potentialpho tosynth..5ill isestimat~from incidenttight (400-700nm )uliogtheMichaetis- Mr.attn t'q ualion.Tb~effect ofplan t waterst at ueontilt rateof pholOlynt heJIi'i~taken intoaeecunt dueto'it~erfeeton'lbe stomata!andm~so phyl1reai..tancee,andlitesub~eQu~lItcontroljmposrdonthe nowofurbon di-ox ide inlo th..pl:ant.The",aler-&~owtbbeta.isderivedfroma enmplrxplant watermodel (Kownli kand

Eek~nteD,

^H184),

~hieh s~lates

tht movementorwaterIhro ughthe plantusjnl

~')n tlnuou.lyrM:ordrd niuH of;airt~m~ratur~;aodr~.atiHbum,di ty,tolarrad i;atioo, soil '''It.I''r

- '

/

lH>t..nu al u d aa ..mpi.ltally..d;abli,h<'dnlll~foratomat al r" rstaDu,Th~ «,mp.!'r:lIur~!undion

:lbo..~Ito·C. 'w

..~..t:at\~rofor dayt.~thmn6 dallyt.l"m,\uur"!).pia.$·Candincu;ues linnrlytoa..alu~

....on"atI~'.Th~I~m p"uur~ fun~I.Jn"r~malas~OQ5tantat

.

on~'forlnI"andlilyt~mp"rallar"

/

Th~

.

abo....m<>d....aaIntl'd al:a,,,"m~:a',,'..d..alIlH

or

drymat«'r~t llm.l1tio "

.

i.[iul. ... ,...n.boola ofS.li,\ 1"done08:l,ro _. ;.anu~nmutaltI~riU'plant:ationattb~

Erir~M>n.1'J86).Th~It" "wtr.. pb n tf'dat:ad~n$il)'of'Jpl1. U p"rtqU l f~m~l~r:andwtrf

• hi .

f..rlihz~JIndirri,ltttldurlDl lb~1081,ro",inl'~:lSOnIEtk •••I..D, ."MI.Th~,imul:l,t<'d ulll.-$of ltll"' t ha~rt..d "'ell withtbe measured nlut$ andEtke~ ten(l935I't ontlud~,tbat(or5,,11, .11001.1 in III..irtirot andI,eood.~:lIn nlnf,ro_ tb.tbemodelapp""'''to ",.cnunt for,therno.t('•• ential IlrnC "~M'1in..olvedin.:onlrollin&gro",t h.It wa..liso ecneluded that Ihrrf~ctoft,mpc:r:uure"nd

. .

plant ,ntN .Iatul onphoto$ynt hn i'llbooldbeexamined furlber ,e,~iallyunderfield eondit ionll.

Onel.imitltioD o(lhmod ..1iI.thaiil h»nOIJ"t'tbee" sbownto~ apPlie able~,

lr« i('l.I,h nt:atio aliklInddIffere nta,e.of,hoou. ( .\)

1.4.Wood

en~l;gy ' Pla~tatlon re~arCh

ⁱⁿ

^{New \oundH\nd .}

intotbepot~lI ti ai

or

s.Ii:"'PJI.:I.IaDeaeru~r"LrJcrop;'"1081(Rober""'n,Igs4 ~Moretb~1I HO 5allzdOIlH ..t~lIC'qlljr..dfromElIro~aD,Amtrk~1I&adCaDad iu ""..rces"'lidnta blisb...:! :tol .

n~~erl .iIH

^{in tbe}."s«'rn ud,,".,«'rart,ionso;y,e isbodoCNe.. Coandla Dd.Them.oaitor illgoC-

do nts gro_ .intHtplou:atthrae.it.,took plaee i.:LD effortIqidentifytbOSf!dones ..bieb' miSh lperformbest.ndtrtheta,ifOn m~a t,dconditionlliDN....Colln dlaDd.

Yield

.,timat~.

^{fromtbenuncr,tri:als,baw tbattbe}

pottoti~I'oC

5ali zIIprci;"sror ncrlY

)

p13ntl\tion forestryreNew fOUlldb nd is 'rtf ypfomi.ins . V:., iou,ClOD" in theirthird~""ollof growt~produced yieldsofbet"'eea2 DDd21 tDM! bD'/yn r wbnPl1llledat adensit y';;f30,000 sl~m8peraeetaee(Rohr~,pcrsoo:).1commu nicatioo,11186).

