• Aucun résultat trouvé

Knowledge acquisition from texts towards an ontology of French law

N/A
N/A
Protected

Academic year: 2022

Partager "Knowledge acquisition from texts towards an ontology of French law"

Copied!
10
0
0

Texte intégral

(1)

**+*),-/. " 102

3547698:;47<>=@?A:;BC=

D+EGF;HJIKEL!E%M1ENPOQEGIKNROSE%EFTUF!VXWYIKZ)[HK\^];_QEa`QbcNGWadeEf%[HK\eWYFg[YdeEh;_Si+jEPIK\^EG_QIKEL!Ekml*\^FQEk1LQEno[IK\ek`

paq IK_SEh![Y\eFrHtsuWYFSWYI;jEY`>vav pawxq@y WaFrHR[Y\eFSEGzSdeE{[Y_ y IR[YFQNE

d9[ZE|uNGIK\~}EFSkJZi7}VI

iQOSWYFSE5€ papC‚waƒP„…Y†…Y‡@†xˆqw

V~[‰€

pap!‚wxƒP„…†…a‡@†aˆ5†

v

Š)‹oŒŽgYa‘@’ EGkJ\^“YFS\eFS“*WaFrHKWadeWa“Y\eEk”\ek[*•xEP–—[YkJi˜ENGHWV"•;FSW{™tdeE{LQ“YEZ)[YFg[“aEGš

ZEFrHt[FgL*•;FQW™tdeE{L!“aE%IKEi!IKEkJEFrHR[HK\eWYF›}

œ

Ec\eFrHJIKW;LQ_QNEc["LQWrN_QZEFrH7zg[YkJEL%WaFrHKWadeWa“–zS_Q\ed9L!\eFS“"ZEGHKOQW;LQWadeWY“Y–uVWYI›VIKEFQNPO

deE“a[Yd˜L!WrN_SZEFrHKk}uFQde\^•aEWYHKOQEGIKkžZEGHKOSW;L!k`aZ)[\^F”•;FSW{™tdeE{LQ“YE™t\^dedQz˜E"OSEGIKEtL!\eš

IKENPHKde–”EG‰;HJIR[YNPHKE{LV9IKWaZŸHKEG‰;HKko\eF”H ™Wu™[{–!k"€

¡„ƒ

[m¢QIKk¡Hž•!FQW{™td^ELQ“aEt[N{]r_S\ekJ\£HK\eWaF

V9IKWaZ/HKEG‰;HKkcHKOS[HAEG‰;HJIR[YNGHKkžIKEdeE¤Y[YFrHAHKEPIKZkAWV7HKOQE1LQWaZ)[\eF[YFSL5HKOSE\£IcIKEd^[HK\eWaFQk

[FgL

¦¥aƒ

[§kJENWaFSL[YN{]r_Q\^kJ\£HK\eWaF¨HKOg[H5EP‰!HJIR[NGH”\^ZiQde\^NG\eH5•;FSW{™tdeE{LQ“YE©V9IKWaZªHKOSE

L!WrN_SZEFrHKk}o«u_QIL!WrN_SZEGF;HKk[IKEHKOSE©deE“x[dHKEG‰;HKk5iQ_SzSde\ekJOSELE¤xEGIJ–LS[–\eF

HKOQE¬aWa_!IKFg[Yd­«m®N\eEd¯LQE%d^[@MjEiS_QzSde\^];_QEuVIR[Fo°N{[\ekJEa`gHKOSE%V9IKEFSNROCW®N\^[Yd›iS_SzQde\eš

N{[HK\eWaFCVXWI1d^EG“x[Yd7HKEG‰;HKk}

«u_!IA“YWx[d‚`rLQEkJ\e“aFQ\eFS“[YF5WaFrHKWadeWa“–5V9IKWaZŸHKOSWYkJE"HKEG‰;HKk`a\ekžHKW%EFg[zSdeE"NWYFSNEi!HK_g[d

IKEGHJIK\eE¤Y[Yd˜WV›HKOQE1LQWrN_QZEFrHKk+[FgL@HKWVXWYIKZ)[de\^±GEmHKOSE1NWYFSNEi!HK_g[dSVIR[ZEG™WIK•WYV

[F²\eF!VXWYIKZ)[HK\eWaF³k¡–!k¡HKEZ´zg[YkJEL³WYFµHKOSWYkJE¶L!WrN_SZEFrHKk}·OS\ek*WYF;HKWYdeWa“Y–µOg[Yk

NdeE{[IKd£–§LQWrNG_SZEFrHR[IJ–)iQ_QIKi˜WYkJEk1[YFgL©\ekmL!E{LQ\eN{[HKE{LHKW@FQWYIKZ)[HK\^¤aEuHKEG‰;HKk}

(2)

=P= 6"!#$!8&%©6"!' =()G=8&>=*!P6+P=,--.$/100234657-$8943:# 6; =< 4 > ?6;! =@!

=A!47817:?BCD6=E?GFHA6IJBKIJL=EMQ=8&N©<>:7NI =A6IJBKIOQ:P =Y8&!":?+?Q =RQ!8GBC:PP6;M!=G=&!P

=‚8G=EQ =S = < 4 > ?6"UTP?:7#R!@V;<˜=W8G==@!@V;<˜=W6"!R6;Q!XMr:!8P6;!4Q!":Q<˜BC6+76;!9P8:YG6+Q!$I+I;IPZ =@

BC:%g6+ O 8G=@[S4>=@!9\1]

6"!=!P6^G=V4Q!P=8_!B§:!6+ ?;N³=E

<

=@`1]>:;6; :?+?$

=< 4>BC=E&!

8P=@?:PP=Y<=1a

=68%8P=W[S4>=@!9@VS6+6?47<˜6; Ob

!P=R

:Y<dc>=W=@!&!G:;8G6+?;N\EG:!6+D

=5=>:

#*Q8G< !P'

=©8G=@[S4>=W!e>>4U#

6;

!8G8G=@!

<

7<f1D

=`!P:!B*=©6<˜=a: V61g

=\!P:!B*=K?9=@OQ:?

6=

<

@I6hi!8G=EYM!=Y8*?X:7#N!=Y8&!%B§:7N¶:

< <

8G=@6:PP=j>¯=6; O&:P>Q?9=j&§8P=EP8G69=@M!=):?+?c< 4>BC=E&!

8P=@?:PP=Y<j1@:OQ6+MQ=EkK4>8G6X<˜6;Y:P?

<

!6;WVx6lI=Ir:P?;?

=$?=EOQ:?G=&!8G=EOQ4 ?X:YP6; O:e!

<

=W6+m6n&

<

6"PI

()g!8<˜=Y8n1`!1?;M!= =@!P= < 81> ?9=YB=!EV#m=”B©4Q!96!R6X<˜=8* =% Y#?=Y<OQ==YBb>¯=Y<><˜=a<

6+j =1<4>BC=E&!@VE =n?=EOS:P?EQ= < _! =Y8P=Y6+@=E < 8P=W!1!P=Y<oIWpRj&?;ONVE!P==@ =8G=1:!c:

q!8GBC:?7<˜=W!18P6< P6;= =< !B§:;6;DQ= < &!t:7<C8G=E?X:YP6;6!'>›=E#m=Y=E` =Bsr358G4 >¯=81tuV

!R=Y=B=!\ =@v1w>¯=x =¨:Q<˜=@[S47:PP=f1?&µ8P=a: :YDOQ:?lI =x&?;OQ6;Y:P?$?9=@M!=E?

