ASSASSIN 'BUG Rhodnius p rolixus

ASSASSIN BUG

ASSASSIN 'BUG Rhodnius p rolixus

Appearance

• 2

a

• Body brightly colourt>d wilh black and brown !'itript'fl.

• Antennae ins<'rt<.'Cl on sidt>s of long, roughly coniml head near apex.

• Lal'gc L!yc::. placed lakrally.

• Proboscis kept folded under the hcud like a knife blade.

• Wings held folded on bnck.

• Legs well drvPiopNI.

EYE

ANTENNA

BODY

'

LEGS

- ^•

• u

•

. ^,

-

ASSASSIN BUG

ASSASSIN BUG Rhodnius p ro lixus

life cycle

• Life cyele has 3 stage:; egg.

nymph and adult; C'an be

romplctpd in 6 months to

2 years.

• l<~ggl> an• ovnl and whltP in

c·olour and lur'l) pink hc•forc hntching.

• Nymph moult.: fi tim<'s: {•;l<'h

moult r('quirPs ~ hlood mPHI

• Adults mate 7 10 davs after a blood meal; female lays about 300 eggs in a ltft>time.

• Adult can live for 3 4 months without food.

6MO"lfHS TO

2. YEARS ~ 1'rEAR

IT l. ---••

1 World Health Organization 1991

AS~ASSIN

BUG

ASSASSIN BUG

R hodnius prolixus

•

Habitat and behaviour

• Found predominantly in mud- wallt>d houses with thatched roofs.

• l;1ves in cracks and fissures m the walls and roofs, behind

!)it urt:s on walls, under mattresses or obi cts accumulated under beds, in

d<'bri~ and on anim~l~' coats.

• Em('rges at dusk to feed on sleeping victims: also feeds on excreta of other bugs.

• Avoids Jjgbt and is an active runner.

•

-n-

I

I

..

I

- • -

-

I

I

-

• -

I

t World Health Org~mution 1991

ASSASSIN BUG

A:SSASSIN BUG Rhodnius prolixus

Public health importance

• Oites And sucks blood from th~

exJ?osed parts of the body, usually the face.

• Defecates while Hucking blood. and may transmit Chagas disease by

contnminntion of tho bite wound with the f:wces.

• Bites c-ause l'lWf'lling and sev('re p}lin.

I I

- ^r

• World Health Organization 1991

ASSASSIN BUG

-

I

..

-

ASSASSIN : auG

• Rhodnius prolixus

Things needed

• Screening for doors and windows.

• Insect.. repellent.

• Hand spray-gun for repellent.

• Hangers for clothing.

• • Plaster to fill cracks and fissures.

I

..

-.

I

I

•

• -

I

• -

I I

•

c World Health Organization 1991

•

•

I

I

-

ASSASSIN BUG

ASSASSIN BUG Rhodnius pro fixus

Prevent access

• Use mosquito net.

• Keep beds away from walls and posts.

• ~egregate eating and sleeping areas.

• Keep pets and other animal~

out of lhc houso.

'I~

.. • -

_,..

· ~

~~

t World Health Organ•zat•on 1991

BEDBUG

• BEDBUG Cimex lectularius

Appearance

• 6 7 mm long.

• Reddish brown colour.

• Flat, oval, hairy body.

• 2 antennae.

• 3 pairs of legs.

• Head attached to thorax with no neck.

( World Health Organiznion 1991

BEDBUG

BEDBUG Cimex lectularius

Life cycle

• Life cycle has 3 stages - egg.

nymph and adult; can be completed in 7-10 weeks under favourable conditions.

• Eggs are pearly white and oval, 1 mm in length.

• Nymph moults 5 times; a blood meal is reqwred before each moult.

• Adult lives for several months to l year

or

• Bedbug can remain in the egg or nymph stage for an indefinite period if food is not available.

7-10 WEEKS

"M

C) .. ~

EG6

~NYMPH

j. Y£AR OR MORE

)

( World Health Organizuion 1991

BEDBUG

I (!' \

BEDBUG Cimex lectularius

Habitat and behaviour

• Lives in cracks and crevices in walls and floors, furniture, bedsteads, mattresses, ptcture frames, wallpaper, books and papers, boxes, elc.

