Teach Yourself Perl 5 in 21 days

(1)

Teach Yourself Perl 5 in 21 days

David Till

Introduction

● Who Should Read This Book?

● Special Features of This Book

● Programming Examples

● End-of-Day Q& A and Workshop

● Conventions Used in This Book

● What You'll Learn in 21 Days

Week 1 Week at a Glance

● Where You're Going

Day 1 Getting Started

● What Is Perl?

● How Do I Find Perl?

❍ Where Do I Get Perl?

❍ Other Places to Get Perl

● A Sample Perl Program

● Running a Perl Program

❍ If Something Goes Wrong

● The First Line of Your Perl Program: How Comments Work

❍ Comments

● Line 2: Statements, Tokens, and <STDIN>

❍ Statements and Tokens

❍ Tokens and White Space

❍ What the Tokens Do: Reading from Standard Input

● Line 3: Writing to Standard Output

❍ Function Invocations and Arguments

● Error Messages

(2)

● Interpretive Languages Versus Compiled Languages

● Summary

● Q&A

● Workshop

❍ Quiz

❍ Exercises

Day 2 Basic Operators and Control Flow

● Storing in Scalar Variables Assignment

❍ The Definition of a Scalar Variable

❍ Scalar Variable Syntax

❍ Assigning a Value to a Scalar Variable

● Performing Arithmetic

❍ Example of Miles-to-Kilometers Conversion

❍ The ^chop Library Function

● Expressions

❍ Assignments and Expressions

● Other Perl Operators

● Introduction to Conditional Statements

● The if Statement

❍ The Conditional Expression

❍ The Statement Block

❍ Testing for Equality Using ⁼⁼

❍ Other Comparison Operators

● Two-Way Branching Using if and else

● Multi-Way Branching Using ^elsif

● Writing Loops Using the while Statement

● Nesting Conditional Statements

● Looping Using the ^until Statement

● Summary

● Q&A

● Workshop

❍ Quiz

❍ Exercises

Day 3 Understanding Scalar Values

● What Is a Scalar Value?

● Integer Scalar Values

❍ Integer Scalar Value Limitations

(3)

● Floating-Point Scalar Values

❍ Floating-Point Arithmetic and Round-Off Error

● Using Octal and Hexadecimal Notation

❍ Decimal Notation

❍ Octal Notation

❍ Hexadecimal Notation

❍ Why Bother?

● Character Strings

❍ Using Double-Quoted Strings

❍ Escape Sequences

❍ Single-Quoted Strings

● Interchangeability of Strings and Numeric Values

❍ Initial Values of Scalar Variables

● Summary

● Q&A

● Workshop

❍ Quiz

❍ Exercises

Day 4 More Operators

● Using the Arithmetic Operators

❍ Exponentiation

❍ The Remainder Operator

❍ Unary Negation

● Using Comparison Operators

❍ Integer-Comparison Operators

❍ String-Comparison Operators

❍ String Comparison Versus Integer Comparison

❍ Comparison and Floating-Point Numbers

● Using Logical Operators

❍ Evaluation Within Logical Operators

❍ Logical Operators as Subexpressions

● Using Bit-Manipulation Operators

❍ What Bits Are and How They Are Used

❍ The Bit-Manipulation Operators

● Using the Assignment Operators

❍ Assignment Operators as Subexpressions

● Using Autoincrement and Autodecrement

❍ The Autoincrement Operator Pre-Increment

❍ The Autoincrement Operator Post-Increment

(4)

❍ The Autodecrement Operator

❍ Using Autoincrement With Strings

● The String Concatenation and Repetition Operators

❍ The String-Concatenation Operator

❍ The String-Repetition Operator

❍ Concatenation and Assignment

● Other Perl Operators

❍ The Comma Operator

❍ The Conditional Operator

● The Order of Operations

❍ Precedence

❍ Associativity

❍ Forcing Precedence Using Parentheses

● Summary

● Q&A

● Workshop

❍ Quiz

❍ Exercises

Day 5 Lists and Array Variables

● Introducing Lists

● Scalar Variables and Lists

❍ Lists and String Substitution

● Storing Lists in Array Variables

● Accessing an Element of an Array Variable

❍ More Details on Array Element Names

● Using Lists and Arrays in Perl Programs

❍ Using Brackets and Substituting for Variables

● Using List Ranges

❍ Expressions and List Ranges

● More on Assignment and Array Variables

❍ Copying from One Array Variable to Another

❍ Using Array Variables in Lists

❍ Substituting for Array Variables in Strings

❍ Assigning to Scalar Variables from Array Variables

● Retrieving the Length of a List

● Using Array Slices

❍ Using List Ranges in Array-Slice Subscripts

❍ Using Variables in Array-Slice Subscripts

❍ Assigning to Array Slices

(5)