Tbc sp:l.li:t.Uydi't ra~and OCteD uouttl ed .0",I.,eoftbe summerweat herof imubr

( ...J

Ne",fo Ulldb ndIUUttlt tha.ttbebiodim"'tololtic:l.!cootrol~rbiom:LSllP, oduetioDIbouldbeclo~ly

( )

1.

" \

SlIlizdo....::IottbP:L1:>.du:>.1Il1M'f}'Slt~1Il "'''' I.r.N••I"l ntl b . ,1<!urlnllb.11I1'I!'>lrn.ln.

,.~..,"-l.r.ur. mnllor'b~b.,,111adbUl'dl:>.m.l. f.~I"r,...rtI•

...a ,;,....

Uy Ihr<lul ltMlIh..

"

.

ow in,:<t":lSOn.:uId,d:lil,. dIll.It^- Olrjlt"rlOd^. or muimumlm"' l bD:>.,I,11""111

.

'nrr.m.-nh ....,.

.":>.m inHi.il"r"P"""1 10 di m:>'licY:ltia b1<-5rordr-d"II".III.In:>.n.~''''IIndr '..rm'....Ihr

~rr~ ,ordim:>.lfon'fo.'"01,...I"'~1f""'C d.,!~""'.':UllIn

. .. "

I•.

/

.:~l

. /

f h a pter 2

Sit e Description and Da ta Co llec t ion

2.1 .Site·Dellcl'iption

Th~stud ylook"ptceeatthe NewroundJandForestResearchCentre's/Iursery-atP;Lladena,

, .

Newrnllnrlland ('19 ' 01'N latitude.57' 36:WInngitlJde).Peaadeuaislocatedin th ewester o potti<jDorthe isbnd.ofNewfollnd land{~eFillUU1.J l.3tanelev a tion of3S metersaDd;'at th,"

weste rneIl~eoftbe"Cen trallo ...bnd.·clim a ticlOoeofNewfoundland (Banfield,198 1). Tot al

"oQllalp."" i" i l:!.tinn within this loneisn" " , 1200m~.with anaverageof27%falli oll:loSallOW.

Mea"''':laOna ) total prcCtpita ti'!.o Qurinll the, grow;/lp;lIe3Mln(May toSepte mber) at theDecr Lake dimatologicalllh tion'( 'IO"'10' Nlatitude,57'26' Wlatit ude)1isonr 4.9 0 mm.Me a n pote n t ial evapo t ranspira t ion(60%probabilitylwil Mn theregionduring thegrowingseasoote3bO10100 mm (Agricultu re Cana da, HI76).TheClima t ic Moist ure[od.ex,theralio of seasonalplecipit ation tothe amoun totwat~fused by a cropunderconditio nsofunlim itedwatersupply,is 80 to100%' lil>id ).The1V"r1ged1teofthe[;l.St spring rros t(O' Cj 3tlheDee. Lakedi~ai.,[ogieal !tationis Jun .. 8and thea~er3ge.dateof the firstautumn frost'Sefltembu14lHemm eriek and Kendall, 1 l\l7:!). Theavengelengt h of(rost(,eeeond i tiondasu91 days.Summe rswithin tb iszoneare gcn e';lllywar m,wit hmaximu mte~uaturesoften-..each·ing25-32·CWhentheairflowisf;om~ SW·SEdiredion.Theannu al aver age degr eedaysab ove&·C is1200.Thecebtfallowlatldslooe-

-,

isecnside red theIn stwindy and foggydima*100e011theisland(Banfield,19BI ).

,\glicult ure Canad a(personaleommun ic cuce ,198&)h...elessiliedthe soil in tbe areaa.san Or t,hic Heme-FernePodacl.Thep:ueo.tmate.ial isa g.ayel/ pebblenllv ia~d ~ fI03it,del iY~(rom It'd san dstone,graru ilt ston e andgranite roc ks.Thetextllreo(tbeso;1ispredomin a n tlya sa n dy

'Thi,rlimun lnll..1'I u lnnI. <Il. l inl ..i.~.dfrom tb . '0••, LlkoAi,porl' ,li ..O\olo l;<ol ,lOlioo 10<ol<d ot40 ' 'S'NIlIIIOd., U·24' Wlu llud.

n~ryhn~nuIKllf>db! ,.u.t.ofralli.. atio•.Wilh rf rl,liu'ubro,a.:appl i<-d :at,,"""t.-r:a ,.u rforl~rl:l5t~,...In

l:ppula,~:;~..n::ud tb...~'loa trr al~t:1llio:Ga rdrtllR o br ruo a.I~~j.Th... pr-riro.orr~'n....

rrprO'S..nl~~tioMf,o,m ths, l hoUIEurnPO'andE~l..ra~o.lhAm~'I(':a,\ DUTM&-tJ(t'1~^{,row iRI}~on:anfwld"wereft-H iliu ddu "n~^{lhfla.•t .....koffIob,In,\}

til..I:"'tw..rkofAUIust:at:a r:atr.oJ3klfba....itb ...

mmoni.~

niu:atr1.1 ]..0.0,lOll

k~/h",l,

^\.