• Avoids light and is active during night.

• Spoils woodwork, pictur<'~> And furniture by depositing eggs and excreta.

' I /

-0-

/

' '

( World Health Organintion 1991

BEDBUG

• BEDBUG Cimex lect ula rius

Public health importance

• Bites and sucks blood.

• Biting causes itching.

swelling and inflammation.

• Emits foul smell.

• Interferes with sleep.

< World Health Organization 1991

BEDBUG

• BEDBUG Cimex lectularius

Things needed

• Hangers or nails for clothing.

• Clothes-line to put bedding outside for spraying or beating.

• Paint for walls.

• Plaster to fill in cracks and crevices.

• Candles.

• Heating stove.

• Adhesive tape for sealing skirtings, picture rails, windows, etc.

1 World Health Org<tnluuon 1991

BEDBUG

• BEDBUG Cimex lectularius

Prevent access

• Prevent passive entry into the house on clothes, suitcases.

cardboard boxes, furniture, etc.

• Do not share clothing or bedding with oLher people.

Reduce infestation

• Take furniture and beddmg away from the house and beat to dislodge bugs.

• Pour boiling water over bed frames.

• Pass lighted candle under bedsprmgs.

-

1 World Healtn Organiution 1991

COCK·

ROACH

• COCKROACH 8/ate/la germanica

Appearance

• 10 15 mm long

• Dnrk brown colour.

• Large eyes.

• 2 whip-like antennae.

• 2 dark longitudinal marks on top of thorax.

• :l pa1rs of wmgs.

• 3 pairs of legs.

I

ANTENNA LEGS

1 World He~lth Organozuoon 1991

COCK·

ROACH

• COCKROACH 8 /a c e//a

Life cycle

• Life cycle ha~ 3 stages egg, nymph and adult; can be complctt•d in 2 :J months under favourable cond1tions.

• gggli arc laid in l.'gg cases 5.5 mm in lcn~th, egg cuses ure cnnit•cl by the fcmnlc under the body: egg cnse contain~>

average of 40 egg.::.

• Nymph moult..-f) tirnt>"

• Adults mate 7 10 dayH after fully grown and can live for 9 10 month:..

• Adults can live for only 2 ·I wt>eks Without food and water.

EGG CAGf

AOULT NYMPH

1 World Health Organtzatton 1991

COCK·

ROACH

• COCKROACH 8 /a ce/la germanica

Habitat and behaviour

• Lives m cracks and crevices;

undt'r furniturP; bPhtnd bottles and dishes in kitchens:

under sinks; in drains, sewers and latrines.

• Attracted by warmth and dampness.

• Fits tnlo very narrow spaces.

• Feeds on anything including food. paper. leather, hair, fabrtc:;, glue, dried blood, excreta, sputum and other cockroaches.

• Active during ntght and dtslikP-. ltght.

' I /

-

0

-

1 World Health Organiution 1991

COCK·

ROACH

COCKROACH Blacella germanica

Public health importance

• ~lt•chanically tran~n11ts gl•rms cau~tn~ c·holern. lyph01d, dtarrhcH•H, dysentery. vtral hepatiltt' A. poliomycliti:-. and lt'JH'Osy: may nlso t·ontami nate food, and <'<\Ul>l' :swt•lling of oyL•Iirls nnd ~:~I< in mfl'C'lionR.

• Pt·odut'l'" nau~t>nting odout·.

"\; :~1"- ~- .

,r

I" I f 'I I

~~.

4-i ...

1 World Health Organization 1991

COCK·

ROACH

• COCKROACH 8/ate/la germanica

Things needed

• Food And garhngr. rontl'linPr>:

with tills.

• Hanger~ or nails for clothing.

• Jland spray-gun for repellent ..

• Plaster for filling cracks and crevices in walls and floors.

• Dough made from wheat flour and powdered boric acid for use ns bait.

r World Health Organintion 1991

COCK·

ROACH

• COCKROACH 8 /ate//a germanica

In the house

• Prevent passive entry with

grol'Crte~. laundry and oth<>r packages.