:!$>¯==Ex!P4 OOQ=@!9P=Y<yr354›:;8G6+ Ptc:!*

=:

< <

8&

<

8G6:PP=?9=@M!=E?qQ8%<>=@!&8G6+>>6; OK

=UOQ=E>=Y8G:?

B*=a:P>6; O`P":\O!6;M!=@¶<QB§:;6;dI (z6"!$

=a?=EMQ=E?ž:P#

6;

Q=

<

&!Y:Px>¯=a6!R6X<˜=8G=Y<dI

Z =e6!R6X<˜=8WV!R=Y=:P?"!9fr{t:?9=@G=tzV1?;OQ69=W!'>P

:!1=

<

6"!G=B`?;OQ6;Y:P?!BCBC6+PBC=E&!

:P7<&:!m:b6=

<

P47:?›B`˜<˜=E?Po

=@<!B§:;6;dI

=8G=qQ8P=VQ4>8&?;ONbPd?X:7#|:D>¯=

6!R6X<˜=8G=Y<¶:!:K‚8:;BC=E#$!8&%`q!8:`% Y#?=Y< O!=58P=EP8G69=@Mx:?d!9N!9P=YB}>7:!R=a<gfQ4>8<4~

B*=@&!jr{t:P?=EP=:P›<€u8G=4 %Q=8U‚tzI(z6;!%:C<QBC:!6+f1?+ONƒr{t:P?=EP=):7<fu8G=4 %Q=8R„7t

6+f =j!P=EQ!P= :P%6+6;!<>=@!P6+O>=Y<gD =U>7:!P6"!*… 6;! < :!89G6;4 ?X:;8$m7=E?X<fP…?X:7#† :Y6;!

8P= < 8P=W!R=@P=Y<g>Ng!478?9=@OQ:P?o<4>BC=E&!aFq =jQ!8GBC:PP6;M!=m7=E?X<QLI

=@B*=E

˜<x#u=j!R4 OO!=W!%6+€

6;!

< : <

=86"!>7:!R=a<gf

=):P›:P?;N!P6"!*‡

6"!RQ8

<

46!

# 6;

#6;?+?

<

8&YMS6X<˜=G

=n?9=@OQ:?Y%QY#?9=a<O!==BK>›=a<><˜=a<@6+U

!P=t<4>BC=@_!nrp4Q!&!R=@7:~J356;?;?9=W!)tzV

r$!478P6;OQ:!4 ?^9tuI

6;!A:

< <

8&Q:

6"!

<

:!89&?+NU!P69BC6;?:!8 1

=nOS:P?"!o:P7<eG=@

76;[S4>=W!

<

8&

<

!P=Y<

>Nb

=

(p|O!8&!4

<

FHˆ

=Y8PBC6; ?;OQ69=$()P=E?;?6+OQ=EQ=Rp81P6+m66=E?;?9=WˆL&‰uBC=8&O!6; O@6<˜=a:!'!9P=YBK~

B*6; O‚8&!BŠP=Y8PBC6; ?;ON:P7:?+N!P6;!@V‚% Y#?=Y<OQ="=E OQ6+>=Y=8G6+QO%:7<:;81P6+m66:?r6+P=@?+?6;O!=E6=I

()\Q4>8

<

Q6+n6Mg69=@#jV7#*e%g6+›< !'P% Y#?9=a<O!=u4Q!P=‚4 ? q!8"<˜=@!P6;O>6; O:P\1?+ONj:

>›=5=P8:P=a<\‚81QB‹Q4>8%<4>BC=E_!EIŒ+698_!eTQ8G=E?=EMr:*P=Y8PB=!*Po =5<QB§:;6;D!&!8G=Y<§6;

:\P=8GBC6+Q?;O!6":? %QY#?9=a<O!=U>7:!R=DF L%:7<x!R=W7<]T =b%QY#?9=a<O!=569B < ?6"6+P=E?;N

= < 8G=@!&!R=a<D>NgQ4>8<4>BC=@_!%8P= < 8G=@!P=EP=a<—6;fQ4>8 8P=Y=B\˜<˜=@?;!@I

()f

6"!

< : <

=8#u=a!9G:;81aFH!P=@P6;i„L$>N

<

8G=@!P=EG6+ O\

=jm78_!R!9P=

<

GQ4>8BC=

˜<

# 6;

6"!+:P=Y8PBC6; ?;OQ6;Y:P?;:P›:P?;N!P6"!dP

=*E!8

<

4Q!o?=Y:Q<˜6+QO1:P=8GBC6+Q?;O!6":?P% Y#?+~

=Y<OQ=>7:!R=I

=Y8P=a:YŽP=Y8eFl!R=W‚G6+gLn#m=”6+P8&˜<˜4Q=

8G==”B`g<>=E?"!*>74>6+?+%4

<

D!478m<‚~

4>BC=E&!@I

=Ef#m=U!R4QOO!=W!%:a Q8PB§:?96;Y:PP6;g!9G:O!=KFl!R=W‚G6+g‘LIpR7<DmQ7:P?;?;NiFH!P=@‚G6+

’

LV#u=<˜6"!14Q!1!>=Po

=B§:;6;

<

!6;&!nd!4>8*#*Q81% V

=”4

<

<7:YP6; OKPo

=&?;ONI

“ ”=9Q•—–R‡˜š™9›…Rœn›ž'oŸ1•) ¡ D¢›£›dQ¤£9™nœ*9 '™

–R‡˜š™9›…Rœn›¦¥X•›

§m8P=a:YP6;fPA:KG=8GB*6; ?+O!6":P?% Y#?=Y<OQ=>7:!R=`F Lm6;!* =Um78_!!G= < P‡ =@=E?X:P> ~

!8:YP6;€PX!4781?+ONI 6;!  |OQ:Y =8_!$P=Y8PB=!GQ4>8<QBC:!6+:7<f =a?=˜6":?

8P=@?:PP6;Q!>›=E#m=Y=Ey =YBxIo(zUY:Pi 4Q!U>›=`!P==E :!@:g =W!P:!4>8P46!EI ()¨Q8G<>=81<˜=@!P6+O

©

(3)

:PBC:7N ?X<€>›=E#m=Y=Ef !R=UG=8GB`!@I p 4>B§:P= < =81P6"!R=U#6;?+?…>›=a7==Y<>=Y<g1§6X<˜=E~

P6+qN # 6" P=Y8PB=!C:P7<²8P=@?:PP6;Q!*:;8G=—8G=E?=EMr:K1y =<QBC:!6+ :P7<w1]!4>8\OS:P?$P

<˜=@!P6+O>6; O:P 1?+ONI B§:P%Q=`!P4Q : < 8&=@!&!eP8:_%r:> ?9=ƒFq =`&PG:?ng4>Bb>¯=8bP

P=8GB=!n>¯=6; OaMQ=8&N 4 OQ=WL‚V!4>8dk> =Y8P=6"!1b!P4 OOQ=@!91:a!P4 >Q!P=ž8P=@?9=@Mx:'P=8GB=!1:7<

