AcademiaPolicymaking Adaptability

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Nature-based solutions for climate

change adaptation and mitigation:

How have they been incorporated into

climate policies in Latin America?

Session T12b: Ecosystem services

and climate change

October 18, 2016

Bruno Locatelli

1,2

_{; Raffaele Vignola}

3 _{; Diego Padilla}

2 1: CIRAD France, 2: CIFOR Peru, 3: CATIE Costa Rica

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New Peruvian Strategy

on Forests and Climate

Change, 21 July 2016

(3)

The 2016 Peruvian strategy was

not made from scratch

National strategy on forests and climate change 2016

(list: Pramova et al., 2015)

2002:

Basic vision

2016:

Complete

vision

(4)

Evolving conceptualizations

on ecosystem services and climate change

Ac

ademia

Po

licymaking

?

Socioecological

systems

Transformation

_pathways

Adapt

ability

Time

Resilience

Telecoupling

Tradeoffs

(5)

(6)

Analyzing policy documents on

ecosystems and climate change



8 countries in Latin America and the Caribbean

• Diverse political positions (economy, climate change, environment)

• Here results for Chile, Costa Rica and Peru

BRA

BOL

CHI

PER

ECU

CRI

NIC

CUB

DOM



Policy document selection

_•

_{National communications to UNFCCC,}

National CC strategies, National

forest policies with CC content, etc.

• 40 documents



Document analysis

• Reading full texts and coding (with

Nvivo)

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Ecosystems and CC: Basic view

1 Ecosystems store carbon for CC mitigation

1

2 CC will affect ecosystems

2

3

3 _{CC impacts on ecosystems will affect local communities}

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What is wrong with the basic view

1 Ecosystems store

carbon for CC

mitigation

1 

Focus on CC mitigation services (ecosystems =

carbon)

• Measures aim at storing carbon (REDD+)

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What is wrong with the basic view



Adaptation is seen through ecological impacts

• If CC does not affect ecosystems, there is no problem

• As knowledge is missing on how to adapt ecosystems, there are no

measures proposed

• Focus on future problems, not current ones

2

2 CC will affect

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What is wrong with the basic view



Social aspects are overlooked

• Focus on local populations using forest products

• No consideration of how the whole society benefits from adaptation

services

-

E.g., a city vulnerable to flooding downstream a forest

3 _{CC impacts on}

ecosystems will affect

local communities

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Ecosystems and adaptation: Advanced view

4 Ecosystems provide adaptation services (water regul, etc.)

4

5 … that help society facing climate problems (now & later)

5

6 … and must be protected against multiple pressures

6

(12)

1

2

3

4

5

6 Ecosystems and CC: the complete view

1

3

2 Ecosystem‐based mitigation

(carbon, REDD+)

Ecosystem‐based adaptation

(adaptation services, EbA in

watersheds, cities, coasts, local communities, etc.)

4 5

6 Ecosystem resilience

_{(against human and climatic pressures)}

Integrated approach

(to avoid tradeoffs, maximize synergies)

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Adaptation and mitigation

are often separated



In international negotiations and

agreements => In national

policies



Even though ecosystem

management contributes to both



Risks:

• Adverse affects:

-

mitigation can increase local

vulnerability

-

adaptation can increase global

emissions

• Missed opportunities

• Policy incoherence

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Pr

esence

of

ke

y

co

ncepts

re

la

te

d

to

the

4 appr

oaches

Evolution of policy

document contents

Towards a more complete view of

ecosystems and climate change

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Why drives these changes?



The decision context is increasingly made explicit in the

policy documents

• Values, Rules and Knowledge (VRK)



E.g., importance of equity and participation (V), involvement

of multiple stakeholders, multi-level governance, land tenure

(R), traditional and local knowledge (K)

time

(16)

Conclusions



Policy document analysis shows clear

evolution of the conceptualization of

ecosystem-based approaches to climate

change

• More coherent and integrated



Transformation Pathways?

• Missing info on policy implementation

V

_R

K

Decision

context

Situation

Decision

Implementation

New

situation

V

R

K

New

decision

context

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Thank you!

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Para saber más

 Pramova E., Locatelli B., Djoudi H., Somorin O., 2012. Bosques y árboles para la adaptación social al cambio y la variabilidad del clima. Brief. Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR) Bogor, Indonesia.

http://www.cifor.org/publications/pdf_files/infobrief/4024-infobrief.pdf

 Locatelli, B., Evans, V., Wardell, A., Andrade, A., Vignola, R., 2011. Bosques y cambio climático en América Latina: Vincular adaptación y mitigación, In: Gobernanza forestal y REDD+: Desafíos para las políticas y mercados en América Latina. Petkova E., Larson A., Pacheco P. (eds.). CIFOR, Bogor, pp. 79-95.

http://www.cifor.org/publications/pdf_files/Books/BPetkova1101.pdf

 Locatelli, B., Kanninen, M., Brockhaus, M., Colfer, C.J.P., Murdiyarso, D. and Santoso, H. 2009. Ante un futuro incierto: Cómo se pueden adaptar los bosques y las comunidades al cambio

climático.

http://www.cifor.cgiar.org/publications/pdf_files/Books/BLocatelli0901.pdf

 Pramova E., Di Gregorio M., Locatelli B., 2015. Integración de la adaptación y la mitigación en las políticas sobre cambio climático y uso de la tierra en el Perú. Working Paper 189. Bogor, Indonesia: CIFOR. http://www.cifor.org/publications/pdf_files/WPapers/WP189Pramova.pdf

 Chazarin F., Locatelli B., Garay-Rodríguez M., 2014. Mitigación en la selva, adaptación en la

sierra y la costa: ¿Oportunidades perdidas de sinergias frente al cambio climático en Perú? Ambiente y Desarrollo 18(35): 95-107. doi:10.11144/Javeriana.AyD18-35.msas

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Pour en savoir plus

 Pramova E., Locatelli B., Djoudi H., Somorin O., 2012. Le rôle des forêts et des arbres

dans l’adaptation sociale à la variabilité et au changement climatiques. Brief. Center

for International Forestry Research (CIFOR) Bogor, Indonesia

http://www.cifor.org/publications/pdf_files/infobrief/4023-infobrief.pdf

 Locatelli B., 2011. Les synergies entre adaptation et atténuation en quelques mots. COBAM Brief, CIFOR, Bogor, Indonesia, 4p.

http://goo.gl/lcvTZ

 Locatelli, B., Kanninen, M., Brockhaus, M., Colfer, C.J.P., Murdiyarso, D. and Santoso, H. 2009. Face à un avenir incertain : comment les forêts et les populations peuvent

s'adapter au changement climatique