• Kill h\ using household bait~.

::;m;h al:' dough made w1 th powd<'rcd bone acirl and wh<'nl Aour.

• H<•palr Jeakmg tap!' and avoid wntPr spillage.

• Keep house clean and till~·.

• Store foodstuffs in clo:wcl containers or cupboards

• Clear awav left-over:. and store in clo~ed containNs.

-

• World Health Organrutlon 1991

HOUSEFLY

• HOUSEFLY Musca domestica

Appearance

• 6 9 rom long

• Dull grPy colour.

• Large eyes.

• 2 small nntennao (feelers).

• Thorax with 4 narrow stripes.

• Yellow ahdomen.

• 2 wings without scales.

• a

I I I

1 I I

• t : :

:HI.<~>: niORAA 1 lt8DOM6N :

< World Health Organiution 1991

HOUSEFLY

• HOUSEFLY M usca domestica

Life cycle

• Lif~o• cycle has 1 stag£'s egg.

lllrva. pupa anrl :-~clult: can be completed in about 3 weeks under favourable conditions.

• Egg is oval, white and I mm in length.

• Larva is cylindrical. cone·

shaped at one end and whtte m colour; there are three larval

~;luge~>.

• Pupa is a resting stage.

• Adult mntcs 2 20 duys after emerging and can live for about 1 month f(>rnaiP ndult lays a total of about 500 eggs m 2 7 batch~s: eggs are laid 4 days after mating.

.Jl./)y,t ,3 WEEKS

~ )

EGGS

1 MONTH ~,_

l ,J

--~)

'trm0-...

1 World Health Organ•utton 1991

HOUSEFLY

• HOUSEFLY Musca domesc ica

Habitat and behaviour

• Breeds in ammal dun~. human excreta, garbage. sewage.

plant debns and other decaying organic matter.

• Found during day near food

l:iOUJ'cc:. and brcedi ng pla('es.

• Rest:; alnight. on cci lings, lops of walls, wires, cords, edges,

and rough !>tt rfnC'P'l.

• Feeds on human food.

garbage, excreta and decayed plant and animal matter.

• Feeding places 100 500 m from breeding place.

" ' /

-o

-

< World Hulth Organization 1991

HOUSEFLY

• HOUSEFLY Musca domestica

Public health importance

• l\·lechanically trnn~mits

dysentery. diarrhoea. typhoid.

cholera, leprosy, poliomyelitis and parasitic worms; may also cause skin infections.

• Leaves droppings on food and dishes which may lead to contamination of food.

1 World Health Organization 1991

HOUSEFLY

• HOUSEFLY Musca domes tica

Things needed

• Food and garbage containers with lids.

• Fly-swatter.

• Sticky fly-paper.

• Fly <.:urlain~, e.g., strips of beads or plastic.

• Window/door screens.

• Nets for bods and cribs.

• Repellent.

t World Health Organiut1on 1991

• HOUSEFLY Musca domesci ca

In the house

• Screen doors, windows and ventiLators.

• Use antifly curtams e.g., strips of beads, plastic, etc., in doorways.

• Usc nets over beds and cribs.

• Kill flies with fly-swatters or catch on sticky fly·paper.

• Keep toilet clean nnd slab hole covered nfter use.

• Store garbage in closed containers.

• Keep food covered or store it in closed containers.

In the community

• Keep shops and food establishments clean:

do not Leave food exposed.

• Provide sanitary latr·ines to avoid defecation in open spaces.

• Arrange for street swcepmg and garbage collect1on at least every other day. and dispose of garbage by sanitary methods.

• Arrange for effective wa~tt•water removal and dtsposal.

• World Health Organrutlon 1991

• LOUSE

Pediculus humanus capitis, Pediculus humanus humanus

Appearance

General

• Flat body.

• Mout.hpart.s that p1erce and suck blood.

• 2 antennae.

• 3 pairs of short legs with claws.

Distin2uishing features

• P.h. c"pitis (head louse) 1 2 mm long.

dirty white to grey•sh black colour.

thic-k antennae.

