Integrated computer-aided building design systems

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Integrated computer-aided building design systems

Vanier, D. J.; Grabinsky, M. W.

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S e r

TH1

N21d

National Research

Conseil national

no.

1484

'I

Council Canada

de recherches Canada

c.

2 BLDG

Institute for

lnstitut de

Research in

recherche en

Construction

construction

Integrated Computer Aided Building Design

Systems

by

D.J.

Vanier and M.W. Grabinsky

Reprinted from

Proceedings of First International Symposium

on Computer Aided Design in

Architecture and Civil Engineering

Barcelona, Spain, April 1

-

4, 1987

p. 34

-

37 (IRC Paper No. 1484)

Price $3.00

NRCC 28444

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1 ~s~

I

On a assist6 ces dernizres ann6es

B

une prolif6ration des

applications informatiques dans les bureaux d16tude des

professionnels du bbtiment.

Un grand nombre de ces

applications servent simplement

3 automatiser les techniques de

dessin les plus courantes ou qui prennent le plus de temps

3 rsaliser. Dans lloptique

dlune

rationalisation du processus de

conception, des efforts ont St6 accomplis et continuent de

lletre en vue de produire des systsmes int'egr'es de conception

assist'ee par ordinateur (SICAO).

Toutefois, llapplication

commerciale de ces systsmes a connu des difficultds au cours

des ann'ees, ce qui veut dire que la recherche dans ce secteur

est aussi nscessaire aujourdlhui qu'il y a vingt ans.

Ce

document est desting

3 tous ceux qui s1int6ressent aux SICAO,

en particulier les utilisateurs de CAO bien inform6s, ceux qui

mettent au point des logiciels et les chercheurs en CAO.

I1

donne un aperqu des SICAO existants ou

B

l'essai et des

structures des bases de donndes pour llinformation dans le

domaine de

'6volution des

projets et

es faiblesses

des systF

ommandations

g6ndrales

ntention des

chercheurs

les nouveaux

-

logfciels.

_- _- - -- - - -- -- -

a

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ICAD data have two components: geometry describing the shape, form, location, and The internal data structure for alphanumeric information for ICAD systems at one time was associated relationships and plohanumerics representing the textual or descriptive information. Both hotly contested. The advent of scores of relational and hierarchical databases, along with increased components have an external smcture. as seen bv the user. and an internal structure, used by the processing speed, disk sizes, and main memory has reduced the importance of this ouestion. - ~

These are defmed as logical and physicaismctures, respectively by Mitchell [~itcheli79].

The external smcture of the geometric description is the geometric relationship between parts based on 4. Major ICAD Research a n d Development Projects function. spatial relationshiv or vhvsical locadon. The intemal data smcture of the information is the

reprebentairon of the burl&ng'bised on a polnt set, boundary. or boolean model [By1 791 The alphanumeric lnforrnatron conslsts of the external, or logical, smcture bawd on the relat~onsh~ps of pans or their association with the geometric description a i d the intemal, M physical, structure which is dependent on the database selected or designed.

ICAD systems, such as OXSYS, were developed to represent buildings using component- based consmction. A comvonent is considered discrete insofar as the attributes of the component are unaffected by the addition.'modificat~on. or removal of ne~ghhouring components. The efficiency of component-based systems rely on the multiple occurrence of instances of elements from a well-defined set of buildine comwnents An examole would be the use of modular component?, from a catalogue of pans - nothyng c;n be formed, poired, or site built. As a result these component-based fCAD systems could only be used from component-based construction. naturally.

Rationalized-Traditional systems, such as the SSHA's House Design, were developed to represent a building as a composition of in-situ, non-discrete building elements. Rationalized-Trad - irional svstems relv on libraries of standard details revresenting the relationships between adjacent compon;nts As sich, the amibutes of an element may'k subjeci to modificationas a consequence of a change in a ne~ghbounng element. An example would be standard construction In Nonh Amenca; a soec~fic detarl would be used for the connection of o w n web steel iolsts to the extenor wall of a duilding. If the type of insulation were to be changed, iiwould be necessary to alter the detail.