Phosphoric'~id(C)::?(l.O,tlOk~fh a)anrlNitrat ..ofp~ta.sh1lM},1l-':,180kAfh al.ThO';a.t .. ;a.hrtw" " n rowsWallweededrel ularly b,. Rcto- aillcrorby hand·w ilh'"h" e. Infr"l'lO'nt,,<tum' nr rs<IfSI,iny Elmca terpillar, tbr !:lTyalfOlmof thrMcumlngCloak butt r,n ,.(N~",p h "j...u"liopilILing,...".• )), lllr SpottO'dTUSllOC kmOl hIllu1v,ido(umU('1ll ajd(lI:arri.)) ",nda.hunknnwnralO" l'illa r wrrr lr~~hndspl:1} in, with Mal" thioa(C, o HuO.pS:! I.M:~b.thiotlis:1n nrA1D"I,hn",hllf' whichis lenu"lIyDOl- phytotoxic."nd it h:1Sbrief tomoden~JM"r-sis«'nr .. IWnrthin&.1!I11lj

.2,2.DataCollectio n

2.2.1.Grow(hMell urem rn u

Tbewillowssludie-ddurin,til..101l$, 1Ow i. ,lusnn.0" 0'loullod in Ill..flt'ldbbf.11od• A~i.

f'i, ,., ro:2-2_App .Olilll:uroly';.'(lOllO:~Ui'SItrompbaut'St1.b1ish..d:11P» :ad..n:aia1'.18:2wrf~

pla!ltswfr ecut to ,round luelo nM:r.,.1,1985

rowa(s.... f'i,ur..2.2) Bod thill } .tool.01nc b specie!w..rerandoml } 1o:lert"d :and t3 jtjteden~"y 12,1985.Thethreespeci..sexam in..d in."isstudy w..reS:r./itpu'p¥ rro(clune num b..r 017)and J

12

~FlIUf.2- 11~Ia poflh.isla nd01New foundlan dIhowingth.locat io Dor th"

I

Pasade na nurserysit; : - -

•

',

^...

-.':

'

^..

. ^-

; ... .

. ..

.:~

d ^lltl!

01 : ,·-- j .... .

~'-,~

^'.'

.

.

.

t ,:

^{Rt1\f';mlltOD~ Qtt~bytile}SWM iab EDt' ", Fornt".PrOj« tINi1saoond ukmtn.19M)- 1ndi<:IIlMthu tbt dry w.IAbtot willow.~t nilI!Irtb.~10mUnftm;Dl:llof s.boot beilbtandb:ut dj,.m~rtbro"lbtbt ',?IIo.i... rq":IIIIO. ·

12,1)

.~;:#~ . " , :.::. ... ^" .r". ,. m . Dil

tlbooi t>~d'am^..

t"', .

.... ^;" ~ .. ,~" ... . , .

Shoothr ip;ht:lind

.

base di:llm"I""wnf" th

^.

rda re cbauD asindira.t oruriablesofIrowtll in Ih i,'sl" dy.lI. igbt of tbt lon p;utIhOOI onn"boftbtoind yot oolsw:u,meaeuredtotbeoe ar ed 0.:;em witha. It 3.odar dlape me:lSUreand record ed 011"wee kly1.0'1'1;5r.omJune10tqOcto be r1.

Dmmeteoflh~^{ume Ibootat}"appro~!mateIY O.~em,:llbor",where it "mulcdfrom the'.tool {b..ncrfor thRferrfilt~.uliMe dJ3m"!,,r).:II measured lO IheDurnl0.1mmusingveeier e:l.ii~nand.:as,,1sor« lIrd(d 00.:'.Hk!r.buistllroosbodthel'O.lolseasoo.Hfi,~tandbase.