• P.h. humanus (body louse) 2 4 mm long.

often light coloured.

long antennae.

0

0

f World Health Org~ntzation 1991

LOUSE

• LOUSE

Pediculus humanus capit is, Pediculus humanus humanus

Life cycle

• Ltfe cycll' haR

a

• ~ggs ure clon~tnt<.• ov1~l nnd whitish in colour.

• Nymph moult!'! thrc•<> I imP!' anci is similar t.o adult except 111

size.

• Fema lt·s lay avcral{t' of 8 10 eggs a day until 50 100 eggs have been latd by the head lou:ol:' and 200 300 by the body louse.

EGG

f.:\ _~

_---+)

~ _{'! ~V}

~

r World Health Organintion 1991

LOUSE

• LOUSE

Pediculus humanus capicis, Pediculus humanus humanus

Habitat and behaviour

• P.h. capitis (head louse) inhabits scalp, mostly behind ears and back of bead.

glues eggs to hair near the sca.lp.

• P.h. humanus (body louse) lives in clothing and places wht•rP c·lothing louchPs body, e.g. armpits, crotch.

waistline, neck, shoulder, etc.

glues eggs to fibres in seams of clothing.

< World Health Organiution 1991

• LOUSE

Pediculus humanus capitis, Pediculus humanus humanus

Public health importance

• Lice bite and suck blood.

• Biting caus~,>R irritation and itching.

• Itching may cause skin infections, such as impetigo, furunculosis and eczema.

• Body lice may transmit typhus, trench fever and relapsing fever.

1" World Health Organi-zation 1991

LOUSE

• LOUSE

Pediculus humanus capitis, Pediculus humanus humanus

Things needed

• Soap for waf:hin~ nnd bnlhing.

• Brush or comb fol' NH:h p<'rson i 11 t hP housP.

v-~

DIIIIII1UlUli\Uill1ll

1 World Health Organintion 1991

LOUSE

• LOUSE

Pedicu lus h umanus capitis, Pediculus humanus humanus

Prevent louse infestation

• In hair:

wash hair regularly.

keep hairbrush, comb, cap, etc. clean and do not share with others.

• On body:

kcop clean

bath regularly and change into clenn clothes.

wash bedclothes regularly.

do not share clot.hing and bedding with others.

( World Health Organiution 1991

LOUSE

• LOUSE

P ed iculus humanus capit is, Pediculus humanus humanus

Get rid of infestation

• In hair:

use fin., comh or hand to remove and crush nits.

nymphs and adults.

apply kerosene and

vcge~able oil mixture (1: 1) to ha1r, t1e up m a towel for an hour and wash.

• On body:

boi I clotlung and bl.-'dding with soap and water.

leave infected clothing and bedding unused for a month;

lice will eli<> without food - disinfect clothe:; by heating

in air at 70

C.

do not crush body lice;

crushing may spread disease.

1 World Health Organintion 1991

• MOSQUITO

Anopheles stephensi, Aedes aegypti, Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus

Appearance

• 3.5-5 mm long body covert:>d with scalt's

• 2 antennae.

• 2 wings.

• 3 pairs of legs.

• A proboscis which is used for biting and sucking blood.

ANOPHfi.ES

USUALLY' POIN'TEl)

AEDES CULEX

1 World Healtn Organiution 1991

• MOSQUITO

Anopheles stephensi, Aedes aegypti, Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus

Life cycle

• l.tfc cyt·ln huh four htllJl'CS egg, larva.pupa

li ncl ndu It

• Anopht>les

J<:ggs laid !>ingly and have floats.

L;u vac re:::.t pn rn I 1 e I to wH.Lcr Sll rface and have only •·udiml'nlfu·y brenth1n~ tube.

Lift• c·ydc <.·an lw c·mnph:tccl in 9 11 days uncler favou rl'l bit• co ncb t ions.

• Aedes

l~ggs laid :.ingly and do not have lioats.

Lnrvac rc::,t at an angle to watt:r ~urface

oncl hnH· shm·t. :;tout breathing tube.

LifP cyc:h• <.'nn h<• c·omph•tPcl in 11 days undto>r favourabl<• t•onclition~;.