8P=@?:PP6;Q!*1` == < =81&!@I

!"# $!%&'$($)'*#%,+'--$% %

=Y8PB=!@VY=YBb>g<>69=a<6+K !4QQ!…Q8… Q4 <Q 8G:!R=W!EVa:;8G=t=G8G:‚P=a<U‚8&!B¦!4>8+<4>BC=@_!…>N

!< =@6^m6&?;!jF ?ž=EG=8WV.N?9=E LI !P=e1?"!u6+G=EO!8:YG=›:YP478G:??X:PQO!47:O!= < 81=W!1!P6; O

P=@ >6;[S4>=W!$1§6X<˜=EG6^qNf !4 < 8G:!R=W!m6;<4>BC=@_!EI

.N?9=E—=P8:&!R„ 0/1„Y‘j !4Q <Q 8G:!R=W!*‚81QBž = ’ „ ’ ‘ ’ <4>BC=E_!%4Q!R=a<¶6+x!478

=

<

=Y8P6BC=E€Fq

=f1G:?*!4>8K>7:!P=:Pb

6;!*B`!BC=@‚L‚IXZ =<˜=@M!=E?;

<Q<

=a<²:i!P4>6+P=€P

P=@

>6;[S4>=W!e16X<˜=EG6^qN

<

P=EG6:?+?;N 8G=E?=EMr:PeP=Y8PB=!):!B\ Of

6"!j?6;!9@I…ŒQ!86;Q!9G:P6=V

#m=§6X<˜=EG6^m7=a<] !4

<

8G:!R=W!

:YbY:P QPa>¯=§4Q!R=E‚4 ?t6; !4>8aOQ:?$Td

!R=§B§:Y_

6; O

!:P7<>:!8G<<>:YG= < :Y9G=8&Q!32PV !P=”B§:Y_ 6; O=8&!&!18G=‚=Y8P=@Q=W!>¯=#u==@¶<4>BC=E&!UI;I+I

Z =©:?;!1&<˜=EP=@ Q4 < 8:!P=@!$ :Y=81G:!6+ ?;N :7M!=:=?=EOQ:?…!P=EQ!P=a!R6;Q=U =@NB§:Y_

< 8P=a<˜=m6>=Y<š?9=@OQ:?P=8GB=!EI54!R6; Ow!P4Q P=@ >6;[S4>=W!EV'#u=8P=EmQ>=a< Q4>8§6+76^G6:??96"!=& :

!R4 >Q?96"!XPQ61 ,7

’

/*Q!4 <Q 8G:!R=W!EI@():!R=W›<a!G= < V7#u=OS:Y =8d =$ !4 < 8:!P=@!d :P

:7M!= =!G:;BC= < 8P=Em §:P7< < =81q!8GB(: < ?4>8:P?76;Q!P=EQ!P6+P6;M!=B`Q8 < ?;O!6":? O!8&!4 < 6+QOjP

=u= < :Q!R6;6!EI@Z = 4Q!G>:;6;dV@q!8c=a: a< 8P=Em j%QY#):! :7Mg6+ O”:Y‡?=Y:!G>=*?9=@OQ:?

B*=a:P>6; O:€?96"!j* Q4 <Q 8G:!R=W!8G=E?X:YG=Y<¨1f 6"!j#$!8<oI Œ>8&!B 6;!U?6"!j!478U!1N!G=B

?96"!_! !P=U :PB§:7Ng>¯=8P=@?9=@Mx::P7<f !P=U :PB§:7ND>›=©698G8P=@?9=@Mr:P1` =)= < =81

q!8: <Q< 81YMr:?XFl!R=Y=j>›=@?+Y# : < :!89PG =8P=W!R4 ?+&!g =j#$!8<:>7:P7< ~)!R478P8G=E7<>=8‚L‚I

8:9 #6+ :P>7:7<¶:! < 8P=Em !P4 OO!=@!9P6;6!

:P>7:7< < :!89G69=@?ž<˜=j?: < 8&˜<˜4QP6; RB 8 F< 81˜<˜4QP6;6L

!R478P8G=E7<>=8P‡

= <

8&˜<˜4QP6; B  F<

8&˜<˜4QP6;6L

:P>7:7<<˜4x7:7Mg68P=5BC=EP6; ;

!R478P8G=E7<>=8P‡ =BC=EG6+ >=Y<€>Q:P ;

:P>7:7<<˜=)<QBC6;6+?= RB

8

F¦< !BC6;6+?=WL

!R478P8G=E7<>=8P<!BC6"6;?9= B 

F¦<QBC6;6+?=WL

:P>7:7<<˜=W!=BK>7:P?;?:O!=W!m46!P:O=<=W! ;

!R478P8G=E7<>=8P‡ = < :_%g6+ OCB§:YG=8G6:?;! ;

:P>7:7<<˜4

<

8&PkK=E<>4x!P6+P=)<˜=UMQ4YkK=Y:!4QQ4>81

9

p>.€B

8

!R478P8G=E7<>=8P‡

=j{'Q4 O!=a:;4QE!4>81

<

81kK=@‚ p?

:P>7:7<<˜=a8<=a:PQ= RB 8 FH8<=Y:P6=WL

!R478P8G=E7<>=8P<˜=E>_! B  F¦<˜=@>_L

@ ABCD E6F %G ,'H($I6(JC( %LKM6 ONPCCQ $!%

=g!P=@7<w!9P= < = < 81=@!&!U 8&!4QO :   6"!j&¨6X<˜=EP6+qN] =f?9=E˜6;Y:P?n?6+Q%!

:PBC:7N ?X<:!B` O\ =a!R=@?9=W‚P=a<DG=8GB=!EI

R

WaFQE@Z\e“aOrH[IK“Y_SE@HKOg[HLS[HKEkkJOSWY_Sd^Lz˜Ei!IKEkJEGIK¤xE{L>`7zS_QH%Wa_QI“YWx[d+\eFHKOQ\^kkJENPHK\^WYF\ekHKW

(4)

:7Mg6+ Oy 6;!\G=8GB:! < 8G=m oI 6"!\?9=Eg6":??96; % B§:7N !P=B§:PP6":?+?;Nw>¯=x[S47:?96+m7=a< :!

N < =8&NgBbNI

p|G=P4›:P?7:7:P?;N!R6"!XP =P=Y8PB=!t6"!t:B`Q8P=:E478G:PP=Y<K#%:7Na1©= < ?6;6^?=˜6":?

8P=@?:PP6;Q!U>¯=#u==@yG=8GB=!EId()w!P4Q :P :P›:P?;N!P6"!EV =g!P=EP=@Q=C6"!U =—8P=@?9=@Mx:@4Q>6^

P'!G47<N:P7<oVQMS6X:\ =a!B < 4 G:YG6+xPX =aE@4>8G8G=EQ=@!PGP=Y8PB=!@V ?6+ %!>¯=#u==@

=YB :;8G=8G=Y:PP=Y<dIPp†G=P47:?>:P7:?+N!P6;!6"!XO!=@>=8:P?;?;Nj#m=@?+?7:Q<˜BC6^1P=a<K# =E\ =OQ:?