❍ Overlapping Array Slices

❍ Using the Array-Slice Notation as a Shorthand

● Reading an Array from the Standard Input File

● Array Library Functions

❍ Sorting a List or Array Variable

❍ Reversing a List or Array Variable

❍ Using chop on Array Variables

❍ Creating a Single String from a List

❍ Splitting a String into a List

❍ Other List-Manipulation Functions

● Summary

● Q&A

● Workshop

❍ Quiz

❍ Exercises

Day 6 Reading from and Writing to Files

● Opening a File

❍ The File Variable

❍ The Filename

❍ The File Mode

❍ Checking Whether the Open Succeeded

● Reading from a File

❍ File Variables and the Standard Input File

❍ Terminating a Program Using die

❍ Reading into Array Variables

● Writing to a File

❍ The Standard Output File Variable

❍ Merging Two Files into One

● Redirecting Standard Input and Standard Output

● The Standard Error File

● Closing a File

● Determining the Status of a File

❍ File-Test Operator Syntax

❍ Available File-Test Operators

❍ More on the -e Operator

❍ Testing for Read Permission-the ^-r Operator

❍ Checking for Other Permissions

❍ Checking for Empty Files

❍ Using File-Test Operators with File Variables

(6)

● Reading from a Sequence of Files

❍ Reading into an Array Variable

● Using Command-Line Arguments as Values

❍ ARGV and the ^<> Operator

● Opening Pipes

● Summary

● Q&A

● Workshop

❍ Quiz

❍ Exercises

Day 7 Pattern Matching

● Introduction

● The Match Operators

❍ Match-Operator Precedence

● Special Characters in Patterns

❍ The + Character

❍ The ^[] Special Characters

❍ The * and ? Special Characters

❍ Escape Sequences for Special Characters

❍ Matching Any Letter or Number

❍ Anchoring Patterns

❍ Variable Substitution in Patterns

❍ Excluding Alternatives

❍ Character-Range Escape Sequences

❍ Matching Any Character

❍ Matching a Specified Number of Occurrences

❍ Specifying Choices

❍ Reusing Portions of Patterns

❍ Pattern-Sequence Scalar Variables

❍ Special-Character Precedence

❍ Specifying a Different Pattern Delimiter

● Pattern-Matching Options

❍ Matching All Possible Patterns

❍ Ignoring Case

❍ Treating the String as Multiple Lines

❍ Evaluating a Pattern Only Once

❍ Treating the String as a Single Line

❍ Using White Space in Patterns

● The Substitution Operator

(7)

❍ Using Pattern-Sequence Variables in Substitutions

❍ Options for the Substitution Operator

❍ Evaluating a Pattern Only Once

❍ Treating the String as Single or Multiple Lines

❍ Using White Space in Patterns

❍ Specifying a Different Delimiter

● The Translation Operator

❍ Options for the Translation Operator

● Extended Pattern-Matching

❍ Parenthesizing Without Saving in Memory

❍ Embedding Pattern Options

❍ Positive and Negative Look-Ahead

❍ Pattern Comments

● Summary

● Q&A

● Workshop

❍ Quiz

❍ Exercises

Week 1 Week 1 in Review Week 2 Week 2 at a Glance

Day 8 More Control Structures

● Using Single-Line Conditional Statements

❍ Problems with Single-Line Conditional Statements

● Looping Using the for Statement

❍ Using the Comma Operator in a for Statement

● Looping Through a List: The ^foreach Statement

❍ The foreach Local Variable

❍ Changing the Value of the Local Variable

❍ Using Returned Lists in the ^foreach Statement

● The do Statement

● Exiting a Loop Using the last Statement

● Using ^next to Start the Next Iteration of a Loop

● The redo Statement

● Using Labeled Blocks for Multilevel Jumps

(8)

❍ Using next and redo with Labels

● The continue Block

● The ^goto Statement

● Summary

● Q&A

● Workshop

❍ Quiz

❍ Exercises

Day 9 Using Subroutines

● What Is a Subroutine?