OXSYS

-

BDSIGDS - McAuto Appl~ed Rewarch Cambndge Ltd (ARC) sponcorcd by Oxford Reg~onal Health Authonty (OKHA) 1Brj1791 lLitlle 841

Building dcsign is possible in fnurmstagcs: Brief, Outlinc, Detnileb o n d , W u c t i o n

The d c s i p p m s is supponcd by thrcc lcvcls of software: the Rarc Opcmnng System, a Building IkscriprionSyncrn, and a k t a i l e d Design S y a m tad on the Oxrord Method. Thrrc scpmtc d~mbascs nre r e q u i d Sitc Dtsaiption. Buildinglkacnption, and W e x . I h e C d c x is an infmmtim tile mnlaining a physrcxl h ~ r t p r i o n of h budding cmrponentr. The C r d c x mny t r c q u m d m r d i n g tofunct~onal, spatial. nod phyricxl rrlations. 11 is a C o r n p m c e t . B d systm usrng 3-I3 Box genre*.

S m g hicrarchics eva for budding c m p t n r s and for spilfial and funetjmnl wws.

The reprewnnrion oi spnrial roverlap, cnclo~urr. adjat~ncy) and functional Cmninr) relations is available.

It was marketed internationally as Building Design System (BDS) by ARC Ltd.

.

General Drafting System (GDS) was developed by ARC in parallel to meet drafting requirements of the architecture and engineering communities in the 1970's and 1980's. McDonnel-Douglas (McAuto) has purchased ARC Ltd. and is actively marketing both BDS and GDS in North America and Europe.

It is the only early product to successfully make the migration to a commercial market [Bijl79].

,

=: Edinburgh Computer-Aided Architectural Design Centre (EdCAAD) sponsored by the Scottish Special Housing Authority (SSHA) [Bij179] [Little 841

.

F i t used to rationalize quantity surveying to automatically produce bills of quantities. G b t r i c Desaiotion It restricts designs to one and two storey houses with level floor plans. _{The software consists of two pans: the detailed design and documentation of housing units and}

To define the different types of geometries it is f i t necessary to outline the conventional h e site layout. appraisal and costing of site plan alternatives.

methods used to describe the physical shape of building elements.

me

review has identified two It uses a 2.5-D, not full three dimensional repsentation, Rationalized-Traditional system. major components of the geomeby: the geometric (relationship of components) and the It mognizes objects as non-discrete and stores the relationships between these objects. ~ w m e t r i c reoresentation (internal computer description of shapes). These can be discrete entities but ' SSHA permits creation of a standard Planlibrary.

they have strong interrelationships.

Geometric Hierarchy: The authors have selected Bijl's breakdown for hierarchies: functional, spatial. and physical [Bijl79]. In functional representation the objects are associated according to their functional relationships. As an example, the blocks, stories. or rooms of a building are interrelated because of their function in the administrative hierarchy of a corporation. Objects in

&

hierarchies are identified as sub erouos of lareer "soace volumes". In CEDAR. two theoretical states of '~nclus~on' and "exclu~on"'have bee; devhloped to associate volumes. In this example everything 1s cithcr a pan of something else, or it is explicitly n a a pan of another volume. In

& y s i d

hierarchres a maior difference exists between the data structures of comwneot-based and ritionalized-mditional s);cms In component-based systems there is a catalogue.[~ij! 791 of components and instance, of these components - basrcally where each component IS used. In rationalized-msdttional systems a s m n g geometric description of the building procedures is required. It is then "a relatively compact map of elements in a strong relational smcture" [Bijl 791. Objects in both systems are associated according to their absolute M relative physical location and only the X, Y, and Z dimension location of the reference points of objects are recorded. This is not a m e hierarchy, but more a h n to a catalogue of locations. Many geometric modellen use this type of Iepresentlti~n.

Geometric Representation. The rcpremtaion of

the

~ e o m c o y is an intcmd matlerfnr the

GLIDE:

Institute of Physical Planning. Camegie-Mellon University sponsored by the United States Army Corps of Engineers lBijl791 [Eas!man 801 [Mitchell 751

GLIDE is an interpreted high-level s r m c t u d programming language.

It was intended to assist in the consmction of "Design Infnmstinn Svsr~ms" . -. . . .- . . -. .

- ,

. . .

-

-. and . - -. . . as such . - . . . provides f a user-interface, data smcturing, procedural processing, and geometric modelling. A compact s m c m enables it to efficiently descnbe a number of relatively srmple s h a ~ s Data strucruring capabilities allows user to create arbioaq hxnwhirc nnd d r f a ~ ~ l t .

