الفلسفة والسيميائية مصدران للتداولية

ﺍ

ﻔﻟ

ﺔﻴﻟﻭﺍﺪﺘﻠﻟ ﻥﺍﺭﺪﺼﻣ ﺔﻴﺋﺎﻴﻤﻴﺴﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻔﺴﻠ

Abstract:

Not promised philosophy and semiotics sources of deliberative? Become deliberative in recent years, an approach common in linguistics and in literary studies after it was longer wastebasket for various subjects that fail traditional linguistic tools for Mhaljtha, and in this context, many linguists acknowledged that he can not understand the language itself, but if we understand the deliberative concerned with how to use the language in Contact.

ﻣ ﺓﺮﻴﺧﻷﺍ ﺕﺍﻮﻨﺴﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻟﻭﺍﺪﱠّّّّّّّﺘﻟﺍ ﺖﺤﺒﺻﺃ ﹰﺎﺠﻬﻨ ﻲـﻓﻭ ﺕﺎﻴﻧﺎﺴـﱢﻠﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺎﹰﻓﻮﻟﺄﻣ ﺕﺎﻋﻮــﺿﻮﻤﻟﺍ ﻒــﻠﺘﺨﻤﻟ ﺕﻼــﻤﻬﻣ ﺔﱠﻠــﺳ ﺪــﻌﺗ ﺖــﻧﺎﻛ ﺎﻣﺪــﻌﺑ ﺔــﻴﺑﺩﻷﺍ ﺕﺎــﺳﺍﺭﺪﻟﺍ ﻕﺎﻴﺴــﻟﺍ ﺍﺬــﻫ ﻲــﻓﻭ ،ﺎــﻬﺘﺠﻟﺎﻌﻣ ﻦــﻋ ﺔــﻳﺪﻴﻠﻘﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻧﺎﺴــﱢﻠﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﻭﺩﻷﺍ ﺰــﺠﻌﺗ ﻲــﺘﻟﺍ ﺞﻴــﻟ ﻱﺮــﻔﻴﺟ ﻝﻮــﻘﻳ ": ﻢــﻬﻓ ﻊﻴﻄﺘﺴــﻧ ﻻ ﺎــﻨﻤﻬﻓ ﺍﺫﺇ ﱠﻻﺇ ﺎــﻬﺗﺍﺫ ﺔــﻐﱡﻠﻟﺍ ﺔــﻌﻴﺒﻃ ﺔﻴﻟﻭﺍﺪﺘﻟﺍ : ؟ﻝﺎﺼﺗﻻﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻐﱡﻠﻟﺍ ﻞﻤﻌﺘﺴﻧ ﻒﻴﻛ " ) 1 ( ﺍﺪـﺣﺍﻭ ﺍﺭﺪﺼـﻣ ﻪﻟ ﺪﺠﻧ ﻻ ﺮﺻﺎﻌﻤﻟﺍ ﻲﻟﻭﺍﺪﺘﻟﺍ ﺱﺭﺪﻟﺍ ﻝﻮﺻﺃ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻨﺜﺤﺑ ﺍﺫﺇﻭ ﺪﻌﺗ ﺚﻴﺣ، ﻯﺮﺒﹸﻜﻟﺍ ﻪﻤﻴﻫﺎﻔﻣ ﺓﺭﻮﻠﺑ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻌﻤﺘﺠﻣ ﺖﻤﻫﺎﺳ ،ﺓﺮﻴﺜﻛ ﺭﺩﺎﺼﻣ ﻞﺑ ﻣ ،ﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﻲﻓﺮﻌﻤﻟﺍ ﻉﻮﺒﻨﻴﻟﺍ ﺔﻔﺴﻠﻔﻟﺍ ﺔـﻴﺗﺎﻤﻏﺍﺮﺒﻟﺍ ﺔﻔﺴـﻠﻔﻟﺍ ﻲـﻓ ﺎـﺳﺎﺳﺃ ﹰﺓﺭﻮﺼﺤ ) ﺔﻴﻌﺋﺍﺭﺬﻟﺍ ( ﺔﻴﻠﻴﻠﺤﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻔﺴﻠﻔﻟﺍﻭ . ﺔـﻴﻟﻭﺍﺪﺘﻟﺍ ﻑﻼﺘـﺧﺍ ﻦـﻣ ﻢﻏﺮـﻟﺍ ﻰـﻠﻋ ﻦـﻜﻟ (Pragmatics) ﻲﻔﺴــﻠﻔﻟﺍ ﻲﻌﺋﺍﺭﺬــﻟﺍ ﺐﻫﺬــﻤﻟﺍ ﻦــﻋ Pragmatism ﻢــﻈﻌﻣ ﱠﻥﺈــﻓ ، ﺎﻫﺭﺩﺎﺼـﻣ ﻰـﻟﻭﹸﺃ ﻪـﻧﺃ ﻥﻭﺮـﻳ ﻦﻴﺜﺣﺎـﺒﻟﺍ . ﻞــﺒﻗ ﻦـﻣ ﺖـﺑﺮﻋ ﺎـﻤﻛ ﻭﺃ ﺔـﻴﺗﺎﻤﻏﺍﺮﺒﻟﺍ ﻭ ﻰـﻟﺇ ﻦﻴﺛﺪـﺤﻤﻟﺍ " ﻚـﻴﺗﺎﻤﺟﺮﺑ " ﻭﺃ " ﺎـﻘﻴﻃ ﺎـﻤﻏﺍﺮﺑ " ﺎـﻤﻛ ﻭﺃ ،ﻚـﻟﺫ ﺮـﻴﻏ ﻰـﻟﺇ ﻰﻟﺇ ﺲﻴﻣﺍﻮﻘﻟﺍ ﺎﻬﻤِﺟﺮﺘﺗ " ﺔـﻴﻌﺋﺍﺭﺬﻟﺍ " ﻭﺃ " ﺔـﻴﻌﻔﻨﻟﺍ " ﻭﺃ " ﺔـﻴﺋﺎﻐﻟﺍ " ﺔـﻤﻠﻛ ﻲـﻫ

ﻲﻨﻌﺗﻭ ﻞﺻﻷﺍ ﺔﻴﻧﺎﻧﻮﻳ " ﻞـﻤﻌﻟﺍ " ﻭﺃ " ﻞـﻌﻔﻟﺍ . " ﺔـﻴﻧﺎﻄﻳﺮﺒﻟﺍ ﺔﻋﻮـﺳﻮﻤﻟﺍ ﻲـﻓ ﺩﺭﻭﻭ ﻲـﻘﻳﺮﻏﻹﺍ ﺥﺭﺆـﻤﻟﺍ ﺢﻠﻄﺼﻤﻟﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ ﻞﻤﻌﺘﺳﺍ ﻦﻣ ﻝﻭﺃ ﱠﻥﺃ " ﺱﻮـﺒﻴﻟﻮﺑ ) " ﻮـﺘﻤﻟﺍ ﻰﱠﻓ ﺔﻨــﺳ 118 ﻕ . ﻡ ( ﻙﺍﺬــﻧﺁ ﻲــﻨﻌﺘﻟ ﻪــﺗﺎﺑﺎﺘﻛ ﻰــﻠﻋ ﺔﻴﻤﺴــﺘﻟﺍ ﻩﺬــﻫ ﻖــﻠﻃﺃ ﻱﱢﺬــﻟﺍ، " ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻌﻟﺍ ﺓﺪﺋﺎﻔﻟﺍ ﻢﻴﻤﻌﺗ . " ﺕﺍﺩﺮـﻔﻤﻟﺍ ﻊـﻴﻤﺟ ﺔـﻳﺰﻴﻠﺠﻧﻹﺍ ﺔـﻐﱡﻠﻟﺍ ﺖﱠﻘﺘـﺷﺍ ﺎﻬﻨﻣﻭ ﺔــﻤﻠﻜﺑ ﻖــﱠﻠﻌﺘﺗ ﻲــﺘﻟﺍ Practice ﺎــﻬﻤﻫﺃﻭ ، practical ﺕﺪــِﻟﻭ ﺎــﻬﻤﺣﺭ ﻦــﻣ ﻲــﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﺗﺎﻤﻏﺍﺮﺒﻟﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻴﻌﺋﺍﺭﺬﻟﺍ ﺔﻔﺴﻠﻔﻟﺍ Pragmatism ﺎﺒﺒـﺳ ﺎﻫﺭﻭﺪﺑ ﺖﻧﺎﻛ ﻲﺘﻟﺍ ﻮﻫ ﻦﻳﺮﺸﻌﻟﺍ ﻥﺮﻘﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺮﺧﺁ ﺢﻠﻄﺼﻣ ﺭﻮﻬﻇ ﻲﻓ " Pragmatics " ﻲـﻓ ﺎﻧﺮﺷﺃ ﻱﱢﺬﻟﺍ ﻲﻧﺎﻌﻣﻭ ﺎﻐﻴﺻ ﻪﺒﻳﺮﻌﺗ ﻲﻓ ﻑﻼﺘﺧﻻﺍ ﻰﻟﺇ ﺚﺤﺒﻟﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ ﻞﺧﺪﻣ ) 2 ( . ﻲـﺘﻟﺍ ﺔـﻛﺮﺤﻟﺍ ﻰـﻟﺇ ﺔـﻴﺗﺎﻤﻏﺍﺮﺒﻟﺍ ﺔﻔﺴـﻠﻔﻟﺍ ﻞـﺻﺃ ﻦﻴﺜﺣﺎـﺒﻟﺍ ﻢـﻈﻌﻣ ﻊﺟﺭﺃ ﺸــــﻋ ﻊــــﺳﺎﺘﻟﺍ ﻥﺮــــﻘﻟﺍ ﺮــــﺧﺍﻭﺃ ﻲــــﻓ ﺎــــﻜﻳﺮﻣﺃ ﻲــــﻓ ﺕﺄﺸــــﻧ ﻢــــﺳﺎﺑ ﺖــــﻓِﺮﻋﻭ ،ﺮ " ﻡﺰﻴﺗﺎﻤﻏﺍﺮﺒﻟﺍ pragmatisme " ﻮـﻫ ﺔﻴﻤﺴـﺘﻟﺍ ﻩﺬﻫ ﺎﻬﻴﻠﻋ ﻖﻠﻃﺃ ﻦﻣ ﻝﻭﺃ ﻥﺎﻛﻭ ، ﻑﻮﺴـﻠﻴﻔﻟﺍ " ﺱﺮﻴﺑﺯﺭﺪﻧﺎـﺳ ﺰﻟﺭﺎﺸـﺗ "

Charles Sandres pirce (1914-1839)

ﺔﻨـﺳ ﻝﻭﻷﺍ ،ﻪـﻟ ﻦﻴﻟﺎﻘﻣ ﺮﺸﻧ ﺎﻤﻨﻴﺣ 1978 ﻥﺍﻮـﻨﻌﺑ " ﻙﺭﺎـﻜﻓﺃ ﻞـﻌﺠﺗ ﻒـﻴﻛ ﺔﺤـﺿﺍﻭ

(How to make our ideas clear

ﻧﺎـﱠﺜﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻨـﺳ ﻲ 1905 ﻥﺍﻮـﻨﻌﺑ " ﺎـﻣ ؟ﺔﻴﺗﺎﻤﻏﺍﺮﺒﻟﺍ ﻲﻫ " What pragmatics is . ﺲﻔﻨـﻟﺍ ﻢﻟﺎﻋﻭ ﻑﻮﺴﻠﻴﻔﻟﺍ ﻚﻟﺫ ﺪﻌﺑ ﺎﻫﺭﻮﻃ ﻢﹸﺛ " ﺲﻤﻴـﺟ ﻢﻴـﻟﻭ William James )" 1842 -1910 ( ﻲﻓ ﺎﻣﺎﻫ ﺍﺭﻭﺩ ﺕﺩﺃ ﻲﺘﱠﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻔﺴﻠﻔﻟﺍ ﻪﺗﺎﺑﺎﺘﻛ ﻝﻼﺧ ﻦﻣ ﻨﻟﺍﻭ ﺔـﻴﻠﻘﻌﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﻮﺼـﺘﻟﺍ ﻪﺗﺮـﺿﺎﺤﻤﺑ ﺍﺀﺪﺑ ، ﺓﺮﺻﺎﻌﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻔﺴﻠﻔﻟﺍ ﺔـﻴﻠﻤﻌﻟﺍ ﺞﺋﺎـﺘ ﺔﻨﺳ 1898 ﻑﻮﺴﻠﻴﻔﻟﺍ ﻚﻟﺫ ﺪﻌﺑ ﺎﻤﻫﺪﻧﺎﺳ ﻢﺛ ، " ﻱﻮﻳﺩ ﻥﻮﺟ " Johon Dewey ) 1859 -1952 ( ﺮﻴﻜﻔﺘﻠﻟ ﺎﹰﻘﻠﻄﻨﻣ ﻞﻌﺠﻳ ﻥﺃ ﻪﺗﺎﺑﺎﺘﻛ ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﻲﻓ ﻝﻭﺎﺣ ﻱﺬﱠﻟﺍ ﱠﻞـﻗﺃ ﻦﻳﺮﺧﺁ ﺔﻔﺳﻼﻓ ﻰﻟﺇ ﹰﺔﻓﺎﺿﺇ ،ﻖﻴﺒﻄﺘﻠﻟ ﺕﻻﺎﺠﻣ ﻪﻟ ﻊﻀﻳ ﻥﺃﻭ ،ﻲﺗﺎﻤﺟﺍﺮﺒﻟﺍ ﻝﺎـﺜﻣﺃ ﻦـﻣ ﹰﺓﺮﻬـﺷ " ﺖـﻳﺍﺭ ﻲﻨﺳﻮﺸـﺗ ) " 1830 Ch-Wright ، " ﻥﻮـﺟ ﻦﻳﺮــــﺟ " J.Green ) 1835 -1876 ( ﻭ" ﺰﻤﻟﻮــــﻫ ﻝﺪــــﻧﻭﺮﻔﻟﺃ " (1935-1841) O.W.Aolmes ﻱﺰــــﻴﻠﺠﻧﻻﺍ ﻑﻮﺴــــﻠﻴﻔﻟﺍﻭ " ﻑ . ﺱ . ﺱ . ،ﺮﻠﻴــــﺷ (1937-1864) F.C.S.Shiller ) 3 ( . ﻲــﻓ ﻱﻮــﻳﺩ ﻪــﻣﺪﻗ ﻱﺬــﱠﻟﺍ ﻡﺎــﻌﻟﺍ ﺎــﻫﺎﻨﻌﻣ ﻲــﻓ ﺔـﻴﺗﺎﻤﻏﺍﺮﺒﻟﺍ ﻭ " ﻥﺮــﻘﻟﺍ ﺱﻮﻣﺎــﻗ Dictionary Century ) " 1909 ( ﻲﻫ "ﺍ ﺔـﻓﺮﻌﻤﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﱠﻥﺃ ﻯﺮﺗ ﻲﺘﱠﻟﺍ ﺔﻳﺮﻈﻨﻟ ﺲﻴــﻠﻓ ، ﺔﻴــﺿﺮﻐﻟﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺔــﻴﻠﻤﻌﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺎــﺒﺘﻋﻻﺍ ﺩﻭﺪــﺣ ﻲــﻓ ﺩﺪــﺤﺘﺗ ﺎــﻤﻧﺇ ﺎــﻫﺩ ﺍﻮــﻣﻭ ﺔـﻴﻠﻣﺄﺘﻟﺍ ﺔـﻳﺮﻈﻨﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺎـﺒﺘﻋﻻﺍ ﻲـﻓ ﺩﺪـﺤﺘﺗ ﺔـﻓﺮﻌﻤﻟﺍ ﱠﻥﺄـﺑ ﻝﻮﻘﻠﻟ ﱞﻞﺤﻣ ﻙﺎﻨﻫ ﺓﺩﺮﺠﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻳﺮﻜﻔﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﺒﺘﻋﻻﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻘﻴﻗﺪﻟﺍ )" 4 ( . ﻟﺍ ﺾﻓﺮـــﺗ ﻰـــﻨﻌﻤﻟﺍ ﺍﺬـــﻬﺑﻭ ﺔـــﻴﻠﻘﻌﻟﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺔـــﻴﻠﻣﺄﺘﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻔﺴـــﻠﻔﻟﺍ ﺔـــﻴﺗﺎﻤﻏﺍﺮﺒ ﺮــﻴﻈﻨﺘﻟﺍ ﻰــﻟﺇ ﺎــﻬﻋﻭﺰﻧﻭ ﻲﻟﺎــﺜﻤﻟﺍ ﻊــﺿﻮﻟﺍ ﺎﻬﻣﺍﺪﺨﺘــﺳﺎﺑ ﺰــﻴﻤﺘﺗ ﻲــﺘﱠﻟﺍ ﺔــﻴﻟﺎﺜﻤﻟﺍ ﹰﺔﻔﺴـﻠﻓ ﻢﻴـﻘﺗ ﻭ ،ﻒـﻠﺘﺨﻤﻟﺍ ﺩﺪـﻌﺘﻤﻟﺍ ﻢﻟﺎـﻌﻟﺍ ﻰـﻠﻋ ٍﺪـﺣﺍﻭ ٍﻡﺎـﻈﻧ ﺽﺮـﻓ ﹰﺔﻟﻭﺎﺤﻣ ﻭﺃ ﻊــﻗﺍﻮﻟﺍ ﻰــﻠﻋ ﺎــﻬﻗﺎﺒﻄﻧﺍ ﻯﺪــﻤﺑ ﺱﺎــﻘﺗ ﺓﺩﺮــﺠﻤﻟﺍ ﺭﺎــﻜﻓﻷﺍ ﺔــﻤﻴﻗ ﱠﻥﺃ ﺎــﻬﻣﺍﻮِﻗ ﻜﻣﺈﺑ ﺎﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﺎﻫﺭﻮﻠﺒﺗ ﺔﻴﻧﺎ . ﱠﻥﺈـﻓ ، ﺔـﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﺮـﻴﻏ ﺭﺎﻜﻓﻷﺍ ﻥﻮﻜﺗ ﺎﻤﻨﻴﺣ ﻰﺘﺣﻭ ﺎﻬﻴﻠﻋ ﺎﻨﻤﻴﻬﻣ ﱡﻞﻈﻳ ﻲﻠﻤﻌﻟﺍﻭ ﻲﺨﻳﺭﺎﺘﻟﺍ ﻊﻗﺍﻮﻟﺍ ) 5 ( . ﻰـﻠﻋ ﺪﻤﺘﻌﺗ ﺓﺮﻜﻔﻟﺍ ﺔﺤﺼﻓ ﺞﺋﺎـﺘﻧ ﻦـﻣ ﻪـﻴﻟﺇ ﻱﺩﺆـﺗ ﺎـﻣ ﻰـﻠﻋ ﻭﺃ ،ﻊـﻔﻨﻟﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ ﻉﻮﻧ ﻥﺎﻛ ﺎﻳﺃ ،ٍﻊﻔﻧ ﻦﻣ ﻪﻳﺩﺆﺗ ﺎﻣ