● Defining and Invoking a Subroutine

❍ Forward References to Subroutines

● Returning a Value from a Subroutine

❍ Return Values and Conditional Expressions

● The ^return Statement

● Using Local Variables in Subroutines

❍ Initializing Local Variables

● Passing Values to a Subroutine

❍ Passing a List to a Subroutine

● Calling Subroutines from Other Subroutines

● Recursive Subroutines

● Passing Arrays by Name Using Aliases

● Using the do Statement with Subroutines

● Specifying the Sort Order

● Predefined Subroutines

❍ Creating Startup Code Using BEGIN

❍ Creating Termination Code Using END

❍ Handling Non-Existent Subroutines Using ^AUTOLOAD

● Summary

● Q&A

● Workshop

❍ Quiz

❍ Exercises

Day 10 Associative Arrays

● Limitations of Array Variables

● Definition

● Referring to Associative Array Elements

(9)

● Adding Elements to an Associative Array

● Creating Associative Arrays

● Copying Associative Arrays from Array Variables

● Adding and Deleting Array Elements

● Listing Array Indexes and Values

● Looping Using an Associative Array

● Creating Data Structures Using Associative Arrays

❍ Linked Lists

❍ Structures

❍ Trees

❍ Databases

❍ Example: A Calculator Program

● Summary

● Q&A

● Workshop

❍ Quiz

❍ Exercises

Day 11 Formatting Your Output

● Defining a Print Format

● Displaying a Print Format

● Displaying Values in a Print Format

❍ Creating a General-Purpose Print Format

❍ Choosing a Value-Field Format

❍ Printing Value-Field Characters

❍ Using the Multiline Field Format

● Writing to Other Output Files

❍ Saving the Default File Variable

● Specifying a Page Header

❍ Changing the Header Print Format

● Setting the Page Length

❍ Using print with Pagination

● Formatting Long Character Strings

❍ Eliminating Blank Lines When Formatting

❍ Supplying an Indefinite Number of Lines

● Formatting Output Using printf

● Summary

● Q&A

● Workshop

❍ Quiz

(10)

❍ Exercises

Day 12 Working with the File System

● File Input and Output Functions

❍ Basic Input and Output Functions

❍ Skipping and Rereading Data

❍ System Read and Write Functions

❍ Reading Characters Using ^getc

❍ Reading a Binary File Using ^binmode

● Directory-Manipulation Functions

❍ The mkdir Function

❍ The ^chdir Function

❍ The opendir Function

❍ The closedir Function

❍ The ^readdir Function

❍ The telldir and seekdir Functions

❍ The ^rewinddir Function

❍ The ^rmdir Function

● File-Attribute Functions

❍ File-Relocation Functions

❍ Link and Symbolic Link Functions

❍ File-Permission Functions

❍ Miscellaneous Attribute Functions

● Using DBM Files

❍ The dbmopen Function

❍ The ^dbmclose Function

● Summary

● Q&A

● Workshop

❍ Quiz

❍ Exercises

Day 13 Process, String, and Mathematical Functions

● Process- and Program-Manipulation Functions

❍ Starting a Process

❍ Terminating a Program or Process

❍ Execution Control Functions

❍ Miscellaneous Control Functions

● Mathematical Functions

(11)

❍ The ^sin and ^cos Functions

❍ The atan2 Function

❍ The sqrt Function

❍ The ^exp Function

❍ The log Function

❍ The ^abs Function

❍ The ^rand and ^srand Functions

● String-Manipulation Functions

❍ The index Function

❍ The ^rindex Function

❍ The length Function

❍ Retrieving String Length Using tr

❍ The ^pos Function

❍ The substr Function

❍ The ^study Function

❍ Case Conversion Functions

❍ The quotemeta Function

❍ The join Function

❍ The ^sprintf Function

● Summary

● Q&A

● Workshop

❍ Quiz

❍ Exercises

Day 14 Scalar-Conversion and List-Manipulation Functions

● The ^chop Function

● The ^chomp Function

● The crypt Function

● The ^hex Function

● The ^int Function

● The oct Function

❍ The ^oct Function and Hexadecimal Integers

● The ord and chr Functions

● The scalar Function

● The ^pack Function

❍ The pack Function and C Data Types

● The unpack Function

❍ Unpacking Strings

❍ Skipping Characters When Unpacking

(12)

❍ The unpack Function and uuencode

● The vec Function

● The ^defined Function

● The undef Function

● Array and List Functions

❍ The ^grep Function

❍ The splice Function

❍ The shift Function

❍ The ^unshift Function

❍ The push Function

❍ The pop Function

❍ Creating Stacks and Queues

❍ The split Function

❍ The sort and reverse Functions

❍ The ^map Function

❍ The wantarray Function

● Associative Array Functions

❍ The ^keys Function

❍ The values Function

❍ The each Function

❍ The ^delete Function

❍ The exists Function

● Summary

● Q&A

● Workshop

❍ Quiz

❍ Exercises

Week 2 Week 2 in Review Week 3 Week 3 at a Glance

Day 15 System Functions

● System Library Emulation Functions

❍ The ^getgrent Function

❍ The ^setgrent and ^endgrent Functions

❍ The getgrnam Function

(13)

