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Linear Theory of Shells Taking into Account Surface Stresses
Holm Altenbach, Victor Eremeyev, Nikita Morozov
To cite this version:
Holm Altenbach, Victor Eremeyev, Nikita Morozov. Linear Theory of Shells Taking into Account
Surface Stresses. Doklady Physics, 2009, 54 (12), pp.531-535. �hal-00824864�
532
DOKLADY PHYSICS Vol. 54 No. 12 2009 ALTENBACH et al.
Here,
⑀is the surface strain tensor, u
S= is the dis placement vector on Ω
2, ∇
Sis the surface gradient operator [13], A = I – n ⊗ n, I is the threedimensional unit tensor, n is the externalnormal vector to Ω
2, λ
S, and μ
Sare the surface elastic moduli (the analogues of the Lamé surface constants), and τ
0is the residual sur face stress. The function U in Eq. (2) coincides with the strain energy of a membraneshell, and
⑀is equal to the linear stretch tensor [14].
The totalenergy functional for a body with the sur face stresses has the form
Here, f is the vector of external volume forces.
The stationarity condition δ
J(u) = 0,∀δ u: δ = 0, leads to the equilibrium equations and the static boundary conditions:
(3) The stress and surfacestress tensors in Eq. (3) are given by formulas
It is also possible to show that an arbitrary solution of boundaryvalue problem (1) and (3) is the stationary point of the functional J(u) on the kinematically admissible displacement fields u.
u
Ω2
J ( ) u = E ( ) u – A ( ) u , E ( ) u W ( )
εd V
∫
VU ( ) Ω
⑀d ,
Ω2∫
+
=
A ( ) u f
∫
V⋅ udV
ϕ· u d Ω .
Ω2∫
+
=
u
Ω1
∇ ·
σ+ f =
0,( n ·
σ– ∇
S·
τ)
Ω2=
ϕ.
σ
∂ W
∂
ελ Itr
ε+ 2 με ,
= =
τ
∂ U
∂⑀ τ
0A + λ
SAtr
⑀+ 2 μ
S⑀.
= =
Further, we require fulfillment of the conditions of positive definiteness of the functions W(
ε) and U( ):
(4) The fulfillment of inequalities (4) results in the follow ing restrictions on the elastic moduli:
(5) It is necessary to note that assumptions (4) should be fulfilled independently from each other. If, in par ticular, we assume that U < 0 for certain deformations, or inequalities (5)
3, 4are violated, it is possible to show that J(u) proves to be unbounded from below.
2. For the transition to the shelltheory equations,
we consider a threedimensional body, one of the characteristic sizes of which is much less than oth ers—the socalled shelllike body (Fig. 1). The shell like body volume V is bounded by two faces Ω
±and the lateral surface Ω
ν. We introduce also a middle (base) surface ω , which is equidistant from Ω
±. The lateral surface Ω
νrepresents the ruled surface formed by the motion of the normal n to ω along its contour γ ≡ ∂ω . It is convenient to present the radius vector r of the shellbody points as [13, 14]
where
ρis the radius vector of points of the base sur face ω , n is the vector of the normal to ω , z is the coordi nate counted from the normal to ω , z ∈ [–h/2, h/2], h is the shell thickness, and q
1and q
2are the Gaussian coor dinates at ω . The radius vectors of Ω
±are r
±=
ρ ±nh/2, respectively.
We display certain auxiliary formulas related to the description of tensor fields near the surface ω [13, 14].
The basic and dual bases and the surface nabla opera tor at ω are given by the formulas
where is the Kronecker delta. We use the quantities
q1, q
2, and z as the curvilinear coordinates in the vicin ity of ω . Then the following formulas hold:
⑀
W ( )
ε> 0 ∀
ε≠
0,U ( )
⑀> 0 ∀
⑀≠
0.μ > 0, 3 λ + 2 μ > 0, μ
S> 0, μ
S+ λ
S> 0.
r =
ρ( q
1, q
2) + zn,
ρα
∂ρ
∂ q
α,
ρα·
ρβδ
αβ, α β , 1 2, ,
= = =
∇
S ρα∂
∂ q
α= , δ
αβr
α∂ r
∂ q
α ραz ∂ n
∂ q
α+ ( A – zB ) ·
ρα,
= = =
r
3= r
3= n,
r
α= ( A – zB )
–1·
ρα, r
α· r
β= δ
αβ, B = – ∇
Sn,
∇ r
α∂
∂ q
αn ∂
∂ z
+ ( A – zB )
–1· ∇
Sn ∂
∂ z + ,
= =
∇
S±
A h
2 B
⎝ + ⎠
⎛ ⎞
–1·
ρα∂
∂ q
αA h
2 B
⎝ + ⎠
⎛ ⎞
–1· ∇
S,
= =
γ w
ρ r n
Ω+
q1 q2 n+
h
z n
Ω
i1 i2 i3
Fig. 1. Shelllike body.
where B is the curvature tensor of the surface ω . We assume that the following surface stresses act on Ω
2= Ω
+∪ Ω
–:
(6) In Eq. (6), n
±are the vectors of the normal to Ω
±(see Fig. 1), and
ϕ±are the surface stresses and surface loads at Ω
±, respectively,
Here, and are the surface elastic moduli, and are the residual stresses at Ω
±. We note that the sur face gradient operators at Ω
±, differ from each other, in general.