ﻝﻮﻘﻟ ﺎﹰﻘﻴﺒﻄﺗ ﺓﺎﻴﺤﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﺤﺟﺎﻧ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻋ " ﺱﺮﻴﺑ " ﻪـﻧﻮﻛ ﻲـﻨﻌﻳ ﺀﻲﺸـﻟﺍ ﺩﻮـﺟﻭ ﻝﻮﻘﻳ ،ﺎﻌﻓﺎﻧ " ﺲﻤﻴﺟ " ،ﻞـﻤﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﻄـﺳﺍﻮﺑ ﻢﻟﺎـﻌﻟﺍ ﺮـﻴﻴﻐﺗ ﻰـﻟﺇ ﻪـﺗﻮﻋﺩ ﻕﺎﻴـﺳ ﻲـﻓ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﺞﺋﺎﺘﻧ ﻰﻟﺇ ﻱﺩﺆﺗﻭ ﹰﺔﻴﻌﻔﻧ ﺭﺎﻜﻓﻷﺍ ﻥﻮﻜﺗ ﺚﻴﺣ " ﺪـﻨﻋ ﻲﺗﺎـﻤﻏﺍﺮﺒﻟﺍ ﱠﻥﺇ ﻰﻟﺇ ﺰﻔﻘﻳ، ﺐﺠﻌﻤﻟﺍ ﻞﻣﺄﺘﻟﺎﺑ ﺎﻬﺠﻟﺎﻌﻳ ﻥﺃ ﻦﻣ ﹰﻻﺪﺑ ،ﺕﻻﺎﻜﺷﻹﺍ ﺾﻌﺒﻟ ﻪﺘﺠﻟﺎﻌﻣ ﻴﺤﻟﺍ ﺮﻬﻧ ﻲﻓ ﻡﺎﻣﻷﺍ ﺀﺎﻤﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻙﺎﻤﺳﻷﺍ ﺶﻴﻌﺗ ﺎﻤﻛ ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﺶﻴﻌﻳ ﺫﺇ ،ﺓﺮ " ) 6 ( . ﺭﺎـﻜﻓﻷﺍ ﺾﻌﺒـﻟ ﻲﻠﻣﺄـﺘﻟﺍ ﻒـﺻﻮﻟﺎﺑ ﺀﺎﻔﺘﻛﻻﺍ ﻡﺪﻋ ﺓﺭﻭﺮﺿ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺪﱢﻛﺆﻴﻓ ﺎﻨﻛﻮﻠـﺳ ﻲـﻓ ﺮﺛﺆﺗ ﻲﺘﱠﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻌﻟﺍ ﺎﻬﺠﺋﺎﺘﻧ ﻮﻫ ﻢﻬﻤﻟﺍ ﻞﺑ ،ﺎﻬﺌﺸﻨﻣ ﻦﻋ ﺚﺤﺒﻟﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺔـﺻﺎﺨﻟﺍ ﺔـﻌﺘﻤﻟﺍ ﺎـﻨﻟ ﻖـﱢﻘﺤﺗ ؛ﻱﺃ ﻞﻀـﻓﻷﺍ ﻮـﺤﻧ ﺎﻨﻌﻗﺍﻭ ﺮﻴﻐﺗﻭ . ﺲﻤﻴـﺟ ﻒﻴﻀـﻳ ﻴﻛﺄﺗ ﺓﺮﻜﻔﻟﺍ ﺲﻔﻨﻟ ﺍﺪ " ﺆﺗ ﺓﺪﻴﻘﻋ ﻞﻛ ﱠﻥﺇ ﺔﻨﺴﺣ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻴﺿﺮﻣ ﺔﺠﻴﺘﻧ ﻰﻟﺇ ﻱﺩ ﻞﻤﻌﻟﺍ ﺎﻤﻧﺇﻭ ، ﻂﻘﻓ ﻞﻤﻌﻠﻟ ﺎﻋﻭﺮﺸﻣ ﺓﺮﻜﻔﻟﺍ ﺖﺴﻴﻠﻓ ،ﺔﻴﻘﻴﻘﺣ ﺓﺪﻴﻘﻋ ﻲﻫ ﺎﻤﻧﺇ ،ﺓﺮـﻜﻔﻟﺍ ﺔﺤﺻ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻞﻴﻟﺪﻟﺍ ﻲﻫ ﺞﺋﺎﺘﻨﻟﺍ ﻭﺃ ... ﻲـﻓ ﺖﺴـﻴﻟ ﺓﺮـﻜﻔﻟﺍ ﺔـﻤﻴﻘﻓ ﺒﻄﻧﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺖﺴﻴﻟﻭ ،ﻦﻫﱢﺬﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻫﺮﻴﺜﺗ ﻲﺘﱠﻟﺍ ﻝﺎﻜﺷﻷﺍﻭ ﺭﻮﺼﻟﺍ ﻖﺋﺎـﻘﺣ ﻰـﻠﻋ ﺎـﻬﻗﺎ ﺕﺍﺮـﻴﻐﺘﻟﺍ ﻲـﻓﻭ ﺓﺮـﻜﻔﻟﺍ ﻩﺬـﻫ ﺎـﻬﻴﻟﺇ ﻱﺩﺆﺗ ﻲﺘﱠﻟﺍ ﻝﺎﻤﻋﻷﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻤﻧﺇﻭ ﺕﺍﺩﻮﺟﻮﻤﻟﺍ ﻖﺋﺎــﻘﺣ ﺔــﻟﺎﺤﻟﺍ ﻩﺬــﻫ ﻲــﻓ ﻢــﻬﻳ ﻻﻭ ﺎــﻨﺑ ﺔــﻄﻴﺤﻤﻟﺍ ﺎﻴﻧﺪــﻟﺍ ﻲــﻓ ﺎــﻬﺠﺘﻨﺗ ﻲــﺘﱠﻟﺍ ﺎﻬﺗﺍﺫ ﻲﻓ ﺀﺎﻴﺷﻷﺍ " ) 7 ( . ﻪــﺠﺗﺍ ﺎــﻤﻛ " ﻱﻮــﻳﺩ " ﺔﻴــﺿﺮﻓ ﻲــﻫ ﺓﺮــﻜﻔﻟﺍ ﱠﻥﻷ ،ﺮــﻴﻜﻔﺘﻟﺍ ﺔــﻴﺋﺍﺩﺃ ﻮــﺤﻧ ﻮﻘﺗﻭ ـ ﻞﻌﻔﻟﺍ ﺞﻬﻨـﻤﻟﺍ ﺪـﱢﻛﺆﻳ ﺓﺮـﻴﺧﻷﺍ ﻩﺬـﻫ، ﺔـﻘﻴﻘﺤﻟﺍ ﻮـﺤﻧ ﺎـﻴﻠﻌﻓ ﺎﻫﺪﺣﻭ ﺎﻧﺩ ﻪـﻧﺃ ﺮﻠﻴﺷ ﺪﻛﺆﱢﻳﻭ ،ﺾﺤﻣ ﻲﻧﺎﺴﻧﺇ ﹲﻞﻤﻋ ﺎﻬﻧﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻲﻟﻭﺍﺪﺘﻟﺍ " ﹲﺔـﻘﻴﻘﺣ ﺪـﺟﻮﺗ ﻻ ﺔﻴﻧﺎﺴــﻧﺇ ﻲــﻬﻓ ﺔــﻘﻴﻘﺣ ﱡﻞــﻛ ﺎــﻤﻧﺇﻭ، ﹲﺔــﻘﻠﻄﻣ ... ﻻ ﺔــﻘﻴﻘﺤﻟﺍ ﱠﻥﺈــﻓ ﺍﺬــﻫ ﻰــﻠﻋﻭ ﻜﻴﻣﺎﻨﻳﺩ ﻲـﻫ ﺎـﻤﻧﺇﻭ، ﺪـﺑﻷﺍ ﻰـﻟﺍﻭ ﺓﺪﺣﺍﻭ ﺓﺮﻣ ﻦﹶﻠﻌﺗ ﺓﺮﻤﺘﺴـﻣ ﺓﺭﻭﺮﻴـﺳ ﻲـﻓﻭ ،ﺔـﻴ ) 8 ( . ﻪـﺗﺎﺟﺎﺣﻭ ﻥﺎﺴـﻧﻹﺍ ﻊـﻗﺍﻭ ﺮـﻴﻐﺘﺑ ﺮـﻴﻐﺘﺗ ،ﺔﻘﻠﻄﻣ ﺖﺴﻴﻟﻭ ﺔﻴﺒﺴﻧ ﺔﻘﻴﻘﺤﻟﺎﻓ ﺓﺩﺪﺠﺘﻤﻟﺍ . ﺰـﻴﻣ ﻲﻟﻭﺍﺪـﺘﻟﺍ ﺞﻬﻨـﻤﻟﺍ ﺪـﻋﺍﻮﻗ ﻯﺪـﺣﺇ ﻲـﻓﻭ " ﺲﻤﻴـﺟ " ﻪـﻟﻮﻘﺑ " ﺍﺫﺇ ﱟﻞﻛ ﺮﺛﺃ ﻲﻓﺮﻈﻧﺎﻓ ﻦﻴﺘﻴﻀﻗ ﻕﺪﺻ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺪﻘﺘﻋﺍ ﺎﺤﻟﺍ ﺎﺘﻠﻛ ﻲﻓ ﻚﻛﻮﻠﺳ ﻒﻠﺘﺧﺍ ﻥﺈﻓ ﻲﻠﻤﻌﻟﺍ ﻚﻛﻮﻠﺳ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﻤﻬﻨﻣ ،ﻦﻴﺘﻟ ،ﺓﺪـﺣﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻀـﻗ ﻥﺎﺘﻴﻀـﻘﻟﺎﻓ ،ﺔـﺠﻴﺘﻨﻟﺍ ﻒﻠﺘﺨﺗ ﻢﻟ ﻥﺇﻭ ،ﻥﺎﺘﻔﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﻥﺎﺘﻴﻀﻘﻟﺎﻓ ﻦﻴﺘﻔﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﻦﻴﺗﺭﻮﺼﺑ ﻦﻜﻟﻭ " ) 9 ( . ﻝﻮـــﻘﻳ ، ﺎﻀـــﻳﺃ ﻰـــﻨﻌﻤﻟﺍ ﻲـــﻓ ﺔـــﻳﺮﻈﻧ ﺔـــﻴﺗﺎﻤﻏﺍﺮﺒﻟﺍ ﻭﺪـــﺒﺗ ﺎـــﻨﻫﻭ " ﺱﺮـــﻴﺑ ﺲﻤﻴﺟﻭ " " ﻲـﻓ ﻪـﻧﺎﻜﻣ ﻑﻼﺘﺧﺎـﺑ ﻒـﻠﺘﺨﻳ ﻞـﺑ، ﺎـﺘﺑﺎﺛ ﺎـﻣﻮﻬﻔﻣ ﺲﻴﻟ ﻰﻨﻌﻤﻟﺍ ﱠﻥﺇ ﺕﺍﺩﻮﺟﻮﻤﻟﺍ ﻢﻠﺳ " ) 10 ( . ﺘﺘﻤﻟﺍ ﻥﺈﻓ ﺓﺭﺎﺷﻺﻟﻭ ﺕﺎـﻔﺘﻟﻻﺍ ﻥﻮﻀـﻓﺮﻳ ﻪﺑﺎﺤﺻﺃ ﻥﺃ ﻆﺣﻼﻳ ﺞﻬﻨﻤﻟﺍ ﺍﺬﻬﻟ ﻊﺒ ﺞﻫﺎــﻨﻤﻟﺍ ﻦﻴﻀــﻓﺍﺭ ﻞﺒﻘﺘﺴــﻤﻟﺍ ﻰــﻟﺇ ﺎــﻤﺋﺍﺩ ﻢﻬﻗﺎــﻨﻋﺃ ﺐﺋﺮﺸــﺗﻭ ،ﻲــﺿﺎﻤﻟﺍ ﻰــﻟﺇ ﻞـﻣﺎﺣ ﺽﺎـﻣ ﻦﻴـﺑ ﻞـﺻﻭ ﺔـﻄﻘﻧ ﺮـﺿﺎﺤﻟﺍ ﺫﺎـﺨﺗﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺪﺑﻻ ﻥﺎﻛ ﻥﺇﻭ ،ﺔﻴﺨﻳﺭﺎﺘﻟﺍ ﻞﻀـﻓﺃ ﻥﻮـﻜﻳ ﻥﺃ ﻦـﻜﻤﻳ ﺎـﻤﻋ ﺀﻰـﺒﻨﻳ ﻞﺒﻘﺘﺴـﻣ ﻦﻴـﺑﻭ ، ﺙﺍﺮـﺗ ﻦـﻣ ﻥﺎـﻛ ﺎﻤﻟ ﻲﻧﻼﺤﻜﻟﺍ ﺪﻤﺤﻣ ﺮﻴﺒﻌﺗ ﺪﺣ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻞﻤﻋ ﺮﻔﺼﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺀﺪﺒﻟﺍ ﻥﺃ ﻦﻣ ﻢﻏﺮﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋﻭ ، ﻪﺗﺭﺪﻗ ﺖﺒﺜﻳ ﻥﺃ ﻉﺎﻄﺘﺳﺍ ﺎﻤﻳﺪﻗ ﻱﺮﺸﺒﻟﺍ ﻞﻘﻌﻟﺎﻓ ،ﻼﻴﺤﺘﺴﻣ ﺲﻴﻟ ﻪﻨﻜﻟ ﺐﻌﺻ ﻥﺎﺴــﻧﻹﺍ ﻊﻴﻄﺘﺴـﻳ ﻻ ﻢــﻠﻓ، ﺔﻄﻴﺴـﺒﻟﺍ ﺕﺎــﻴﻄﻌﻤﻟﺍﻭ ﺔـﺌﻴﺒﻟﺍ ﻢــﻏﺭ ﻉﺍﺪـﺑﻹﺍ ﻰـﻠﻋ ﺓﺮﻴﺜﻛ ﺎﻧﺎﻴﺣﺃ ﺔﻗﺭﺎﺧ ﻞﺑ ﺔﻠﺋﺎﻫ ﺕﺎﻴﻄﻌﻣ ﻪﻟ ﺕﺮﻓﻮﺗ ﺪﻗﻭ ﻚﻟﺫ ﻡﻮﻴﻟﺍ ) 11 ( .