-

-.

- - - -

.-

-

-. - -. . nnfnrmwinn .. . . ..--. G w ~ ~ oand relationshivs are embodied in the builA;no ,+=~--tinnr ~ l o ~

lll-..rl-...

".

It represents iargenumbers of simpie shapes with the possibility of complex shapes. A procedural user-interface is incorporated whereby the user can c r n r e .... . a wries . ...~.. of Ftarementq .. as .. a h c h program for later execution or can have a statement executed immediately.

Both spatial and non-spatial information are intended to be used; facilities are provided to enable the user to create complex dam types.

Data types consist of

Forms

(a genenc name and a set of amibutes contslnlng default values) and of the F o m (the values of the amihutes of y !&! defaulting to those of

Form).

Many of the developers of GLIDE arc wmlung w~th FORMTECH of Plttsburg, PA. annputtr softwnrc, but !t affects the s c m h , locate. and cdrt cnphlrncsoF the medclla Geommnc

Rpreacntatrnn t h s t ~ r nmplc In n a t m may be "quick u d d ~ n v

'

fm rrmplc bpplicatrons, but may 1811 East Architects COllaborauon sponsored by lhe apan In naoumur use. Rcpccmtnnon that 1s marc c m u p l c ~ may k a budcn im sln~plc t n k (that IS. &peQ (PsA) LB1jl 79]

&re di1f;cul I thm manud represenmhon), bur may pm;idc a rnbust c n v i m m u r for rhe rnnnipuladon

nf I q e d a t a h m of gcorncmc ~nfarmatim. In m ~ l ~ \ v , even c o ~ l c x . r n h u s l reprcr;cn~ationsmay nor ' It is an ICAD system based on PSA's Method of Building (MOB).

hc

nhiC io handh, in reawnahlc nmcs. hc l a r g ~ m i n t s or dsla rcquiml for an IUD system. kc Some exploratory Programs were written originally based on well-defined, oflhogonal. single

tvpes of mprt.stntatios are in use for naodelling in hurlding d c t i p ~ : p i n 1 st^ bound~ry nlodel, ond storey steel smctures.

&!*h mhm as octrccrcpmrllion und Rnd l ~ ~ ~ ~ h ~ l l

n]

will nor disc,ra. CEDAR represents a building as a set of "instances" of functional types composed of

A as ICAI) rymcm? fnr thc cnrrsmtion indultry tharusc thcsc rKhniquzsmuld hr not h fwnd. rectangular parallelepipeds (the rnaxhnin x,y,z coordinates) and amibutes of the instance. The building description is held in the database in a set of files organized by functional type. m r c p m m t a h o n dtxribrs a s y r m

d

nodes and connections, This can bt k c r i k d attributes, name, and gwmetry.

ar a wircfrsme idenlifyieg Ihe

d m

( m w ) and thlhEirrclationahip [lints, edges) with ~ t h ~ ~ ~ o d ~ s . The design process is s u p w e d by three levels of software: the Operating System; a ~ e s i ~ n Thc &lvanl~gcs of pint s t sm that the gwrneaic informarion is c m y ID access and t e a

end

thnt the Level; and an Applications Level.

litrrar~rrc 1% full ot algorithms to crratc and vltw thc % h a p . The dissdmnmgcs arc thc lnrge storage ' Spatial relations are stored explicitly; functional relations are derived munlrcnienr fm thc convcntiod (1.c pictorid vcnus rvmhlic) wprrwnmtion nf complex fiamctrics ' A doodling P e s s dlows rapid co"'Parison of design alternatives and thc lack ot'eaplicil rclationr;hip.-in thc gmmcmk ddatn slruclure. 'rhir is pwticulorly evirleol fnr

r m p l c x shapes (hundreds of line and n d c r ) whcm r v q rela~ionrli,~ has to bc tmtcd (nodes-

m:

Second Consonium of Local Authorities (SCOLA) and the West Sussex County Council wnnectimsJ hcforc onc dimension can he altercd. Pomt sn is Iht ml wrnple of rcprtmlot~un [Ray-Jones 681

m c r h d ~ and thc most manly uscd for n d e l l i n g systems for hulldin@ on person~l m p u t m ,