6;!&`>>4>6;?<€% Y#?=Y<OQ=>7:!R=a<€!8<4>BC=@:;8&Ng!1N!9P=YB=!jr9 69=EP8&!G:PP6JtzI

pR =Y8K#%:7N]1 6<˜=@P6+qN < P=@G6:??9=Eg6":??96; %!*=˜6;!9P6; O :;B` O¨P=Y8PB=!*6;!K&

:P7:?+N!P=G# :Yrhƒ!8G6+ t:?+?=Y<e?=˜6;Y:P?!1NG:P6"'!1 =B§:!­6;a!R=@P=E6=@!@I !R='!& =B§:!

:;8G=*>7:!R=a<ab Q4 < 8G:!R=W!W =EN)8G= < 8P=W!R=@ < =Y89G6+7=En!R=YBC:P6" < :!89_!GP!P=EG=EQ=@!@I

=b!P=B§:PP6"):7:P?;N!R6"!Pn!P=EP=@Q=W!<˜=Y8P6;M!=W!‚81QB} 6"!”:7:P?;N!R6"!EI =aO!=@>=8:P?‡ ~

!G8P4QP6;€P‡ !R=j!& =B§:!%:!8P=@:!*q?;?;Y#R!T 8:9 :Y˜6"!~uP=Y8PB 89 I #*\ !4Q < 8G:!R=W!

:;8G=8P=@?:PP=a<K#6+ :P&:Y˜6"!~uP=Y8PBsF‚46!R47:?+?;NC:jM!=Y81>=Q81:jM!=Y81>=OQ81Q4 < LIŒ Q81=>:!B < ?9=V7=

!4Q?<6<>=EP6+qN6;f =UG6^&?9=W!PX!4>8< 4>BC=E&!?=˜6":?d!9NG:‚P6"U!1 =B§:!!P4Q :!UT

8 Q8PBx

<

Q89:PB`g<>6^m6Y:YG6+¶<˜=

8

!8GBD„fF

8

Q8PBx@B`g<>6^qNg6; O

8

!8GBD„L

8 Q8PBx@8P=@?:PP6+: 8 Q8PBD„€F 8 !8GBx58G=E?X:YG=Y<g1 8 Q8PBD„LI;I;I

=@!P=!&

=B§:!d#6+?;?!B§:P%Q="=

<

?6;6^‡

=n‚4 Q‚G6+Q!‡P!4>8A<4>BC=E_!EVE

=tB`P6;Mx:PP6;Q!

:P! < 478P8G=Y<g =Y698R8P=a:YG6+dI

p ! <

=W6+m6€%g6+7<šPU!1

=B§:!6;!K

=x>=<˜=@MPG=Y< 1y

=<˜=EmQ>6+P6;vPQPP6;6!

rS

=@>›=@Ng81?+?=‚tzId() !4>8©< 4>BC=E&!e

6"!a#6;?+?E!8G8P=W!

<

›<ƒ18G=E?X:YG6+Q!e>›=E#m=Y=E Q4

<

8:!P=@!UF

89 L!P4Q

:!UT

8:9 5=W!mQM<=: 8:9 „€F8:9 6;!$mQg=a<f1 8:9 „L

8:9 UE!B < 8G=E7< 8:9 „= 8:9 xF8:9 @6+QE?94›<˜= 8:9 „:7< 8:9 L

8:9

58"<=W!R4 ?+P=@<˜=

89

„€F

89

@6;!:8G=@!P4 ?+P

8:9

„LI+I;I

=)6X<˜=EP6+m6Y:YP6;xX!P4Q !& =B§:!E!4 ?X<:P?;?+Y# 4Q!&g!P4 OOQ=@!9%6X<˜=@G6^m:YG6+8P=@?:P~

P6;Q!>¯=#u==@fG=8GB=!$1` == < =Y89‡ =)<!B§:!6+dI

Z =§:;8G=K4>8G8P=@&?+Nƒ#$!8&%g6+QOg 69B < 8&YMg6+QOg =@!P=6X<˜=@G6^m:YG6+Q!UP*?9=Eg6":?8P=@?:P~

P6;Q!K>›=E#m=Y=EwG=8GB=!EIGpŽP=Y8 47BC:wMr:P?6<>:PP6;dVG#u=g#6;?+?$>:;6;³: < =E‚4 ?;?+N M!=Y81N

8P=@?9=@Mx:  I 6;!  Š#6;?;?…>¯=j =am78&!9!9G:O!=jPG = < 8&=@!&!$ :Y#6;?+?G?=Y:!<¶4Q!

1&:*B`!8G=qQ8PB§:P?6;=Y<B`˜<˜=E?d‡ =)<QBC:!6+…V˜6lI=I =j&?;ONI

()—Q4>8¨!P=Y:!8& q!8 :vq!8GBC:?96;Y:PP6;—P` =²<!B§:!6+dV#m= EQ!P6X<˜=8G=Y<Š :P¨#u=

!4Q?<…c:7M!6X<= =kK4>8P6X<˜6":?ž:! < =W‚&!RP‡Q4>8<47B*=@&!@I

›… –R‡˜š™9›…Rœn› 'oŸ$9•) 9  a ¢ ›d› ¤‹R›‡™9• x ¢R›

¤‹X1

Z =U Y# < 8G=@!P=E%:K!P=@E7<g?9=@M!=E?P‡%QY#?9=a<O!=5:E[S4>6"!P6^G6+D‚8&!B‹P=E_!UT =5= < ?6;6^~

G:YG6+g… =e% Y#?=Y< O!=6B < ?6;6^&?+N&=YBb>¯=Y<><>=Y<6+€!4>8%<47B*=@&!@I 6;!$% Y#?=Y<OQ=

:E[S4>6"!P6^G6+€!9P= < G=E7<Q!1\ 8P=Y=5B`˜<˜=@?;!>›:!P=Y<f€!4>8<4>BC=E&!@I

=nm78_!9G&?;OQ6;Y:P?Mg6"!R6;6!… ?:7# !P= < :;8:YP=a<U !8GB=!d‚8&!B¦¦:‚_!A:7<bEQ!P6<>=8G=Y<

(5)

<˜6­=8G=E < Q6+PdMg69=@# :!>›=Y=EgG:P%Q=E=>Nƒr{t:?9=@P=t­6;¨767

’

I=>>4>6;?^%4 < g#$!8&%!