ﺍ ﺔــﻄﻘﻧ ﻥﺃ ﻝﻮــﻘﻟﺍ ﻦــﻜﻤﻳ ﻖﺒــﺳ ﺎــﻤﻣﻭ ﻲﻔﺴــﻠﻔﻟﺍ ﺐﻫﺬــﻤﻟﺍ ﻦﻴــﺑ ﺀﺎــﻘﺘﻟﻻ ﺐﻫﺬﻤﻟﺍ ﻥﺎﻛ ﺍﺫﺈﻓ، ﺎﻤﻬﻨﻴﺑ ﻊﻤﺠﻳ ﻱﺬﻟﺍ ﻲﻠﻤﻌﻟﺍ ﻊﻗﺍﻮﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺩﺪﺤﺘﻳ ﺔﻴﻟﻭﺍﺪﺘﻟﺍﻭ ﻲــﻓ ﺖﺴــﻴﻟ ﺎــﻣ ﺔﻟﺄﺴــﻣ ﻭﺃ ﺪــﻘﺘﻌﻣ ﻭﺃ، ﺎــﻣ ﺓﺮــﻜﻓ ﻰــﻨﻌﻣ ﻥﺃ ﻦــﻣ ﻖــﻠﻄﻨﻳ ﻲﻔﺴــﻠﻔﻟﺍ ﻖﺋﺎــﻘﺤﻟ ﺎــﻬﺘﻘﺑﺎﻄﻣ ﻲــﻓ ﺖﺴــﻴﻟﻭ، ﻦﻫﺬــﻟﺍ ﻲــﻓ ﺎــﻫﺮﻴﺜﺗ ﻲــﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻜﺸــﻟﺍ ﺭﻮﺼــﻟﺍ ﺞﺋﺎــﺘﻨﻟﺍ ﻲــﻓ ﺎــﻤﻧﺇﻭ، ﻊــﻗﺍﻮﻟﺍ ﻲــﻓ ﺕﺍﺩﻮــﺟﻮﻤﻟﺍ ﻩﺬــﻫ ﺎــﻬﻴﻟﺇ ﻱﺩﺆــﺗ ﻲــﺘﻟﺍ ﺔــﻴﻠﻤﻌﻟﺍ ﺀﺎـﻨﺛﺃ ﺎﻫﺮﻴﺴـﻔﺗ ﻰـﻟﺇ ﺎـﻬﺗﺍﺫ ﻲـﻓ ﺔـﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﺮﻴﺴـﻔﺗ ﺯﻭﺎـﺠﺘﺗ ﺔـﻴﻟﻭﺍﺪﺘﻟﺍ ﻥﺈﻓ،ﺓﺮﻜﻔﻟﺍ ﺖــﻔﺘﻛﺍ ﻲــﺘﻟﺍ ﺐﻫﺍﺬــﻤﻟﺍ ﻰــﻠﻋ ﻞــﻌﻓ ﺓﺩﺭ ﻦــﻣ ﻚــﻟﺫ ﻞــﻤﺤﻳ ﺎــﻤﺑ ، ﻝﺎﻤﻌﺘــﺳﻻﺍ ﻥﺄــﺷ ﺔــﻴﻠﻛ ﺔــﻴﻤﻳﻮﻘﺗ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻳﺮﻴﺴــﻔﺗ ﺮﻴﻳﺎــﻌﻤﺑ ﺎــﻬﻟ ﺮــﻴﻈﻨﺘﻟﺍﻭ ﺔــﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﻒــﺻﻮﺑ ـﻴﻗ ﺪـﻗ ﺔـﻴﻟﻭﺍﺪﺘﻟﺍ ﺖﻧﺎﻛ ﺍﺫﺇﻭ ، ﻼﺜﻣ ﺔﻳﻮﻴﻨﺒﻟﺍ ﺔـﺳﺭﺎﻤﻤﻟﺎﺑ ﺎـﻫﺭﻮﻄﺗ ﺀﺎـﻨﺛﺃ ﺕﺪ ﻼــﻘﺣ ﺎﻬﻔــﺻﻮﺑ ﺎﻬﻟﻼﻘﺘـﺳﺍ ﺔﻧﺎﻴــﺻ ﻲـﻓ ﺕﺬــﺧﺃ ﺎـﻬﻧﺈﻓ، ﺔــﻴﺗﺎﻤﻏﺍﺮﺒﻠﻟ ﺔﻴﻔﺴـﻠﻔﻟﺍ ﻡﺎــﻤﺘﻫﻻﺍ ﺔــﺠﻟﺎﻌﻣ ﻲــﻓ ﻲــﻠﻤﻌﻟﺍ ﺎــﻫﺩﻮﺟﻭ ﺰــﻴﺣ ﻰــﻠﻋ ﺎــﻬﺘﻈﻓﺎﺤﻤﺑ ﻼﻳﺪــﺑ ﺎــﻳﻮﻐﻟ ﻲــﺘﻟﺍ ﺪــﺻﺎﻘﻤﻟﺎﺑ ﻖــﻠﻌﺘﻤﻟﺍ ﻱﻮــﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﻝﺎﻤﻌﺘــﺳﻻﺎﺑ ﻢﺘــﻬﻳ ﻱﺬــﻟﺍ ﻲﻣﻮــﻴﻟﺍ ﻰﻨﻌﻤﻟﺎــﺑ ﻞﺻﺍﻮﺘﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻳﻮﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﺮﻫﺍﻮﻈﻟﺍ ﺎﻬﻘﻘﺤﺗ ) 12 ( . ﻲــﻓ ﺺﺨﻠﺘــﻳ ﻢــﻟ ، ﺓﺮــﺻﺎﻌﻤﻟﺍ ﺔــﻴﻟﻭﺍﺪﺘﻟﺍ ﺭﻮــﻬﻇ ﻲــﻓ ﺔﻔﺴــﻠﻔﻟﺍ ﺮﻴﺛﺄــﺗ ﻥﺇ ﻑﺮــﻌﻳ ﺮـﺧﺃ ﺎـﻫﺎﺠﺗﺍ ﻚﻟﺬـﻛ ﺪـﺠﻧ ﻞـﺑ ،ﻂـﻘﻓ ﻲـﻜﻳﺮﻣﻷﺍ ﻲﻌﺋﺍﺭﺬـﻟﺍ ﻩﺎـﺠﺗﻻﺍ ﻪـﺗﺎﻫﺎﺠﺗﺍ ﻒـﻠﺘﺨﻤﺑ ﻲﻔﺴـﻠﻔﻟﺍ ﺭﺎـﻴﺘﻟﺍ ﺍﺬـﻫ ﻞﻜـﺷ ﺪﻘﻠﻓ، ﺔﻴﻠﻴﻠﺤﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻔﺴﻠﻔﻟﺎﺑ ﻢﻴﻫﺎـﻔﻤﻟﺍ ﺮـﺜﻛﺍ ﺎـﻬﻨﻣ ﺖـﻘﺜﺒﻧﺍ ﻲـﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻓﺮﻌﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻔﻠﺨﻟﺍ ﻩﺎﻳﺎﻀﻗﻭ ﻪﺗﺎﻣﺎﻤﺘﻫﺍﻭ ﺪﺘﻟﺍ ﻲــــﻓ ﺔــــﻠﺜﻤﺘﻣ ﺔــــﻴﻤﻫﺃ ﺔـــﻴﻟﻭﺍ " ﻡﻮــــﻬﻔﻣﻭ ،ﺔــــﻴﻣﻼﻜﻟﺍ ﻝﺎــــﻌﻓﻷﺍ ﻡﻮـــﻬﻔﻣ ﺔﻳﺪﺼﻘﻟﺍ " ﺔﻴﻟﻭﺍﺪﺘﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻧﺎﺴﻠﻟﺍ ﺀﻮﺸﻧ ﻲﻓ ﺮﺷﺎﺒﻤﻟﺍ ﺐﺒﺴﻟﺍ ﻚﻟﺬﺑ ﺖﻧﺎﻜﻓ . ﺔﻔـﺳﻼﻓ ﻊﻣ ﺕﺄﺸﻧ ﺔﻴﻠﻴﻠﺤﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻔﺴﻠﻔﻟﺍ ﻥﺃ ﻰﻟﺇ ﻦﻴﺳﺭﺍﺪﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺮﻴﺜﻜﻟﺍ ﺐﻫﺫ ﻝﺎــﺜﻣﺃ ﻦــﻣ ﺔــﺜﻳﺪﺤﻟﺍ ﺔــﻳﺰﻴﻠﺠﻧﻻﺍ ﺔــﺳﺭﺪﻤﻟﺍ ": ﺭﻮــﻣ ﺝﺭﻮــﺟ " ، " ﻞــﺳﺍﺭﺪﻧﺍﺮﺗﺮﺑ " ، " ﻦﻳﺎﺘﺸﻨﺠﺘﻴﻓ " ﻢﺛ ، " ﺏﺎـﻧﺭﺎﻛ " ﻭ" ﺮـﻳﺁ .. " ﻦـﻜﻟﻭ ،ﻦﻳﺮﺸـﻌﻟﺍ ﻥﺮـﻘﻟﺍ ﺮـﺧﺍﻭﺃ ﻲـﻓ ﻞـﺑ ،ﺍﺪـﻳﺪﺟ ﺲﻴـﻟ ﻒﺴـﻠﻔﺘﻟﺍ ﻲـﻓ ﺔﻘﻳﺮﻃ ﻪﻔﺻﻮﺑ ﻭ ﻲﻤﻠﻋ ﺀﺍﺮﺟﺈﻛ ﻞﻴﻠﺤﺘﻟﺍ ﻝﺎــﺜﻣﺃ ﻥﺎـﻧﻮﻴﻟﺍ ﺔﻔـﺳﻼﻓ ﻥﺎــﻣﺯ ﻰـﻟﺇ ﻲﻔﺴـﻠﻔﻟﺍ ﻞــﻴﻠﺤﺘﻟﺍ ﺭﻭﺬـﺠﺑ ﺩﻮـﻌﻧ ﻥﺃ ﻦـﻜﻤﻳ " ﻥﻮـــﻃﻼﻓﺃ " ﻭ" ﻮﻄـــﺳﺭﺃ " ﻦـــﻣ ﺮـــﻴﺜﻛﻭ ،ﻰﻄـــﺳﻮﻟﺍ ﺭﻮﺼـــﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﻔـــﺳﻼﻓ ﺾـــﻌﺑﻭ، ﺍ ، ﻦﻴﺛﺪــﺤﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻔــﺳﻼﻔﻟﺍ ﻪــﻟ ﻥﺎــﻛﻭ ﻲﻔﺴــﻠﻔﻟﺍ ﺙﺍﺮــﺘﻟﺍ ﺍﺬــﻫ ﺍﻮﺒﻋﻮﺘــﺳﺍ ﻦﻳﺬــﻟ ﻢﻬﺗﺎﻫﺎﺠﺗﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻩﺮﻴﺛﺄﺗ . ) 13 ( ﻲﻧﺎﻤﻟﻷﺍ ﻑﻮﺴﻠﻴﻔﻠﻟ ﻥﺇ " ﻪـﺠﻳﺮﻓ ﺏﻮـﻠﺗﻮﻏ " (1925-1848) Gotllob Frege ﻪـﺑﺎﺘﻛ ﻲـﻓ " ﺏﺎﺴـﺤﻟﺍ ﻢـﻠﻋ ﺲــﺳﺃ " ﻲــﻤﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﻡﻮـﻬﻔﻤﻟﺍ ﺭﻮــﻠﺒﺗ ﻲـﻓ ﻲﻟﻮـﻄﻟﺍ ﺪــﻴﻟﺍ ﺔـــﺒﻠﻃ ﻰـــﻠﻋ ﺎــﻫﺎﻘﻟﺃ ﻲـــﺘﻟﺍ ﻪــﺳﻭﺭﺪﻟ ﻥﺎـــﻛ ﺫﺇ ،ﺔــﻴﻠﻴﻠﺤﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻔﺴـــﻠﻔﻠﻟ ﻡﺭﺎﺼــﻟﺍ ــﻠﻔﻟﺍ ﺎــﺑﻭﺭﻭﺃ ﺀﺎــﺤﻧﺃ ﻊــﻴﻤﺟ ﻲــﻓ ﹲﻎﻟﺎــﺑ ﺮــﺛﺃ ﺔــﻴﻧﺎﻤﻟﻷﺍ ﺔــﻌﻣﺎﺠﻟﺎﺑ ﻖــﻄﻨﻤﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻔﺴ ﺔـﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﺔﻔـﺳﻼﻓ ﺾـﻌﺑ ﺪـﻨﻋ ﻪـﺣﺮﻃ ﺎـﻣ ﻥﺎـﻛ ﺪﻘﻟ ﻞﺑ ،ﺎﺴﻤﻨﻟﺍﻭ ﺎﻴﻧﺎﻤﻟﺃ ﺔﺻﺎﺧ ﻲـﻓ ﺰـﻴﻣ ﺫﺇ ،ﻱﻮـﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﺚـﺤﺒﻟﺍ ﻕﺎـﻄﻧ ﻲـﻓ ﺍﺪـﻳﺪﺟ ﺎﻴﻔﺴـﻠﻓ ﺎـﺑﻼﻘﻧﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺓﺭﻮﺛ ﻞﺜﻤﻳ ـﺟﺮﻤﻟﺍﻭ ﻰـﻨﻌﻤﻟﺍ ﻦﻴـﺑﻭ ،ﻝﻮـﻤﺤﻤﻟﺍ ﻢـﺳﻻﺍﻭ ﻢـﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﻢـﺳﺍ ﻦﻴـﺑ ﺔـﻴﻟﻻﺪﻟﺍ ﻪﺘﻳﺅﺭ ﻊ ﺙﺪــﺣﺄﻓ ،ﺀﺎﻀــﺘﻗﻻﺍﻭ ﺔــﻟﺎﺣﻹﺍ ﺎــﻤﻫ ﻦﻴﻣﺎــﻫ ﻦﻴﻟﻭﺍﺪــﺗ ﻦﻴﻣﻮــﻬﻔﻣ ﻦﻴــﺑ ﻂــﺑﺭﻭ ﻞــﻛ ﻥﺎــﻛﻭ ،ﺔــﺜﻳﺪﺤﻟﺍﻭ ﺔــﻤﻳﺪﻘﻟﺍ ﺔﻔﺴــﻠﻔﻟﺍ ﻦﻴــﺑ ﺔــﻴﻓﺮﻌﻣ ﺔــﻌﻴﻄﻗ ﻚﻟﺬــﺑ ﺍﺪﻳﺪﺟ ﺎﻴﻔﺴﻠﻓ ﺎﺠﻬﻨﻣ ﻞﻴﻠﺤﺘﻟﺍ ﺩﺎﻤﺘﻋﺍ ﺞﺋﺎﺘﻧ ﻦﻣ ﻚﻟﺫ . ) 14 (