❍ The getgrid Function

❍ The getnetent Function

❍ The getnetbyaddr Function

❍ The getnetbyname Function

❍ The ^setnetent and ^endnetent Functions

❍ The gethostbyaddr Function

❍ The gethostbyname Function

❍ The ^gethostent, ^sethostent, and ^endhostent Functions

❍ The ^getlogin Function

❍ The getpgrp and setpgrp Functions

❍ The ^getppid Function

❍ The getpwnam Function

❍ The getpwuid Function

❍ The ^getpwent Function

❍ The setpwent and endpwent Functions

❍ The getpriority and setpriority Functions

❍ The getprotoent Function

❍ The getprotobyname and getprotobynumber Functions

❍ The setprotoent and endprotoent Functions

❍ The ^getservent Function

❍ The getservbyname and getservbyport Functions

❍ The ^setservent and ^endservent Functions

❍ The ^chroot Function

❍ The ioctl Function

❍ The ^alarm Function

❍ Calling the System ^select Function

❍ The dump Function

● Socket-Manipulation Functions

❍ The ^socket Function

❍ The bind Function

❍ The ^listen Function

❍ The ^accept Function

❍ The connect Function

❍ The ^shutdown Function

❍ The socketpair Function

❍ The getsockopt and setsockopt Functions

❍ The getsockname and getpeername Functions

● The UNIX System V IPC Functions

❍ IPC Functions and the require Statement

❍ The ^msgget Function

❍ The ^msgsnd Function

(14)

❍ The msgrcv Function

❍ The msgctl Function

❍ The ^shmget Function

❍ The shmwrite Function

❍ The ^shmread Function

❍ The ^shmctl Function

❍ The semget Function

❍ The ^semop Function

❍ The ^semctl Function

● Summary

● Q&A

● Workshop

❍ Quiz

❍ Exercises

Day 16 Command-Line Options

● Specifying Options

❍ Specifying Options on the Command Line

❍ Specifying an Option in the Program

● The -v Option: Printing the Perl Version Number

● The ^-c Option: Checking Your Syntax

● The -w Option: Printing Warnings

❍ Checking for Possible Typos

❍ Checking for Redefined Subroutines

❍ Checking for Incorrect Comparison Operators

● The ^-e Option: Executing a Single-Line Program

● The -s Option: Supplying Your Own Command-Line Options

❍ The ^-s Option and Other Command-Line Arguments

● The -P Option: Using the C Preprocessor

❍ The C Preprocessor: A Quick Overview

● The ^-I Option: Searching for C Include Files

● The ^-n Option: Operating on Multiple Files

● The -p Option: Operating on Files and Printing

● The ^-i Option: Editing Files

❍ Backing Up Input Files Using the ^-i Option

● The -a Option: Splitting Lines

● The ^-F Option: Specifying the Split Pattern

● The -0 Option: Specifying Input End-of-Line

● The -l Option: Specifying Output End-of-Line

● The ^-x Option: Extracting a Program from a Message

(15)

● Miscellaneous Options

❍ The -u Option

❍ The ^-U Option

❍ The -S Option

❍ The -D Option

❍ The ^-T Option: Writing Secure Programs

● The -d Option: Using the Perl Debugger

● Summary

● Q&A

● Workshop

❍ Quiz

❍ Exercises

Day 17 System Variables

● Global Scalar Variables

❍ The Default Scalar Variable: $_

❍ The Program Name: $0

❍ The User ID: ^$< and ^$>

❍ The Group ID: $( and $)

❍ The Version Number: $]

❍ The Input Line Separator: ^$/

❍ The Output Line Separator: $

❍ The Output Field Separator: ^$,

❍ The Array Element Separator: ^$"

❍ The Number Output Format: $#

❍ The ^eval Error Message: ^$@

❍ The System Error Code: ^$?

❍ The System Error Message: $!

❍ The Current Line Number: ^$.

❍ Multiline Matching: ^$*

❍ The First Array Subscript: $[

❍ Multidimensional Associative Arrays and the ^$; Variable

❍ The Word-Break Specifier: $:

❍ The Perl Process ID: $$

❍ The Current Filename: ^$ARGV

❍ The Write Accumulator: $^A

❍ The Internal Debugging Value: $^D

❍ The System File Flag: ^{$^F}

❍ Controlling File Editing Using $^I

❍ The Format Form-Feed Character: $^L

(16)

