Contents
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Contents
CONTENTS ... 5
LIST OF FIGURES ... 8
LIST OF TABLES ... 9
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ... 11
ABSTRACT ... 13
CHAPTER I GENERAL INTRODUCTION ... 15
1. COGNITIVE CONTROL AND CONFLICT TASKS ... 16
1.1. A general definition ... 16
1.2. Conflict tasks to study cognitive control ... 16
1.3. Theoretical accounts for the Gratton effect ... 18
2. CONSCIOUSNESS AND COGNITIVE CONTROL ... 22
2.1. An ongoing debate ... 22
2.2. Consciousness and the Gratton effect ... 25
3. IS THERE A SUBJECTIVE EXPERIENCE RELATED TO (UNCONSCIOUS) CONGRUENCY? ... 27
4. WHAT IS THE SUBJECTIVE EXPERIENCE ABOUT IN CONFLICT TASKS? ... 29
4.1. A definition of introspection and metacognitive judgement ... 29
4.2. Metacognitive judgements in the field of decision-making ... 30
4.3. Metacognitive judgements in the field of memory ... 33
4.4. Metacognitive judgements of processing fluency in conflict tasks ... 36
5. DOES THE METACOGNITIVE JUDGEMENT TRIGGER ADAPTATION? ... 39
6. OUTLINE OF THE CURRENT DISSERTATION ... 42
REFERENCES ... 45
CHAPTER II METACOGNITION AND COGNITIVE CONTROL: BEHAVIOURAL ADAPTATION REQUIRES CONFLICT EXPERIENCE ... 55
ABSTRACT ... 55
1. INTRODUCTION ... 56
2. EXPERIMENT 1 ... 60
2.1. Method ... 61
2.2. Results ... 65
2.3. Interim discussion ... 70
3. EXPERIMENT 2 ... 71
3.1. Method ... 72
3.2. Results ... 73
3.3. Interim Discussion ... 78
4. GENERAL DISCUSSION ... 79
REFERENCES ... 85
CHAPTER III INTROSPECTION OF SUBJECTIVE FEELINGS IS SENSITIVE AND SPECIFIC ... 89
ABSTRACT ... 89
1. INTRODUCTION ... 90
2. EXPERIMENT 1 ... 93
2.1. Method ... 93
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2.2. Results ... 96
2.3. Interim discussion ... 98
3. EXPERIMENT 2 ... 99
3.1. Method ... 99
3.2. Results ... 102
3.3. Interim discussion ... 106
4. EXPERIMENT 3 ... 107
4.1. Method ... 107
4.2. Results ... 108
5. GENERAL DISCUSSION ... 112
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ... 115
REFERENCES ... 116
CHAPTER IV OBJECTIFYING THE SUBJECTIVE: BUILDING BLOCKS OF METACOGNITIVE EXPERIENCES IN CONFLICT TASKS ... 119
ABSTRACT ... 119
1. INTRODUCTION ... 120
2. METHOD ... 122
2.1. Participants ... 122
2.2. Material and procedure ... 123
3. DATA PROCESSING ... 124
4. RESULTS ... 125
4.1. Overall performances ... 125
4.2. Dynamics analysis of urge-to-err ... 126
4.3. Prime awareness ... 128
4.4. Supplementary analyses ... 128
5. DISCUSSION ... 130
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ... 132
REFERENCES ... 133
CHAPTER V TRACING THE EXPERIENCE OF URGE-TO-ERR WITHIN THE UNFOLDING ACTION ... 135
ABSTRACT ... 135
1. INTRODUCTION ... 136
2. METHOD ... 142
2.1. Participants ... 142
2.2. Material and procedure ... 142
2.3. EMG and EEG recording ... 144
3. DATA PROCESSING ... 144
3.1. EMG ... 144
3.2. EEG ... 145
3.3. Behavioural measures ... 145
3.4. Statistical approach ... 146
4. RESULTS ... 148
4.1. Behavioural measures ... 148
4.2. Electrophysiological results ... 150
5. DISCUSSION ... 165
REFERENCES ... 171
CHAPTER VI GENERAL DISCUSSION ... 177
1. BRIEF REMINDER OF THE CONTEXT ... 177
2. SUMMARY OF THE EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES AND MAIN RESULTS ... 179
3. WHAT ARE THE NATURE AND THE SOURCES OF METACOGNITIVE JUDGEMENTS OF PROCESSING FLUENCY IN CONFLICT TASKS? ... 181
3.1. A rich and complex experience ... 181
3.2. Temporal dynamics and neurophysiological mechanisms ... 186
