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I.PowersDefinition : When a number is to be multiplied by itself repeatedly, the result is a power

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DNL 2

de  

Maths/English POWERS 

AND

 BASIC ALGEBRA Worksheet #2­0a­3

I. Powers

Definition : 

When a number is to be multiplied by itself repeatedly,  the result is a power

 

 of this number.

reads “r squared” or “r (raised) to the power of 2” or “r to the second power”  . reads “a cubed” or “a (raised) to the power of 3” or “a to the third _________”

2

n

reads “two ___ the _________  ___  n” or  “two ___ the ____ power”.

The number c

n

is a power in which c is the base and n is the exponent or the index (plural: indices).

If  b  is a non zero real number and  n  an integer,

b1n

is the  reciprocal  (or the  multiplicative inverse)  of b

n

. It should not be mistaken with the opposite of b

n

, which is − b

n

. Opposite numbers usually have unlike signs.

1

2x2

reads “half x squared”. 4 x

2

y

3

reads  “four x ________  y ________”.

23

=

8

means that 8 is the third power of 2;  2 is the base, 3 is the exponent.  

If n is an _____ integer, a and a

n

always have like signs. If n is ______, a

n

is a non negative number.

II. Algebraic expressions

When we perform mathematical operations with expressions that include letters, we call it algebra.

Variable: Letters that are used to stand for different numbers are called variables or unknowns.

Constant: Anything that has a fixed value is a constant  . Examples: 2 or  are _________.

Term: A term is the product of some constants and ____________.

Example:   if   we   calculate   the   surface   area  S  of   a   cylinder   of   radius  r  and   height  h, S = 2  r

2

 2  r h . The surface area is the _____ of two ______, 2  r

2

and 2  r h . Coefficient: The constant part of a term is called the coefficient   of the term.

In the example above, the ___________ is 2  in both terms.

Expression: One single term  or a collection  of terms separated  by  +  or  –  signs. Still  in the same example, we write that the variable S is equal to the expression  2  r

2

 2  r h .

Like terms: Terms that use the same variable to the same power, or the same product of such powered variables, are like terms. The only difference between ____ _____ is the terms coefficients.

Example: 2 x  ; − 3 x  and   x are _____ terms, whereas 3 x and  3 y are unlike ______.

Usually, in every term, we write first the constant expressed in figures, then the other constants, then the variables. In any given expression, it is best to write the variables always in the same order.

Exercise 1:  Simplify the different expressions as in the example below. Describe what you do.

Example:    3 x y  5 y z –4 z x  2 y x = 3 x y  5 y z –4 x z  2 x y (rewrite in the same order)

  = 3 x y  2 x y  5 y z –4 x z (group like terms together)

  = 5 x y  5 y z –4 x z (simplify like terms)

a)

2x23x43x –4x25

        b)

2x38x26x – x25x –3

         c)

3x36x

4x2–2

x2

5x

Vocabulary:

base – coefficient – constant – to cube – exponent – expression – index (indices) – multiplicative inverse – like (signs / terms) – opposite – ((to raise) to the) power (of) – reciprocal – to square – term – unknown – unlike (signs / terms) – variable

2014/15 - 2de - Worksheet #2-0a-3 POWERS and BASIC ALGEBRA page 1/4

n

base

index

power a

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III. Expanding and factorising

If an algebraic expression contains brackets, it is possible to get rid of them by expanding

 

 the brackets. 

In order to do so, do the following:

 Multiply each term inside the brackets by the number outside the ___________ ,

 Any term not in the brackets is left unchanged,

 Simplify by rewriting variables in the same order in all terms, collecting and adding _____ _______ . On the other hand, it is often convenient to  factorise  (US : factorize) an expression.  Factorising  is the reverse procedure to removing brackets. It is done by taking out the common factors.

Example: Expanding: 3 x –5  2 x  1  = 6 x

2

–7 x – 5 Remove brackets Factorising:      

6x27x –5 = 3x –52x1

Put in brackets If possible, factorise also the constants. Example: 

3 p212p12 = 3p24p4 = 3p –22

There are three special factors or special expansions that you should know:

 ab  a – b = a

2

– b

2

This special expansion is called the difference of two squares.

 ab

2

= a

2

 2 a bb

2

  ab

2

= a

2

− 2 a bb

2

Exercise 2: Prove the following four equalities by expanding the brackets.

ab

3

= a

3

 3 a

2

b  3 a b

2

b

3

ab

3

= a

3

− 3 a

2

b  3 a b

2

b

3

a

3

b

3

=  ab   a

2

a bb

2

a

3

b

3

=  ab   a

2

a bb

2

Exercise 3: Remove the brackets and then simplify the following expressions.

a)  2  1 3 x – x

2

 2 6 x – 3 x

2

b)  5  2 x

2

3 x2 3  3 x

2

6 x2

c) 

4x –

[

4x –2x

2x –2

 ] d) 

2x

3x2

6x

2

3

2x2

8x –4

e)x2   3 x

2

2 x4f) 2 x –5   2 x

2

2 x –3

Exercise 4: Factorise the following expressions as much as possible. If necessary, expand first.