❍ Controlling Debugging: $^P

❍ The Program Start Time: $^T

❍ Suppressing Warning Messages: ^{$^W}

❍ The $^X Variable

● Pattern System Variables

❍ Retrieving Matched Subpatterns

❍ Retrieving the Entire Pattern: ^$&

❍ Retrieving the Unmatched Text: the $` and $' Variables

❍ The ^$+ Variable

● File System Variables

❍ The Default Print Format: $~

❍ Specifying Page Length: ^$=

❍ Lines Remaining on the Page: ^$-

❍ The Page Header Print Format: $^

❍ Buffering Output: ^$|

❍ The Current Page Number: ^$%

● Array System Variables

❍ The ^@_ Variable

❍ The ^@ARGV Variable

❍ The @F Variable

❍ The ^@INC Variable

❍ The ^%INC Variable

❍ The %ENV Variable

❍ The ^%SIG Variable

● Built-In File Variables

❍ STDIN, STDOUT, and STDERR

❍ ARGV

❍ DATA

❍ The Underscore File Variable

● Specifying System Variable Names as Words

● Summary

● Q&A

● Workshop

❍ Quiz

❍ Exercises

Day 18 References in Perl 5

● Introduction to References

● Using References

● Using the Backslash Operator

(17)

● References and Arrays

● Multidimensional Arrays

● References to Subroutines

❍ Using Subroutine Templates

● Using Subroutines to Work with Multiple Arrays

❍ Pass By Value or By Reference?

● References to File Handles

❍ What Does the ^*variable Operator Do?

● Using Symbolic References… Again

❍ Declaring Variables with Curly Braces

● More on Hard Versus Symbolic References

● For More Information

● Summary

● Q&A

● Workshop

❍ Quiz

● Exercises

Day 19 Object-Oriented Programming in Perl

● An Introduction to Modules

❍ The Three Important Rules

● Classes in Perl

● Creating a Class

● Blessing a Constructor

❍ Instance Variables

● Methods

● Exporting Methods

● Invoking Methods

● Overrides

● Destructors

● Inheritance

● Overriding Methods

● A Few Comments About Classes and Objects in Perl

● Summary

● Q&A

● Workshop

❍ Quiz

❍ Exercises

Day 20 Miscellaneous Features of Perl

(18)

● The require Function

❍ The ^require Function and Subroutine Libraries

❍ Using require to Specify a Perl Version

● The $#array Variables

❍ Controlling Array Length Using ^$#array

● Alternative String Delimiters

❍ Defining Strings Using <<

● Special Internal Values

● Using Back Quotes to Invoke System Commands

● Pattern Matching Using ?? and the reset Function

❍ Using reset with Variables

● Other Features of the ^<> Operator

❍ Scalar Variable Substitution and <>

❍ Creating a List of Filenames

● Global Indirect References and Aliases

● Packages

❍ Defining a Package

❍ Switching Between Packages

❍ The main Package

❍ Referring to One Package from Another

❍ Specifying No Current Package

❍ Packages and Subroutines

❍ Defining Private Data Using Packages

❍ Packages and System Variables

❍ Accessing Symbol Tables

● Modules

❍ Creating a Module

❍ Importing Modules Into Your Program

❍ Using Predefined Modules

● Using Perl in C Programs

● Perl and CGI Scripts

● Translators and Other Supplied Code

● Summary

● Q&A

● Workshop

❍ Quiz

❍ Exercises

Day 21 The Perl Debugger

(19)

● Entering and Exiting the Perl Debugger

❍ Entering the Debugger

❍ Exiting the Debugger

● Listing Your Program

❍ The ^l command

❍ The - Command

❍ The ^w Command

❍ The // and ?? Commands

❍ The S Command

● Stepping Through Programs

❍ The ^s Command

❍ The n Command

❍ The ^f command

❍ The Carriage-Return Command

❍ The r Command

● Displaying Variable Values

❍ The ^X Command

❍ The V Command

● Breakpoints

❍ The ^b Command

❍ The ^c Command

❍ The L Command and Breakpoints

❍ The ^d and ^D Commands

● Tracing Program Execution

● Line Actions

❍ The a Command

❍ The ^A Command

❍ The < and > Commands

❍ Displaying Line Actions Using the L Command

● Other Debugging Commands

❍ Executing Other Perl Statements

❍ The H Command: Listing Preceding Commands

❍ The ^! Command: Executing Previous Commands

❍ The ^T Command: Stack Tracing

❍ The p Command: Printing an Expression

❍ The ⁼ Command: Defining Aliases

❍ Predefining Aliases

❍ The h Command: Debugger Help

● Summary

● Q&A

● Workshop

(20)

❍ Quiz

Week 3 Week 3 in Review Appendix A Answers

● Answers for Day 1, "Getting Started"

❍ Quiz

❍ Exercises

● Answers for Day 2, "Basic Operators and Control Flow"

❍ Quiz

❍ Exercises

● Answers for Day 3, "Understanding Scalar Values"

❍ Quiz

❍ Exercises

● Answers for Day 4, "More Operators"