ﻱﻭﺎﺴـــــــﻤﻨﻟﺍ ﻑﻮﺴـــــــﻠﻴﻔﻟﺍ ﻰـــــــﻔﺘﻗﺍ " ﻦﻳﺎﺘﺸـــــــﻨﺠﻴﻓ ﻎـــــــﻴﻓﺩﻮﻟ " (1951-1889)L.Wittgenstein ﺮـﺛﺍ " ﻪــﺠﻳﺮﻓ " ﺲــﺳﺃﻭ ﻩﺎﻤــﺳ ﺍﺪــﻳﺪﺟ ﺎﻴﻔﺴــﻠﻓ ﺎـﻫﺎﺠﺗﺍ : ﺔﻳﺩﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﺔﻔﺴﻠﻓ . ﺔـﺻﺎﺧ ﺔـﻘﻃﺎﻨﻤﻟﺍ ﻥﻮﻴﻌﺿﻮﻟﺍ ﻪﺟﻭﺭ ﺎﻣ ﻪﻟﻼﺧ ﻦﻣ ﺾﻓﺭ ﻲــﻓ ﻪﻌــﺿﻭ ﻲــﻓ ﺎﻛﺭﺎﺸــﻣ ﻪﺴــﻔﻧ ﻮــﻫ ﻥﺎــﻛ ﻱﺬــﻟﺍ ﻖﺑﺎﺴــﻟﺍ ﺽﺍﺮــﺘﻓﻻﺍ ﻡﻮــﻬﻔﻣ ﻪﺑﺎﺘﻛ " ﺔﻴﻔﺴﻠﻓ ﺔﻴﻘﻄﻨﻣ ﺔﻟﺎﺳﺭ " ﻡﺎﻋ 1930 . ﻦـﻣ ﺔـﻋﻮﻤﺠﻣ ﻢـﺿﻭ ﺝﺪـﻳﺮﺒﻤﻛ ﻲـﻓ ﺔـﻳﺍﺪﺒﻟﺍ ﻲـﻓ ﻩﺎـﺠﺗﻻﺍ ﺍﺬـﻫ ﻉﺎﺷ ﺪﻗﻭ ﺄــﺘﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻔــﺳﻼﻔﻟﺍ ﺮــﺷﺎﺒﻣ ﻞﻜﺸــﺑ ﻦﻳﺮﺛ " ﻦﻳﺎﺘﺸــﻨﺠﺘﻔﺑ " ﻢﻬﻨــﻣ ": ﻡﻭﺩﺯﻭ ﻥﻮــﺟ " J.Wisdom ﻭ ، " ﻢﻟﻮﻜﻟﺎــــــــــــﻣ " N.Malcolm ﻭ ، " ﺝ .ﺃ . ﻝﻮـــــــــــــﺑ " G.A.Paul ، ﻭ" ﺰـــﺘﻳﻭﺭﺰﻴﻟ " M.Lazerowitz ، ﻭ" ﺐﻣﻮﻜﺘـــﺳﺍ " Anscombe ﻭ، " ﻥﺎـــﻣﺰﻳﺎﻓ " Waisman ، ﺓﺎـﻓﻭ ﺪـﻌﺑﻭ " ﻦﻳﺎﺘﺸـﺠﺘﻴﻓ " ﻦـﻣ ﻲﻔﺴـﻠﻔﻟﺍ ﻡﺎـﻤﺘﻫﻻﺍ ﺰـﻛﺮﻣ ﻞـﻘﺘﻧﺍ ﺔﻣﺎﻋﺯ ﺖﺤﺗ ﺩﺭﻮﻔﺴﻛﺍ ﻰﻟﺇ ﺝﺪﻳﺮﺒﻤﻛ " ﻞـﻳﺍﺭ ﺕﺮﻴﻠﺟ " (19761900)G.Ryle ﻭ" ﻦﻴﺘـــﺳﻭﺍ ﻥﻮـــﺟ " J.Austin ، " ﻥﻮـــﺳﻭﺍﺮﺘﺳ " Strawson ﻭ، " ﺕﺮـــﻴﻫ " Hart ﻭ" ﺮﻳﺎﺸﻣﺎﻫ " Hamshire ﻭ، " ﺮﻴﻫ " Hare ﻭ ، " ﻙﻮﻧﺭﺍ " Warnock . ﻦﻜﻳ ﻢﻟ " ﻦﻳﺎﺘﺸﺠﺘﻴﻓ " ﺀﺎـﺟ ﻱﺬـﻟﺍ ﻲﻔﺴـﻠﻔﻟﺍ ﺪـﻳﺪﺠﺘﻟﺎﺑ ﺪﻴﺣﻮﻟﺍ ﺮﺛﺄﺘﻤﻟﺍ ﻪــﺑ " ﻪــﺠﻳﺮﻓ " ﻝﺎــﺜﻣﺃ ﻦــﻣ ﻥﻭﺮــﻴﺜﻛ ﺔﻔــﺳﻼﻓ ﻪــﺑ ﺮﺛﺄــﺗ ﻞــﺑ ، " : ﻣﺩﺇ ﻝﺮــﺳﻮﻫﺪﻧﻮ " Hausserl edmoond ﻭ" ﺏﺎــﻧﺭﺎﻛ " Carnap ﻭ ، " ﻦﻴﺘــﺳﻭﺃ " Austin ﻭ " ﻝﺮﻴــﺳ " Searle ﻥﺃ ﺎــﻫﺩﺎﻔﻣ ﺔﻛﺮﺘﺸــﻣ ﺔــﻣﺎﻋ ﺔﻤﻠﺴــﻣ ﻢﻬﻨــﻴﺑ ﻊــﻤﺠﺗ ﻦﻳﺬــﻟﺍ، ﻢﻫﺮــﻴﻏﻭ ﺍﺬـﻫ ﻦـﻋ ﺓﺮـﺒﻌﻤﻟﺍ ﺓﺪـﻴﺣﻮﻟﺍ ﻲـﻫﻭ، ﻪـﻤﻟﺎﻋﻭ ﻪـﺗﺍﺫ ﻢﻬﻔﻟ ﻥﺎﺴﻧﻹﺍ ﺓﺍﺩﺃ ﻲﻫ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﻢﻬﻔﻟﺍ . ) 15 ( ـﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻲـﻓ ﺔـﻴﻠﻴﻠﺤﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻔﺴﻠﻔﻟﺍ ﻡﻮﻬﻔﻣ ﻞﻤﺠﻧ ﻥﺃ ﻦﻜﻤﻳﻭ ﺙﻼـﺛ ﺕﺎـﻣﺎﻤﺘﻫﺍﻭ ﺐ ﻲﻫ : ) 16 ( 1 -ﺓﺭﻭﺮﺿ ﻲﻠﺨﺘﻟﺍ ﻦﻋ ﺞﻬﻨﻣ ﺚﺤﺒﻟﺍ ﻲﻔﺴﻠﻔﻟﺍ ﻲﻜﻴﺳﻼﻜﻟﺍ ﺔﺻﺎﺧ ﻲﻘﻳﺰﻴﻓﺎﺘﻴﻤﻟﺍ . 2 -ﻝﺎــﻘﺘﻧﻻﺍ ﻦــﻣ " ﺔــﻳﺮﻈﻧ ﺔــﻓﺮﻌﻤﻟﺍ " ﻰــﻟﺇ " ﻞــﻴﻠﺤﺘﻟﺍ ﻱﻮــﻐﻠﻟﺍ " ﻉﻮــﺿﻮﻤﻛ ﺚــﺤﺒﻠﻟ ﻲﻔﺴﻠﻔﻟﺍ . 3 -ﺪﻳﺪﺠﺗ ﻖﻴﻤﻌﺗﻭ ﺾﻌﺑ ﺚﺣﺎﺒﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻳﻮﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﺔﺻﺎﺧ، ﺔـﻟﻻﺪﻟﺍ ﺎـﻣﻭ ﻉﺮـﻔﺘﻳ ﺎـﻬﻨﻋ ﻦـﻣ ﺮﻫﺍﻮﻇ ﺔﻳﻮﻐﻟ . ﻴﻤﻧ ﻥﺃ ﻦﻜﻤﻳ ﺎﻤﻛ ﺔـﻴﻠﻴﻠﺤﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻔﺴـﻠﻔﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﺴﻴﺋﺭ ﺕﺎﻫﺎﺠﺗﺍ ﺔﺛﻼﺛ ﻦﻴﺑ ﺰ ﻲﻫ : ) 17 ( 1 -ﻩﺎـــﺠﺗﻻﺍ ﻲﻌـــﺿﻮﻟﺍ ﻲـــﻘﻄﻨﻤﻟﺍ Postivisme Logique ﺔـــﻣﺎﻋﺰﺑ " ﻒـــﻟﻭﺩﻭﺭ ﺏﺎﻧﺭﺎﻛ " R.carnap ) 1891 -1970 . ( 2 -ﺔﻴﺗﺍﺮﻫﺎﻈﻟﺍ ﺔﻳﻮﻐﻠﻟﺍ Phénoménologie du langage ﺔﻣﺎﻋﺰﺑ ﻝﺮﺳﻮﻫﺪﻧﻮﻣﺩﺇ . 3 ﺔﻔﺴـﻠﻓ ﺔـﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﺔـﻳﺩﺎﻌﻟﺍ Phénoménologie du langage ordinaire ﺔـﻣﺎﻋﺰﺑ " ﻦﻳﺎﺘﺸﺠﺘﻴﻓ " ﻱﺬﻟﺍ ﺖﻘﺜﺒﻧﺍ ﻪﻨﻣ ﺓﺮﻫﺎﻇ ﻝﺎﻌﻓﻷﺍ ﺔﻴﻣﻼﻜﻟﺍ . ﻝﺍﺪﺒﺘـﺳﺍ ﺐﺒﺴـﺑ ﺔـﻴﻟﻭﺍﺪﺘﻟﺍ ﺕﺎـﻣﺎﻤﺘﻫﺍ ﻦـﻋ ﻥﻻﻭﻷﺍ ﻥﺎﻫﺎﺠﺗﻻﺍ ﺝﺮﺧ ﺪﻗﻭ ﺔﻴﻠـﺻﺍﻮﺘﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺪـﻘﻟﺍ ﻰﺼـﻗﺄﻓ، ﺔﻌﻨﻄﺼـﻣ ﻯﺮﺧﺃ ﺕﺎﻐﻠﺑ ﺔﻴﻌﻴﺒﻄﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻐﻠﻟ ﺎﻤﻬﻟﻭﺃ ﺓﺮـــﻴﺧﻷﺍ ﻩﺬـــﻫ ﺎـــﻬﻜﻠﺘﻤﺗ ﻲـــﺘﻟﺍ . ـــﺻﺍﻮﺗ ﻝﺎـــﺠﻣ ﺽﺍﺮﺘﻓﺎـــﺑ ﻢﺘـــﻫﺍ ﻭ ﺰـــﻴﻤﺘﻳ ﻲﻠ ﺕﺎــــﻐﻠﻟﺎﺑ ﺹﺎــــﺨﻟﺍ ﻖﻴﻀــــﻟﺍ ﻲــــﻤﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﺺﺼــــﺨﺘﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻤــــﺳﺮﻟﺍﻭ ﺔــــﻳﺩﻭﺪﺤﻤﻟﺎﺑ

ﺔﻠﻳﺪﺒﻟﺍ . ﻦـﻋ ﻯﺮـﺧﻷﺍ ﻲﻫ ﺕﺪﻌﺘﺑﺍ ﺎﻬﻧﺃ ﺎﻬﻴﻠﻋ ﺬﺧﺆﻴﻓ ﺔﻳﻮﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﺗﺍﺮﻫﺎﻈﻟﺍ ﺎﻣﺃ ﻩﺎﻤـﺳ ﺎـﻤﺑ ﺖﻤﺘﻫﺍ ﻭ ﺔﻴﻌﻴﺒﻄﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻐﻠﻟ ﻱﺩﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﻝﺎﻤﻌﺘﺳﻻﺍ " ﺮﻴـﺳﻮﺳ " " ﺔـﻠﺣﺮﻤﻟﺎﺑ ﺔﻴﻤﻳﺪﺴﻟﺍ " ﻭ ﺪﻳﺮﺠﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻐﻟﺎﺑ ﺔﻳﺩﻮﺟﻭ ﻞﺒﻗ ﺎﻣ ﺔﻴﻨﻫﺫ ﺔﻠﺣﺮﻣ ﻲﻫﻭ ، ﺔـﻗﻼﻋ ﻻ ﻟﺍ ﻑﻭﺮـﻈﺑ ﻻﻭ ﻱﻮـﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﻻﺎﺑ ﺎﻬﻟ ﻦﻴـﻤﻠﻜﺘﻤﻟﺍ ﺽﺍﺮﻏﺄـﺑ ﻻﻭ، ﻞـﺻﺍﻮﺘ ... ﺃﺪــﺒﻤﺑ ﻰــﺗﺃ ﺭﺎــﻴﺘﻟﺍ ﺍﺬــﻫ ﻥﺃ ﻻﺇ، ﻲﻟﻭﺍﺪــﺗ ﺮــﻴﻏ ﻩﺎــﺠﺗﻻﺍ ﺍﺬــﻫ ﺮــﺒﺘﻋﺍ ﻚﻟﺬــﻟﻭ ﺔﻳﺪﺼــﻘﻟﺍ ﺃﺪــﺒﻣ ﻮــﻫ ﻡﺎــﻫ ﻲﻟﻭﺍﺪــﺗ ﻲــﺋﺍﺮﺟﺇ Intentionnalité ﻩﺮﻤﺜﺘــﺳﺍ ﻱﺬــﻟﺍ " ﻦﻴﺘﺳﻭﺍ " ﻩﺬـﻴﻤﻠﺗ ﻩﺭﻮـﻃﻭ ﻡﻼـﻜﻟﺍ ﻝﺎـﻌﻓﻷ ﻪﺘـﺳﺍﺭﺩ ﻲﻓ " ﻝﺮﻴـﺳ " ﻪﻔﻴﻨﺼـﺗ ﻲـﻓ ﻝﻮﻘﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻨﻤﻀﺘﻤﻟﺍ ﻯﻮﻘﻠﻟ . ﺔﻣﺎﻋﺰﺑ ﺔﻳﺩﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﺔﻔﺴﻠﻓ ﺭﺎﻴﺗ ﻻﺇ ﻥﺫﺇ ﻖﺒﻳ ﻢﻠﻓ " ﻦﻳﺎﺘﺸـﺠﻴﺘﻓ " ﻱﺬـﻟﺍ ﻮـﻫ ﻝﺎﻤﻌﺘﺳﻻﺍ ﻥﺍﻭ ،ﺎﻬﺗﻼﻜﺸﻣ ﻊﻴﻤﺟ ﻞﺤﻟ ﺔﻔﺴﻠﻔﻟﺍ ﺓﺍﺩﺃ ﻲﻫ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﻥﺃ ﺪﻛﺆﻳ ﺔﻔــﺳﻼﻓ ﻚــﻟﺫ ﺪــﻌﺑ ﻰــﻨﺒﺗ ﻢــﺛ ، ﺎﻬﻣﺍﺪﺨﺘــﺳﺍﻭ ﺔــﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﻢﻴــﻠﻌﺗ ﺐﺴــﻜﻳ ﻱﺬــﻟﺍ ﺭﺎـﻜﻓﺃ ﺩﺭﻮﻔﺴـﻛﺃ ﺔﺳﺭﺪﻣ " ﻦﻳﺎﺘﺸـﻨﺠﺘﻓ " ﺝ ﺎﻤﻴـﺳﻻ ﺎـﻫﻭﺭﻮﻃﻭ . ﻲـﻓ ﻦﻴﺘـﺳﻭﺃ ﻝ ﻪﻔﻟﺆﻣ " ﻞﻌﻔﻟﺍ ﻮﻫ ﻝﻮﻘﻟﺍ ﻥﻮﻜﻳ ﺎﻣﺪﻨﻋ " ﻯﻮـﻘﻠﻟ ﻪﺘـﺳﺍﺭﺩ ﻲـﻓ ﻝﺮﻴﺳ ﻩﺬﻴﻤﻠﺗﻭ ، ﻝﻮـﻘﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻨﻤﻀﺘﻤﻟﺍ ) 18 ( . ﺔـﻴﻠﻴﻠﺤﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻔﺴـﻠﻔﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﻫﺎﺴـﻣ ﺺـﺨﻠﻧ ﻥﺃ ﻦـﻜﻤﻳﻭ ﻩﺎﻧﺩﺃ ﺔﻃﺎﻄﺨﻟﺎﺑ ﺔﻴﻟﻭﺍﺪﺘﻟﺍ ﺓﺄﺸﻧ ﻲﻓ ﺙﻼﺜﻟﺍ ﺎﻬﺗﺎﻫﺎﺠﺗﺎﺑ ) 19 ( : ﻌﻣ ﻻﻮــﺻﺃ ﺔــﻴﻟﻭﺍﺪﺘﻟﺍ ﻢﻴﻫﺎــﻔﻤﻠﻟ ﻥﺇ ﺔــﻨﻳﺎﺒﺘﻣ ﺔــﻳﺮﻜﻓ ﻊﺑﺎــﻨﻣﻭ ،ﺔــﻴﻓﺮ ﻦﻴـﺑ ﻞـﺻﻭ ﺔـﻘﻠﺣ ﺔـﻴﻟﻭﺍﺪﺘﻟﺍ ﺕﺪـﻏ ﻰﺘﺣ ﺩﻮﺟﻮﻟﺍ ﻰﻟﺇ ﺎﻬﺟﺍﺮﺧﺇ ﻲﻓ ﺖﻤﻫﺎﺳ، ﻢــﻠﻋﻭ ،ﺕﺎﻴﻧﺎﺴــﻠﻟﺍﻭ ،ﻲــﻓﺮﻌﻤﻟﺍ ﺲﻔﻨــﻟﺍ ﻢــﻠﻌﻛ ﺔﻴﻧﺎﺴــﻧﻹﺍ ﻡﻮــﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﻦــﻣ ﺩﺪــﻋ ﺕﺮﺷﺍ ﺎﻤﻛ ﺔﻴﻠﻴﻠﺤﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻔﺴﻠﻔﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺓﺩﺎﻳﺯ ،ﻝﺎﺼﺗﻻﺍ . ﺔﻴﻠﻴﻠﺤﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻔﺴﻠﻔﻟﺍ ﻲﻓﺮﻌﻤﻟﺍ ﺲﻔﻨﻟﺍ ﻢﻠﻋ ﻝﺎﺼﺗﻻﺍ ﻡﻮﻠﻋ ﺔــﻴﻟﻭﺍﺪﺘﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻴـﻧﺎﺴﻠﻟﺍ ) 20 ( ﺔﻴﻠﻴﻠﺤﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻔﺴﻠﻔﻟﺍ ﺔﻳﻮﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﺗﺍﺮﻫﺎﻈﻟﺍ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﺔﻔﺴﻠﻓ ﺔﻳﺩﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻨﻄﺼﻤﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﺱﺭﺪﻳ ﻞﻳﺪﺒﻛ ﺕﺎﻐﻠﻟ ﺔﻴﻌﻴﺒﻄﻟﺍ ﺔﻐﻠﻟ ﻖﺑﺎﺴﻟﺍ ﺩﻮﺟﻮﻟﺍ ﺱﺭﺪﻳ ﺎﻬﻟ ﻖﺣﻼﻟﺍ ﺩﻮﺟﻮﻟﺍﻭ ) ﺔﻳﺪﻳﺮﺠﺗ ﺔﻴﻨﻫﺫ ( ﺀﺎﻨﺛﺃ ﺔﻴﻣﻮﻴﻟﺍ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﺱﺭﺪﻳ ﻞﺒﻗ ﻦﻣ ﻱﺩﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﻝﺎﻤﻌﺘﺳﻻﺍ ﻱﺩﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﻢﻠﻜﺘﻤﻟﺍ ﺱﺭﺪﻟﺍ ﻦﻋ ﺪﻴﻌﺑ ﻲﻟﻭﺍﺪﺘﻟﺍ ﺱﺭﺪﻟﺍ ﻢﻴﻤﺻ ﻲﻓ ﻲﻟﻭﺍﺪﺘﻟﺍ ﻲﻘﻄﻨﻤﻟﺍ ﻲﻌﺿﻮﻟﺍ ﻩﺎﺠﺗﻻﺍ