• ..•. .,' -I' . .

di:am.eur"ofrfrK otdrd.l br«limnIbJly, at06:00,.14:00udZ2:0lINDST (N'u ,.roQodb.Dd

D:ayh~ht ~Yini

^Tim..).

r,o~

ja M :.'Oto'AUIUI 14 M<'» Iu ..mel\l.I orthf .i...ty shoot:stoat :aJ1prol im:a~ly oo.. boarIo C'OinplO'le.

2.2 .2.Me teo!,olOl lc aiMe. .uremfDt~

l!l<'f'Fi,Urt2-3).-T he~rffDhti..b~"':Ill:at:approlimatelyI.Sm :aboYetb",round. Air

.Itm p"r:ature "':aa reeordedconti nuously bytb1tb ..rmohn ro lrapb fromMay 7 1l1llif'CXtober7,

11l8S: bow"v ..r,tb O'humidity arm oftbO'th"rl'1lobn, ro&r:apbw:aaillo~rablO'tor most 01theIIt udy pl'riod:and theretorethilda taWillilIot used.Meillluremeots orrn;uimurn:ailtemp eraturefroma m..reuiy -in-tt1:aa. Ih",.molneter

ilo~d mio;mu~

^:ai'

;f!m~.alar

^etram an :aleoholminim um lhermome terwereree eeded :al06:00..,14:00ud22:00NDST d:ahyfrom June20 to AUlunJot The "'et-:anddry· bulb Illermometenw..temereurr· ill-~I:wIbermom..tO'lS,andthe wet-bulbw»

kep tmoi~ t b.~'a widandrf'~f'rv oirappa ra t us.Wet-aaddry-bulbtempe r a t ures Wf'rt also record ed at06:00. 1-100aed22:00 :-'TISTdailj-fro mJUDe20toAUK,u ~ t11.

Fig ure 2-3: Phot ograph ofthe cont entsof the Ste vt DSODecree u.

ThreeYSItem pera t urepro bes wereestablished ineac hofthe threespec ies"rowsat"2"in Figure 2- 2,and wer etest edforaccuracypriorto thestudyperiod. The probe-swer eburie d at10, :.'0and30em belowthesur faceineac hof thethreerows .Inst anta neousreadingsorsoil tempe ra t ureto thenearest 0.5 'CweredisplayedbyaYSImod el-I2SCtete-tbermcrn et erand recor ded3t06:00,14:00 and22:00hoursdailyIrom Jene:?OtoAugustH.

Therem ainderorthechm a ricsenso rswereloca ted in field"8-in"hid gr ass seedplanted early inJUbPgradua llygrewthroughou tthestudy period.AScie nce Associatesanem om eter [see Figure2-·1)waslocat ed at"3" in Figur e 2-2.\Vindspeedin mill'Sperhourat 3,0 metr esabove theground wasrecor d edcont inuously th roughoutthe st udy periodbyanEsterlme-A ngusrecorde r [see Figu rt 2-5).Winddir«tionwas recorded buti not usedinth isst udy due tothe sus pected un-reliab jhtyofthewindvane and the pote ntial ietluee ee of10<:31and micro scale shl'lttr.The Pasad enanurs..ry isshelte redon alocaleea l.. bytheroothills oftheLong Ranll'~fou n t a instotht eas t and ona micro scale bymatur erOrl'sttreesaroundtherields as showninFigure 2-6.

Precipit atjonwasmeasur ed by astandardAEStype'8'dailyraingaugelocatedat".."inFigure

16

1-:1.ThE'rimof the gauge"13.5-10 emabovethegroun d sueraeeandthecircularentice mt 3SUfM 11.3 emindiam et..t,Ra inW3.Srun eeledint o3.cl..arplastic graduat..30dwasrecord edto thl' nearestO.ZSmm at 06:00,H:OOand~:OOi\nSTfromJUDI'~to.-\ug U51H.

FIgu re:2· 4: Photograp hoftheSelene..Assoc futeeane mo me ter.

AMa rnx Inc.radiometerW3.'ijoca red at"S"andmeasured incomingebortwavesola r r adiation(0.30.3.00pm)at2.0mabcveth.. Ir:l5sed surfaceofthetteld. Sis aalsfromthe radiomet er.inmillivolt s,wererecorded conti nuo uslyona strip-< ha ft record er. Occasiona l mettuneuoesoftherecorder meant thaiitwasoperanoaalforonly part of thestudyperiod. The dates ofcom ple tesolar rad iationda t acollec tedare listed inAppend ixA.

An ene rgybalancemeasur em en tsystem(seeFigure~-i) ,developedandeonsrr uctedb)'Dr.