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4. DO METACOGNITIVE JUDGEMENTS DRIVE THE GRATTON EFFECT? ... 189
4.1. A Gratton effect that depends on metacognitive judgements ... 189
4.2. A correlational or causal relation? ... 190
4.3. Excluding common sources ... 192
4.4. Taking a broader perspective ... 197
5. CONCLUSION ... 199
REFERENCES ... 201
APPENDIX ... 207
1. STATISTICAL APPROACH ... 207
2. RESULTS ... 208
2.1. Correlation between RT and experience of conflict. ... 209
2.2. LMM confirming results of the original study ... 209
2.3. LMM taking into account the previous reaction time. ... 211
3. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION ... 216
REFERENCES ... 216
List of Figures
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List of Figures
CHAPTER I
Figure I-1. Classical Gratton effect. ... 17
Figure I-2. Schematic representation of the conflict monitoring theory. ... 19
Figure I-3. Trial transitions in a two-choice Stroop tasks. ... 21
Figure I-4. Arrow priming conflict task. ... 26
Figure I-5. Potential sources of the metacognitive judgement in conflict task. ... 37
Figure I-6. Relationship between metacognitive judgements and the Gratton effect. ... 41
CHAPTER II Figure II-1. Example of incongruent trial for both conditions. ... 64
Figure II-2. Experiment 1. ... 68
Figure II-3. Experiment 2. ... 77
CHAPTER III Figure III-1. Example of (pairs of) trials. ... 95
Figure III-2. Results of Experiment 1. ... 97
Figure III-3. Results of Experiment 2. ... 105
Figure III-4. Results of Experiment 3. ... 111
CHAPTER IV Figure IV-1. Example of each EMG category ... 122
Figure IV-2. Example of trials ... 124
Figure IV-3. Distributional analysis of the urge-to-err. ... 126
CHAPTER V Figure V-1. Examples of Pure-Correct and Partial-Error trials. ... 137
Figure V-2. EEG components associated with different phases of an unfolding action. ... 139
Figure V-3. Distributional analysis of the urge-to-err. ... 149
Figure V-4. N-40. ... 152
Figure V-5. Activation/ inhibition of M1. ... 155
Figure V-6. Ne. ... 159
Figure V-7. Ne for the different categories of urge-to-err. ... 161
Figure V-8. Pe. ... 163
Figure V-9. Pe for the different categories of urge-to-err. ... 164
CHAPTER VI Figure VI-1. A common source to Gratton effect and metacognitive judgements ... 191
Figure VI-2. Relationship between previous and current reaction time. ... 193
APPENDIX Figure 1. Graphical representation of the results ... 215
List of Tables
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List of Tables
CHAPTER I
Table I-1. Glossary ... 24 CHAPTER III
Table III-1. Identity scale and its translation in an accuracy scale according to the actual prime identity. ... 110 CHAPTER IV
Table IV-1. Summary of the congruency effects on the different variables. ... 125 Table IV-2. Results of the contrasts decomposing the interactions of the Linear Mixed Model used for the dynamic analyse of the urge-to-err ... 128 CHAPTER V
Table V-1. Results of the contrasts decomposing the interactions of the Linear Mixed Model ... 150 Table V-2. Latencies of the positive and negative peaks used to compute the peak-to-peak amplitude of the Ne. ... 158 APPENDIX
Table 1. Results of the Linear Mixed Model confirming results of the original study ... 211 Table 2. LRT tests for Linear Mixed Model taking into account the previous reaction time 214 Table 3. Type 3 Wald-tests for fixed effects for Linear Mixed Model taking into account the previous reaction time ... 215