• Culex

E.ggs laid in boat·l-haped rafts and do not han• flotll:..

Lm·nw rel'l at nn angle to water :-urface ami hnvl• ion~. sl<·ndt>r hrt'nthing tube Lifl• c•ycl<• c•an ht• complr>tc•d in 9 1:3 days under litvourahh• ronclition'-'.

CULEX

ANOPHEt.E"S

/I

0-14- DAYS

<mu) --~)

AEDES

1 World Htalth Organl'tat•on 1991

• MOSQUITO

MOSQUITO

'"(

_,.r .

Anopheles stephensi. Aedes aegypti. Culex p ip iens quinquefasciacus

Habitat and be haviour

• Brt•t•cling pl.•n•:--:

p1·imar:. hrN·ding hubitat of mosquitos is walPr.

Anf>plu•/vs hrP<•ds 1n frt>sh as WPll as pollult'd wnte1·; pnrtieulnrly in marshe::..

watcr·(illl•d dcpl't'!;siol1!', ov<>rhead tank11.

ponds and puddl<•s; also hn.>t>ds in cis I ern~<. pols nnd other re<·cptncles.

A<•deo; hrPecb tn nn~·thing holdmg clean ot· fmrly <'knn walt'l'. e.~ .. domestic water stortiJ!l' t'tlntni rwrs, 11uwer va!-.eS. tree holl':-. roof gutl<.!r:-. old t) rL'l> and other disC'arded C'untairwr,.,.

C'ul<'X hn•cdA in polluted wntcr. e.g .. in dr.11 n..;, <.'<•sspi t... pit I at rine~. .md ..;onwt imt>s in tfl i nwM<•r coll£>ctP<I in dis<':WdNl <·ontainers and madside ditdll'!-i,

L.

,~;i; ·&~.

....

-.

\

c World Heahh Organczwon 1991

• MOSQUITO

Anopheles stephen si, Aedes aegypti, Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus

Habitat and behaviour (continued)

• Heo.:ting pi:H't'S

d:-1rk. C'ool. humid plac('R.

reRting pltH·t·~ insidt•

dw<•lling!\ indud<.> hanging

furnil'lhing~ nnd clothing, under furn1t ure, on walls, CPtlmgs, etc.

rt•sting pln<'es around dwt•llingl; tncludl• clumps of

vq~t>tntion, trN' hok•l4, d rn i nagt• pipe!;, t-tc.

,O.NOPHEL~S

"EOES

-0- ,,/

_,,

r"

. t< r1bl!

CULEX ' I /

-0-

t::::==f ~

,~ /.""

~ f~

c World Health Organozatoon 1991

• MOSQUITO

Anopheles stephensi, Aedes aegypti, Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus

Public health importance

• Fl'mnlc mosquito bites nnd

"'ucks blood.

• Mosquito hit(>~; cause il<"hing and may spread disease.

• An. stephensi spreuds malaria.

• Ae. aegypti spreads viral diseases. e.g .. yellow fevt-r.

dengue and viral encephalitis.

• C.p. qutnquefascwtus spreads St Louis encephalitis.

• Various spt>cies spread filarialiis. which can lead to elephantiasis.

« World Health Organization 1991

• MOSQUITO

Anopheles stephensi, Aedes aegypti, Culex p ip iens quinquefasciatus

Things needed

• Window screening.

• Mosqu1to net.

• MosqUJto-eatmg fish.

• Paraffin oi I.

• Mo:;;4uit.o repellent

• Hund spr·ny gun for repellent.

r World Health Organintion 1991

• MOSQUITO

Anopheles stephensi, Aedes aegypti, Culex pipiens quinquefasci atus

In the house

• Eliminate br<'cdmg places:

cover water l'torage containers.

get nd

or

clean roof gu t.lt~a·s.

replace water in flower·

vases, animal drinking pans, etc ev4•r·y day.

• Prevent access:

us<' mosquito net use insect repellent.

screen doors, windows.

ventilators and beds.

cover water surface of pit latrines with paraffin oil or polystyrene balls

• World He;alth Organc:zation 1991

• MOSQUITO

Anopheles stephensi, Aedes aegypti, Culex p ipiens quinquefasciatus

Around the house

• Cut open cans und crush; turn over pnn" 3nd trays: cut wn~te

tyr<•s and turn over; fill in tree holes.