For passing to the twodimensional equations of shell theory, we use a procedure known in shell the ory—the integration of equilibrium equations (3) over thickness with taking into account boundary condi tions (6) used also in [12]. Integrating Eqs. (3) over z with taking into account Eq. (6), we obtain
(7) where T = 〈 (A – zB)
–1·
σ〉is the stress resultants tensor, q =
G+ϕ+– G
–ϕ–+ 〈 f 〉 is the surface density of the external forces acting to the shell,
Taking the vector product of equilibrium equa tion (3) and zn at the left and integrating over the thickness, we obtain the second equilibrium equation
(8)
The tensor M = – 〈 (A – zB)
–1· z
σ ×n 〉 is the stress cou ples tensor, while
is the surface moment distributed over ω , the sub script × designates the vector invariant of the second order tensor, in particular, the vector invariant is cal culated for the dyad formed by the vectors a and b from the formula (a ⊗ b)
×= a × b.
The presence of terms related to the fact that
τ±dis tinguishes equilibrium Eqs. (7) and (8) from the equi librium equations of the linear theory of shells. Trans
A – z B
( )
–1· A ( – zB ) = ( A – zB ) · A ( – zB )
–1= A,
n
±·
σ∇
S±
·
τS+
±( )
Ω±=
ϕ±.
τS±
τ±
τ
0±
A λ
S±
Atr
⑀±2 μ
S±⑀±
,
+ +
= 2
⑀±∇
S±
u
S±( ) · A A · ∇
S±
u
S±( )
T. +
= μ
S±
λ
S±
τ
0±
∇
S±
∇
S· T G
+∇
S+
·
τ+G
–∇
S–
·
τ–q
+ + + =
0,… ( )
〈 〉 ( ) … G z, d G
–h/2 h/2
∫ G z ( ) ≡ det A ( – zB ) ,
= =
G
±G h 2
⎝ ⎠ ±
⎛ ⎞ .
=
∇
S⋅ M
T×m h G 2
+n
+ + + ∇
S+
⋅
τ+×
– h
G 2
–n ∇
S –⋅
τ–× =
0,m h
2 G
+n
ϕ+h
2 G
–n ×
ϕ–+ 〈 zn × f 〉
× +
=
forming them while taking into account the assump tion that h || B ||
Ⰶ1, we obtain
(9) where the effective stress resultants and couples ten sors T* and M* are introduced
(10) For description the shell deformations, we assume the displacementfield approximation linear in thick ness used in the theory of plates and shells with taking into account the transverse shear (see, for example, [15]):
(11) Here it is assumed that the rotation vector
ϑis kine matically independent of the displacement vector of the shell midsurface w. Equation (11) leads to the for mulas
(12) where
are the twodimensional tensors of extension–shear and bending–torsion deformations. Using Eq. (12), we obtain for the surface stresses
τ±the expressions
In the case of the shell with identical surface properties, i.e., when = = τ
0, = = μ
S, = = λ
S, we obtain the stress resultants and couples tensors gen erated by the surfacestress action:
(13)
With taking into account Eqs. (10), it follows from Eq. (13) that the surface stresses render no effect on the transverse shear forces because T
S · n = 0 and havelittle or no effect on the stiffness and the transverse shear of the shell. From Eq. (13), it can be seen also that the residual surface stresses τ
0do not affect the shell stiffness, although, naturally they affect its stress state.
∇
S⋅ T* + q =
0,∇
S⋅ M* + T
×* + m =
0,T* = T + T
S, M* = M + M
S, T
S τ++
τ–, M
Sh
2 (
τ+–
τ–)
– × n.
= =
u ( q
1, , q
2z ) = w ( q
1, q
2) – z
ϑ( q
1, q
2) , n ⋅
ϑ= 0.
u
S± wh 2
ϑ,
⑀±+
⑀h
2
κ, +
= =
⑀
1
2 ( ∇
Sw A ⋅ + A ⋅ ( ∇
Sw )
T) ,
=
κ1
2 ( ∇
Sϑ⋅ A + A ⋅ ( ∇
Sϑ)
T)
=
τ±
τ
0±
A λ
±S
Atr
⑀2 μ
± S⑀h
2 λ
±S
Atr
κ2 μ
± Sκ( + ) .