❍ Quiz

❍ Exercises

● Answers for Day 5, "Lists and Array Variables"

❍ Quiz

❍ Exercises

● Answers for Day 6, "Reading from and Writing to Files"

❍ Quiz

❍ Exercises

● Answers for Day 7, "Pattern Matching"

❍ Quiz

❍ Exercises

● Answers for Day 8, "More Control Structures"

❍ Quiz

❍ Exercises

● Answers for Day 9, "Using Subroutines"

❍ Quiz

❍ Exercises

● Answers for Day 10, "Associative Arrays"

❍ Quiz

❍ Exercises

● Answers for Day 11, "Formatting Your Output"

❍ Quiz

❍ Exercises

● Answers for Day 12, "Working with the File System"

❍ Quiz

(21)

❍ Exercises

● Answers for Day 13, "Process, String, and Mathematical Functions"

❍ Quiz

❍ Exercises

● Answers for Day 14, "Scalar-Conversion and List-Manipulation Functions"

❍ Quiz

❍ Exercises

● Answers for Day 15, "System Functions"

❍ Quiz

❍ Exercises

● Answers for Day 16, "Command-Line Options"

❍ Quiz

❍ Exercises

● Answers for Day 17, "System Variables"

❍ Quiz

❍ Exercises

● Answers for Day 18, "References in Perl 5"

❍ Quiz

❍ Exercises

● Answers for Day 19, "Object-Oriented Programming in Perl"

❍ Quiz

❍ Exercises

● Answers for Day 20, "Miscellaneous Features of Perl"

❍ Quiz

❍ Exercises

● Answers for Day 21, "The Perl Debugger"

❍ Quiz

Appendix B ASCII Character Set

Credits

(22)

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Acknowledgments

(23)

I would like to thank the following people for their help:

● David Macklem at Sietec Open Systems for allowing me to take the time off to work on the first edition of this book

● Everyone at Sams Publishing, for their efforts and encouragement

● Jim Gardner, for telling the people at Sams Publishing about me

I'd also like to thank all those friends of mine (you know who you are) who tolerated my going stir-crazy as my deadlines approached.

About the Authors

David Till

David Till is a technical writer working in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. He holds a master's degree in computer science from the University of Waterloo; programming

languages was his major field of study. He also has worked in compiler development and on version-control software. He lists his hobbies as "writing, comedy, walking, duplicate bridge, and fanatical support of the Toronto Blue Jays."

He can be reached via e-mail at am671@freenet.toronto.on.ca or davet@klg.com, or on the World Wide Web at http://www.interlog.com/~davet/.

Kamran Husain

Kamran Husain is a software consultant with experience in UNIX system programming.

He has dabbled in all sorts of software for real-time systems applications,

telecommunications, seismic data acquisition and navigation, X Window/Motif and Microsoft Windows applications. He refuses to divulge any more of his qualifications.

Kamran offers consulting services and training classes through his company, MPS Inc., in Houston, Texas. He is an alumnus of the University of Texas at Austin.

You can reach Kamran through Sams Publishing or via e-mail at khusain@neosoft.com or

mpsi@aol.com.

Introduction

This book is designed to teach you the Perl programming language in just 21 days. When you finish reading this book, you will have learned why Perl is growing rapidly in

popularity: It is powerful enough to perform many useful, sophisticated programming tasks, yet it is easy to learn and use.

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Who Should Read This Book?

No previous programming experience is required for you to learn everything you need to know about programming with Perl from this book. In particular, no knowledge of the C programming language is required. If you are familiar with other programming

languages, learning Perl will be a snap. The only assumption this book does make is that you are familiar with the basics of using the UNIX operating system.

Special Features of This Book

This book contains some special elements that help you understand Perl features and concepts as they are introduced:

● Syntax boxes

● DO/DON'T boxes

● Notes

● Warnings

● Tips

Syntax boxes explain some of the more complicated features of Perl, such as the control structures. Each syntax box consists of a formal definition of the feature followed by an explanation of the elements of the feature. Here is an example of a syntax box:

The syntax of the for statement is

for (expr1; expr2; expr3) { statement_block }

expr1 is the loop initializer. It is evaluated only once, before the start of the loop.

expr2 is the conditional expression that terminates the loop. The conditional expression in ^expr2 behaves just like the ones in ^while and ^if statements: If its value is zero, the loop is terminated, and if its value is nonzero, the loop is executed.

statement_block is the collection of statements that is executed if (and when) ^expr2 has a nonzero value.

expr3 is executed once per iteration of the loop, and is executed after the last statement in statement_block is executed.

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Don't try to understand this definition yet!