P  =E?"!R=@dV>:\?:7#Š =@!8G6;!9@V&*6X<˜=@G6^qN¶<˜6¯=Y8P=@Y:YG=EOQ8P6=@!$‡?=EOQ:?o% Y#?9=a<O!=I

.g6+6=@=Y: B`˜<˜=E?o… =)<!B§:;6;—6"!<˜=Y= < ?;N&6;74>=@Q=a<f>N§6+&!Y#€OS:P?'r{”6;!&!P=8t

:P7<š!4>8`OQ:P?%6"!§<4>BC=@:;8&Nw# 6;?9=x{t:P?=EG=c!`#u:!*:]?=EOS:P?<˜=@6;!P6;š!1N!G=BxV'#u=

<˜=@6<˜=a< QP`1µ4Q!P= 6;!§: < < 8&Q: I'B”478&:P7:?+N!P6;!KP =¨<4>BC=ED!R=E`?=Y< 4Q!\&

6+P8&˜<˜4Q=R 8P=Y=B`˜<˜=E?"!$Po =5<QB§:;6;= :P$#6;?;?>¯=56+P=@O!8:YG=Y<C6;g!478nmQ7:?­B\˜<˜=@?lI

=EN :7M!=X>¯==@a>>4>6;?^G6!R6X<˜=8G6; O =*! < =@6^m66^G69=W!dQ4>8…E!8 < 4Q!ž:7<@:P?;#u:7N! :7Mg6; O

6+BC6+›<g =)<47B*=@G:;8&N=mQ›:P?6^NDGQ4>8#*Q81% I

I $F0'( !IC(

B”4>8<4>BC=E_!:;8G= Q8PB§:PP6;M!=RG=&!:7<g 6"! < :;81P6"4Q?:!8P6+N :!*1`>¯=j6!R6X<˜=8G=Y<dI

8 !8GB§:YG6+MQ==P=E_! :7M!=&6;7<˜=Y=Y< 69=Y8G:!8& 6":?t8G=E?X:YP6;6!U 8&!4QO # :P6"!KY:P?;?9=a< =

!8GB§:YP6;M!=

<

Ng8G:!B*6X<oI

Lois

Décrets

d’application Décrets

autonomes Décions

autorités administratives

Circulaires Arretés laws

decrees decrees decree

administrative decision Lois

organiques constitution

amendments Décisions

du Conseil Constitutionnel

administrative internal suggestions

‘g‘

·OSEOS\eEGIR[IKNPOQ\eN{[Yd›ZW;LQEd

ŒA6;O!478P=a”6;!u:©<>6:O!8:;B‹Po = 6=8:;8_ 6":? !8&OQ:>6;!G:YG6+`Pd!478m<47B*=@&!@I B”478

!R=EaP<4>BC=E_!@6+QE?94›<˜=&<˜6¯=Y8P=@jN < ==P !8GB=!EI i!P4>BCB*=Y8P6;=§:€ Q8PB 8 §6;!

:P>YM!=:K !8GB 8 „a# =E 8 „ :!1\!B < ?;N=#6+ 8 IŒ Q8u=E>:;B < ?=Vg:jP=EUF¦4Q!R4›:P?;?+N

:)<˜=@8P=Y=WL' =qQP6;=Pd# 6; 6"!'&<˜=EG:!6+?uV&)B§:P%Q== < ?6;6^WVS: P =8P=EUF¦:b?:7#

B\!a ==G69BC=7L :!a1iE!B < ?;N¨#6+ 6+©6;y =g!P=EQ!P== :Y©6+KY:Pdcb :PQO!=` =

(6)

=8:;8_ 6;Y:P? ?6; %!n>¯=#u==ED =?9=@OQ:P?Q= < &!m= < 8G=@!&!R=a<*6+= !P=”< 4>BC=E&!@I !P=

?96; %!#6;?+?o>¯=4Q!P=‚4 ?ž6;€ =U‚4 P4>8G=Uq!8 ==E?X:P>!8:YG6+gPX!4781?+ONI

I@ % + +'( !IC(

B”4>8<4>BC=E&! < 8P=W!R=@G:YG6+ :P>>6X<˜=@!a1 :i!< =@6^m`q!8GB§:P?6;!PBxI 6"!jqQ8PB§:P?6"!RB 6;!

8P= < 8P=W!R=@P=Y<g>›=@?+Y# 6;xŒ+6;O!4>8G=a„I

Title type

number

date

purpose

numerical id NOR

signature issuers

texts references

articles I

signature II document body

‘ ‘ ·OSEk¡HJIK_QNGHK_QIR[d›ZW;L!Ed

6;!!P=EOQBC=EG:PP6;x6!G6^G4P=W!:=!G8P46‚P478P=UPG =)<4>BC=E:7<f‚4>89 =8GB`!8G=

=E7:> ?9=W!' =”6X<˜=@G6^m:YG6+DPo =6;qQ8PB§:YG6+MQ= < :!89_!nPo =@<4>BC=EWIp89G6;E?9=W!m:!8P=V

4Q!@V76;q!8GB§:YP6;M!=K!R6;Q=a =@N€EG:!6+x =b?=EOS:P?…EQ= < _!EIm4 8P=E‚=8G=EQ=@!&g =Y8

P=_!8G=E?X:YG=Y< :P :P?;?+Y# 4Q!f& mQ›<† = 69=Y8G:!8& 6":? < !P6^G6+|Pb = <47B*=@

6!R6X<˜=8G=Y<dV1C6+6?47<˜=6+6+€

= 69=Y8G:!8&

6;Y:P?­B`g<>=E?uI

=\!9P8G4QP4>8:P?:

< <

81S:

y!4>8@<47B*=@&!@:P?;?+Y#R!”4Q!1xQ!P6<˜=Y8

= <

!1!P6+~

>>6+?6+Ny&¨4Q!P=D

=h ?Š!9G:P›<>:;81@I‡Z =€:P =@MS6"!P6+³:PQ

Q8&!)6+

=<4>BC=Eb&

=E7:> ?9=<>:PG:>7:!P=UMS6=E# PG

=)< 4>BC=E&!@I ΠQ86+6!:PQ==T

G6^&?9=—V N < =

(7)

p ‚4 Q‚G6+7:P?MS6=E#

<

!6;=P?=EOS:P?G=&!§6"!`?X:;8&O!=E?;N³:!<>B*6+P=a<š1 >›=8G=E?=EMr:§6;Ÿ8P=E~

!R=a:;8_

=@!U³:;81P6+m66X:P?m6+P=@?+?6;O!=E6=—:7< ?:7#jI*r{t:?9=@G=):P7<€u8P=Y4 %!=Y8R„7tm6;7<˜=Y=Y< !P4 O~

O!=@!9&!—: ‚4 QP6;7:?&?;ON Pj?:7# :7<ŸB§:P%!=W!&: <˜6"!G6+6‚P6;Š>›=E#m=Y=E/<˜6¯=Y8P=@

:YG=EO!8G69=W!RPn% Y#?=Y< O!=V6‚4 QP6;yPn =68@81?9=W!EIGr9 69=EP8&!G:PP6Jtt:?;!1—B§:!<>=:g‚4 Q‚~

P6;7:?ž:P7:?+N!P6;!‡?=EOQ:?ž<4>BC=@_!EI

m4 =Y8P=5:POS:;6;dV!6+Y:Pf>›=@:;8&O!4>=a<\ :Pu=a: B`˜<˜=@?¯6"!u<˜== < ?+N§8&PG=Y<§6;—6+&!$Y#

OQ:?;!\r3547:;8G6+QYtuI‡B”478jOQ:?A6"!<47B*=@G:;8&N¨:;B` Og Q8PB§:PP6;M!=C<4>BC=E_!EI .€#u=

6!R6X<˜=8 =b‚4 6‚P6;yP' =KQ!8GB`!”6+&!P=E?;M!=@!5:P›<x =Y8P=Eq!8G=a =8G=E?X:YG6+Q!R>¯=#u==@

=€?9=@OQ:?$EQ= < _!©=E < 8P=W!1!P=Y< =8G=6;dI'§*Q!P=@[S4>=EG=E?;Ny = < 8P6BC6^G6+MQ=@!KPQ4>8KmQ7:P?