• Remove wast<.> articles that may catch rainwater.

• Cover cisterns and opcm tanks wtth screens.

• rntroduce mosquito eating fl::;h such as Gambusia affinis into wclh. and other fresh water ::~ource~.

• Pour paruffin over or use poly;;tyrene balls to cover stnnding wntPr that cannot be drained.

• Replace cesspits bv soakptts.

• Seal septic tanks and fit vent ptpec; w1th screens.

c World Health Organization 1991

• MOSQUITO

Anopheles stephensi, Aedes aegypti, Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus

In the community

• Dram or fill marsh<>s, swnmpR, puddles. etc.

• I ntroducc natural predators such as dragonflies. lizards and toads into mosquito habitat.

• Prevent water spillage around community water-supply sources.

• For large.> bodies of water, construct public irrigation works that allow control of water level and shore conditions.

I

t World Health Org~nizatton 1991

• RAT

Rattus rattus, Rattus norvegicus

Appearance

General

• 35-45 em long.

Distinguishing features

• R. rattus (roof rat)

nose pointed; eyes and ears larger than tho:>c of Norway rat.

body slender.

tail longer than head and body.

• R. norvegicus (Norway rat) nose blunt; eyes and ears small.

body heavy and thick.

tail shorter than head and body.

SHORTER THAN HEAD+ BODY

ROOF RAT

(

LIGHT SLENDER

/• /

BODY

RAT

Rattus rattus

LARGE

EAR EYE

SMALL

I

~

NORWAY RAT Rattus norvegicus

1 World Health Organi"Zation 1991

• RAT

Rattus rattus, Rattus norvegicus

Life cycle

• Rats produce litters about 22 days after mating.

• Each litter can have 7 8 young.

• 10 12 litters can be produced by a female rat per year.

• Young rats open eyes at about 12 14 day:s afl.er birth and depend on mother for food until about 3 weeks old.

• Rats can havo young when 3 4 months old.

3-~ MONTHS

~

RAT

1 YEAR

_...,.~ ~

c World Health Org.tnization 1991

• RAT

Rattus rattus, Rattus norvegicus

Habitat and behaviour

• Rats sleep during day and are active at night.

• Rats damage furniture, clothes, books, elc., and eat stored food.

• R. rattus (roof rnt) lives in roof spaces and attics; may nest outdoors under plant dPbris, in bushes or high up in trees.

travels on pipes, beams, etc., and branches.

movements form runways (worn paths).

• R. norvegicus (Norway rat) lives in burrows in the ground, between walls and floor spaces, in refuse dumps, sewers and drains etc.; also lives m nests made of twigs, garbage, grass, newspapers etc.

mov~m~nts form runways,

IIAT

1 World Health Organiution 1991

• RAT

Rattus rattus, Rattus norvegicus

Public health importance

• Rats host fleas and mitPs which are vectors of plague, murine typhus, and

salmonellosis.

• Rat droppings contaminate food.

• Rats may transmit

leptospirosis through their urme.

• Rat bites can cause rat-bite fever.

IIAT

1 World Heald1 Organiznion 1991

• RAT

Rattus rattus, Rattus norvegicus

Things needed

• Metal garhage <'Ans with Lightly fitting lids.

• Rat traps with large triggers.

• Plastic wrap and rubber gloves to handle dead rats.

• Glass, earthenware or metal food containers with lids.

• Disinfectant.

RAT .

c World Health Organintion 1991

• RAT

Rattus rattus, Rattus no r vegicus

In the house

• Use rat-proof containers. such as glass or ParthenwAre jArs, metal cans and bins with lids for storing food.

• Store garbage in metal bins with tight-fitting lids and place on platforms 45 em above the ground.

• Keep laundry, paper, soap, etc., in places inaccessible to rats.

• Eliminate standing water:

repair leaks and ensure proper drainage.

• Stack grain sacks rJo;;p)y and do not leave in same place for more than 2 months.