An earlv s v s m develo~ed for school and health care facilitiec Boundan model$ describe the surfaces of objects. Surfaces are defined as polygons1 planes

and these are rntenelated through the sharing of edges and vemces. Advanoges of this modelling are the compact data storage of the information and the ability to model complex shapes simply. A drsadvantage is the complex spatial task ryulred to test shapes for "well-formedness" [Eastman 801 for everv ewmetric operation. Superficially. boundary models appear to address the modelling nceds of the cbktruction iidushv when surface-remesen~kion is an~iimvortant factor (i.e. visualization,

A ratioiaGzed, dimens~onal~~swrdinaled, component-based method (manual) that developed into an ICAD system.

Designs could be input using a light pen and a refresh cathode ray tube.

The software is capable of providing graphic descriptions, cost analysis, energy analysis, smctural evaluations. and automatically generating consmction documentation.

It was discontinued in 1974 due to change in SCOLA policy.

.- .-~. ~ -

interference checking, etc.).'

CAEADS: Construction Engineering Research Laboratory. United States Army Corps of Engineers Boolean model are solid models normally associaled with mechanical parts design; Solids are with Carnegie-Mellon University and University of Michegan sponsored by the United States Army described using shape ;rimitives (cuboids, cylinders, spheroids, etc.) and the union, int~se?ion, and Corps of Engineers [Spoonamore 821 [Mitchell 751

difference of shapes produce the desired model. The methodology of the consmct a s ~ m l a r to the

creation of the object by milling process which is an additive and subtractive process. ' h e advantage

-

The system was designed to meet many of the needs of USA Military Consmction Amy. of the system is the "solid representation of objects and the economical use of data storage space for It is composed of a large tend design database permitting access to a wide variety of design describing objects. The disadvantage is the high expense for the calculation of the shapes: solid model disciplines: specilication writers, planners architects and engineers.

representation is computltionally expensive for tasks with large numbers of simple shapes (i.e. the Modules included in CAEADS are S&TCH, _{* D C . s l , - * , - C C} ARCH: MODEL. SEARCH, BLAST. and

construction indusby). t , D ~ , - L ~ o .

ARCH:MODEL, developed at the University of Michigan. provides full 3-D capabilities to the desien ~ackaees. including interference checking and transfer of data . -.

-

.- to . . other desien modules. . --. - - - -

It i G o b o r a 6 s BLAST, well-known energyload analysis and simulation przgram while T h e a~rthnrs have concluded. to date in this studv. that the geometric representation has played . - . ~ - - ~ - , ~- ABESICACES prepares cost estimates.

too imponant a role m the development of ICAD and ~ A D D and ;lot enough ;search has taken place to develoo eeomemc hierarchies meenng the rcquuements of data smctures for building design and

building management. This is identifiled in a case study [Vanier 851 where the lack of a strong URBAN5: Massachusens hstiture ofTechnology [Nepponte 701 [Mitchell 751 hierarchy. but good representation capacity, made impossible the modification of elements in a

complex smcture

-c

Dan

Scw=nnc

T h e [tmatm

~~

has zrdlcatcd inat I t vast nm~tmty 01 alphanumeric data rrmcturts tor

IUAD hme beerrdew%=@ as

'

d d ons" to the p w m h c dtucnptlon of CAD syqtems. Unfonunmtcly thc l ~ m t u r c docs rrvr pmvrdcdctmlr of ~hedcagn of the alphanumm~ dat8bnses for mml wcll-kmwn ICAD package What lm k e n glwncd ir lhat normally armbul~s arc r u ~ g c d I@ specific pcomemc

rtcm\ - pornlzl a c o m v c n t and the armhires ( 1 e rhspe, u z c colour, and u e ~ ~ h t l wrll appar

Thc a l p h a n u m c d n a smam u d cd IC4D system* depnda on hrrt factom The lypc oT

conatnlctmn Icompnent vs tmd~~lonel), Ihe gmmcmc rrprcxntnrlon end hlernrchy, a:~d the w r rcqurremenrs The cxtcmal smcturc of Ihe ~lphanumeslc ~nfmmer~on, thdt seen by r l l t urtr. 1s nlmully ;Ihltnuchrcnl m c t u r c , this wrll pnrv~de rrlatran~hlps In othrr cotn]mnenrs nnd Lmnyonent pmpcmcs

-

wcipht length, elc In somc ICAD pwkagcs the s r m c m may he relorronal und tlle ~ n f n m a t ~ o n can relare ru orher d a w b a ~ . ~ , pcrmIrung The global c h s n p of rnCormlrnon qurckfv and

ctL< ltnllv

The original objective of URBAN5 was to "study the desirability and feasibility of conversing with a machine about an environmental design project...".