DO/DON'T boxes present the do's and don'ts for a particular task or feature. Here is an example of such a box:

DON'T confuse the ^| operator (bitwise OR) with the ||

operator (logical OR).

DO make sure you are using the proper bitwise operator.

It's easy to slip and assume you want bitwise OR when you really want bitwise AND. (Trust me.

Notes are explanations of interesting properties of a particular program feature. Here is an example of a note:

NOTE

In left-justified output, the value being displayed appears at the left end of the value field. In right-

justified output, the value being displayed appears at the right end of the value field.

Warnings warn you of programming pitfalls to avoid. Here is a typical warning:

You cannot use the last statement inside the do

statement. The ^do statement, although it behaves like the other control structures, is actually implemented differently.

Tips are hints on how to write your Perl programs better. Here is an example of a tip:

TIP

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It is a good idea to use all uppercase letters for your file variable names. This makes it easier to distinguish file variable names from other variable names and from reserved words.

Programming Examples

Each feature of Perl is illustrated by examples of its use. In addition, each chapter of this book contains many useful programming examples complete with explanations; these examples show you how you can use Perl features in your own programs.

Each example contains a listing of the program, the input required by and the output generated by the program, and an analysis of how the program works. Special icons are used to point out each part of the example: Type, Input-Output, and Analysis.

In the Input-Output example following Listing IN.1, there are some special typographic conventions. The input you enter is shown in bold monospace type, and the output generated by the system or the program is shown in plain monospace type. The system prompt ($ in the examples in this book) is shown so that you know when a command is to be entered on the command line.

Listing IN.1. A simple Perl program with comments.

1: #!/usr/local/bin/perl

2: # this program reads a line of input, and writes the line 3: # back out

4: $inputline = <STDIN>; # read a line of input 5: print( $inputline ); # write the line out

$ programIN_1

This is a line of input.

$

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Line 1 is the header comment. Lines 2 and 3 are comments, not executable lines of code. Line 4 reads a line of input. Line 5 writes the line of input on your screen.

End-of-Day Q& A and Workshop

Each day ends with a Q&A section containing answers to common questions relating to that day's material. There also is a Workshop at the end of each day that consists of quiz questions and programming exercises. The exercises often include BUG BUSTER exercises that help you spot some of the common bugs that crop up in Perl programs. The answers to these quiz questions as well as sample solutions for the exercises are

presented in Appendix A, "Answers."

Conventions Used in This Book

This book uses different typefaces to help you differentiate between Perl code and regular English, and also to help you identify important concepts.

● Actual Perl code is typeset in a special monospace font. You'll see this font used in listings and the Input-Output examples, as well as in code snippets. In the

explanations of Perl features, commands, filenames, statements, variables, and any text you see on the screen also are typeset in this font.

● Command input and anything that you are supposed to enter appears in a bold monospace font. You'll see this mainly in the Input-Output examples.

● Placeholders in syntax descriptions appear in an italicmonospace font. Replace the placeholder with the actual filename, parameter, or whatever element it represents.

● Italics highlight technical terms when they first appear in the text and are sometimes used to emphasize important points.

What You'll Learn in 21 Days

In your first week of learning Perl, you'll learn enough of the basics of Perl to write many useful Perl programs. Here's a summary of what you'll learn in Week 1:

Day 1, "Getting Started," tells you how to get Perl, how to run Perl programs, and how to read from your keyboard and write to your screen.

Day 2, "Basic Operators and Control Flow," teaches you about simple arithmetic, how to assign a value to a scalar variable, and how to control execution using conditional statements.

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Day 3, "Understanding Scalar Values," teaches you about integers, floating-point numbers, and character strings. It also shows you that all three are interchangeable in Perl.

Day 4, "More Operators," tells you all about operators and expressions in Perl and talks about operator associativity and precedence.

Day 5, "Lists and Array Variables," introduces you to lists, which are collections of values, and to array variables, which store lists.

Day 6, "Reading from and Writing to Files," tells you how to interact with your file system by reading from input files, writing to output files, and testing for particular file attributes.

Day 7, "Pattern Matching," describes pattern-matching in Perl and shows how you can substitute values and translate sets of characters in text strings.

By the end of Week 2, you'll have mastered almost all the features of Perl; you'll also have learned about many of the library functions supplied with the language. Here's a summary of what you'll learn:

Day 8, "More Control Structures," discusses the control flow statements not previously covered.

Day 9, "Using Subroutines," shows how you can break your program into smaller, more manageable, chunks.

Day 10, "Associative Arrays," introduces one of the most powerful and useful constructs in Perl-arrays-and it shows how you can use these arrays to simulate other data structures.

Day 11, "Formatting Your Output," shows how you can use Perl to produce tidy reports.