B\˜<˜=@?…Q4 ?X<D:P%!=@6;1§:@!4Q 6;!:!< =W‚@I

Z 6+?=*6<˜=@P6+qNS6; O€?9=E˜6;Y:P?'!9NG:‚G6;K!1 =YB§:!\FH!P=@‚G6+]„ I„L‚V #m=C<˜6"!1EYM!=Y8P=a<<˜6^Ž~

‚=8G=E‚4QQ‚G6+Q!

<

P=@G6:?+?;N=˜6"!G6+QOf>¯=#u==@¨ Q8PB=!@I6Z ==:P <˜6"!G6+ OQ4>6"!

!8GB=!

:Pm8&?=@!nd#

6"

:;8G=18P=@O!4 ?X:YG=

= Q8PB§:PP6;M!=m7=@?<—6^_!R=@?^c:7<= Q8PB=!'

=‚4 Q‚~

P6;xP'#

6"

6;!Rˆ!=P=Y81›:P?"ˆ V˜6=)8P=@?:PP=a<D&=

=aE7<>6^G6+Q!P"=Eg6"!9P=E6=jPG

=a?9=@OQ:?

=EP6+P6=@!aF :;81P=E¦:‚_!&LI

8

!8GB=!"8G=EO!4Q?:PP6; OU

= !8GB§:YG6+MQ=m7=E?X< !m6^_!R=@?+MQ=@!t:!8P=:!1!P4>BC=Y<K&

:7MQ=

‚I

=ENƒY:Pƒ>¯=©6X<˜=EP6+m7=a<ƒ

81Q4 O

?=˜6":P?G!9NG:‚G6;a!&

=YBC:!R!P4Q

:!UT

8

Q8PBx:P>>8&OQ=Y:

8

Q8PBD„€F

8

!8GB€:>>81OQ:PP6; O

8

!8GBD„L

8

Q8PBx@B`g<>6^m›:

8

!8GBD„fF

8

Q8PBx@B`g<>6^qNg6; O

8

Q8PBD„L

8

!8GB=!%<˜=G=8GB*6;>6; O=7<˜6+P6;€PA=E˜6;!9P=@Q=UPG?9=@OQ:?¯=@P6+P6=@!

:7MQ=#

:Y#m=U:?+?

:P

QI

=EN 8P=a:YP=f

=ƒ?9=@OQ:P?%=@G6^G69=W!ƒFH!P4Q

:!C:y6+Mg6;?R!R=Y81Mr:WV":

!BCBC6"!1!P6+ I;I+IJL‚V!

<

=W6+qN

=Y698ƒ7<˜6+P6;Q!fP=˜6;!9P=@Q= :P7< B§:7NšmQv

=68x?9=@OQ:?

<˜=Y:P

I

ŒA6;O!478P=\D>¯=E?;Y# <˜=@!&8G6;>›=W!R

=8&?=@!P'

=@!P=\ !8GB=!i

=8G=Y:?‡#$!8&?< :P7<ƒ

=j Q8PB§:PP6;M!=e?9=@M!=E?uI

!P=$ 8G==B`˜<˜=@?;!'#6;?;? =@?< 4Q!!G8P4QP4>8G=!478'mQ7:?7B`˜<˜=E? =< !B§:;6;xTP =

1?+ONI

]¢R›‹*™nœ  \ ›"!R X™1$#d1Rœž ¢R›%'&)( •1Rœ R

¢RQ›d›—¤‹R›‡™9•

4!P6+ Oi =gP=8GB=!©:7<µ8P=@?:PP6;Q!aP =   :7<] =—B\˜<˜=@?96;Y:PP6;wQ4>8K!P=KP

<4>BC=E_!EV#m= :7M!=R1b?6; %`>6 &: 69=@M!=RQ4>8OQ:?…T>>4>6;?<>6+ OKD1?;ONIB7=

PX =K%!=@N¶:! < =@&!R#6;?;?‡>¯=a&g!R=@?9=W‚R =KEQ= < _!RG =< !B§:;6;x :P#6;?+?G>¯=a =

‚4P4>8G= < 8G69BC6+P6;M!=W!PX!4>8&?;ONI

§*Q= < G47:P?6+a:YG6+ 6"!j = < 8&=@!&!U :YWVd‚8&!B :  V…?9=a:!< !U& :€mQ7:?1B`˜<˜=E?

# =8G=KEQ= < _!:;8G=K!9P8G4QP4>8G=Y<:7<8G=E?X:YP6;6!:;B` O= =B 6X<˜=EP6+m7=a<oI 6;!e!9G:POQ=

:P?"!9Y:P?;?9=a<*,+-. 0/1

¨Fl%: 6B`_Lž= 6;>>6^_!EV7j =$>7:!R=n =G=8GB`!‡?=˜6;Y:P?;?+N

?96; %!=a<—6;€ =  eV !P=B§:PG6;Y:P?;?+ND?6; %!=a<<QB§:;6;xEQ= < _!EI

Z =§<dca% Y# Y# #u=`#6+?;?"6B < ?9=YB*=@j 6"!a!9G:POQ=`P$EQ= < G47:P?6;Y:YG6+dIoZ =

(8)

Normative set Norm

Artefacts organizational

function

organic function

normative level

real world

‘>‘ ·OSE%VX_QFSNGHK\eWYFg[Yd›ZW;LQEd

=*6<>=EP6+m6:PP6;i'

=*8&?=@!

<

?:7NQ=Y<x>N€

=\ !8GB=!R#6;?+?

=@?

<

4Q!56+iQ4>8G:!1% Ip?+?

8G==uB`g<>=E?"! < 8P=@Mg6+Q4Q!9?;Nj!9%Q=_ =Y<b#6+?;? !R4 < < Q89X =%= < ?X:P7:PP6;aQ =%< !B§:;6;:7<

<4>BC=E:;8&NjG:!9% I = 6=8:;8_ 6":?QB`˜<˜=E?6:P\>¯=!R=Y=EC:!": < PP=@P6X:P?‚8:;BC=E#$!8&% I

=‚4 QP6;7:?7B`˜<˜=E?­<˜=W!18P6;>>6; OU‚4 QP6;7:?78G=E?X:YP6;6!t:;B`QOj !8GB=!"B§:7N:P?;?;Y# 4Q!