The system functioned under synthetic conditions and real world problems were not attempted. Abstractions were used to simplify the system (eg. the world was approximated by 10' cubes). The real advantages of URBAN5 were not in any applications software (for the system was no more than a research toy), but rather URBAN5 investigated user/computer interaction. URBAN5 attempted to "teach its own language. learn through teaching, change from learning, and adapt from changing." [Negroponte 701.

URBAN5 was eventually abandoned when limitations inherent in its software design, and in the fundamental assumptions about the design process, hindered further development. University of Cambridge CBijl791

The GEM system was developed as a geometric modeller for mechanical components such as cast, milled, or turned parts.

It was the f m t system to implement the complete set of spatial operations and to consider the use of primitives for constructing complex shapes.

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inputloutput possibilities of early ]CAD products. New programming environments, made possible

through recent advances in interpreters. compilers and languages, such as PASCAL, C, and FORTH. have increased modularity of software and flexibilitv of Dromam design and have decreased development times. In adition. the use of ~nowl&lge 'Based ~ x ~ e r t ~ ~ s t e m s (KBES) and programming languages such as LISP and PROLOG will open up new opportunities for ICAD. 7. General Conclusions

Bijl Prjl 791 stab4 that current (19791. lCAD v t m s "must be

w n

as the first s r c p In a

devclopmcnt" and has Lrsrrd his ohrervatiorr of systcm at the time. He identified the need for

t

k

follomng. " a r b l u q planar F D gcomep"mm "orthogonal". restwh ro dcvdop mftwarr IU handte largt numhcr of ~nmrelated polyhedra, nnd high "man-mach~nt ~nteraction" on ncwer technology quiprncnt.

tk

wn! c m f u l m lhntrly tk eced t u n c w tcchnques In cumpulersctenrrs and sofrwm devetoprnent lo p m t tlre e a q marorenancc and modlfiutlrm of proprams, a l l a w g thc uscr lo m v c

one step fmhcr n w y from the dnla W N ~ ,

Many

of fhew p t r ~ t s BW st111 val~d Fnr thcremrch and

dcvclopmcnt rbllCAD p d u c t l .

T h t rrwnmh in t h ~ s field has clcarly " m p c d off in the ytars from 1980 10 1985 IVanla 871. Thir wuld k due in pan 10 I u d n g rcstrietrons at a n u m k r d govcmmnt dcpamncntr, ro the rcal~zalron thal the systems were no1 pefiorrmng ss ennnomd, to the severe hardnare msmctim~ nt the h, to LIE high cost of hardwart, to thc lnalnl~ly of the consmct~m lndusay to pay tor rcscanh or 'hl& technoloev" twls. OT ID the mimatla of resemhcrs and rctcmhcrs to othcr channel<. such as commcrc~al &nputer-arm drafrrni systems or knowlcdgc.Ds~ed expen rysten,i.

The problem of rcprcscnring hualdtng tnbmatlora cornplctrly orad cffic~enrly was, ona renlnani. a

diflicul~ onc

On t k posfive slde, the e v d u t h of h e d a g x and s c f m technology will p m i t rhvlng o f d m , wilt speed-up pxessml! of infwmafim. and will Dcrmil bencr inremuon of ?oftwan. Sow that cornpuler tools have becorm nwrt "user-friendlj". prwessing speeds have increased. and workatations hove become ailordsblc todesignem; in~eresr in ICAD syacms haa hen rer;urrectod by

the cnnsrrwtion indusby. Innovatirms iliclwdin~ concunent nrocessina, ncwnrkine. new user Intcrfaccc. objccr-onentcd graph~cs, new prnRrBmrn;ng I ~ n p g e s . detabnw mnn~genlcnt s>slcms. ;ued sranduda7sd nperatlnC rysrcms will ampmvc the qull~cy and dccrrase lrlc pncr of ICAD FyTtcmc for Ine covrtnlcuon i n d ~ c o , T i c BUI dine Rrsearch Rowd IUarlr\hoo $41 h l r ldcnhtid Inat IChl) cmls would d u c t design time. tkreby aliowlng thew funds to hc rdchannelled in dzsipn. ' I l l e x tmls nrruld a l w pmvide pmpcr inlormotion for building owners- providinfi lower llfecycle cosrs with the possihili~y of passing rhrrc %wings to tenmrr.