• Seal all openings more than 6 rnm wide with rat-proof matertal.

• Place barners along external pipes and cables.

• Apply 10-cm wide smooth band of paint on exterior wall below windows.

RAT

1 • World Health 01"ganization 1991

• RAT

Rattus rattus, Rattus norvegicus

Around the house

• Cut branches of trees growing close to house.

• Keep yards and vacant lots clean and prevent

accumulation of junk and debris.

! l

RAT

(l

~/) ~~-:~--L. ____

,. World Health Organization 1991

• RAT

Rattus rattus , Rattus norvegicus

In the community

• Ensure rat-proofing of warehouses, restaurants and other food establishments.

• Rat-proof underground drains for surface water, conduits for electric cables, etc.

• Seal access points to sewt:rage system, drains and ventilator shafts.

• Collect and dispose of solid wastes. especially industrial refuse.

I

I_--

RAT

_,

1 World Health Organization 1991

• RAT

Rattus rattus, Rattus norvegicus

Control by trapping

• Bait trap~; with cPrPals.

peanut butter. meat. or othPr food.

• Use 2 trap!'> with large triggers.

• Place togethel' on runways, nenr droppings and near food sources.

• Wear gloves while emptying traps.

• Oury or incinerate dead rats.

• Disinfect gloves aftE-r use.

RAT

1 World Health Org~n~zwon 1991

SANOFLY

• SANDFLY

Phle bo tomus papacasii

Appearance

• Aboul 2.5 mm long.

• Pale yellowish-grey or buff coloured.

• Body hniry and moth·lik<'.

• Long l:>l(•nder antennal'.

• Narrow hai,-y veined wings.

• Vl'ry long, lhin lanky legs.

• ProbosC'is longer thnn head.

( World Health Organintion 1991

• SANDFLY

Phlebotomus papatasii

Life cycle

• Ltfe cy<'le has -1 "tage" egg, larva. pupa and ndult: can he completed in about 2 months under favourable conditions.

• Eggs are elongated and shiny brown in colour.

• Larva is a tiny caterpillar-ltk<' creature, 0.5 nun in length.

• Pupa IS buff-coloured with old larval skm attached to the tip of the abdomen.

• Adult ts short-ltved and seldom survives more than 2 weeks: female layc:; 40 60 eggs.

2. MONTHS

~ )

&:GG

PUPA

2. WEEKS )

SANDfLY

1 World Health Organintion 1991

• SANDFLY

Phlebotomus p ap atasii

Habitat and behaviour

• Breeds in damp and sheltered sandy soil, bases of walls, crumbling masonry, damp cracks, soil contaminated by animals, ut.c.

• Seeks shelter in dark, cool rooms ond unimnl houses.

• Active towards evening and at night.

• Stays away from breezes and light.

• Flies only short distances and appears to hop, seldom rises to upper floors of bu1ldings.

• Feeding places within 50 m of breeding places.

-'a-

SANDFLY

< World Health Org1nization 1991

• SANDFLY

Phlebotom us pap ac asii

Public health importance

• Female biles and f'Ut'kt-~ blood of people ns well ns animal,.,.

• D1ling causes itTltation and ttchmg.

• May transmit kala azar, oriental sore, espundia ancl sandfly fever.

SANOFLY

< World Health Org«nization 1991

• SANDFLY

Phlebotomus papatasii

Things needed

• ln!lt>ct rcpell<'nt

• Hand spray-gun for repellent.

• Mosqu1to net sprayed with repellent.

r World Health Organizatton 1991

• SANDFLY

Phlebotomus papatasii

In the house

• Use mosquito net.

• Usc insect repellent on person. clothing and mosquito net.

• Sleep on upper Roor or build

slcepin~ area 4 7 ^ill above ground.

• Close windows and doot·s for an hour ^nt dusk.

• Plug crnrk~ nnd rrevH'!'h and lt've 1 wa lis.

• Ensure adequate ventilation and air circulation.

SANDFLY

1 World Health Organiution 1991

• SANDFLY

Phlebotomus papatasii

Around the house

• Remove anim:tl dung. plant debris and other refuse from vicinity of house.