1³<˜=EmQ>=x‚4 QP6;7:?8P=@?:PP6;v>›=E#m=Y=E†Q= < &!C=E < 8P=W!1!P=Y< 6;š !P=<4>BC=@_!EI

ŒA6;7:?+?;Nb =!9P8G4QP4>8:P?>B`˜<˜=@?7B§:7NK!P4 OOQ=@!91:P=Q81OS:P>6;Y:PP6;\P =!R=@O!BC=E&!Po!478

<4>BC=E_!EV7:7< < 81YMg6X<˜=j?4>=@!$&C8P=EmQ>=a[S4>=8G6=@!*q!8R!< =W6+m6em7=@?< !RP+< 4>BC=E&!@I

p$a ==E7< P 6"!bq!8GBC:?96;Y:PP6;w!9G:POQ=DPQ4>8b#$!8&% Vd#m= < =D&i>:;6;w =

mQ7:P?cB\˜<˜=@?oPX!4>8< 4>BC=E&!@V˜6=U

=j&?;ONI

!aG1Rœ‹ ¢R›¦¤‹›…™

4 < <>:YG=BC:7:POQ=BC=E%6;!69B < !81G:P6;fQ4>8<!B§:!6+:P7<=EMQ=E¶B`!8G=qQ8 =U Q8PB§:P~

P6;M!=§<4>BC=@_!EInM!=Y81N<>:7NVo>=E#£Q= < &!:!8P=`8G=Y:PP=a< 6;y?X:7#R!@Vž<˜=@8P=Y=@!\I+I;I'.g6;Q=

!4>85B`g<>=E?"<˜=m6>=@! =\EQ= < _!!4>8@<47B*=@&!@V6‚8G=@[S4>=@”4 < <>:YG=@! :7MQ=a1€>¯=

6!R6X<˜=8G=Y<g1CB§:;6;G:!6+¶6^_!8G=E?=EMr:PQ=:P7<4Q!P=‚4 ?;>=@!&!@I

4 < <>:YG=@!B§:7Ni>¯=—<˜6;Mg6<˜=a< 6+]#$x!9G:O!=W!`Tom78_!WVc:Pµ6;G=EOQ8G:PP6;¨%:x7=E#£ ~

= < 6+€ =jP=Y8PBC6; ?;OS:P?o% Y#?=Y<OQ=U>7:!P=):P7<x!P=@E7<oV›:P=EMQ=EP47:?ž6;G=EOQ8G:PP6;€P

6"!`6= < *6;w =¶B`˜<˜=@?lIG() ¦:‚@V=@M!=8&N >=E#ž?=EOS:P?Q= < &!= < 8G=@!&!R=a< 6; !478

<4>BC=E_! :!K1]>¯= < 8P=W!R=@C6; :¨ =W!P:!4>8G4Q!xFŽ =  La1µ=E›:P> ?=¶< 4>BC=E&!

:PEG:!6+6^8G=G8P6=EMr:?lIu4=Y: >=@#Š?=EOQ:?o6= < %B§:7N= >›=@8G=E?=EMr:P%6+€ =

1?+ONV:!C: < 8G69BC6+P6;M!=xPR =B`g<>=E?uI*§*Q!P=@[S4>=@G=E?;NV=Y: >=@# ?=EOQ:?6= <

(9)

6+P=@O!8:YG=Y<6+f =B`˜<˜=@?d>>4 < !&!R6;> ?;N:!:*<>=@!&8G6< &!8P": < 8G=~¡=˜6;!9P6; O`Q= < @I

8 :YG4>8:P?;NVX 6;!&<>=@6"!P6+š@:µ<Q4 > ?=~z?9=@M!=E?6;P=@O!8:YP6;vP:]>=E#sQ= < :!

1ƒ>¯=`G:P%Q=E]>N :P = < =81@I =D :;8:‚G=8G6;!9P6"E!P$ ==?:7# m7=E?X<]#6+?;? =@?< 6B 6;

6;!bG:!9% I?c:7#jV+6+›<˜==a<oV':P >›=6<˜=@P6+m7=Y< :!*:¨8G=E?X:YP6;M!=@?+N !9G:YG6;<˜6"!16< ?6;>=I"?ž=@OQ:?

P=j#8G6^G=8_!”:7<oV­6^* =@N¨<…ce‚4 ?+mQ?+?X =\G:!9% V?9=@OQ:P?'E!BCBC=EG:P1!8_!bFkK47<OQ=@!@Vo?:7#

P=Y: =8_!_L‚V­:P?;#u:7N!G81NV # =E]8G=Y:YG6+QO:f>=E# ?=EOS:P?XQ= < @V1x:PP=@O!8G6;=)6+@IopR›<

8G=Y:YG6+f+:\>=@#—Y:YP=@OQ81N=GQ= < &!%6"!4 ‚8P=W[Q47=E@I

*NU

6"!X?9=@OQ:P?Y:YP=@OQ8P6;Y:PP6;jP>=E#vQ=

<

&!@V7?9=@OQ:P?G='#8P6+P=Y8&!GO!476<˜=&?;ON

<˜=@!P6+O>=8_!§6;

=Y698gG:!9% 1

!R=x

= :

<Q<

81

<

8G6:PP=ƒ?;Y:YG6+va6=

<

&!§6;†

=

B\˜<˜=@?lI

y*o™9•

Z =&<˜=W!18P6;>¯=Y< B*=E ˜<]qQ8j>>4>6;?<˜6; O¨:y&?;ONƒP == Q8PB§:YG6+MQ=*< 4>BC=E&!aP

‚8P=@Q ?:7# q!8*<4>BC=@:;8&N < 478 < !P=@!@I 6"!©BC=E ˜<µ6"!©:x#$P~uP6=8G=Y<]>P9&!B\~¡4 <

: < < 8&Q: q!8&?;ONK>>476+?X<˜6; OxT =m78_!R!9P= < ?9=a:!< !u4Q!$‚8&!B£ =<4>BC=@_!*1C:

 †F¦:!P=BC6+~lqQ8PB§:?QB`˜<˜=E?ŽL‡P =%<!B§:;6;dVW =!P=@E7<jq!8GBC:?96;=W!c6;a 8G==uB\˜<˜=@?;!

=% Y#?=Y<OQ=m6B < ?6;6^&?+N*=BK>›=a<><˜=Y<*6;\ =<4>BC=E&!@I =&?;ON6"!G =E`>>4>6;?^

>Nf6=

<

P47:?96;6; O\

=



eV˜4Q!P6; O`!4>8

8P=Y=B`g<>=E?"!EI

› &›… ›… ›‡•

¬1_SkJkJEFS[YNGšu\eded^EGkb¬m_SkJkJEGFg[YNPšu\ededeEk`>f”}e` A\RjEGz˜W™`1}^`>h!±_Qd^Z)[F›`˜h>}¯€>l*W;L+jEde\ekK[HK\eWaF¶LQ_§L!WYš

Z)[Y\eFSEAig[Io_SFQEAZjEGHKOQW;LQEžVXWYFgLAjEGEkJ_QIod[YFS[Yd£–!kJE"LQEANWYIKiQ_Sk}@¬mNPHKEkoLQEAd^[mNWYFQVjEPIKEFSNE+TJD¥YwYwaw

‡!„

š

„wY†

+WY_QIK\e“x[_Sd£H+WY_QIK\e“x[_Sd£H{` ’ }e`>D+OS[IKdeEGH{`7¬Q}­€g·¯EG‰;HKEkmEGHuWYFrHKWadeWa“Y\^EGk}¬1NGHKEkmLQEd^[NWaF!V{jEGIKEFQNE

TJD¥YwYwaw

AIKEG_S•xEGIAIKE_Q•xEGI{`¬Q}e`al*_SFrHŽ«¡EP™EGIo`E¬}^`AIKELQEG™+E“Q`m}r€a«uFrHKWadeWa“Y\eN{[Yd;ZW;LQEGd^\eFQ“1VWYIcLQEGkJ\^“YFQš

\eFS“tE{LQ_QN{[HK\eWYFg[Ydrk¡–!k¡HKEZk}

’