Day 12, "Working with the File System," shows how you can interact with your system's directory structure.

Day 13, "Process, String, and Mathematical Functions," describes the library functions that interact with processes running on the system. It also describes the functions that perform trigonometric and other

mathematical operations, and the functions that operate on strings.

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Day 14, "Scalar-Conversion and List-Manipulation Functions," describes the library functions that convert values from one form to another and the functions that work with lists and array variables.

By the end of Week 3, you'll know all the features and capabilities of Perl. It covers the rest of the Perl library functions and describes some of the more esoteric concepts of the language. Here's a summary of what you'll learn:

Day 15, "System Functions," describes the functions that manipulate the Berkeley UNIX and UNIX System V environments.

Day 16, "Command-Line Options," describes the options you can supply with Perl to control how your program runs.

Day 17, "System Variables," describes the built-in variables that are included automatically as part of every Perl program.

Day 18, "References in Perl 5," describes the pointer and reference features of Perl 5, including multi-dimensional arrays.

Day 19, "Object-Oriented Programming in Perl," describes the object- oriented capabilities added to Perl 5. These enable you to hide information and divide your program into individual file modules.

Day 20, "Miscellaneous Features of Perl," covers some of the more exotic or obscure features of the language.

Day 21, "The Perl Debugger," shows you how to use the Perl debugger to discover errors quickly.

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Week 1

Week at a Glance

In your first week of teaching yourself Perl, you'll learn enough of the basics to write many useful Perl programs. Although some experience in using a programming language will be an advantage as you read this book, it is not required. In particular, you don't need to know the C programming language before you read this book.

To use this book effectively, you should be able to try out some of the features of Perl as you learn them. To do this, you should have Perl running on your system. If you don't have Perl, Day 1, "Getting Started," tells how you can get it for free.

Each chapter of this book contains quiz and exercise questions that test you on the material covered in the day's lesson. These questions are answered in Appendix A,

"Answers."

Where You're Going

The first week covers the essentials of Perl. Here's a summary of what you'll learn.

Day 1, "Getting Started," tells you how to get Perl, how to run Perl programs, and how to read input from your keyboard and write output to your screen.

Day 2, "Basic Operators and Control Flow," teaches you about simple arithmetic, how to assign a value to a scalar variable, and how to control execution using conditional statements.

Day 3, "Understanding Scalar Values," teaches you about integers, floating-point

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numbers, and character strings. It also shows you that all three are interchangeable in Perl.

Day 4, "More Operators," tells you all about operators and expressions in Perl and talks about operator associativity and precedence.

Day 5, "Lists and Array Variables," introduces you to lists, which are collections of values, and to array variables, which store lists.

Day 6, "Reading from and Writing to Files," tells you how to interact with your file system by reading from input files, writing to output files, and testing for particular file attributes.

Finally, Day 7, "Pattern Matching," describes pattern matching in Perl and shows how you can substitute values and translate sets of characters in text strings.

This is quite a bit of material to learn in one week; however, by the end of the week you'll know most of the essentials of Perl and will be able to write many useful programs.

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Chapter 1 Getting Started

What Is Perl?

Perl is an acronym, short for Practical Extraction and Report Language. It was designed by Larry Wall as a tool for writing programs in the UNIX environment and is

continually being updated and maintained by him.

For its many fans, Perl provides the best of several worlds. For instance:

● Perl has the power and flexibility of a high-level programming language such as C. In fact, as you will see, many of the features of the language are borrowed from C.

● Like shell script languages, Perl does not require a special compiler and linker to turn the programs you write into working code. Instead, all you have to do is write the program and tell Perl to run it. This means that Perl is ideal for producing quick solutions to small programming problems, or for creating prototypes to test potential solutions to larger problems.

● Perl provides all the features of the script languages sed and awk, plus features not found in either of these two languages. Perl also supports a sed-to-Perl translator and an awk-to-Perl translator.

In short, Perl is as powerful as C but as convenient as awk, sed, and shell scripts.

NOTE

This book assumes that you are familiar with the basics of using the UNIX operating system

As you'll see, Perl is very easy to learn. Indeed, if you are familiar with other programming languages, learning Perl is a snap. Even if you have very little

programming experience, Perl can have you writing useful programs in a very short time.

By the end of Day 2, "Basic Operators and Control Flow," you'll know enough about Perl to be able to solve many problems.

How Do I Find Perl?

To find out whether Perl already is available on your system, do the following:

● If you are currently working in a UNIX programming environment, check to see whether the file /usr/local/bin/perl exists.

● If you are working in any other environment, check the place where you

normally keep your executable programs, or check the directories accessible from your ^PATH environment variable.

Teach Yourself Perl 5 in 21 days