History 1s always an excellent teacher. The experience gamed from early fonys in ICAD can

be uansfemd to present-day CAD users, ICAD developers and ICAD researchers. The polnts llsted below form a swnmary of lnformaoon and knowledge o b a h e d by the authors. Many of the following recunmendaoons for the development of ICAD packages appear to be common senu, but stlll not all ICAD packages included these concepts m thew system d e s ~ g n

Integrate system from concept deslgn stage to fxilioes management opcnnons Address the needs of one client. do not provde uhqutous solution

Use an accepted construcuon lnformauon format such as CVSfB for oroduct data Provide aodromiate user interface desim.

~ e p r e g n i both spatial (ovalap. &clis&, adjacency) and functional (zoning) relations Allow users to m a t e arbiwry hiaarchies and apply default informarion

Create default files related tofOsDecific m i e c a

& b k

Pernut the cloning of infamadon for ihe*wy mput and the data venficanon process

.

Box Geometry is adequate for the consmaion indusuy. but also pmvide for complex shapes Provide exhaustive b o i c carabilities

Pennit the -tion Gf a standardAplan libmy

Provide an interpreted high-level urommming lanrmaee for users to develw software Data must be i n h n d e n i ofcan&t& archite&re-

-

Employ modular software design techniques

In conclusion. ICAD svstems d e v e l m d in the 1970's and 80's had shortcomines hut the foundation of this technology is sound. ~ h c ' e x ~ c r i e n c e gained from past ICAD develoiment has provided paradigms for the design of new ICAD packages and computer technology limitations no longer will hamper the development of the robust. powerful systems q u i d f a integrated computer- aided design for the msuuction indusq. There 1s now a proper environment for the development of integrated tools to assist engineers and architects.

References

[Bdl79] Aart Bijl. David Stone, David Rosenthal. Integrated CAAD Systems, EdCAAD Studies, DOE Project DGR 470112. Edinburgh, 1979

[Eastman 771 Charles Eastman, Spatial Analysis in Computer-Aided Design, Applied Science Publishers Ltd. London. 1977

[Eastman 801 Charles Easunan. Prototype Integrated Building Model, CAD Journal, vo1.12, no. 3, May 1980

[Fink 691 Daniel Fink, Extended Building Classification for Architects Builders and Civil-Engineen (EBC). Danish National Centre for Building Documentation, 1969

[Giertz 811 Lassd M. Giertz. N k l J. Hughes, Abridged Building Classification (ABC), An Foras Forbartha. St. Manin's House. Dublin. 1981

[Giertz 821 Lassd M. Giertz, SfB and its Development, An Foras Forbartha, St. Martin's House. Dublin, 1982

[Gem 771 John Gero ed.. Computer Applications in Architecture, Applied Science Publishers Ltd., London, 1977

[Hanratty 771

Dr.

Patrick J. Hanratty, AD-2000

-

A system built for today to grow for tomorrow, Intenrctive Design Systems Conference, IPC Science and Technology Ress

UK,

Apr 77 _? [Holmes 701 B.W. Holmes, BEAM Program - Construction Information System. Department of Indusuy, Trade and Commerce Canada, Ottawa. Internal Report

[Little 841 S. Little, The Organisational Implications of CAAD. CAD 84. Brighton, Apr 3-5. 1984 [MASTERFORMAT 831 MASTERFORMAT

-

Master List of Section Titles and Numbers. Naval Publications and Forms Center. Alexandria VA, 1983

[Mitchell 771 William J. Mitchell. Computer-Aided Architectural Design, Van Nosuand Reinhold Company, New York, 1977

[ N e p p o n t e 701 N. Nepponte. The Architecture Machine, Cambridge, MA. 1970 [Ray-Jones 681 Alan Ray-Jones. Architect's Journal. Feh 28,1968, pp 489-493

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