• Remove crumbling masonry, building material rubble, old foundations, etc.

• Avmd defecat1on in open spaces around house.

SANOFLY

.. ,

'

1 World Health Organization 199 I

GENERAL CONTROL MEASURES

• ASSASSIN BUG, BEDBUG, COCKROACH, RAT, SANDFLY

Housing

• Plug cracks, crevices and fissures in walls.

• Avoid using wallpaper.

• Paint walls and make floors and ceilings smooth.

• Make doors and windows fit securely.

• Seal wooden skirtings, picture rails, window boards, etc., with adhesive tape and paint.

• Plug openings where pipes pass through walls.

• Screen doors, windows, and ventilators.

• Cut down weeds around the bouse.

• Improve ventilation and air circulation.

0

c_' World Health Organiution 1991

GENERAL CONTROL MEASURES

• ASSASSIN BUG, BEDBUG, COCKROACH, HOUSEFLY, RAT

Household hygiene

• Keep house clean and tidy.

• Keep bedding and clothing clean.

• Do not pile clothes on the floor; hang them up properly.

• Remove left-over food.

• Store food in closed containers.

• Store household refuse in plastic or metal bins provided with tightly fitting lids.

• Keep pets and animals out of the house.

c") World Health Organization 1991

• ASSASSIN BUG, COCKROACH, HOUSEFLY, MOSQUITO, RAT, SANDFLY

Solid waste management

• In the house

Store household wastes in closed containers.

• Around the house

- Remove unwanted articles and plant debris from yards.

Keep animal shelters clean and store animal wastes with household refuse.

Avoid defecation in open spaces.

• In the community Avoid indiscriminate dumping of solid wastes.

Remove animal and human excrement, plant debris, crumbling masonry, rubble, etc.

- Remove household refuse at least every other day.

- Clean collection vehicles after garbage disposal.

Dispose of solid wastes in sanitary landfills away from human settlements.

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GENERAL CONTROL MEASURES

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t"' World Health Org1niution 1991

GENERAL CONTROL MEASURES

• COCKROACH, HOUSEFLY, MOSQUITO, SANDFLY

Sanitation

• Avoid defecat1on in open spaces, us€1 sanitary llltrinf."s.

• Keep latl'ines clean: cover squatting plate and slab hole after usc.

• Provide dry latrines with properly destgned vent p1pes fitted with gauze srreens.

• Pour paraffin into, or use polystyrene bolls in latrines with water-Ileal.

• Convt>rt bucket latrin('s into sanitary latrines.

• If bucket latrines cannot be avotded:

Ensure regular replacement of buckets.

Wash and dismfect buckets before reuse.

Cover buckets with tight- fitting lids for nighlsoil removal.

F.m~urt> adequate nightsoil disposal.

Do not handle nightsoil manually.

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- -<(

~

1 World Health Orga01ution 1991

• COCKROACH, HOUSEFLY, MOSQUITO, RAT, SANDFLY

Wastewater management

• Repair leaking taps and water pipes.

• Remove wastewater from house through covered drains or open drains with adequate slope; do not allow wastewater to accumulate.

• Provide soakpits around community water sources such RS hand-pumps, public

>;tandpipPs, wE>lls E>tc.

• Ensure adequate wastewater disposal through on·site or off·

s1te systems.

• Orgamze drainage or filling of undesnable water bodtes.

• Avoid dumpmg ofsohd wastes in open drains.

GENERAL CONTROL MEASURES

• World Health Organiution 1991

• ASSASSIN BUG, BEDBUG, COCKROACH, HOUSEFLY, LOUSE, MOSQUITO, RAT, SANDFLY

Chemical control

• Chemical control can be used to supplement environmental manngem{'nt:

in <>pich•mics:

when large vector infestations already exist.

• Control with chemicals should be undertaken only wilh expert advice.

• Appropriate precautionary meHsures must be taken while

usin~ chemicals because they nrc harmful to people and animals:

they pollut<' the environmE>nt and rause damage to it.

I

~ ^-- _{- -} ^?-

GENERAL CONTROL MEASURES

1 World Health Organization 1991