+
+ +
=
τ
0 +τ
0–
μ
+S
μ
–S
λ
+S
λ
– ST
S= 2 τ
0A + C
1S⑀+ C
2SAtr
⑀, M
S= – [ D
1Sκ+ D
2SAtr
κ] × n, C
1S= 4 μ
S, C
2S= 2 λ
S, D
1S= h
2μ
2,
D
2Sh
2λ
S. 2
=
534
DOKLADY PHYSICS Vol. 54 No. 12 2009 ALTENBACH et al.
For T and M, we accept the constitutive equations in one of the simplest forms given, for example, in [15]
(14)
(15) Here, W
Sis the surface strain energy density, C and D are the fourthorder tensors determining the tangen tial and bending stiffness of the shell,
γis the trans verseshear vector:
γ= ∇
S(w · n) –
ϑ, while Γ is the transverseshear stiffness. For an isotropic shell [15]
where
e
1and e
2are the unit vectors lying in the plane tangent to ω (e
1· e
2= e
1· n = e
2· n = 0). The components C
11,
C22, D
22, D
33, and Γ are given by the formulas [15]
T A ⋅ 1
2 ( M··B ) A
– × n ∂ W
S, ∂⑀
=
T n ⋅ ∂ W
S, ∂γ M ∂ W
S, ∂κ
= =
2W
S=
⑀··C··
⑀+
κ··D··
κ+ Γγ γ ⋅ .
C = C
11a
1a
1+ C
22( a
2a
2+ a
4a
4) , D = D
22( a
2a
2+ a
4a
4) + C
33a
3a
3,
a
1= A ≡ e
1⊗ e
1+ e
2⊗ e
2, a
2= e
1⊗ e
1– e
2⊗ e
2, a
3= – A × n = e
1⊗ e
2– e
2⊗ e
1,
a
4= e
1⊗ e
2+ e
2⊗ e
1,
C
11Eh 2 1 ( – ν )
, C
22Eh
2 1 ( + ν )
= = ,
D
22Eh
324 1 ( + ν )
, D
33Eh
324 1 ( – ν )
, Γ k μ h,
= = =
E 2 μ ( 1 + ν ) , ν λ 2 ( λ μ + )
= = ,
C ≡ C
11+ C
22Eh 1 – ν
2= ,
where C and D are the tangential and bending stiffness parameters,
E andν are the Young’s modulus and Poisson ratio of the shell material, respectively; and k is the analogue of the transverseshear factor [15]. The effective tangential and bending stiffness parameters are equal to
Ceff C1
+ C
2= C + 4 μ
S+ 2 λ
S,
Deff D1+ D
2= D + h
2μ
S+ .
Constitutive equations (14) and (15) make it possi ble to write the equilibrium equations for the shell and plate with taking into account surface stresses (9) in terms of displacements w and rotations
ϑ. In particular, the equation for the deflection w = w · i
3in the case of the plate (n = i
3) can be reduced to the form
For the quantitative estimate of the results of the surfacestress effect, we use the data for aluminum [1]:
μ = 34.7 GPa, ν = 0.3, λ
S= –3.48912 N/m, and μ
S= 6.2178 N/m. We consider the dependences of D
eff, C
1,
C2, D
1, and D
2on the thickness h. The plot for the bending stiffness D
effis shown in Fig. 2, and the plots for the dimensionless values = , = ,
= , and = are shown in Fig. 3.
As it follows from Figs. 2 and 3, the surfacestress effect is almost negligible for h > 50 nm. They render the greatest effect for h < 20 nm. In addition, it can be seen that the surface stresses differently affect the stiff ness parameters —some of them increase (C
1, D
1),
D ≡ D
11+ D
22Eh
312 1 ( – ν
2)
,
=
h
2λ
S2
D
effΔΔ w ∇
S⋅ m D
effΓ Δ q
n– + q
n,
=
q
n= q i ⋅
3, Δ = ∇
S⋅ ∇
S.
C
1C
1C 1 ( – ν )
C
2C
2C ν D
1D
1D 1 ( – ν )
D
2D
2D ν
30 2
1
10 20 30 40 50
h, nm D
Deff
Fig. 2. Dependence of bending stiffness on thickness.
3
0 2
1
10 20 30 40 50
h, nm
C1
C2
D2
D1
D Deff
Fig. 3. Dependences of stiffness parameters on thickness.
while others (C
2, D
2) decrease, the thicknesses being zero for certain values. Condition (5) guarantees a positive sign for C
effand D
efffor arbitrary values of h.
Thus, we obtained the twodimensional equilib rium equations for plates and shells with taking into account the transverse shear and the presence of sur face stresses. We presented the relations for the stress resultants and couples tensors and found the expres sions for effective stiffness parameters of shells. In par ticular, it was shown that the plate stiffness substan tially changes with taking into account the surface stresses, which agrees with the results of the theoretical analysis and the experimental data known in the liter ature (see, for example, [1]). In particular, it is shown that the shell bending stiffness substantially grows for the nanometer thicknesses.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This work was supported by the Russian Founda tion for Basic Research, project no. 090100459, and DFG (AL 341/311).
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