a) 

6x y3y2

b)

5x220y2

c) 

x

2y

2

x24y2

d) 

ac –2bd – a d

2b c

Exercise 5: Factorise each of the following using the difference of two squares.

a) 

x2−9

b) 

4x2−9

c) 

3625x2

d) 

81x2 1

16

Vocabulary: brackets – difference of two squares – to expand – to factorise – special factor – special expansion – to take out

2014/15 - 2de - Worksheet #2-0a-3 POWERS and BASIC ALGEBRA page 2/4

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IV. Evaluating expressions

When we replace letters with numbers when evaluating

 

 expressions, we call it substitution. It is often a good   idea   when   ____________   a   number  for  a   variable   in   an   algebraic   expression   to   rewrite   the expression, putting a bracket around the number that replaces the letter, and then calculate.

Example : Evaluate the expression

A

=

x2

y2

if x =− 2  and  y = 1 . Rewriting A :

A

=−

2

2



1

2

=

4

1

=

5

V. Multiplication

The index tells you how many times a number is multiplied by itself.

a ∈ℝ   n , p ∈ℤ a

n

a

p

= a

np

: to multiply powers of the same number, add the indices

example : Simplify 

2c2d

×

3c3d2

working 

2

×

3

=

6

; c

2

c

3

=c

32

= c

5

; d d

2

=d

12

=d

3

therefore  2 c

2

d × 3 c

3

d

2

= 6 c

5

d

3

Exercise 6 :   Simplify, then read :

3a2

×

4a3

2x2y

×

3x y

2a2b2

×

5b2

6x3

×

4x3y3

 −

2x2

×

3x4

 − 5 x y

2

5 x

2

y  VI. Division

a ∈ℝ   n , p ∈ℤ a

n

a

p

= a

n−p

: to divide powers of the same number, subtract the indices If a positive index is required :   if n≥ p   then   a

n

a

p

= a

n−p

; if n≤ p   then   a

n

a

p

= 1 a

pn

examples : 

1) c c

32

= c

3−2

= c

1

= c

2) c

2

c

3

= 1 c

32

= 1

c

1

= 1

c in this example, unknown c is written at the bottom, as there was a power of a bigger index at the bottom, and we wanted a positive index in the end.

3) Simplify 

6s7t

12s3t2

. Working  12 6 = 1 2 ; s

7

s

3

= s

73

= s

4

; t t

2

= 1 t

2−1

= 1

t therefore  6 s

7

t

12 s

3

t

2

= s

4

2 t

Vocabulary: to evaluate – to substitute ... for ...

2014/15 - 2de - Worksheet #2-0a-3 POWERS and BASIC ALGEBRA page 3/4

(4)

Exercise 7 :   Simplify, then read :

k

2

k

4

a a

3

b

5

b

5

s

3

s

5

4 c

3

8 c

5

15 a

8

3 a

5

24 d

3

3 d

4

14 a

7

b

2

21 a

3

b

3

− 2

3

× 5

4

2

4

×− 5 

2

0.7 × 10

−3

× 10

8

49 × 10

5

VII. Power of a product 

a , b ∈ℝ   n , p ∈ℤ

a b

n

= a

n

b

n

: to raise a product to a power, raise every factor to the power example : Work out 

A = 7×112×115×72

working  A = 7

2

× 11

2

× 11

5

× 7

2

; A = 7

2

× 7

2

× 11

2

× 11

5

; A = 7

22

× 11

25

; A = 7

4

× 11

7

VIII. Power of a quotient 

a , b ∈ℝ   n , p ∈ℤ

a b

n

= a b

nn

 : to raise a fraction to a power, raise both top and bottom to the power example : Work out  A =  11 7

2

×11 7 

4

working  A = 7

2

11

2

× 11

4

7

4

A = 72×114

112×74

;

A = 112

72

;

IX. Power of a power

a , b ∈ℝ   n , p ∈ℤ

a

n

p

= a

n p

: to raise the power of a number to a power, multiply the indices example : Simplify  A = − 15

3

×− 4

2

25

2

×− 6 

2

working   − 15 

3

=  − 1 × 5 × 3 

3

=− 1 

3

× 5

3

× 3

3

=− 5

3

× 3

3

; − 4 

2

=− 1 

2

×  2

2

2

= 2

4

; 25

2

=  5

2

2

= 5

4

;

− 6 

2

= 6

2

=  2 × 3 

2

= 2

2

× 3

2

therefore  A=− 5

3

× 3

3

× 2

4

5

4

× 3

2

× 2

2

= − 5

3

5

4

× 3

3

3

2

× 2

4

2

2

= − 1

5 × 3 × 2

2

= − 12 5

Exercise 8 ­  Simplify and tell what rules are used :

B = − 3 

5

× 5

4

15

2

× 3

4

C = − 35 

2

×− 3 

4

− 5 

3

× 21

2

D=

3433

3×74

212

2×

1711

5

2014/15 - 2de - Worksheet #2-0a-3 POWERS and BASIC ALGEBRA page 4/4

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