ﺝﺮـﻌﻧ ، ﻲﻔﺴـﻠﻔﻟﺍ ﺙﺍﺮـﺘﻟﺍ ﻲـﻓ ﺓﺪـﺘﻤﻤﻟﺍ ﺔـﻴﻟﻭﺍﺪﺘﻟﺍ ﺭﻭﺬﺟ ﻰﻟﺇ ﺓﺭﺎﺷﻹﺍ ﺪﻌﺑﻭ ﺎـﻬﻟﺎﻔﻏﺇ ﻦـﻜﻤﻳ ﻻ ﺔـﻴﺨﻳﺭﺎﺗ ﺔﻘﻴﻘﺣ ﺎﻨﻬﺟﺍﻮﺗ ﺚﻴﺣ ﻲﻧﺎﺴﻠﻟﺍ ﺎﻬﺌﺸﻨﻣ ﻰﻟﺇ ﻥﻵﺍ ﻊﻀــﺗ " ﺱﺮــﻴﺑ ﺱﺮﻳﺪﻧﺎــﺳ ﻝﺭﺎــﺷ " ﻴﻧﺎﺴــﻠﻟ ﻞــﺋﺍﻭﻷﺍ ﻦﻴﺴــﺳﺆﻤﻟﺍ ﺔــﻬﺟﺍﻭ ﻲــﻓ ﺕﺎ ﺎﻣﺪـﻌﺑ ﺔـﺛﻼﺜﻟﺍ ﻩﺩﺎـﻌﺑﺃﻭ ﻱﻮـﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﻞﻴﻟﺪـﻟﺍ ﺓﺮـﻜﻔﻟ ﻩﺭﻮﺼـﺗ ﻝﻼـﺧ ﻦﻣ ﺔﻴﻟﻭﺍﺪﺘﻟﺍ ﻮــﻫ ﺎــﻣ ﻦﻴــﺑ ﻩﺰــﻴﻴﻤﺗ ﻲــﻓ ﻂﻧﺎــﻛ ﻯﺪــﻟ ﺔــﻴﻧﺎﻤﻟﻷﺍ ﺔــﻴﻟﺎﺜﻤﻟﺎﺑ ﺮﺛﺄــﺗ ﺪــﻗ ﻥﺎــﻛ ﻲﻠﻤﻋ ﻮﻫ ﺎﻣﻭ ﻲﺗﺎﻤﻏﺍﺮﺑ . ﻪﻔﻟﺆﻣ ﻲﻓ ﺵﻻﺩ ﻲﻟﻼﻴﺠﻟﺍ ﻝﻮﻘﻳ " ﺔـﻴﻟﻭﺍﺪﺘﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻧﺎﺴـﻠﻟﺍ ﻰـﻟﺇ ﻞﺧﺪـﻣ " " ﺪـﻘﻟ ﺵ ﻲﺋﺎﻴﻤﻴﺴــﻟﺍ ﻢﻟﺎــﻌﻠﻟ ﻥﺎــﻛ . ــﻄﻟﺍ ﺪــﻴﻟﺍ ﺱﺮــﻴﺑ ﺱ ﻱﺬــﻟﺍ ﻒــﻄﻌﻨﻤﻟﺍ ﻲــﻓ ﻲﻟﻮ ﺔﻴﻟﻭﺍﺪﺘﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻧﺎﺴﻠﻟﺍ ﺏﻮﺻ ﻞﺼﺣ )" 21 . ( ﺎﻬﺑﺎﺘﻛ ﻲﻓ ﻲﻤﻴﻫﺍﺮﺑﻹﺍ ﺐﻟﺎﻃ ﺔﻟﻮﺧ ﻚﻟﺬﻛ ﻪﻴﻟﺇ ﺕﺭﺎﺷﺃ ﺎﻣ ﺍﺬﻫﻭ " ﺉﺩﺎﺒﻣ ﺕﺎﻴﻧﺎﺴﻠﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ " ﺏﺎـﻄﺨﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻧﺎﺴﻟ ﻦﻋ ﺚﻳﺪﺤﻠﻟ ﺊﻃﻮﺗ ﻲﻫﻭ . ﻝﻮـﻘﺗ ": ﺔـﻘﻴﻘﺣﻭ ﻊـﻣ ﻥﺮـﻘﻟﺍ ﺍﺬـﻫ ﺔﻳﺍﺪﺑﻭ ،ﻲﺿﺎﻤﻟﺍ ﻥﺮﻘﻟﺍ ﻞﺋﺍﻭﺃ ﺕﺮﻬﻇ ﺔﻴﻟﻭﺃ ﺕﺎﺻﺎﻫﺭﺇ ﻥﺇ ﻝﻮﻘﻟﺍ ﺑ ﺕﺍﻮﻋﺩ ﺮﻴﺳﻮﺳ ﻱﺩ ﺮﺻﺎﻋ ﻱﺬﻟﺍ ﺱﺮﻴ ... ﻱﻮـﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﻞﻴﻟﺪـﻟﺍ ﻝﻭﺎـﻨﺗ ﻰـﻟﺇ ﻪـﺗﺍﻮﻋﺩ ﻥﺎـﻴﻛ ﻲـﻓ ﺔـﻌﻤﺘﺠﻣ ﺓﺩﻮـﺟﻮﻣ ﻊـﻗﺍﻮﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺖﻧﺎﻛ ﻥﺍﻭ ﻰﺘﺣ ﺔﺛﻼﺜﻟﺍ ﻩﺩﺎﻌﺑﺃ ﻲﻓ ﺔﺳﺍﺭﺪﻠﻟ ﺎﻬﻠﺼﻓ ﻲﻀﺘﻘﺗ ﻞﻴﻠﺤﺘﻟﺍ ﺓﺭﻭﺮﺿ ﻥﺈﻓ ،ﺪﺣﺍﻭ ) " 22 .( ﺓﺮـﺻﺎﻌﻣ ﻰـﻟﺇ ﺕﺭﺎـﺷﺃ ﺪـﻗ ﺔــﺜﺣﺎﺒﻟﺍ ﻥﺃ ﻝﻮـﻘﻟﺍ ﺍﺬـﻫ ﻰـﻠﻋ ﻆـﺣﻼﻤﻟﺍﻭ " ﺱﺮــﻴﺑ " " ﺮﻴـــﺳﻮﺳ ﻱﺩ ﻥﺎـــﻨﻳﺩﺮﻴﻔﻟ " (1913-1857)Ferdinan de Saussure ﺐﺣﺎـــﺻ ﻩﺎﻤـــﺳﺃ ﻱﺬــﻟﺍﻭ ﺔــﻴﻟﻭﺍﺪﺘﻟﺍ ﻪــﻠﺧﺍﺩ ﻙﺮــﺤﺘﺗ ﻱﺬــﻟﺍ ﻝﺎــﺠﻤﻟﺍ ﺩﻼﻴــﻤﺑ ﺓﺀﻮــﺒﻨﻟﺍ " ﺀﺎﻴﻤﻴﺴﻟﺍ . " ﺮﻴﺳﻮﺳ ﻝﻮﻘﻳ " ﺭﺎـﻜﻓﻷﺍ ﻦﻋ ﺮﺒﻌﻳ ﻱﺭﺎﺷﺍ ﻡﺎﻈﻧ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺍ ... ﻚﻟﺬـﺑﻭ ،ﻢﻜﺒــﻟﺍﻭ ﻢﺼــﻠﻟ ﻲﺋﺎــﺒﻔﻟﻷﺍ ﻡﺎــﻈﻨﻟﺎﺑﻭ ﻲﺑﺎــﺘﻜﻟﺍ ﻡﺎــﻈﻨﻟﺎﺑ ﻪــﺘﻧﺭﺎﻘﻣ ﻦــﻜﻤﻳ ﻈﻨﻟﺎﺑﻭ، ﻱﺮﻜﺴﻌﻟﺍ ﻱﺭﺎﺷﻻﺍ ﻡﺎﻈﻨﻟﺎﺑﻭ ،ﻲﺸـﻘﻨﻟﺍ ﻱﺭﺎـﺷﻻﺍ ﻡﺎ ... ﻱﺬـﻟﺍ ﻢـﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﻥﺇ ﻦـﻣ ﺍﺀﺰـﺟ ﻥﻮـﻜﻳ ﻥﺃ ﻦـﻜﻤﻳ ﺕﺎـﻌﻤﺘﺠﻤﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ ﻊﻤﺘﺠﻣ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺭﺎﺷﻹﺍ ﺓﺎﻴﺣ ﺱﺭﺪﻳ ﺎﻴﺟﻮﻟﻮﻴﻤﻴـــﺳ ﻢـــﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﺍﺬـــﻫ ﻮـــﻋﺩﺃ ﻑﻮـــﺳ ﺍﺬـــﻬﻟﻭ ،ﻲﻋﺎـــﻤﺘﺟﻻﺍ ﺲﻔﻨـــﻟﺍ ﻢـــﻠﻋ (Sémiologie) ﻲﻟﺎــﺘﻟﺎﺑ ﻦﻴــﺒﻳﻭ ﺕﺍﺭﺎــﺷﻹﺍ ﺔــﻴﻨﺑ ﻦﻴــﺒﻳ ﻥﺃ ﻊﻴﻄﺘﺴــﻳ ﻢــﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﺍﺬــﻫ ﺎـﻣﻭ ،ﺎـﻬﻤﻜﺤﺗ ﻲﺘﻟﺍ ﻦﻴﻧﺍﻮﻘﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻤﻈﻧﻷﺍ ﺪـﺣﺍ ﻼـﻓ ﻢﺋﺎـﻗ ﺮـﻴﻏ ﻢـﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﺍﺬـﻫ ﻡﺍﺩ ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺘﻟ ﺐﺋﺍﺩ ﻲﻌﺳ ﻲﻓ ﻪﻧﺍ، ﻝﺎﺣ ﺔﻳﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻦﻜﻟﻭ ،ﻪﺘﻴﻫﺎﻣ ﻑﺮﻌﻳ ﻥﺃ ﻊﻴﻄﺘﺴﻳ ﺎﻘﺒﺴﻣ ﻩﺩﺎﺗﻭﺃ ﺖﺑﺮﺿ ﻥﺃ ﺬﻨﻣ ﻚﻟﺫﻭ ،ﻩﺩﻮﺟﻭ )" 23 .( ﺪﻨﻋ ﻢﻟﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﻥﺇ " ﺱﺮﻴﺑ " ﺕﺍﻭﺬﻟﺍ ﻦﻴﺑ ﻞﻋﺎﻔﺘﻟﺍ ﻖﻳﺮﻃ ﻦﻋ ﻻﺇ ﻪﻛﺍﺭﺩﺇ ﻢﺘﻳ ﻻ ﺩﻷﺍ ﺔﻄـﺳﺍﻮﺑ ﻻﺇ ﺎـﺳﺎﺳﺃ ﻞﺼـﺤﻳ ﻻ ﺍﺬـﻫﻭ ،ﻲﺋﺎﻴﻤﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﻁﺎﺸﻨﻟﺍﻭ ﺔـﻟ ) Signées ( ﺎـﻤﻣ ﻊـﻗﺍﻮﻟﺍ ﻞـﺜﻤﺗ ﺍﺯﻮـﻣﺭ ﻞﻜﺸـﺗﻭ، ﺱﺎﻨﻟﺍ ﻊﻣ ﺔﻗﻼﻋ ﻢﻴﻘﺗ ﻲﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻟﺩﻷﺍ ﻩﺬﻫ، ﻙﺮﺤﺘﻟﺍﻭ ﻲﻌﺴﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻢﻬﻠﻤﺤﻳ ) 24 .( ﻝﻮﻘﻳ " ﺱﺮﻴﺑ ":" ﺔﻃﺎﺴـﺑ ﻞـﻜﺑ ﺎـﻨﻴﻠﻋ ﺐﺠﻳ ، ﺎﻣ ﺓ ﺮﻜﻓ ﺔﻟﻻﺩ ﺭﻮﻠﺒﻧ ﻲﻜﻟ ﻞـﺜﻤﺘﺗ ﺎـﻤﻧﺇ ﺎـﻣ ﺀﻲﺷ ﺔﻟﻻﺩ ﻥﺃ ﻚﻟﺫ، ﺔﻟﺩﻷﺍ ﻩﺬﻫ ﺪﻟﻮﺗ ﻲﺘﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﺩﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﺪﻳﺪﺤﺗ ﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﺩﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻃﺎﺴﺒﺑ ﻦـﻤﻜﺗ ﺎﻤﻧﺇ ﺓﺩﺎﻌﻠﻟ ﺓﺰﻴﻤﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻤﺴﻟﺍ ﻥﺇ ،ﺎﻬﻨﻋ ﺪﻟﻮﺘﺗ ﻲﺘ ﻌﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﻨﻠﻤﺤﺗ ﻲﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻔﻴﻜﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ،ﺐﺴﺤﻓ ﺔﻠﻤﺘﺤﻤﻟﺍ ﻑﻭﺮﻈﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻻ ،ﻞﻤ ﻞﺑ ﺭﺬـﻌﺘﻳ ﻲـﺘﻟﺍ ﻚـﻠﺗ ﻲـﻓ ﻰـﺘﺣ ﻞـﺑ ﻝﻮﺼـﺤﻟﺍ ﺔـﻨﻜﻤﻤﻟﺍ ﻑﻭﺮﻈﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻚﻟﺬﻛ ﺎﻫﺭﻮﺼــﺗ )" 25 .( ﻦﻴــﺑ ﻡﻮــﻋﺰﻤﻟﺍ ﺮﺛﺄــﺘﻟﺍ ﻥﺃ ﻰــﻟﺇ ﻦﻴــﺳﺭﺍﺪﻟﺍ ﻦــﻣ ﺮــﻴﺜﻛ ﺐﻫﺬــﻳﻭ