J.II ,McCaughl'y of theDepa rt men tofGeog ra phy atQUt'l'n'sUniversity,wasbeingrletdtest edat Pasadenaand waslocated at"6-inFtgure2-2.Thesys t emwasnotinopera t ioncont inuously th rou &houttbest udy periodand the enerlY balancerrthe siteW:L.\notder iveddueto tbe incompletenature ofthedata set.

This eDerl.vbalancemeasurementsyste mecnse t edofaRe~'el'5i D &Tem perature Difference

~lt'a.~ urt' men tSystem(R T D~IS ),four fivejunction ecpper-co nstantintberrnopilesforthe measurementofwet-and dry-bulbtemperatu res.aMiddeltcnmodel Cj>.;- Ieetpyrr ad iometer.a

FIgure2·5: PhotographorrbeE6t~rIiD~Augusrecorder .

FIguret·&: Photograp horthemicro-scalf'she lterorthePasadena nurse ry aite.

Sierra model RG1501lipping buckereaie g:lougeand aCampbellStient iricCR. dat asys te m (~1cC:l.ughe~·.1981.1986 ).Themeasur em ent s orw~t-and dry-bulbtem peratureand net radiatjon

IS

The datf'S of d:lta C:Ollfo.ctfflb,· the system :Iud115Min this studyarc: listed in APPf'DdixA.

FIgure2-7 : Phot ograph ofthe1'1IefllV ba la nce measur ementsnlt'm.:

Thepsychr o met er·cart"of the tne r&,.v balance syste m~hOW Din Figure 2·11ecnsistedof Wl't-and drj-- bulbseeeorsh..ld with inasryrofoamcylinde r .. biebwas covered witbTe rk.:tiv e aluminizedtape to sbil'ld tb"~n$(>nfromIhe "rredsof rad ia ti onl~kCa ugbf'Y.19 86 ). An aspir ..tioD(;an"'as fixed to ncbrad ial ioll5b~ldandtbe watprlOUIed(on lio \lous lytbto llg bthf' cottonwi<:kto the wet-bulb~n.'lQrfromthereser voir. Two p'ycbrOmf'VoTcarts .'CTCfixed10til"

elevatortyPf'RTD~tS.at1.0and3.5 reeters above the grouod.TheRTDMSint..rcba ngl"d Ibf' lJ'Ol'it iooofth.. psych rome tersncbhlfhOllr(ibid). Til.. signals fro m tb.. M'bSOfSorthe

pyse hro me terunitanaehedtothe I..h~idl'or(hI'rail ...te sample dbytb.. CR7 dat alogging syst..ml'vl'rythirtysecondsandconve r te d intohourlyav..rage valu ..sorwI't·and dry -bulbair t..mperauneein d..greesCelsius.The hourl y :l.v' raltl'5 livenwl'r l'theres ultof the signa ls recorded in tbe pree..edmghour ,

ic

Fi g ure:!I·8: Photogra ph

or

the pysch rome te runits orthe energybalance rneasurement aystem

The~li<ldeltonnet pytr adiometerwas fixe-dat a height of 1.5 m above the ground surface and was continuouslypurgedwithnitrogen.The signalsfrom the netpyrr adio me terW(,1e sampled ever)' 30 secondsby the CR7 data system and conve-rtedinto hourlyaverage valuesof n..tradiationin Wattspersquaremeter.The hourlyaveeag esreco rded were then calculated from sigllalsrec('jv\'dintheprec....dinghour.

2.3 .Published Data

2.3 .1 .De er La keCll m ato lo gh:a lSt atio nOat.

Till' AtmosphericEnvironm..nt S..rvice's"DeerLake" station is located at 49"10'N latitude, 57'W· \\1 latitude,ontlte northeast

»r

of D('('1 Lakeat anelevationof II rn, approximately25km to the nor th ea st of thePasadena nursery site. Itis part ofthe- Atmospheric Environme ntService'sclimate station n..twcrkand was chosenOHrthe ·0....'Lake Airpo rt "

climatological station r..Ierredto in Seenon 2.1asit was th .. closest stationto thePasad..na nurs erysite. Also.the pro ximity andrela tiv e positionof D....r Laketo both the Pasadena nursery site andthe"Dee r Lak e"climatologicalstationmeantthat any modpra ti ngpnpclSof the lake

\ .