EiQH{}GWYVgD+WaZiQ_QHKEGI›kJN\eEFSNGE¯[™`uFQ\^¤aEGIKkJ\£HU–%WV¬1Zk¡HKEGIRLS[ZC`

¬a_SFQE „ vr` „‡a‡a‡

u_S[IK\eFSWu_g[IK\^FQWQ`¯f”}+€¯·OSE)WYF;HKWYdeWa“a\eN{[d"deE¤xEd~}onoIKWrNEELQ\eFS“Yk5WYV"HKOQE

„{…

HKO œ \£HJHK“aEFQk¡HKE\eF

h;–!Zi˜WakJ\e_QZC`\£IKNPO;z˜EGIK“!`¬1_Sk¡HJIK\^[YF7`¬1_S“a_Qk¡H

„{‡Y‡ap

mIK_Qz˜EGImIK_Qz˜EGI{`7·u}o€ œ Og[H%\ek[F—WYFrHKWadeWa“–¬ HJIR[FSkJd^[HK\eWYF[YiQiQIKWa[YNRO—HKW)i˜WYIJHR[zSdeE5WYFQš

HKWadeWa“Y\eEk}FSW{™tdeE{L!“aE[YN];_Q\ekJ\eHK\eWYF›` q;¦¥aƒ ` „{‡a‡Yp*„{‡Y‡ š¥a¥w

s1™"[YFQ“s1™"[FS“Q`­Dm}›s”}ž€7TUFSNGWaZiSdeEGHKEGde–—[FgL—\^Zi!IKEN\ekJEd£–—kJi˜E{[Y•;\eFS“€¯_QkJ\^FQ“CL;–QFS[YZ\eN5WYFQš

HKWadeWa“Y\eEkAVWYI+IKEGiQIKEkJEFrHK\eFS“%[YFgLIKEGHJIK\eE¤;\^FQ“\eFQVXWIKZ)[HK\eWaF7}rTUF!VXWxh!deE_QHKO7`rl*\eNGIKWrEGd^EGNGHJIKWaFQ\^NGk"[YFSL

NWaZiQ_QHKEGI+HKENPOQFSWYd^WY“Y–NWYIKi7}



l§D"D

ƒ

`¬m_Sk¡HK\eF7`S·›EG‰Q[Yk`Qh¬`Q¬a_SFQE

„{‡a‡Y‡

l*WIK\^F©l*WYIK\eF7`!bt}g€xbž‰;HJIR[NGHK\eWaF©LQE1de\^EGFSk+krjEGZ)[YFrHK\^];_QEkžEFrHJIKE1HKEPIKZEk [%iS[IJHK\£I"L!EtNWYIKiQ_SkL!E

HKEG‰;HKEkHKENROSFQ\9]r_QEk}gnžO ’ TUM1TUf”`;fu[YFrHKEk` „{‡Y‡a‡

nž\eEGHJIKWakK[F;HK\!©nž\eEGHJIKWakK[F;HK\~`›b"}^` mIR[Y±\^[aL!\eWQ`"m}o€ ¬uL!¤a[FSNELHKENROSFS\^]r_SEGkmVXWIdeE“x[džLQWrN_QZEFrH

iQIKWrNEGkJkJ\^FQ“ [FgLµIKEGHJIK\eE¤Y[Yd~}¬1IJHK\£¢SN\^[Yd\eFrHKEded^\e“YEFSNE[YFgLµd^[™`1¤xWad~}1vr`#de_;™+EGID¬1N{[aL!EZ\eN

nc_QzSde\ekJOSEGIKk` „{‡Y‡a‡pY†!„ špa…;„

M1Ez˜EG–;IKWadedeE$M1Ez˜EG–;IKWYd^deEa`g¬Q}¯€SmHK\ede\ekK[HK\eWaF—LQENGWaFrHKEG‰;HKEkmL+jEG¢SFS\£HKWa\£IKEk1i˜Wa_!Imd[YN];_Q\ekJ\eHK\eWYFL!E

NWaFQFg[\^kJkK[FSNEGk%[5iS[IJHK\£ImLQE%HKEG‰;HKEk}¬1NGHKEk1LQE%d^[@NWYFQVjEGIKEFSNGETJD

¥YwYwawC„{waq

š

„a„G†

& [YdeEFrHKE$ & [d^EGF;HKEY`P¬}˜€7E“x[d7•;FQW™tdeE{L!“aEmEFS“Y\^FQEEGIK\eFS“)€![ZW;LQEde\eFS“”[YiQiQIKWx[NPO7};uFQ\^¤aEGIKkJ\£HU–

(10)

„

nžIKWrNGEE{LQ\eFQ“ak R¬ œ ‡a… `[F o`gD[YFg[YLS[;`gfuW¤xEGZ5z˜EGI „‡a‡Y…

& [YdeEFrHKE[YFSL AIKEG_S•xEGI

¥ & [YdeEFrHKEa`¬}e`AIKEG_S•xEGI{`g¬Q}­€¬ VX_QFSNGHK\eWaFS[Yd­WYFrHKWadeWa“–§WYVžd^[™}Q¬1IJHK\£š

¢gN\^[d›\eFrHKEdede\^“YEFSNGE”[FgL*d^[™`g¤aWad~}˜vr` de_r™EPI$¬1N{[aL!EZ\eNnž_SzSde\ekJOSEPIKk`

„‡a‡a‡)p†Q„

š

pY…!„

& \^kJkJEPI & \ekJkJEGI{`gno}!M}˜h˜}e` +EGFSNROQšUD[Yi˜WYF›`S·u}g¬Q}gl}¯€¬ NGWaZig[IK\ekJWaFCWV­VXWY_QI1WaFrHKWadeWY“a\eEkmVWYI

HKOSEL!EkJ\e“aFCWVAdeE“a[Yd›•!FQW{™td^ELQ“aEk¡–!k¡HKEZk}¬1IJHK\£¢gNG\9[d¯\eFrHKEdede\^“YEFSNGE5[FgL*d^[™`g¤xWYd~}

… ` de_;™+EGI

¬mN{[YLQEZ\eNnž_SzQde\^kJOQEGIKk` „{‡a‡Yˆ©¥ všq v

Références

Documents relatifs

From a linguistic point of view, while TKBs continue to be built (and, especially, conceptual networks), new needs emerged which the systematic study of terms

ICTERI Scope ontology, ontology engineering, domain knowledge stakeholder, term mining, evaluation, refinement..

These methods are based on two criteria: the relevance of a term from a domain that is defined by the number of occurrences of the word in the corpus and the co-occurrence of

It allows us to represent a Web API as a conversation graph, composed of linked interactions, an interaction being an in- stance of Property resp relating an instance of class

Applied to X (i.e. So the number of web pages where X and Y i are present together is calculated.. Lexical Knowledge Acquisition Using Spontaneous Descriptions in Texts 369 case, we

Next, in Section 3, we leverage this analysis to explain business com- petition, whilst distinguishing and formalizing three different types of business competitive

OS is developed in accordance with the OBO (Open Biomedical Ontology) Foundry principles and constructed in compliance with Basic Formal Ontology (BFO) as

By using a representation of directed graphs in terms of first-order logical structures, we defined organiza- tional knowledge as integrated relevant information about