" ﺱﺮﻴﺑ " ﻭ" ﺮﻴﺳﻮﺳ ﻱﺩ " ﺱﺎـﺳﺃ ﻻ ﻥﺍﻭ،ﺎﻤﻬﻀـﻌﺒﻟ ﺎﻤﻬﺗﺮـﺻﺎﻌﻣ ﻢـﻏﺭ ﻪـﻟ " ﺱﺮـﻴﺑ " ﺏ ﻖﺘﻠﻳ ﻢﻟ " ﺮﻴﺳﻮﺳ ﻱﺩ " ﻲـﻘﻄﻨﻣ ﻩﺎـﺠﺗﺍ ﻪـﻟ ﻥﺎـﻛ ﻞﺑ،ﻩﺭﺎﻜﻓﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻊﻠﻄﻳ ﻢﻟﻭ ﺕﺎﻣﻼﻌﻟﺍ ﻡﻮﻬﻔﻣ ﻰﻟﺇ ﻪﺗﺮﻈﻧ ﻲﻓ ﺮﻴﺳﻮﺳ ﻱﺩ ﻩﺎﺠﺗﻻ ﺮﻳﺎﻐﻣ ) ﺀﺎﻴﻤﻴﺴﻟﺍ . ( ﺭﻮﺼـﺗ ﺢﻴﺿﻮﺗ ﻦﻜﻤﻳﻭ " ﺱﺮـﻴﺑ " ﻰـﻠﻋ ﺮﻓﻮـﺘﺗ ﺔـﻃﺎﻄﺧ ﻲـﻓ ﻞﻴﻟﺪـﻟﺍ ﻝﻮـﺣ ﻗﻼﻋ ﺙﻼﺛ ﺓﺭﻭﺮﻴﺳ ﺔﻄﺳﺍﻮﺑ ﻖﻘﺤﺘﺗ ﺕﺎ ﺲﻳﺯﻮﻴﻤﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﻰﻋﺪﺗ ﺔﺴﻧﺎﺠﺘﻣ ) : 26 ( ﺩﺎﻌﺑﻷﺍ ﺔﻴﺛﻼﺛ ﺔﻗﻼﻋ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺮﻓﻮﺘﻳ ﻞﻴﻟﺪﻟﺎﻓ : 1 -ﻝﻭﺆﻳ ﺓﺮﻜﻓ . 2 -ﻮﻫﻭ ﻝﻮﻌﺠﻣ ﻦﻣ ﻞﺟﺍ ﻉﻮﺿﻮﻣ ﻪﻨﻴﻌﺑ ﻝﺪﻳﻭ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺲﻔﻧ ﺀﻲﺸـﻟﺍ ﻱﺬـﻟﺍ ﻡﻮـﻘﻳ ﻪﻠﻳﻭﺄﺘﺑ . 3 -ﻮﻫﻭ ﺩﻮﺟﻮﻣ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻮﺤﻧ ﻦﻣ ﺔﻴﻋﻮﻨﻟﺍ ﻲﺘﻟﺍ ﻪﻌﻀﺗ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻗﻼﻋ ﻊﻣ ﻪﻋﻮﺿﻮﻣ . ﺪــﻘﻌﻣ ﺎﺌﻴــﺷ ﻞﻴﻟﺪــﻟﺍ ﺢﺒﺼــﻳ ﺍﺬــﻬﺑﻭ ﻞﻜﺸــﺗ ﺔــﺛﻼﺛ ﺩﺎــﻌﺑﺃ ﻦــﻣ ﺎــﺒﻛﺮﻣ ﻭﺃ ﺍ ﻦﻴﺜﺣﺎﺒﻟﺍ ﺾﻌﺑ ﺪﻨﻋ ﺖﻓﺮﻋﻭ ﻪﻧﺎﻴﻛ " ﺔﻣﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﺱﺮﻴﺑ ﺕﻻﻮﻘﻤﺑ " ) 27 ( . ﻞـﻴﻠﺤﺘﻟﺍ ﺓﺭﻭﺮـﺿ ﻥﺈـﻓ ﺔـﻌﻤﺘﺠﻣ ﻊﻗﺍﻮﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺩﻮﺟﻮﻣ ﺩﺎﻌﺑﻷﺍ ﻩﺬﻫ ﺖﻧﺎﻛ ﻥﺇ ﻭ ﺪﺠﻨﻓ ﺔﺳﺍﺭﺪﻠﻟ ﺎﻬﻠﺼﻓ ﻲﻀﺘﻘﺗ : ) 28 ( 1 ﻲﺒﻴﻛﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﺪﻌﺒﻟﺍ : ﺮﻴﻏﻭ ﻦﻴﻌﻣ ﺮﻴﻏ ﻦﻣﺎﻛ ﺩﺮﺠﻣ ﻝﺍﺪﻛ ﻞﻴﻟﺪﻟﺍ ﻝﻭﺎﻨﺘﻳﻭ ﻷﺎـﻓ ،ﺺﺘـﺨﻣ ﻝﺪــﻳ ﺪـﻘﻓ ،ﺓﺪــﻳﺪﻋ ﺕﻻﻻﺩ ﻭﺫ ﻖـﻠﻄﻤﻟﺍ ﻲـﻓ ﺔﻔــﺻ ﻮـﻫ ﻼﺜــﻣ ﺮﻤﺣ ﻭﺃ، ﺐﻀـﻐﻟﺍ ﻰـﻠﻋ ﻭﺃ ،ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻴﺴـﻟﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺓﺭﺎـﻤﻠﻟ ﺀﺍﻮﺳ ﻒﻴﻗﻮﺘﻟﺎﺑ ﺮﻣﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻭﺃ ،ﻥﻮﻠﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻪﺟﻮﻟﺍ ﺭﺍﺮﻤﺣﺍ ﺪﻨﻋ ﻞﺠﺨﻟﺍ ... 2 ﻲﻟﻻﺪﻟﺍ ﻭﺃ ﻱﺩﻮﺟﻮﻟﺍ ﺪﻌﺒﻟﺍ ) ﻱﻮﻨﻌﻤﻟﺍ :( ﺔﻗﻼﻌﻟﺍ ﺩﻮﺟﻭ ﺓﺭﻭﺮﻀﻟﺎﺑ ﻲﻀﺘﻘﻳﻭ ﻟﺇ ﻞﻴﺤﻳ ﺎﻤﺑ ﻞﻴﻟﺪﻟﺍ ﻂﺑﺮﻳ ﻪﻧﻷ ﺔﻴﺒﻴﻛﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﻪﻴ . 3 ﻲﻟﻭﺍﺪﺘﻟﺍ ﺪﻌﺒﻟﺍ : ﻒـﻴﻛﻭ ﻪـﻟﻭﺆﻤﺑ ﻪـﺘﻗﻼﻋ ﻲـﻓ ﻞﻴﻟﺪـﻟﺍ ﻰـﻟﺇ ﺮـﻈﻨﻳ ﻱﺬـﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻟﻻﺪﻟﺍﻭ ﻎﻴﻠﺒﺘﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻣﺎﻋ ﺎﻧﻮﻧﺎﻗ ﻚﻟﺫ ﺐﺟﻮﻤﺑ ﻭﺪﻐﻳ . ﺪـﻨﻋ ﻞﻴﻟﺪـﻠﻟ ﺔـﻴﺛﻼﺜﻟﺍ ﺔﻔﻴﻇﻮﻟﺍ ﻥﺇ " ﺱﺮـﻴﺑ " ﺎـﻫﺮﻳﻮﻄﺗ ﺩﺎـﻋﺃ ﺪـﻗ " ﺲﻳﺭﻮـﻣ " ﻖﻴﻀـﻟﺍ ﻩﺎـﻨﻌﻣ ﺚـﻴﺣ ﻦـﻣ ﻞﻴﻟﺪﻟﺍ ﻰﻟﺇ ﺮﻈﻨﺗ ﺎﻬﻧﻷ ،ﺔﻴﻣﺎﻈﻧ ﺔﻴﻔﻴﻜﺑ ) ﺕﻼﻗﺎـﻨﻟﺍ ﺮﻴﺴﻠﻟ ﺔﻳﺩﺎﻤﻟﺍ ﺕﻻﻭﺆـﻤﻟﺍﻭ ﺎـﻬﻴﻠﻋ ﻝﻮﻟﺪﻤﻟﺍ ،ﺀﺎﻴﺷﻷﺍ، ﺔﻴﺋﺎﻴﻤﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﺓﺭﻭ ( ﺔـﻟﺩﻷﺍﻭ ، ﻲــﻓ ﻞـﻌﻔﻳ ﻢﺴـﺟ ﻮـﻫ ﺚـﻴﺣ ﻦـﻣ ﻢﺴـﺠﻟﺎﻓ ﻙﻮﻠﺴـﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﻭﺮﻴﺴـﻛ ﺎﻫﺭﻮﺼـﺗ ﺐـﺠﻳ ﻲـﻓ ﻥﺎﻤـﺳﺎﺣ ﻥﻼﻣﺎـﻋ ﻪـﺘﻴﻤﻫﺃﻭ ﻂﻴﺤﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻔﻴﻇﻭ ﻥﺄﺑ ﺎﻤﻠﻋ ،ﻪﺑ ﻞﻌﻔﻨﻳﻭ ﻂﻴﺤﻤﻟﺍ ﻞـــــﻴﻟﺪﻟﺍ ﻉﻮــــﺿﻮﻤﻟﺍ ﺓﺮﻜﻓ ﻭﺃ ﺓﺮﻃﺎﺧ ﺍ ﺔــــﻴﻋﻮﻨﻟ