20

would,,~~~ p~,irncfd.imultan"o u5Iy at bot h,it....Tb..sl:l tioneeecrds ordailymean.maxi mum an dmin im u mairu-mpt 'aturnanddally p,..,ipita tiondurin ~thestudyp..tied...re\I...d in cN hin afiprct.oft his. tudl·

:2.3.:2.Dayl engthData

Til..[rhlth0'tim..1...1...0.un,i...and au n...1 inhOUTS,fmb.tit" d..40"N.w" rttakenfro m l\gri"ult urtCanad,,',(197-1).·S..J wfTlIb!1'5andConversionsUsed inA/:romt teoroJogyand 1l.,I:llf'l.[ Fi"I<l.',Thedaily·valu arethe out putofacomputerprogra m[Robertson..ndRu••elo, ' [!Ifill)",lIrr ...unri••an,l'"n...1,uraMum..d·tooccur"'h nth...ntre

0 '

^{th..'uni.50min ute. ...-}

"

Chapter 3 Da ta Analysis Procedures

Thi~ch3p1.erdeal.with theconversionof the willowgrowth :.oddim"ti,'"" ",hlo-$r"lI"cl,-,1 intovaluesusedin thcaoalysisorthe dala.

3.1.Conversio nof rawda t a todail y values

3.1.1 .GrowthM ....suremenh

Tab!sbooth..i!tllt and~:lSCdiam d er,ofthe longest shooto~..ach oflhir~51o" ls

o r

r:,r1L o<b,<I"..s ec

~.

^{were. .}

^{"" ,dI"} m,~,,,m,," ^{"" .d ,d}

^wookl,

,""." '0'"'' .;"w'" I~

seaso nand formeasurements recorded daily at06:00hour sbetwe enJune20amiAIIA"'s!H, lOll;'.

Tb~

^dailyheight.and basedi;met er

ini:r~ment

^{h :ge}incentimeters,fo r lhe

sa

^day

meeee remenrperiodwerecalculated bysubt ractingthe d3y'sme:r.surcment of lat OlIshoot Ii"igh!

and bal;ediameteroneachotthe ninety stoolsat 06:00hours,lrom thernl~ingday"

measurementsaL06:00.hours .Me:lnheigbtandb:l.'>l'dbmeter incre mentth,,"(efll,e" r h'rw,!ie.

W1\Scalculated hyanra.o; ingthethirtyvaluu ofheightanrlba~edi a mH~rincrNIU'1Itdo:.ng~for t:l.tht imeintcrv:ll

3.1.2.Air andBollt<lmperatur~B

,

The hbllrlyaveragevalucs of d ry-hulb:lir tem pera t u,..,rccordcd byth..C:H1data101111'"

systemof\heeocrgy balaneesystcm,wereavera gedtogivevallics ofmtt n dailyairtemJl"'atll' e

, I r

Item~?.JIOhoutsto06:00hourstbeproccedingdn)'.Whenthe entr!)'~alanc esyatemw;a.,not operat ional, mean daily airtemperatureWa.$calculated from hourlyvalu~read fromthechart..f theCa.sella thermohn1ograph,fromO~:OO~oursto0)):00 hours the proceed ingd:ly

ea

\ Valuesotmaximumand minimum airtemperaturebetween06:00ho ursand06:00hoursthe I,ru( u dingdayweretecordcd. A[,;o, thedailyra ngeinair tem per a t ureoverthisperiod W:l5 f:lku l:lJedby.ubu aeti ngdOlily minimu m airtemperatu re(rOnTda ily maxim um airtem~r~tUle

Dailym"an~Oi!tem p<"ratu're at 10,~Oand

30

em"'3.$obtained byavrra gin groreachdepth . tbet hl'l:'''-readingsrecordffid::.i1r at06:00, lUiOand22 :00hoursandat 06:00hoursthe

"proceedillg day.

3.1.3. Iapourpr....u".. d..ncl toftheair

VapDI" pressure dl'ficitof theai"inkilopasc:ll.~.was"a leub led u. ing 1.berollow i n~torfll uh.:

(3.1)

where;vpdi.tbe~:lp<lurpressurederk it ofthe air(~Pa).

"T~stbesaturatedvapeurpressur e

or

theair(kP.a),at daily meaoair tem pl:rature(T).

nndoi.Lhedaily mean vapourpressur eoftheair (kPa),

IMeasure me ntsofwet-anddry·bulba irzemperat ure recordedbytheenergy balancesystem.' wereused when,av :iil~bletocompute vaP'?:urpressuredeficit. ,Hourlyaver age va luesof wet-and dry-lllilbtemperatu rerecordedby theeR1datalouersystemfrom 07:oo-lIou15toQ6:00 hours

A..

the rollo.vingday wereaveragedto givetwenty-four houraveragev31ue5ofwet- and dry- bulbair tc~ u rea .- W hc n the e ncrgY bal an ee By s temw:lllnot ill o PC13tion,theav er3geocreadingsof wet-and<Iry- bul b airtem pera ture be St evellson.Kreell,reeordedat06:00.H:OO,22;00hours dailyand at 06:00 bourstbefoUowing d aywereused.

Valuesofsatu r:ltedV3rOu r pressur e'ortheairat tbedailymeanair t.emper:lt llreweretaken rrom-the'Smithsonian Meteorologica lTables"[List,1979 ).usingvalues ordaily mean air lem peraUirecnkulatedby the methodin discussed Subsec tio n3.1.2.Daily mean vapour pressure oftheair wasreco rdedfromth~sametables, usingvaluesoc r-'fw'themeandailJ , di Crereneeor wet_ and,d ry-bulhtemperatures,andda ily mean-ai r tem pe rature.

(

3.1.4. NetRadia ti on

Hourlya~~':l&e~:llu~"orn~tradi"tio n(Wm'~l l....()t,tt,lb)'tlw CH7~'~~tT,!:II:I'I"h'tIl"f thetntr&),balan..tsyetem'"'Ut

~on~trt

^..d

~l J m'~

^{bour l}

\~t~

ApfH"ndix B).and a,Mtd

t~l,e

d:lilylotal~orn~lrad 'al;'", (MJm'~d·l l.'rhr<I,"lyt"lals r"l" t>r nl thr",ilb"'rll~""""r lh"

)"lr:\Sur~mt"\ SofiR""ming""I:u ,adiationr~""' d~<lby th '\" P-d l:" lr"".. "I","r Iht pyeanometerWflrusrd to ",lulta t..,bil ytotal n..\,,«I''' ll<. nwh,,"Iht tn"' ItYb,lI" n"t,, _letll"'''',

,

whtl " : " is alb..do_O.~ f,[dimensionl...,]. ~

1\1 i, da ily'Iotalsob r radia l ion(I\IJm'~,,-11 tnd

r.:

is.l h

I~nltwa~e

ra dia l ion

~anct

^(MJ

nt'~

^d·11

I

^A

~alut

^{or 0.25w",.sdt cttd}

r~r II,~ :db~du

"r liltI'lan\atinn,it..,FitM",\"WilSb",r:01tl;,'

~lnning

^ofth.. sludy period.

sin~, th~

^{prrvj ousy"M',cro p h:ulbeentUIto A'OllOd}

lH~1 durin~' 17"

^{fint wt ..kor}~l:1y.TIlts"l1zSptCI'"th~ngrtwgradua llyth,ollgll<... tth.. 51,udy p""",1 "nd weremorpbologita llymost similarto anagriculturalcropthan any"Ih ..r v..g"tali()ntyp""_Ok..

(Hl78J, ta tts that albedosofbart soil,a ngebt tw...nn.M (dark,wt!) andn,1Ullilthl,d'YI,"n,1 Ihat ag.klllt'''altro~andnalu#~~.eg"lalionItMIbann~'" mt t .~,nh" ight~b " w ~lhrd(J~hetw... n 0.! 8and'0 .':!5. SinceIbeground coverwasacomblnationor~"ndy

."iI

and~f~"t:ati"n,a .,,111""r 0.25was ehcsenas~,p resen t ati ~ eaveragefOIth~",components

Carefulexa minatic n orIh...-.iItDal, seDIby thepyr OlnOmetN totil"strip-r.hutr...."r,I..' showed.t.hOl ~therecorderconslsttntlyonrest imOlt...d peakvaluc~

0 '

solacradiation.Thi~W311 ecnfirrned bycomp:lll ing tht or"titalmaximumd:Lilyvaluesnr.ob ,r:ll,li~n,""." minl(an.

atmo.p heric

uans?"i~.i~ity o~O:75,

^{to tbt}

d,,~y

^{maximumealu...," gi.}lert d by th"

rt"" d"j.

^The

hourly meesur emeetsofincomingsobrradiation in lTlIUivolls w"."Ihtt ero,"r"d ll;~" 'l!";'i..lue to the suspectedo~...r-ntimali oll by thestrip-d Olrt.""ordnofIbe~j"nal. ..."tI,yth;

/

(

)

pyra.nom~t~r .Th~re.duced millivoltreadlOgs(~om06:00to21:00bours dailywereCOD Y ert~.t 1.O yah" ,. in MJ m'thour,j (seeAppendixB).andadded toIlye totaldaily solarradiat ion in MJm·t

~r'

WhNI';(0 1'+[o.c...la:l.doudeoreecnon Iaetct . 1\1is the ml':ll';uredtot31da lly Mllatradia tlo n(MJ m'2d,l) Kl mu ;slotaldailysolar r3di"lionunderdearskyconditions(MJ m·2d" ),

e"i.thedfect ioe emlu; yit y ofthe "tmoaphere(dimeosionle55), ::.

€v-0.06 isthe ",,"urnI'demissivit y01theveget1Hion(dimensionl..ss), 1.I)' IO-f i.theSlef"n,Bolt~m"Dneonstan~(MJ m2'd"K1), and Tisthe dailymeanairtemperature(K).

. .

'T}"d~ilytota lsolar radiationunderclea rskycooditioos, l<i mu 'wascalculat~d'from 0.75 Klo' where]\10isthedailytotalsolarradiali~o^{at thetop}of the atmos pherefor19 "N[R usselc, 1!l71).TheCOo-erricientotO,75 wasdeefn ed:apprd7lor.iateforthe

6~;~ili~~tiv elY

^'clear'

ntrnospher eof westernNewrcundtandinsummer.SimilarYalu~.havebeenreported Ior

Spiu l"hou.e(H181)tened variouse'l uat iobl ror the estima tionof thedt~c tiYe~miniv i tyor I lltl'atmosphere [Ideoand Jackson(A:I.-5e and Idso,1978),Swinba nk,1963,Brunt(Mo D t~itlt,1961), Brutsacrt.197 5.ld5" ,1!l80,Sall erlund,197!l1.Hefoun dtltatBrUL't's equat ion asmodifiedby I."'otcitlt (I9lBl«:Inthebesta!reem~ntbetwe enmeasur edand\alcubtednettadianon in Dou1;l:15rirrorestsincentralVancouvn Islandand attributedtltis10thetact that tbeequation W:l.5 c:l.libnt" dtora humideovironm~rtt .

,.

-. as

H..nc~ ,til..err~cliv....m,S"ivityoftil ..~tmOSJlbN",E.,W;U.."ln ll" I..,1""IO~Brun t's

"'1""tion,:>.-.modiriMlbyIdont..it hin\{J!\I:

E. - 0';'3+ro .coe •r~~) (:t,'1)

"'lIn..~.i.th.. Ih ,lyme"nv"pourpr... .ur..of tlL.. "ir(k! ' ~ )

Til.daily m..an vapou rpr..ssur..of th.."i,w~sr~lrnl;(lr<l10)'th..l1\t'lh"d"xl'l:' IO..,I'n .uh... ctio n3\ A.

. ,,,avmlable Th••quauonpredictedd"',,,,,,' "" ,,,,," ,,,, "." h """",,,,,,"""..r r.<r".. , / ..m-!d",Th..r... "lt.ofth..rrsrrs~ionarccont ain..<1in App..n<liln

When datawer..notavailab l..f,omth....np(lU'h" la nrr'pt,'","r (hr l'y"", ,,U" '1.'-r,,I:,,ly 1.otallI..t radiation was est imat..dfro mmeasu r~m..nts"f maxi,,,nm,l nll rmnunum air1"111 1"":11'" '' f,om til..D~..,L"ke dim atolo sic"lstarion:Thisw~"d"n..f'"th.. l'Ni" dI..-tw..,'o~hyH "otl, June'lll,\',)8&and (<lrstx day.berweenJun .. 20 andAllg,,"~1-1, 1'J85.A,0",h'I'\prplt'''s"""

. ,.,

equationwas cr eat edusingrirty. tw<ldaysof n..tradiati on d"ta.from the pnN R) halanr...y,wIn and me"s urem..nrs ofdaily maximum and

mini~

^airt..mper:t! " r';. f,omD""r La kr,'I'll..

r..suJti ngt'quation was as foJlows'

Tmui.dailymaximum airt..mprr atu r<;(.CJ, :>ond T mi.is dailyminimu mairt~mp~r " tur~('\el

-\ sl:>otistics·of ther..sr..ssion e'l,dt ion(J.~-)ar..,ne lud..,linAI'P~nd l\II

• r .

,