ﻦﻴﻠﻣﺎــﻌﻟﺍ ﻦﻳﺬــﻫ ﻦﻴـﺑ ﻼﻋﺎــﻔﺗ ﻙﺎــﻨﻫ ﻥﺈــﻓ ﻢـﺛ ﻦــﻣﻭ ،ﻪــﺗﺎﺟﺎﺣ ﺀﺎـﺿﺭﺇ . ﻒﻴﻀــﻳﻭ ﻴﻟﺪﻟﺍ ﻥﺃ ﺲﻳﺭﻮﻣ ﻲﻫ ﺮﺻﺎﻨﻋ ﺔﻌﺑﺭﺃ ﻝﻼﺧ ﻦﻣ ﻢﻈﺘﻨﻳ ﻪﺗﺭﻭﺮﻴﺳ ﻲﻓ ﻞ : ) 29 ( -ﻞﻗﺎﻨﻟﺍ ﻱﺬﻟﺍ ﻡﻮﻘﻳ ﻡﺎﻘﻣ ﻞﻴﻟﺪﻟﺍ . -ﻝﻮﻟﺪﻤﻟﺍ ﻪﻴﻠﻋ ﻱﺬﻟﺍ ﻞﻴﺤﻳ ﻞﻴﻟﺪﻟﺍ ﻪﻴﻟﺇ . -ﺮﺛﻷﺍ ﻞﺻﺎﺤﻟﺍ ﻯﺪﻟ ﻞﺳﺮﻤﻟﺍ ﻪﻴﻟﺇ ﻱﺬﻟﺍﻭ ﻭﺪﺒﻳ ﻪﻟ ﻪﻧﺄﻛﻭ ﻞﻴﻟﺪﻟﺍ ﻭﺃ ﻝﻭﺆﻤﻟﺍ . -ﻝﻭﺆﻤﻟﺍ . ﺓﺭﻭﺮﻴﺴـﻟﺍ ﺀﺎـﻨﺑ ﻲـﻓ ﻲـﺒﺗﺍﺮﺗ ﺮـﻴﻏ ﻞﻜﺸـﺑ ﻢﻈﺘـﻨﺗ ﺔـﻌﺑﺭﻷﺍ ﺮـﺻﺎﻨﻌﻟﺍ ﻩﺬﻫ ﻥﺇ ﺍ ﺕﺎــﻬﺟﻮﺗ ﺔــﺛﻼﺛ ﻑﺍﺮﺸــﺘﺳﺍ ﻦــﻣ ﺎﻫﺭﻭﺪــﺑ ﻦــﻜﻤﺗ ﻲــﺘﻟﺍ ، ﻞﻴﻟﺪــﻠﻟ ﺔﻴﺋﺎﻴﻤﻴﺴــﻟ ،ﺎﻬﻠﺼــﻓ ﻦــﻜﻤﻳ ﻻﻭ ﺎــﻬﻨﻴﺑ ﺎــﻤﻴﻓ ﺔــﻠﺧﺍﺪﺘﻣ ﻱﺮــﻈﻨﻟﺍ ﺚــﺤﺒﻠﻟ " ﻒـــﺻﻭ ﺀﺎــﻨﺛﺄﻓ ﺔــــﺳﺍﺭﺪﻟﺍ ﻦــــﻣ ﻼـــﻛ ﺎﻘﺒﺴــــﻣ ﺔــــﻴﻟﻭﺍﺪﺘﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻧﺎﺴـــﻠﻟﺍ ﺽﺮــــﺘﻔﺗ ﺕﺎﻴﺋﺎﻴﻤﻴﺴـــﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻟﻻﺪﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺒﻴﻛﺮﺘﻟﺍ .. ﺔـﻟﺩﻷﺍ ﺕﺎـﻗﻼﻌﻟ ﺓﺪﻳﺪﺴـﻟﺍ ﺔﻔﻴﺼـﺤﻟﺍ ﺔﺸﻗﺎﻨﻤﻟﺍ ﻥﻷ ﺴﺗ ﺎﻬﻟﻭﺆﻤﺑ ﺔـﻟﺩﻷﺍ ﺔـﻗﻼﻋ ﺍﺬـﻛﻭ ﺾﻌﺒـﺑ ﺎﻬﻀـﻌﺑ ﺔـﻟﺩﻷﺍ ﺕﺎـﻗﻼﻋ ﺔﻓﺮﻌﻣ ﻡﺰﻠﺘ ﻥﻮﻟﻭﺆﻤﻟﺍ ﺎﻬﻴﻠﻋ ﻞﻴﺤﻳ ﻲﺘﻟﺍ ﺀﺎﻴﺷﻷﺎﺑ )" 30 .( ﺮﻘﻳ " ﺲﻳﺭﻮﻣ " ﻭﺪـﻌﺗ ﻼـﻓ ،ﻪﻟ ﻲﻛﻮﻠﺴﻟﺍ ﺪﻌﺒﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻞﻴﻟﺪﻠﻟ ﻩﺭﻮﺼﺗ ﺔﻳﺎﻬﻧ ﻲﻓ ﻦﻴـﻌﻣ ﻞـﻌﻓ ﺩﺭ ﺫﺎﺨﺗﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻊﻓﺪﺗﻭ ﻲﻘﻠﺘﻤﻟﺍ ﻯﺪﻟ ﺔﻴﺴﻔﻧ ﺔﻔﻴﻇﻮﺑ ﻊﻠﻄﻀﺗ ﺔﻟﺩﻷﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺎﻣ ﺙﺪﺣ ﺀﺍﺯﺇ ﺎﻴﺒﻠﺳ ﻭﺃ ﺎﻴﺑﺎﺠﻳﺍ ﻞﺜﻣ ﻦﻣ ﺔﻠﻤﺠﻓ ،ﺎﻣ ﻡﺎﻘﻣ ﻭﺃ ﺀﻲﺷ : * ﺓﺭﺎﻴﺳ ﺭﺬﺣﺍ ﻦــﻋ ﻡﺎــﺠﺣﻹﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻋﺮﺴـﺑ ﻖــﻳﺮﻄﻟﺍ ﻊـﻄﻘﻛ ﺔﺑﺎﺠﺘــﺳﺍ ﻲـﻘﻠﺘﻤﻟﺍ ﻰــﻠﻋ ﺽﺮـﻔﺗ ﻼﺻﺃ ﺎﻬﻌﻄﻗ ) 31 .( ﻞﻌﺟ ﻱﺬﻟﺍ ﻮﻫ ﻞﻴﻟﺪﻠﻟ ﻲﻛﻮﻠﺴﻟﺍ ﺪﻌﺒﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺘﻟﺍﻭ " ﺲﻳﺭﻮﻣ " ﻰـﻟﺇ ﻞﺼﻳ ﺎﻬﻴﻟﻭﺆﻤﺑ ﺕﺎﻣﻼﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﻗﻼﻋ ﺔﺳﺍﺭﺪﺑ ﻢﺘﻬﻳ ﺔﻴﻟﻭﺍﺪﺘﻟﺍ ﺦﻳﺭﺎﺗ ﻲﻓ ﻒﻳﺮﻌﺗ ﻝﻭﺃ . ﺭﻮﺼﺘﻟﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ ﻲﻧﺎﻤﻟﻷﺍ ﻱﻮﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﺲﻔﻨﻟﺍ ﻢﻟﺎﻌﻟ ﺄﻴﻫ " ﺮﻠﻫﻮـﺑ ﻝﺭﺎـﻛ " ﺰـﻴﻤﺗ ﻱﺬـﻟﺍ ﺎـﻬﻳﺩﺆﻳ ﻒﺋﺎـﻇﻭ ﺙﻼﺜـﻟ ﻪـﺿﺍﺮﺘﻓﺍﻭ ﻱﺮﻴﺳ ﻮﺴﻟﺍ ﻱﻮﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﻞﻴﻠﺤﺘﻠﻟ ﻪﻀﻓﺭﻭ ﻩﺩﺎﻘﺘﻧﺎﺑ ﻞﻴﻟﺪﻟﺍ ) : 32 ( 1 -ﺔــﻔﻴﻇﻭ ﻞــﻴﺜﻤﺘﻟﺍ : ﺚــﻴﺣ ﻖﺑﺎــﻄﻳ ﻞﻴﻟﺪــﻟﺍ ﻝﻮﻟﺪــﻤﻟﺍ ﻪــﻴﻠﻋ ﻥﻭﺩ ﺓﺩﺎــﻳﺯ ﺔــﻐﻠﻛ ﺕﺎﻴﺿﺎﻳﺮﻟﺍ ﺔﻐﻟﻭ ﻖﻄﻨﻤﻟﺍ . 2 -ﺔــﻔﻴﻇﻭ ﺮــﻴﺒﻌﺘﻟﺍ : ﺯﻭﺎــﺠﺘﻴﻓ ﻞﻴﻟﺪــﻟﺍ ﺩﺮــﺠﻣ ﻹﺍ ﻝﺎﺼــﻳ ﻎــﻴﻠﺒﺘﻟﺍﻭ ﻰــﻟﺇ ﺮﻴﺛﺄــﺘﻟﺍ ﻲــﻓ ﺮﻋﺎﺸﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺎﻛ ﺔﻳﺮﻌﺸﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﺋﺎﻨﻐﻟﺍ . 3 -ﺔﻔﻴﻇﻭ ﺀﺍﺪﻨﻟﺍ : ﻲﺘﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺎﻬﻟﻼﺧ ﺮﺒﻌﻳ ﻞﻴﻟﺪﻟﺍ ﻦﻋ ﺯﺎﺠﻧﺍ ﻙﻮﻠـﺳ ،ﺎـﻣ ﺮﻣﺍﻭﻷﺎـﻛ ﻲﻫﺍﻮــﻨﻟﺍﻭ ﻦــﺳﻭ ﻦﻴﻧﺍﻮــﻘﻟﺍ ﻲــﺘﻟﺍ ﺐــﻠﻄﺘﺗ ﺔــﻋﺎﻄﻟﺍ ﻭﺃ ﻥﺎﻴﺼــﻌﻟﺍ . ﺪــﻗﻭ ﻞﻜﺸــﻳ ﺮــﻴﺒﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﺀﺍﺪﻨﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻔﻴﻇﻭ ﺔﺟﻭﺩﺰﻣ ﺕﺎﻤﻠﻜﻟﺎﻛ ﺔﻔﻴﻄﻠﻟﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻐﻟ ﻢﺋﺎﺘﺸﻟﺍ ﺘﻟﺍ ﻲ ﻞـﻌﻔﻨﻳ ﻲـﻘﻠﺘﻤﻟﺍ ﺎﻬﺑ ﺩﺮﻴﻓ ﻞﺜﻤﻟﺎﺑ .

ﻥﺃ ﺮـﻬﻈﻳ ﺎـﻨﻫ ﻦـﻣﻭ " ﺮﻠﻫﻮـﺑ " ،ﻱﻮــﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﻁﺎﺸـﻨﻟﺎﺑ ﻢﺘـﻬﺗ ﺕﺎﻴﻧﺎﺴـﻟ ﺔـﻣﺎﻗﺇ ﻝﻭﺎــﺤﻳ ﻞﻴﻟﺪﻠﻟ ﺹﺎﺨﻟﺍ ﻱﺮﺸﺒﻟﺍ ﻝﺎﻤﻌﺘﺳﻻﺍ ﺔﺳﺍﺭﺩ ﻲﻓ ﻲﻧﺎﺴﻠﻟﺍ ﻡﺎﻤﺘﻫﺍ ﺮﺼﺣﻭ . ﺭﺎــﻜﻓﺃ ﺕﺪﻋﺎــﺳ ﺪــﻘﻟ " ﺱﺮــﻴﺑ " ﻚﻟﺬــﻛ " ﻪــﺠﻳﺮﻓ ﺏﻮــﻠﺗﻮﻛ " Cotlob Fregr ﻭ ،ﻲﻟﻭﺍﺪـﺘﻟﺍ ﺞﻬﻨﻤﻟﺍ ﺀﺎﻨﺑ ﻲﻓ ﺭﻭﺩ ﻪﻟ ﻥﻮﻜﻴﻟ ﻦﻴـﺑ ﻩﺰـﻴﻴﻤﺗ ﻰـﻟﺇ ﺕﺮـﺷﺃ ﻖﺑﺎـﺳ ﻊـﺿﻮﻣ ﻲـﻓ ﺔـﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﻦﻴـﺑ ﻚـﻟﺫ ﺪـﻌﺑ ﺰـﻴﻣ ﻢـﺛ ،ﻰﻨﻌﻤﻟﺍﻭ ﻊﺟﺮﻤﻟﺍ ﻦﻴﺑﻭ ،ﻢﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﻢﺳﺍﻭ ﻝﻮﻤﺤﻤﻟﺍ ﻢﺳﻻﺍ ؛ﺓﺩﺪـﺤﻤﻟﺍ ﺮـﻴﻏ ﺮﻫﺎﻈﻤﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻘﻴﻘﺤﻠﻟ ﺓﺩﺪﺤﻤﻟﺍ ﺮﻫﺍﻮﻈﻟﺍ ﻦﻴﺑﻭ ، ﺔﻳﺩﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻤﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﻣ ﻂــﺑﺍﻭﺭ ﺕﺍﺫ ﺔــﻴﻤﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﺔــﻐﻠﻟﺎﻓ ،ﻞــﻋﺎﻔﺘﻟﺍ ﺕﺎــﻗﻼﻋ ﻲــﻓ ﺔﻠﻘﺘﺴــﻣ ﺔــﻴﻘﻄﻨ ﺎــﻣ ﺎــﻬﻤﻬﻳ ﻻﻭ ﺪﻋﺎﺴﻳ ،ﻂـﻘﻓ ﻰـﻨﻌﻤﻟﺍ ﻰـﻠﻋ ﺔـﻈﻓﺎﺤﻣ ﻥﻮﻜﺗ ﻥﺃ ﻰﻟﺇ ﻰﻌﺴﺗ ﻞﺑ ﺔﻘﻴﻘﺤﻟﺍ ﺪﻳﺪﺤﺗ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎـﻬﺘﻔﻴﻇﻮﻟ ﺎﻫﺯﺎﺠﻧﺎﺑ ﻢﺘﻬﺗ ﺔﻳﺩﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺍﻭ ،ﻞﺻﺍﻮﺘﻟﺍ ﺡﺎـﺠﻧ ﻯﺪـﻣ ﻱﺃ؛ﺔﻴـﺳﺎﺳﻷﺍ ﻊﻀـﺨﺘﻓ ﻦﻳﻮــﻠﺗ ﻦﻴﻧﺍﻮــﻗﻭ ﺎــﻬﻨﻴﻧﺍﻮﻗ ﻦــﻋ ﺔﻴﺑﻮﻠــﺳﻷﺍﻭ ﺔــﻏﻼﺒﻟﺍ ﺚــﺤﺒﺗ ﻲــﺘﻟﺍ ﻞــﻋﺎﻔﺘﻟﺍ ﺕﺎــﻗﻼﻌﻟ ﺮﻴﺒﻌﺘﺑ ﺮﻜﻔﻟﺍ " ﻪﺠﻳﺮﻓ ) " 33 .( ﺱﺮﻛ ﻲﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻳﺮﻈﻨﻟﺍ ﻩﺬﻫ " ﻦﻳﺎﺘﺸﻨﺠﺘﻓ " ﻪﻣﺎﻤﻀـﻧﺍ ﺪـﻌﺑ ﺎـﻫﺮﻳﻮﻄﺘﻟ ﻩﺩﻮﻬﺟ ﻯﺮـﺧﺃ ﺔـﻳﺮﻈﻧ ﺲـﺳﺆﻴﻟ ﺔـﻴﻌﻴﺒﻄﻟﺍ ﺔـﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﺔـﺳﺍﺭﺩ ﺪﺼﻗ ﺩﺭﻮﻔﺴﻛﺃ ﺔﻔﺳﻼﻓ ﻰﻟﺇ ﺔﻳﺮﻈﻨﺑ ﺖﻓﺮﻋ " ﺔـﻐﱡﻠﻟﺍ ﺏﺎﻌﻟﺃ ." ﺮﻴﺸـﻳ " ﻦﻳﺎﺘﺸـﻨﺠﺘﻓ " ﻻ ﻱﻮـﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﻁﺎﺸـﻨﻟﺍ ﻥﺃ ﻰـﻟﺇ ﻦــﻋ ﺔﻠــﺻﺍﻮﺘﻤﻟﺍ ﻪــﺗﺎﻧﺎﻜﻣﺇﻭ ﻩﺭﻮــﻄﺗﻭ ﻪــﻋﻮﻨﺗﻭ ﻪــﻨﻴﻧﺍﻮﻗﻭ ﻩﺪــﻋﺍﻮﻗ ﻲــﻓ ﻒــﻠﺘﺨﻳ ـــﻠﻓ ﻡﺪـــﻗﻭ،ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﻻﺍ ﺓﺎـــﻴﺤﻟﺍ ﻰـــﻠﻋ ﺔـــﻴﻨﺒﻣ ﺔـــﻐﱡﻠﻟﺍ ﺏﺎـــﻌﻟﺄﺑ ﺔـــﺻﺎﺨﻟﺍ ﻪﺘﻔﺴ ﺎﻤﻫ ﻦﻴﺳﺎﺳﺃ ﻦﻴﻣﻮﻬﻔﻣ : ﺓﺪﻋﺎﻘﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻟﻻﺪﻟﺍ . ﻰــﻨﻌﻤﻟﺍ ﻦﻴــﺑ ﻂــﻠﺨﻟﺍ ﻡﺪــﻋ ﺏﻮــﺟﻭ ﻪــﻟﻼﺧ ﻦــﻣ ﺪــﻴﻔﻴﻓ ﺔــﻟﻻﺪﻟﺍ ﻡﻮــﻬﻔﻣ ﺎــﻣﺄﻓ ﺔـﻠﻤﺠﻟﺎﻓ ،ﻝﻮـﻘﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻠﻤﺠﻟﺍ ﻦﻴﺑ ﺎﻄﻠﺧ ﻚﻟﺫ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻷ ،ﺭﺪﻘﻤﻟﺍ ﻰﻨﻌﻤﻟﺍﻭ ﻞﺼﺤﻤﻟﺍ ﻻ ﺔــﻠﻤﺠﻟﺍﻭ ،ﻞﺼـﺤﻣ ﻰــﻨﻌﻣ ﻪــﻟ ﻝﻮـﻘﻟﺍ ﻥﺃ ﻦﻴــﺣ ﻲــﻓ ﺭﺪـﻘﻣ ﻰــﻨﻌﻣ ﺎـﻬﻟ ﺐﺴــﺘﻜﺗ ﺖـﺤﺗ ﻱﻮﻀـﻨﺗ ﻲـﺘﻟﺍ ﻞـﻤﺠﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺎﻫﺮﻴﻐﺑ ﺎﻬﺗﻼﺻ ﻝﻼﺧ ﻦﻣ ﻻﺇ ﻲﻘﻴﻘﺤﻟﺍ ﺎﻫﺎﻨﻌﻣ ﺐﻠـﺻ ﻲـﻓ ﻻﺇ ﻲـﻘﻴﻘﺤﻟﺍ ﻰـﻨﻌﻤﻟﺍ ﺍﺬـﻫ ﻦـﻣ ﻖﻘﺤﺘﻟﺍ ﻦﻜﻤﻳ ﻻ ﺎﻤﻛ ،ﻦﻴﻌﻣ ﻡﺎﻈﻧ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﺏﺎﻌﻟﻷ ﺔﻴﻣﻮﻴﻟﺍ ﺔﺳﺭﺎﻤﻤﻟﺍ . ﻭﺫ ﻪــﻧﺃ ﻯﺮــﻴﻓ ﺓﺪــﻋﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﻡﻮــﻬﻔﻣ ﺎــﻣﺃ ﺔــﻳﻮﺤﻧﻭ ﺔﻴﻟﺍﺪﺒﺘــﺳﺍﻭ ﺔــﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻩﻮــﺟﻭ ﻋﺎـﻤﺘﺟﻻﺍ ﺓﺪـﻋﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﻪـﺟﻮﻓ ﻩﺭﻭﺪـﺑ ﺍﺬـﻫﻭ ،ﺡﻼﻄـﺻﺍﻭ ﻊـﺿﺍﻮﺗ ﺎـﻬﻧﺃ ﻲـﻓ ﻦـﻤﻜﻳ ﻲ ﺎــﻴﺒﻴﻛﺮﺗ ﺔــﻐﻠﻟﺎﻓ ،ﺔــﺻﺎﺧ ﺔــﻳﺩﺮﻓ ﺔــﻐﻟ ﺩﻮــﺟﻭ ﻲــﻔﻧ ﻮــﻫﻭ ﻢــﻬﻣ ﺮــﻣﺃ ﻰــﻟﺇ ﺩﻮــﻘﻳ ﻝﻮﻘﻳ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺠﻟﺍ ﻝﺎﻤﻌﺘﺳﻻﺍ ﺭﺎﻃﺇ ﻲﻓ ﻻﺇ ﺎﻬﻟ ﺓﺎﻴﺣ ﻻﻭ ﺔﻴﻣﻮﻤﻋ " : ﺔﻤﻠﻛ ﻞﻛ ﻥﺇ ﺎـﻬﻧﺇ ، ﺓﺎـﻴﺤﻟﺍ ﺎـﻬﻴﻄﻌﻳ ﻱﺬـﻟﺍ ﺎـﻣﻭ ﺎـﺘﻴﻣ ﺎﺌﻴﺷ ﺖﻧﺎﻛ ﻮﻟ ﺎﻤﻛ ﺎﻬﺗﺍﺫ ﺪﺣ ﻲﻓ ﻭﺪﺒﺗ ﻨﺛﺃ ﺎﻴﺣ ﺎﺌﻴﺷ ﻥﻮﻜﺗ ﻥﺃ ﻭﺃ ﻞﻜﺸـﻟﺍ ﺍﺬـﻬﺑ ﺓﺎـﻴﺤﻟﺍ ﺎـﻬﻴﻓ ﺖﺑﺩ ﻞﻬﻓ، ﺎﻬﻣﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﺍ ﺀﺎ ؟ ﺎﻬﺗﺎﻴﺣ ﻮﻫ ﻪﺴﻔﻧ ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﻻﺍ " ) 34 ( ﺓﺪـﻋﺎﻘﻟ ﻊﻀﺨﻳ ﻞﺑ ﺎﻃﺎﺒﺘﻋﺍ ﻢﺘﻳ ﻻ ﺔﻟﺩﻷﺍ ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﺍ ﻥﺇ . ﻭ" ﺓﺪـﻋﺎﻗ ﻉﺎـﺒﺗﺇ ﻥﺇ ﺪـــﻴﻟﺎﻘﺗ ﻱﺃ ﺕﺎـــﺳﺭﺎﻤﻣ ﺎـــﻬﻠﻛ ﺞﻧﺮﻄﺸـــﻟﺍ ﺐـــﻌﻟﻭ ﺮـــﻣﺃﻭ ﺔـــﻣﻮﻠﻌﻣ ﺀﺎـــﻄﻋﺇ ﻭﺃ ﺎـــﻣ ﺕﺎﺴﺳﺆﻣﻭ " ) 35 ( ﻟﺍ ﺔﺒﻌﻠﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻙﺭﺎﺸﻳ ﺔﻐﻠﻟ ﻞﻤﻌﺘﺴﻣ ﻞﻛﻭ ﺪـﻋﺍﻮﻘﻠﻟ ﻝﺎﺜﺘﻣﻻﺍ ﻪﻴﻠﻋ ﻭ،ﺔﻳﻮﻐﻠ ﺔﻴــﺳﺎﺳﻷﺍ ﺮـﻴﻏ ﺪـﻋﺍﻮﻘﻟﺍ ﻝﺎـﻤﻫﺇ ﻥﻭﺩ ،ﺎـﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﺎـﻬﻴﻠﻋ ﺢﻠﻄﺼـﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻴـﺳﺎﺳﻷﺍ

) ﺔﻳﺩﺮﻔﻟﺍ ﺪﻋﺍﻮﻘﻟﺍ ( ﻁﺎﺸـﻨﻟﺍ ﻊـﻳﻮﻨﺘﺑ ﺢﻤﺴـﺗ ﻼﹸﺜـﻣ ﻞﻜﺸـﺗ ﻲﺘﻟﺍ ﺓﺮﻴﺧﻷﺍ ﻩﺬﻫ ، ﻦﻴﻤﻠﻜﺘﻤﻟﺍﻭ ﻝﺍﻮﺣﻷﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺮﻴﺒﻛ ﺩﺪﻌﻟ ﺔﺤﻟﺎﺻ ﺎﻬﻧﻷ ﻱﻮﻐﻠﻟﺍ . ﺄـــﻳ ﻦﻴﻘﺑﺎﺴـــﻟﺍ ﻦﻴﻣﻮـــﻬﻔﻤﻟﺍ ﻦـــﻋ ﻝﺎﺼـــﻔﻧﺍ ﻥﻭﺩﻭ ﺔـــﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﺏﺎـــﻌﻟﺍ ﻡﻮـــﻬﻔﻣ ﻲﺗ ﺔــﻳﺮﻈﻨﻟ ﺱﺎــﺳﺄﻛ " ﻦﻳﺎﺘﺸــﻨﺠﺘﻓ " ﺓﺎــﻴﺤﻟﺍ ﻝﺎﻜــﺷﺃ ﻦــﻣ ﻼﻜــﺷ ﻪﺒﺸــﺗ ﻲــﺘﻟﺍ ﺎـﻣ ﺔـﻠﻤﺟ ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘـﺳﺍ ﻥﺇ ﺚـﻴﺣ ﻱﻮـﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﻁﺎﺸـﻨﻟﺍ ﻚﻟﺬﻜﻓ ،ﻉﻮﻨﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻫﺎﻨﺘﻣﻼﻟﺍ ﻷﺎــــﻛ ﺎــــﻬﻟ ﺮﺼــــﺣ ﻻ ﻕﺮــــﻄﺑ ﻢﺘــــﻳ ﺔﻴﺤﺘﻟﺍ،ﺮﻜﺸــــﻟﺍ،ﻞﻴﺜﻤﺘﻟﺍ،ﻒﺻﻮﻟﺍ، ﺮﻣ ﺀﺎﺟﺮﻟﺍ .. ﺦﻟﺍ . ﺕﺎﻃﺎﺸـﻨﻟﺍ ﺭﻮـﻄﺘﺑ ﺭﻮـﻄﺘﺗﻭ ﺔـﻳﻮﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﺏﺎـﻌﻟﻷﺍ ﺪـﻘﻌﻨﺗﻭ ﻥﺃ ﻰــﺘﺣ ﺔـﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﻻﺍ ﻊـﻤﺘﺠﻤﻟﺍ ﻲـﻓ ﺝﺎﻣﺪـﻧﻻﺍ ﺔـﻴﻔﻴﻛﻭ ﻡﻷﺍ ﻢﻬﺘـﻐﻟ ﺎﻬﻘﻳﺮﻃ ﻦﻋ ﻥﻮﻤﻠﻌﺘﻳ ﻝﺎﻔﻃﻷﺍ . ) 36 ( ﺎـﻬﻤﻫﺃ ﻑﻮﺴـﻠﻴﻔﻟﺍ ﺍﺬـﻫ ﻰـﻠﻋ ﺬـﺧﺂﻣﻭ ﺕﺍﺩﺎـﻘﺘﻧﺍ ﺀﺎـﻤﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﻦـﻣ ﺮـﻴﺜﻛ ﻪﺟﻭ : ﻪـﻧﺃ ﺮــﻴﺒﻌﺘﺑ ﺔــﻳﺎﻔﻜﻟﺍ ﻪــﻴﻓ ﺎــﻤﺑ ﻱﺭﺍﻮــﺣ ﺮــﻴﻏ ﻭﺃ ﺔــﻳﺎﻔﻜﻟﺍ ﻪــﻴﻓ ﺎــﻤﺑ ﻲﻟﻭﺍﺪــﺗ ﺮــﻴﻏ " ﻝﺮﻴﺳ " ﻦﻳﺮﻈﻨﻤﻟﺍ ﺪﺣﺃ ﱡﻞﻈﻳ ﻚﻟﺫ ﻢﻏﺭ ﻦﻜﻟﻭ، ﻲﻟﻭﺍﺪﺘﻟﺍ ﺭﺎﻴﺘﻠﻟ . ﺎــﻤﻫ ﺔــﻴﻟﻭﺍﺪﺘﻠﻟ ﻦﻴﺑﻭﺎــﻨﺘﻣ ﻦﻴﺴــﺳﺆﻣ ﺪــﺠﻧ ﺔــﻠﺑﺎﻘﻣ ﺔــﻳﻭﺍﺯ ﻲــﻓﻭ " : ﻒــﻟﻭﺩﻭﺭ ﺏﺎﻧﺭﺎﻛ " ﻭ" ﻞـﺒﻴﻫﺭﺎﺑ ﺎﻴـﺳﻮﻬﻳ " ﻦـﻣ ﺔـﻴﺒﻳﺮﺠﺗ ﺔﻐﺒﺼـﺑ ﺔـﻴﻟﻭﺍﺪﺘﻟﺍ ﺎـﻌﺒﻃ ﻦﻳﺬـﻠﻟﺍ ﺀﺎــﻄﻋﺇﻭ ، ﺔﻀــﺤﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﺋﺎﻴﻤﺴــﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻔــﺻﻮﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﺋﺎﻴﻤﻴﺴــﻟﺍ ﻦﻴــﺑ ﺰــﻴﻴﻤﺘﻟﺍ ﻝﻼــﺧ ﻲﻠﺻﺍﻮﺘﻟﺍ ﻞﻌﻔﻠﻟ ﺏﻭﺎﻨﺘﻟﺍ ﻡﻮﻬﻔﻣ . ﺮﻈﻧ ﺭﻮﻬﻈﻟ ﺪﻬﻣ ﺎﻤﻣ ﺔﻳ " ﻡﻼﻜﻟﺍ ﻝﺎﻌﻓﺃ " ﻯﺪـﻟ " ﻝﺮﻴﺳﻭ ﻦﻴﺘﺳﻭﺍ " ﻯﺅﺭ ﻦﻣ ﺎﻤﻬﺗﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ﺪﻌﺑ " ﺏﺎﻧ ﺭﺎﻛ " ﻭ" ﻞﻴﻴﻫ ﺭﺎﺑ ." ﺮﻬﻈﻳ ﺔﻨﺳ ﻦﻳﺮﺸﻋ ﺭﻭﺮﻣ ﺪﻌﺑﻭ " ﺮﻛﺎـﻨﻟ ﺎﺘﺳ " (1972) Stalnaker ﻪـﺘﻴﻟﻭﺍﺪﺘﺑ ﻦﻋ ﺝﺮﺨﺗ ﻻ ﺎﻬﻧﺄﺑ ﺎﻬﻔﺼﻳ ﻲﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻘﺑﺎﺴﻟﺍ ﻝﺎﻤﻋﻷﺍ ﻞﻜﻟ ﻪﻀﻓﺭ ﺪﻌﺑ ،ﺔﻴﻠﻜﺸﻟﺍ ﻦﻴــﻨﺛﺍ ﻦﻳﺭﺎــﻃﺇ : ﺔــﻌﻴﺒﻃ ﺕﺍﺫ ﺎــﻬﻧﺃ ﺎــﻣﺈﻓ ﺇﻭ ﺔﻴﻠﻜــﺷ ﻻ ﺔﻴﻠﻜــﺷ ﺔــﻌﻴﺒﻃ ﺕﺍﺫ ﺎــﻣ ﻞـــﻤﻌﻟﺍ ﻂﻴﺸـــﻨﺗ ﻲـــﻓ ﻝﺮﻴــﺳ ﺪـــﻌﺑ ﻢﻫﺎﺴـــﻓ، ﺔــﻟﻻﺪﻟﺍ ﻲـــﻓ ﺔـــﻴﻟﺍﺰﺘﺧﺍ ﺎــﻬﻨﻜﻟﻭ ﻥﻮﺴﻧﺎﻬﻟ ﺎﻫﺭﻮﻄﺗ ﻲﻓ ﻚﻟﺫ ﺪﻌﺑ ﺔﻴﻟﻭﺍﺪﺘﻟﺍ ﻦﻳﺪﺘﻟ ، ﻲﻟﻭﺍﺪﺘﻟﺍ Hansson ﺔﻨﺳ (1974) ﺀﺍﺰــﺟﻷﺍ ﻒــﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﻦﻴــﺑ ﻂﺑﺮــﻟﺍﻭ، ﻲﻘﺴــﻨﻟﺍ ﺪــﻴﺣﻮﺘﻟﺍ ﻝﻭﺎــﺣ ﻱﺬــﻟﺍ ، ـﺛ ﻦﻴـﺑ ﻩﺰـﻴﻴﻤﺘﺑ ﻚـﻟﺫ ﻭ، ﺎﻴﺒﺴـﻧ ﺔﻠﻘﺘﺴﻣ ﺔﻘﻳﺮﻄﺑ، ﺔﻣﺪﻘﺘﻤﻟﺍ ﻦـﻣ ﺕﺎـﺟﺭﺩ ﺙﻼ ﺔﻴﻟﻭﺍﺪﺘﻟﺍ : ﻰﻟﻭﻷﺍ ﺔﺟﺭﺪﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻟﻭﺍﺪﺗ : ﺪﻨﻋ ﺔﻳﺭﺎﺷﻹﺍ ﺯﻮﻣﺮﻟﺍ ﺎﻬﻨﻤﺿ ﺝﺭﺪﻨﺗﻭ " ﻞﻴﻴﻫﺭﺎﺑ " ﻞﻴﺳﻭﺮﻟ ﺔﻴﻟﺍﺰﺘﺧﻻﺍ ﺔﻟﻭﺎﺤﻤﻟﺍﻭ ﺎﻬﻟﺎﻤﻌﺘﺳﺍ ﺕﺎﻗﺎﻴﺳ ﻦﻤﺿ ﺔﻤﻬﺒﻤﻟﺍ ﺮﻴﺑﺎﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﻱﺃ . ﺔﻴﻧﺎﺜﻟﺍ ﺔﺟﺭﺪﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻟﻭﺍﺪﺗ : ﻲـﻓﺮﺤﻟﺍ ﻰـﻨﻌﻤﻟﺍﻭ ﺀﺎﻀـﺘﻗﻻﺍﻭ ﻦﻴﻤﻀـﺘﻟﺍ ﻢﻀﺗﻭ ﺮﻈﻧ ﺔﻬﺟﻭ ﻦﻣ ﻲﻗﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﻰﻨﻌﻤﻟﺍﻭ " ﻭﺮﻜﻳﺩ " Ducro . -ﺔــﺜﻟﺎﺜﻟﺍ ﺔــﺟﺭﺪﻟﺍ ﺔــﻴﻟﻭﺍﺪﺗ : ﻡﻼــﻜﻟﺍ ﻝﺎــﻌﻓﺃ ﺔــﻳﺮﻈﻧ ﻲــﻫﻭ ) 37 ( ﻊــﺿﻭ ﻲــﺘﻟﺍ، ﺎﻬﺴـــﺳﺃ " ﻦﻴﺘـــﺳﻭﺃ " ﻚـــﻟﺫ ﺪـــﻌﺑ ﺎـــﻫﺭﻮﻃﻭ " ﻝﺮﻴـــﺳ " ﺕﺎﻔﻴﻨﺼـــﺘﻟﺍ ﻝﻼـــﺧ ﻦـــﻣ ، ﺔــﻳﺮﻈﻨﻟﺍ ﻝﺰــﺘﺨﻳ ﻦﻴﺜﺣﺎــﺒﻟﺍ ﻦــﻣ ﺍﺮــﻴﺜﻛ ﻥﺃ ﻰــﺘﺣ ﺎﻫﺎﻌــﺿﻭ ﻲــﺘﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﻴﺴــﻘﺘﻟﺍﻭ ﻡﻼﻜﻟﺍ ﻝﺎﻌﻓﻷ ﻲﻟﺭﻮﺴﻟﺍﻭ ﻲﻨﻴﺘﺳﻭﻷﺍ ﻡﻮﻬﻔﻤﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻟﻭﺍﺪﺘﻟﺍ .