• Aucun résultat trouvé

Effective Diffusion in Vanishing Viscosity

N/A
N/A
Protected

Academic year: 2021

Partager "Effective Diffusion in Vanishing Viscosity"

Copied!
21
0
0

Texte intégral

(1)Effective Diffusion in Vanishing Viscosity Fabien Campillo, Andrey Piatnitski. To cite this version: Fabien Campillo, Andrey Piatnitski. Effective Diffusion in Vanishing Viscosity. RR-3813, INRIA. 1999. �inria-00072845�. HAL Id: inria-00072845 https://hal.inria.fr/inria-00072845 Submitted on 24 May 2006. HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of scientific research documents, whether they are published or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers.. L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés..

(2) INSTITUT NATIONAL DE RECHERCHE EN INFORMATIQUE ET EN AUTOMATIQUE. Effective diffusion in vanishing viscosity Fabien Campillo — Andrey Piatnitski. N° 3813 November 1999. ISSN 0249-6399. ISRN INRIA/RR--3813--FR+ENG. THÈME 4. apport de recherche.

(3)

(4) 

(5)         ! "

(6) $# %'&$(')+*-,/.0&$1324)65+5+798:';,'<4=>*@?/AB)C&EDF,4)GDFHJIK)6L MONEPQSRT U VXWYQ[ZE\^]`_aWYb@cdR_eb@fg_hW^QSWYia]`_hW^bjc k Rlinm-in_hPQSRipob@QSfE\YRqXRi rtshb`uvR_wV-m-i k m-i xp]`fEfybjsn_ k RlshRozNERsnozNER{c$|~}@g€>}[U ebJ‚@RQƒyRs€>„@„@„U €F f†]j‡@Ri ˆŠ‰'‹Œ>ŽEjŒ’‘”“ Rein_hZ k mS_aNgRB]jivmXQSfg_hbj_aWYowƒ•RNE]J‚-WYb@s"b`–—R˜yRo_aW™‚@R k WY˜yZEihWYb@c!–GbjsinW^cE‡jZXš ›\ ]js f•Rsn_hZEshƒ•R k R\^\YWYfg_aWYoœb@f•Rsh]`_ab@sni4W™_aN f•bj_hRc’_aW^]j\Ÿž†shiv_tb@s k Rs4_hRsnQ i¡~¢winihZEQSWYcE‡B_aNE]`_ _aNERSf•bj_aRcŸ_hW›]`\£WYi]dsh]jc k bjQ¤fyRsn_hZEshƒ†]_aWYb@c¥b`–O] žgqXR k f•RsnW^b k WYo0–GZEcEo_hW^bjc¦]jc k _aNE]`_ _aNEWYipf•Rsv_aZEsnƒ†]`_hW^b@c k b-RiecEbj_p]`˜yRo_pRihinRc’_aW^]j\Y\Ymd_aNERliv_ashZgo_aZgshR[b`–4_hNERf•bj_hRc’_aW^]j\+§$R fEshbJ‚@R_aNERRqXfybjcERc’_aW^]j\ k Ro]Jm¨bj–t_hNER[R˜9Ro_aW™‚@R k WY˜yZEihWYb@c—¡B©¨b@snRbJ‚@Rs§9R[Rin_z]`ƒE\^WYihN WY_hit\^b@‡@]jshW™_aNEQSWYo]jinm-QSfg_hbj_aWYoi£W^c0_hRshQSiªbj–•fEsnb@fyRstfyRshob@\›]_aWYb@cS\^R‚@R\E–Gbjs'_aNERsh]jc k b@Q fybj_hRc’_aW^]j\+¡ «¨¬’­9®n¯ ° ±4‹j‘ ² b@QSb@‡@RcEW^³]`_aWYb@c—§9R˜yRo_hWY‚jR k W™˜9ZEinW^bjc—§—ihWYcE‡@Zg\›]jswfyRsn_aZgshƒ•R k b@f•Rs´š ]`_ab@sni§E\Yb@‡’]`shW™_aNEQSWYo]`inm-QSfg_abj_hW^oi§$sa]`c k b@Q”f•bj_hRc’_aW^]j\+§†fyRshobj\›]`_hW^bjc_hNERbjsnm œÀCÑ ¶F»zƪĸ+ÆvÀC×Fµ—¾a×FÄO¶F·¹·¹¸C·Á¸p¾z×À6ºy·ÁÜ»»×¼6»½!¸CÆ´Þ´À$»zº9ќº¾·Á¸OÂû·ÁâEÆv¿ÅJ¾ã`ٜ¼+¾

(7) ÀCÈF¾

(8) ·Á¾·ÁÂÁÆvÖnÂÃÂÁ×l¾

(9) Ä!À6ä9»¸6·Á¾

(10) ÅF¼CќÆn¿F¸G¿j¿FÚۻطÁÂü6ÜÂÁÀ6»Æh¾Ç ÒY¼Cå ¸6ÆvÈ>»z·ÁÄ!æÂÁÂÃÆvÆ´À6ÑÝJ¶FÜBÈ`Æ0Æn»¼tÉ`¸6ÞvÊ-çn»z˟èº èÌßàèØaÍ4ß´·áé À$ΙÉj¶`̾¸†Ï†Æh¼C¸6»¸6ÐÆv¼C×¾À6ÑÓ ·¹¾

(11) ÂÁÂÁÒÃÄtÔ6ÕÈ`»ÆnÆvќ×»ÇJлÖn×F×FÖvÆK·¹¸CÇJ¾zÅFÀ6¼C·Á·Ã»×F×-Ð Ø µX»O¾

(12) ¿F¿jÆn¾¼K·Ã×OÔCê>Övќ·Á׏¾

(13) ·Á¼6Æh¸KÇJÅäy»ÂÁÂÃënÐÆ~ÇJƪãF¼Û¾

(14) ×`Þ´ÆàÚàØFìFé Ý>í•éFퟷÁ»׏¸—Æhǒé ㏼C¾î£׏޴êÆ4íŸïtÆnùûêJÈ`ð—ÆhúÇJïtüaÆvêlýæ þ@φÿ φ¼C»

(15) ¶>ñGÄ>Æh¸6Þà·¹ÀnÞvØj¾

(16) òGÂdþ å ’òóÿz׏ ü òG¸Gô'ÀC C·á

(17) ÿ õzÀC ÅJíX jÀ6ô†Æÿ

(18) µKØü Ïg íŸØ’ Ænä—×FÜB·Ã×`òà¸+Ø@½>·öè¿F¼6¼CÅF»Æ¸6¿jãyÆné’ÞàÀ3ì»ÂÁø·Ã»öFÀGØÝFäyÜBŏ»¼6·Á¸CÆ޴؟»zºçhö

(19) ÷>çø

(20) öçzÜè

(21) ¾÷/¼C¸6ÆvóK·ÁÂÃÅ`ÂÁƪ¸6¸6Þ´·ÁÆh¾ ÇJÆ´ù Ù’Ø ü  >úJ ÿ   ’é. Unité de recherche INRIA Sophia Antipolis 2004, route des Lucioles, B.P. 93, 06902 Sophia Antipolis Cedex (France) Téléphone : 04 92 38 77 77 - International : +33 4 92 38 77 77 — Fax : 04 92 38 77 65 - International : +33 4 92 38 77 65.

(22)     S”—#       "S œ S       œ

(23)        

(24) j  Š  [  ‘  c _hZ k WYR\YRob@QSf•b@sn_hRQSRc’_w]jinm-QSfg_hbj_aW"!ŸZER k Z¨obXR # oW^Rc’_ k R k W™˜yZXš  ‹   ihWYb@c0R˜yRo_aW™–—]jinihb-o"W $ k Ritbj%f sa]`_hRZEsnitR\Y\^WYfg_a"W !ŸZERi£]>‚@RoZEc _aRshQSR k ZSfEshRQSW^Rstb@s k snR k Rw_àm-fyRwfybj_hRc’_aWYR\+§E\Yb@sh&i !ŸZER\^Rp_aRsnQSR k Z ihRob@c k bjs k snRw_aRc k ‚@Rshi'g¡)(tc ihZgfEfybjia]jc’_ !-ZgR\YRfybj_hRc’_aWYR\KRin_eZEcERf•Rsn_hZEshƒE]`_aWYb@c¨]j*\ ]`_abjW^snR ,k + ZgcER–GbjcEo_hW^b@cd-f shWYb k *W !ŸZER k bjcXš c.RR/_ !-ZgR oR_h_aRfyRsn_hZEshƒ†]_aWYb@c c + ]`˜yRo_aR[fE]jip–Gb@c k ]jQSRc’_z]`\^RQ Rc’_\›] in_hshZEo_aZEsnR k Z fybj_hRc’_aWYR\+§gbjc k Q bjcŸ_hshRp\›] k oshb@WYihih]jcEoRwRqXfybjcERc’_aWYR\Y\YR k ZŠob- R # oW^RcŸ_ k R k WY˜yZEihWYb@c R˜yRo_hWY–´¡  0c _z]jƒg\^W™_ k R0fE\YZEiihbjc¥]`inm-QSfg_abj_h*W !ŸZER \Yb@‡’]jsnWY_hNEQS*W !ŸZER0Rc–Gb@cgo_aWYb@c ,k + ZEc cEWY‚jR>]jZ k RlfyRshob@\›]_aWYb@cob@c’‚@Rc†]jƒE\YR ]`ihihb-o"W ]jZdfybj_hRc’_aWYR\]`*\ ]`_ab@WYshR`¡ 1 ° ŒF‹ ® 3 2  ‹‘ ² b@QSb@4‡ .c WYia]_aWYb@c—§ k WY˜yZEinW^b@c R˜9Ro_hWY‚jRj§wf•Rsv_aZEsnƒ†]`_hW^b@c ihWYcE‡@ZE\YW^PshR k,+ bj%f sa]`_hRZEsni§p]jinm-QSfg_ab`_a"W !-ZgR\Yb@‡’]`shW™_aNEQS"W !-ZgRj§efybj_hRc’_aWYR\B]j*\ ]`_abjW^snRj§O_a.N b@shWYR k R \^] fyRshobj\›]`_hW^bjc.

(25) 

(26)   

(27)    

(28)  ! !!

(29)  ". }. àc _hNERBfEsnRihRc’_w]`sn_aWYo\YRBRob@cEinW k RsO_aNERB]jinm-QSfg_ab`_aWYoibj–_aNERR˜9Ro_hWY‚jR k WY˜yZEihWYb@c –Gb@sSR\Y\^WYfg_aWYo bjfyRsa]`_hb@shiSWY_hN ‚`]jcEWYihNgW^cE‡ k WY˜yZEinW^b@c ]jc k W™_aN fyb`_aRc’_hW›]j\Ož†snin_!b@s k Rs _aRsnQSi§E_aNgRf•bj_hRc’_aW^]j\Kƒ•RWYcE‡!]0iv_z]`_hW^iv_aWYo>]j\Y\YmNgb@QSb@‡@RcgRb@ZEiž†R\ k ¡ MONgRBNEb@QSb@‡@RcEWY³>]`_hW^b@c fgshb@ƒE\YRQSi"–Gbjs"ihWYcE‡@Zg\›]js"fyRsn_aZgshƒ•R k b@f•Rsh]`_abjshi"NE]J‚jRQ ]jc’m W^QSf•b@sn_a]jc’_B]jfgfE\^WYo>]_aWYb@cEi§9]jQSb@cE‡ _aNER% Q $EZEW k k m-c†]jQSW^oiBWYc fybjshb@ZEieQSR k W^] &('*),+.-0/ 1 b@s ‡@snb@ZEc k "]`_hRs0f•b@\^\YZg_hW^b@3c 2+54 '768-9:9*1C;¡ #àc _hNER shRoRc’_0mjR>]jsni§ª‚j]`shWYb@ZEi0ihZgozN !ŸZERivš _aWYb@cEiS"RshRdob@cEinW k RshR k W^c k R_z]jWY\O–Gb@s0_aNERdb@f•Rsa]_ab@s0W™_aN k WY‚jRsh‡jRcEo=R <Ÿ–GsnRR ‚jRo_hb@s ž†R\ k i¡ © ]`cŸm WYc’_aRshRiv_aWYcE‡¦]`inm-QSfg_abj_hW^oi RsnR¨ob@cEiv_ashZgo_aR k –Gb@s _hNERfyRshWYb k W^oo>]`ihR U &('>@?BADC@?B?B)>*EGF4HAD>@?IEJK)L)>:4NMAKOH)@AKCP-RQ,1ÛG§ 2)>>TSU4H)>@VEGJW)L)>:4NMAKOH)@AKC-YX,1

(30) Z'U ]jc k _hNERc W^cd_aNERsa]jc k b@Q o>]jinRlU []\@',O0OH)>@'76)*E^_)BS`6)a-b9:cGdKcfe 1Û]§ g])+hiAK>)7Ej.Ck-Yl1Ûm§ 2,)>>TSU4N)>@VE JW)L)>:4NMAKOH)@AKCn-9!o@1Û¡ #àc¨ob@c’_hsa]jiv_p_hb k W™‚@Rsh‡@RcEoR <Ÿ–GshRR o>]`ihRj§$NERshR_hNERR˜yRo_hWY‚jR k W™˜yZEihWYb@c WYipZgihZ†]j\Y\™m Q[ZEozN ‡jshR>]_aRs0_hN†]jc _hNERW^cgWY_hW›]j\b@cgqR pGihRR`§"–Gb@sSWYcEin_a]jcEoR`r§ 2)>>TSU4N)>@VEJK)L)>:4NMAKOH)@AKC -YX,1

(31) Z§K"R0_àm-fEWYo>]j\Y\™m¥NE]J‚jRSW^co>]jinR b`–"f•bj_aRc’_aW^]j\~‚@Ro_abjslžER\ k _aNgR R

(32) qXfyb@cgRc’_aW^]j\ k Ro>]>m bj–4_hNERlR˜yRo_aW™‚@Rob- R # oWYRc’_ai¡ s†b@sb@f•Rsh]`_abjshiWY_hN fyRshWYb k W^oob- R # oWYRc’_hiw_aNEWYiefENERcgb@QSRcEb@c "]jipW^c’‚@Rin_hW^‡’]_aR k W^;c tuA:v@O A \ -97e,1~]jc k tuA vO A \*EJ(4N)!w>:4 w`?=x4u-97/14NgRshRl_aNgR\Yb@‡’]jsnWY_hNEQSW^o]jivm-Q fX_abj_hW^oiwbj– R˜yRo_hWY‚jRSob- R # oWYRc’_"]jiB–Gb@ZEc k WYc _aRshQSiBbjz– yn©db@shinR fEshbjfyRsn_aWYR`i {0bj–t_hNER0f•bj_aRcŸ_hW›]`\ b@c _aNER_abjshZEibj–4fyRshWYb k W^oWY_àmj¡ MONgRb@fyRsa]`_hb@shiœNgb@ihRBž†snin_b@s k Rsœ_hRsnQ i]`shRcEbj_œfybj_hRc’_aW^]j\yƒEZg_ihNgbF W^c] "]>m ihWYQ WY\^]jsœƒ•RN†]>‚-W^bjs§gRsnRob@cEinW k RshR k W^|c tuA vO A \*EJ(4N)!w>:4 w`?=x4f-b9!},1C§XNERshRB_aNgRB\^bj‡’]jshW™_aN-š Q WYo]jinm-QSfg_hbj_aWYoiebj– _aNERlR˜yRo_aW™‚@R k WY˜yZEinW^b@c"]jipRin_a]jƒE\YW^inNER k ¡ #àc¨_aNERfEshRihRc’_b@Us ~$§•"R iv_aZ k m ] f†]jsn_hW^oZE\^]jswo]jihR b`–tb@f•Rsa]_ab@snieW™_aN sh]jc k b@Q fybj_hRc’_aW^]j\•ž†shiv_Ob@s k Rs_hRsnQ i¡£w]jQSR\™m@§X"R]`ihihZgQ RB_hN†]`_œ_hNERBf•bj_aRc’_aW^]j\yWYi][sh]jc k b@Q fyRsn_aZgshƒ†]`_hW^bjc¨bj–~]0‡@WY‚jRc f•RsnW^b k WYo–GZEcEo_hW^bjc—€¡ "b@cgihW k RsnW^cE‡ _aNEWYiesa]jc k b@Q”f•Rsn_hZEshƒE]š _aWYb@c—§K"R ]jinihZEQSRS_aN†]`_lW™_ k b-RilcEbj_ozN†]jcg‡@RSRihinRc’_aW^]j\Y\Ym_aNgRS_hb@f•b@\^bj‡@W^o]j\~iv_ashZgo_aZgshR bj–'_hNER[WYcEW™_aW^]j\fybj_hRc’_aW^]j\+¡œMONEWYiB]j\Y\YbFipZEip_hb ZgihR_hNER[snRinZE\Y_hip–Gsnb@Q _aNgR[f•Rshob@\^]`_aWYb@c _aNERb@snm ]jc k _abž†c k _aNERpshR !ŸZEWYshR k ]jivmXQSfg_hbj_aWYoi"W^c _aRsnQSi"bj–y_aNERpfEshb@f•Rs£f•Rshob@\^]`_aWYb@c \^R‚@R\Yi¡ ¢p\^\X_aNEROR

(33) qE]`o_£]jinihZEQSfg_hW^b@cgi]`shROfEsnbF‚-W k R k WYc VXRo_aWYb@c€@¡'MONERc—§ŸW^c VXRo_hW^b@nc X§@R fEshbJ‚@R _aNER ‡@RcERsh]j\ªshRinZE\™_[b@c ]jinm-QSfg_hbj_aWYo ƒ•RNE]J‚-WYb@s[b`–œNEb@QSb@‡jRcEWY³R k ob- R # oWYRc’_hi¡  cgR bj–_aNEk R ~`Rm objc k W™_aWYb@c bj–_aNEWYiSin_z]_aRQSRcŸ_ WYi0cEb@cXšÛRqXfE\YW^oWY_‚¡ #àc VXRo_aWYb@c3} R fEshRihRc’_w]0ob@ZEfg\^Rbj–4ihZ # oWYRc’_pob@c k WY_hW^bjcEipR

(34) qXfEshRihihR k WYc¨R

(35) qgfg\^WYoW™_p_hRsnQ i¡ #. ó ó × ƒEö „Fçnö.

(36) T. ]*  G. 

(37)  G"   

(38)  .  Kœ   R_£ZEiªob@cEinW k Rs]f•bj_aRc’_aW^]j\Eb@cPpGW™_aN b@sv_aNEb@cgb@shQ ]j\†ƒ†]`ihWYi "!# Z~bj–y_hNERO–Gb@shQ &(')&+*-,.&/ONERsh0 R &+*BWYiB] k R_hRshQSWYcEWYin_aWYo inQ b-bj_hN fyb`_aRc’_hW›]j\KNEWY%ozN$ WYiwihZgfEfybjihR k _ab ƒ•R!f•RsnW^b k WYo!WY_hN W™_aN f•RshWYb k €ŠWYc R>]jozN obXb@s k WYc†]`_aR k WYshRo_aWYb@cEi¡ “ R k RcEb`_aR _aNER oR\Y\~bj–£f•RshWYb k W^oWY_à2m 1435!7698  ƒ’m : ]jc k W k Rc’_aW™– m W™_BW™_aN _aNER  ; _ab@snZE=i <?>&/wWYi ]jcW^inbj_asnb@fEWYosh]jc k bjQ ž†R\ k §†W™_eshRfgshRinRc’_aiw]0ihQ ]j\Y\Ksa]jc k b@Q”f•Rsn_hZEshƒE]`_aWYb@cbj/– &*J¡ #ÛA – @ k RcEb`_aRi_aNgRsnbj_z]_aWYb@cQ ]_ashW qbj–']jcE‡j\^CR BEDFX§E"RlinZEfEf•b@ihRl_aN†]7_ G pT TZH&+*JIK@MLON/'(&+*JIPLON"–Gb@s]`\^Q \ LHRS<!§ pT

(39) TZŠ_aNER k W^iv_asnW^ƒEZX_aWYb@cbj– &TWYiOW^c’‚`]jsnW›]jc’_OW™_aNshRihf•Ro_O_abS]jc’mŠWYc’_aR‡@RsOinNEWY– _b`U– V ]jc k _aXb WMG/Y[Z7\I]&/%I^@_LON`N/'aY[Z7\bI]&/9I LONcN"–Gb@s]j\Yd\ LeRf< § pT

(40)

(41) TZŠ_aNERshRlRqXWYin_hh i gi*hj?3SihZEozNd_aN†]`l_ k4&/%IPLONmk5n?gi*>§E–Gbjs]j\^O\ LeRH’§†]g¡ái¡ MONER_à"bSž†shiv_eob@c k WY_hW^b@cgipRcEihZEsnR_hNERlW^inbj_asnb@f’m bj– _aNERlR˜9Ro_aW™‚@RQSR k W^]g¡ oec k RsBob@c k WY_hW^bjc pT TZ

(42) §y_aNgR[f•bj_aRcŸ_hW›]`T \ &+*BN†]jiB] ihf•RoWYžEo0in_asnZEo_hZEshR GpWYc _hNER ihWYQ š fE\^Rin_o>]jinR[U b`_aNERso]jihRisnR\™mb@c _aNER ia]`Q R ]jsn‡@ZEQSRc’_hiU _aNgR QSWYcEWYQ[ZEQ cŸZEQ š ƒyRs[bj– k R‡@RcERsa]`_hRŠf•b@W^c’_hi[_aN†]p_ &+*0ob@ZE\ k ] k QSW™_0b@qc <!§tW+¡áRj¡ f•b@W^c’_hbi L3ihZEozN _aNE]`_ rs&+*JIPLON't3g§yWYiw–Gb@Zg9s GOb@cER[Q WYcEWYQ[ZEQ f•b@W^c’u _ Lwvx y§yb@cERQ ]FqgWYQ[ZgQ f•b@W^c’u_ Lwvz|{§9]jc k _à"b ia] kgk \^Rf•b@W^c’_hi Lw}C¡ #à c OQSW^cgW^QZEQ f•b@W^c’_hi§’Q ]qXW^QZEQ f•b@WYc’_ai§Ÿ]`c k ia] kgk \^ROf•b@WYc’_ai'WY\^\gƒyR k RcEbj_hR k Lwvx y~ § Lwvz|{§†]`c k Lw}snRihf•Ro_aW™‚@R\Ymj¡ “ W™_aNgb@Zg_O\Yb@ihiOb`–4‡jRcERsa]j\YWY_àm "RQ ]>m!]jihinZEQSRl_hN†]`_OWYc @§g_aNgRBihR_bj–Q ]qXW^QZEQ fyb@WYc’_ai W^pi €Avz| {e'‚  §O_hNERc _hNER inR_Šb`–lQ WYcEWYQ[ZEQ f•b@W^c’_hiŠihNEbjZE\ k  ob@WYcEoW k R  W™_aN €-vx yT'aM%,ƒI ! N§j]jc k _hNER£ihR_'bj–†ih] kEk \YR"f•b@WYcŸ_hi W™_a

(43) N €-}Q'„_%, I^3†!  N%‡M_9,ƒI  !3N

(44) §   p+ihRR s'W^‡jZEshRS@€ Z

(45) ¡ MONgR o]jihRSbj–œ]QSb@snRS‡@RcERsa]j\tf•bj_hRc’_aW^]jV\ &+*IPLON

(46) § NE]J‚-WYcE‡ QSb@snRSihWYcE‡@ZE\^]jslfybjW^c’_ai§ W^cEo\^Z k W^cg‡ QSWYcEW^QZEQûfybjW^c’_ai§†ob@Zg\ k ƒyR_hshR>]_aR k W™_aN_aNERlia]`Q RlsnR>]jinb@cEWYcE‡E¡ “ RlQ  ] ~jRl_aNER–Gb@\Y\YbFWYcE‡SN’m-fybj_hNERinW^%i G ˆdU ­ ‰t° JŒ Š ¬ 7‹ ‹6ƒ‹ ŒŽ^Œ mn /_

(47)  _i

(48) Lwvx ye   ! ’‘0_

(49)  _i

(50)  n  . . €-vx y]“m T  _K "%”. • IPLwvx y%!#9–PN/'. —™˜†š &lI ¯°IP±`N`Nd!²+'³6´!F_! ›Aœ| ž[Ÿm ¡œ£¢ vx y¥¤ ¦¨§ žu*c©`¬®ª~­|¬Ž « . ´€. p @Z. òGå óKòGô.

(51) 

(52)   

(53)    

(54)  ! !!

(55)  ". maximum points minimum points saddle points. level set. e2 e1. 'WY‡@ZEsnRS€´G )hLO 'rAm?Tw+5CMwC+ ' A+]w @' s. {x;U0 (x) ≤ U0 (xs )}. L A w`',>!w 4H)OŽ&+*.

(56) " fIPLwvx y%!#9–PN    !n’‘ =‘ Du Ke1435!7698 ± ¯°IP±`NfR   f 

(57) K  ¯°IK3Nƒ' Lwvx y¥ ¯qI 6JNƒ' Lwvx yM,t9–^ n G

(58)      

(59)   `21435!7698 ± ¯X*mIP±`NH  M €-vz|{  uUa-‘7 

(60) 9”T¯0*JI ±`N/'.Lwvx y¡,2±~9–   m!! 

(61) K V • IPLwvx y"!9– N~ Lwvx yCR €-vx y%!Ž²T' 6´!F $  ‘ _ " ’‘

(62) G]  TB G = 9 !. OM NEW^i0\^]jiv_S]jihinZEQSfg_aWYb@c WYi sa]`_hNERs[cEb@c RqXfE\YWYoW™_>§£] ob@ZgfE\^R b`–ihZ # oWYRc’_ objc k W™_aWYb@cEi _aN†]`_RcEihZgshRl_aNER]jƒ•bJ‚@RlW^c k Rf•Rc k RcEoR ]jsnRinZEfEfE\YWYR k WYc VXRo_aWYb@c }X¡ "bjcEihW k Rs_aNgRl–Gbj\^\YbJW^cE‡ NEb@QSb@‡jRcEWY³>]`_hW^bjc¨fEsnb@ƒE\YRQƒG "$#%'& ( IPLON¡,  r*)J1,+=&I.-N’8 k )/10243 & ( R;: *  I<8

(63) N (. r ¢. &5(. I LONT'76AIPLONd!_LeR98 !. p5:Z. –Gb@sOihb@QSRlƒ•b@ZEc k R k¨k b@Q ]jW^c8 WYc @¡ “ Rp]jihinZEQSRpž†snin_£_aN†]`_ª_hNERe‚-WYihob@ihW™_àm!fE]jsa]jQSR_aRs # WYi£ihQ ]j\Y\y]`c k žgqXR k §g]`c k f†]`ihi _ab _hNER[\YWYQ W™_]`>i =?p3X¡pMONERc "Rin_hZ k md_aNER[]jinm-QSfg_ab`_aWYo ƒyRN†]>‚-W^b@swbj–~_aNgR[R˜yRo_aW™‚@R p+iho]j\^]js Z k W™˜yZEihW™‚-WY_à m @-I # Nœ]ji # ?l3g¡. ó ó × ƒEö „Fçnö.

(64) ]*  G. 

(65)  G"   

(66)  .    [d

(67)  [ #àc _aNEWYitihRo_aWYb@cS"ROinNEbJ _hN†]`_§’ZEc k Rs ² m-fyb`_aNERihWYie€j¡^€@§`_aNERœ\Yb@‡’]`shW™_aNEQSWYoO\^WYQSWY_ªbj–†_hNER R˜yRo_hWY‚jR k W™˜9ZEinWY‚-W™_àm @-I # N£o]jc ƒyRe–Gb@ZEc k WYcŠ_aRshQSiœbj– ]fEshb@f•Rs"oshW™_aWYo>]`\9f•Rshob@\^]`_aWYb@c \^R‚@R\bj– _aNgRf•bj_hRc’_aW^]j\ &¡ ¢e– _aRseiv_z]jc k ]js k _ash]jcEiv–Gb@shQ ]`_hW^b@cgi§ ( !ŸZ†]`_hW^b@cqp:Z"snR>] k i9G . 02 02 & ( I LONa'76AI LON  œ ž     œ ž . LŽ– – /O ¤ LŽ–

(68)   &5( 4 R : * .I 8bNBZ 02 7G ! ƒ  œ ž . #. G–GshbjQ cEbJ bjcdRW^\Y\]j\™œ]>m-ipinZEfEf•b@ihRl_aNE]`_ ©dZE\Y_hW^fg\YmR]jozNd_hRsnQ”bj– _aNEWYip\^]jiv_R ŸZ†]`_hW^b@c¨ƒ’m p. #. . – /O ¤ LŽ– . 02  œ ž . LŽ–. &(. I LON . ¡. #. +}. 02 6 IPLON 'a  œ ž  A. “ WY_hNEb@Zg_e\Yb@ihibj–4‡@RcgRsa]`\^W™_àm@§†Ro]jc¨]jihinZEQSR_hN†]`_7G Rihi0¢7—™Ÿ˜5š  &IPLONT'a3 MONERc—§†–Gb@s]`cŸm # j?3gŽ§   œ2  ž 6 VI # N 6¨R> ] ~Ÿ\™m¨WYc VI. ihbS_aNE]`_. p Z. GT. p Z. ]`i=>?3X§ENERsnRG.   I<8

(69) N. 02 N"'$ ! #&%V  œ ž (' L). ¨© b@shRbJ‚@Rs # Y+*-,.I # N  3 ]ji # ?3g¡ s†b@sOR]jozN # §E_hNER–+]jQSW^\™mbj–'b@fyRsa]`_hb@shie]jfgfyR]jshWYcE‡ W^c p6}ZœWYipobXRshoWY‚jRj§•ZEcEW™–Gb@shQS\™m W^c =-¡tMON-Zgi§$WY_inZ # oRip_abSNEbjQ bj‡@RcEWY³Rl_aNgRl–Gbj\^\YbJW^cE‡0/2143QG #. . – /O ¤ LŽ–

(70) . 02  œ ž . LŽ–65. (. IPLON . '7I # N A 6 IPLON. p<:Z. OM NERc— § 5 (8$& ( ]ji= ?X3 p+WYc _aNERihRcEihR[_hN†]`_e_aNERihR[–GZgcEo_hW^b@cgiwN†]>‚@R_aNERia]jQSR[\YWYQ W™_ W^c: * I.8bNœ]`i= ?3:Z¡ "\YR>]jsn\Ymj§E"Rlo>]`c¨b@QSW™_ƒyb`_aNŠ–+]jo_ab@sni # ]`c k VI # N£–Gb@s][NgW^\YRA> "RlRc k ZEf W™_aN¨_hNERlR !ŸZ†]`_hW^bjcQG . – /O ¤ LŽ– . 02   œ ž . LŽ–65. (. IPLON.'. 6AIPLON. p Z. òGå óKòGô.

(71) . 

(72)   

(73)    

(74)  ! !!

(75)  ". ¢Ooobjs k WYcE‡0_ab 4RxA \ ' w )O-9!d@1Û§EZgc k Rs]`ƒybJ‚@Rwob@c k WY_hW^b@cgi§ ( !ŸZ†]`_aWYb@c p Z"] k QSW™_ai"_hNER R˜yRo_hWY‚jR k WY˜yZEinW^b@cSQ ]`_hshW q I # N NEWYozN WYi~WYihbj_hshb@fEWYoG I # N/' @-I # N]jc k _hNEROiho]j\^]js R˜yRo_hWY‚jR k WY˜yZEihWYb@c¨ob-R # oWYRc’_pW^iihZgfEfE\YW^R k ƒ’m _aNER–Gb@\Y\YbFWYcE‡0‚`]jshW^]`_hW^b@cE]j\—fEsnb@ƒE\YRQƒG @-I # NT'„Y™— —* ˜†š — ˜†š #2%V œ 02 ž k r 5 IPLONmk  ' L) p6: Z (. 

(76)      !  ". #%$&('*),+-$/.0"1. R_:hw]jc k :  _à"bcERW^‡@NŸƒ•b@sBoR\Y\^i§K\^R_ia]>m _hN†]`_:  ':h,? z§K]jc k L v x y R„:§ L v x y R2: _aNER£ob@snshRihf•b@c k WYcE‡BQSWYcEW^QZEQ fybjW^c’_ai4bj–O&+*J¡ “ RW^c’_hshb k ZEoRª_aNgR–Gb@\Y\^bJWYcE‡ sa]jc k b@Q b@f•RcdihR_7G 2 3 '5 ! 4LeRe 76 &IPLON98;:/< ]jc k _aNERlR‚@Rc’_h9i G =?> 3* G _aNERinR_£bjA– @  inZEozN _hN†]`_t_hNERsnReWYi£]f†]`_aN objcEcERo_aWYcE‡=L v x y ]jc k L v x y NEW^ozN ƒyR\^bjcE‡@iO_a*b fIPL vx y !  N]`c k NEW^ozN¨W^iWYcEo\YZ k R k WYc 2 3 IB@VN¡ =?>DC3 Ge_hNER0ihR_bj– @ ihZEozN_aNE]`_w_hNERsnR0W^il]!inQS bXbj_hNoZEsv‚@R –GshbjQ fIPL v x y !# `Npbj– \^RcE‡j_hN¦cEbj_[‡@shR]`_aRs_aNE]jFc E inZEozN _aN†]_ W™_ai C <-cERW^‡@NŸƒ•b@shNgbXb k WYi WYcEo\YZ k R k WYc 2 3 IG@VN¡ #àc b@ZEs o>]`ihRj§ > * ob@ZE\ k ƒ•R¨]j\^inb k Rž†cER k ]ji _hNERdR‚@Rc’7_ G _aNgR¨inR_Šb`D – @{inZEozN _aNE]`_ 3  2 3 IB@VNIHI :h¡‡ :  N"objcŸ_a]jWYcEhi L vx y ]jc k L v x y ¡ "\YR>]`sh\™m ‡ * >DC ' > * ]jc k §†NERcgoR G 3 C*J 3 * Y™— I > C N/' I > N p+ Z 3 3 CLKNMPO O #Û_"WYiO]j\Yihbb@ƒ’‚XWYb@ZEi_aN†]`_ZEc k Rsœb@Zgs"]jinihZEQSfg_hW^bjcEiOb@c _hNERwiv_asnZEo_hZEshRBb` – &§X_aNgRB]jƒ•bJ‚@R  R‚@Rc’_ai ]`shR WYc k Rf•Rc k Rc’_ –Gbjs k WY˜yRsnRc’_df†]jWYshi IPL vx y !cL v x y N!b`–[cERW^‡jN-ƒ•b@sQSW^cgW^QZEQ fyb@WYc’_ai¡ "bjcEihW k RsOiv_z]jc k ]js k ƒ•b@c k f•Rsnob@\^]`_hW^b@c QSb k R\yZEihWYcE‡SQSW^cgW^QZEQ f•b@WYcŸ_hiObjA – &+*e]ji ihW™_aRi§"]`c k \^RR_  QSƒ•RŠ_aNgR oshW™_aWYo>]`\OfEshb@ƒE]jƒEWY\^W™_àm¦bj–e_aNgR]jfEf•R>]jsh]jcEoR b`–p_hNER W^cXž†cEW™_aR o\YZEin_hR9s GTQSA'  ¡ “ R k Rž†cERl_aNgkR "=

(77)  U (  9:USœ]jiœ–Gb@\Y\YbF%i G . *. > 3WV N/' O I. ó ó × ƒEö „Fçnö. F. 6. !.

(78) . ]*  G. 

(79)  G"   

(80)  . b@s§EW™–4ihZEozN ]:US k b-RicEb`_RqXW^iv_7G. +„ MONEW^i\^]jin_R !ŸZ†]j\YW™_àm¥WYi§4W^c–+]jo_>§4]jc ] kEk W™_aWYb@c†]j\£]jinihZEQSfg_hW^b@cNEWYozN¦W^iihZgfEfybjihR k _ab ƒyR–GZE\™ž†\Y\^R k \^]`_aRsb@c—¡ s†b@se]j\Y\Qg j„3 inQ ]j\^\ Rcgb@ZE‡@N—§ I > *  Nj  ¡œMONŸZEi§•ZEinW^cE‡p6Z

(81) § I > C  Nj  –Gb@* sBihZ # oW^Rc’_a\™m\›]jsn‡@R E4¡ “ R žgq inO ZEozN 3W] V E ]`c k  k Rcgbj_aRSW™_ƒ’m,E * >KO R ]`\^in3Wb V k RcEb`_aR Q ' I >DC3WV   N¡ “ O RSia ]>m _hN†]`_] ƒybjc k IPL v x y !cL v x y NwWYibjfyRcW™–£_aNERSobjshshRihf•b@c k WYcE‡ @/ƒyR\^b@cg‡@i_ab > C3 V   IPL vx y !cL v x y N

(82) ¡ ¢piwfEsnbJ‚@R k W^‚c t '*?`w`',> -b9,1C§•–Gb@se]j\YQSb@in_B]j\Y\ snR>]j\YWY³>]`_hW^b@cgiw]jc k –Gb@se]j\Y\ inZ # oWYRc’_a\™m \›]jsn‡@R §X_hNERw&i !-ZE]jshR 1 3†!ƒ8  ob@c’_z]jWYcEiO]_œ\YR>]jiv _ I Q * N  Q[Zg_hZ†]j\Y\Ym cEb@cŠWYc’_aRshihRo_hW^cE‡ ozN†]jcEcER\^iob@cgcERo_aWYcE‡[\YR– _]jc k shWY‡@N’_£ihW k Ribj–y_hNERei !ŸZ†]jsnRj¡ s'WYc†]j\Y\Ymj§’"Rw]jshsnWY‚jRw]`_t_hNER –Gb@\^\YbJW^cg‡ ob@cEo\YZEinW^b@cgi9G : SA'.— ˜†š%L: . * > 3 N98 O. . I.  $. '. L:> . ©cª~«. *. > 3 NMj O I. .  $. p Z. . m  

(83)  K "X  Df _143†! 8[n 

(84) K   U I Q * N  _D W " u

(85) I" !5

(86) _" !   G u5

(87) 0 P‘=  GX= ,   ’‘   * W r  K   C  U’‘r

(88) !_G 9”. 8 : Sd,qg. &lI~N. v€. p ' Z . pRcEbj_hRp_hNERB]jƒ•bJ‚@RefEWYfyRi"ƒ’m*8l"!  9! 8 œAž §QIHN  I Q * N ¥¡ “ W™_aNEbjZg_"\Yb@ini"bj– ‡@RcERsa]j\YW™_àm RS]jihinZEQSRS_hN†]`_B–Gbjs]jc’m –GZEcgo_aWYb@ceL  & I LONpihZgozN_hN†]`_ & IK35!cL  N  3X§ & I! !cL  N")6RNE]J‚jR G ;. #. #%$. &. I!†N ' '. &. F. 6. E. 6. *. +NERshR & W^iw] ‚`]jshW^]jƒE\YR k W^snRo_aR k ]j\^bjcE‡ _hNERfgW^f•R ]`– _hRsshRiho]j\^WYcE‡Z

(89) ¡#àc k RR k §y_a] ~ŸW^cg‡Š] ihQSbXb`_aNfEW^f•RSW^cgo\YZ k R k W^c 8)( ]jc k ozNEb-b@ihWYcE‡E§ WY–"cERoRinia]jsvm@§~] \^]jsh‡jRs‚`]j\^ZgR b`– EO*J§ b@cERlo>]jcd]jozNgW^R‚@R_hNER]jƒ•bF‚jRl\^bJRseƒyb@Zgc k ¡ ¢e– _aRsesnRino>]j\YW^cg0‡ Ls' =*•§ = '³6JD§g"Rlž†c k G. & IPLON 6 6 ' L+ # 2 =[W™_a9 N 8 (( ' =18,( . & F E * p. # $. òGå óKòGô.

(90) „. 

(91)   

(92)    

(93)  ! !!

(94)  ". mŠ_aNgR[V-NŸ"]jsv_a³W^cER !ŸZ†]j\YWY_àm G 6. =  I!E. MON-Zgi§.   6. *N . n. #. #. 2. # $. &. kr.  œ ž . ( O / . #. 2. # $. kr. &.   n. I LON ' L. &. IPLONmk  ' L . VXZEQSQSW^cE‡ ZEfdbJ‚@Rs \YR>] k iO_ab~G # $. &. 2. Q. * I LONJk  ' L  I N. $snb@Q ´p € 'Z

(95) §g"RlN†]>‚jRG. . k 8 (( k&#. =. 2. # $. IPLONJk  ' L . 6  * I N  79I * N. E. 6. &. kr. = = !I E. . Q. 6. 6. IQ * N. * N m9I * N ' . Q. Q. E. 79I * N I¨F. 6. * N  . s. # %V . œ 02. ž k r. &. IPLONmk  ' L.  œAž . . #. (1/O # $. 2. 3V. 02   œ ž  k r  œ ž.  œ  ž .  . #. 2. & kr. IPLONJk  ' L. &. IPLONJk  ' L. ( /O # $ IQ * N 6 œ  ž     3 V    * 7 %I Q N I¨ F E * N. pihWYcE‡ ;wRžEcEWY_hW^bjc pC Z0b`– @-I # N§"]jc k _z] ~ŸWYcE‡W^c’_ab¥]joob@ZEc’_ _aNER –+]jo_S_aN†]`_g W^i ]jc ]jshƒEW™_ash]jsnm!fybjihW™_aW™‚@Rc-ZgQ[ƒ•Rs§†Rbjƒg_z]jWYcQG o. Y—.  %'*). +-$/.0 1. . —™˜5š.  *. #. Y*-, @ I# N . +D:US. . R_l:hp]`c k :  _àb cERWY‡@NŸƒybjsBoR\^\Yi§—\YR_Bia]>m¨_hN†]`_:  ' L v z|{ R2: _aNERlobjshshRihf•b@c k WYcE‡ Q ]qXW^QZEQ fybjW^c’_aibj–/&+*J¡ “ RlW^c’ _hshb k ZEoR_hNERlsa]jc k b@Q”ihR_7G . ]jc k _aNERlR‚@Rc’_hi9G ó ó × ƒEö „Fçnö. 2 3. '!. 4LeRH  d &IPLON_j :/<.

(96) §9]jc k. :h+,? .  L vz|{ R. §. :.

(97) €'. ]*  G. 

(98)  G"   

(99)  . = 3 * G _aNERihR_£bj–@  ihZgozN _aNE]`_t_aNERshRWYi]f†]_aN ob@cEcgRo_hW^cg‡ L v z|{ ]jc k ƒyR\^bjcE‡@iO_ab* fIPL vz|{ ! cNœ]jc k NEWYozN WYiW^cgo\YZ k R k W^c 2 3 IG@VN

(100) ¡ = 3 C G'_aNERpihR_Obj–I@ inZEozNŠ _aN†]_"_aNgRshRwW^iO]ihQSb-bj_aNŠoZEsn‚jRbj–K\YRcE‡`_aN _aN†]`c EinZEozN¨_hN†]`_W™_ai C <-cgRWY‡@NŸƒyb@snNEb-b k WYieWYcEo\^Z k R k WYc 2 3 IB@VN¡. L v |z {. NEW^ozN. cEbj_"‡@shR]`_aRs. "b@QSf†]jshWYcE‡ _hNEWYi ihR_h_aWYcE‡ W™_aN¦_hNERŠb@cER ZEihR k –Gb@s_hNER!fEsnbXb`–bj–œ_aNgRŠ\^bJRs0ƒ•b@ZEc k § b@cERlo>]jcR]jihWY\YminRRl_aN†]_7G :US-' XZd L:> I 3 * N98  $ ' —™˜dL:> I 3 * NVj  $  O MON-Zgi§†–Gb@s]jc’m inQ ]`\^\Kf•b@ihW™_aW™‚@R=O g RlN†]>‚@RG. MONEW^iWYQSfE\^WYRie_aNERR

(101) qXW^iv_aRcgoR bj–. *. O. I. 6. N_j. 3V. . 3C V  .  N_j. . F. Ed*V' EO*IPgdNMj?3SihZEozN_aNE]`_7G O. I. F. 6 . “ lR ZEinRl_hNERlcEbj_a]`_aWYb@cQ * ' I 3WC V   N¡ #àc¨_aNERia]jQSR"]>m ]`iw]jƒ•bJO ‚@R bjcERo]jc ]jinihRsn_w_hN†]`_p–Gb@sihZ # oWYRc’_h\Ym \^]jsn‡@R §•_hNER i !ŸZ†]jsnRe1 3†!ƒ8|lob@c’_a]jW^cgi[]`_l\YR>]`in_ I Q * N  Q[Zg_hZ†]j\Y\Ymcgb@c¥WYc’_aRshihRo_hW^cE‡ ihQSbXb`_aN C   fEW^f•Riob@cEcERo_hW^cE‡dƒ•bj_h_hb@Q ]`c k _ab@f inW k Rilbj–ª_aNER0i&!ŸZ†]jshRSinZEozN_hN†]`_l]`\^b@cg‡ R>]jozNbj– _aNERihRfEW^f•R%i G &IPLONMj;:US + g  “ RlobjcEihW k Rsp]0ihf•RoWYž†ol_aRin_–GZEcEo_aWYb@c5  ihZgozN¨_aNE]`7_ G pT TZ IK3†!`L  N  3 ]jc k  I’6´!cL  N )6@§ W^iobjcŸ_hW^cŸZEbjZEi§ 5 5 5 pT

(102) TZ W^i ob@cgin_z]`cŸ_ŠƒyR_à"RRc ]jc’m3f†]jWYs!bj–lozN†]`cEcER\Y| i pGfEW^f•Ri Z§e]jc k ]j\^inb¦ƒ•R_àRRc 5 mL ~LQT'(3 ]jc k _aNERlž†snin_BfgW^f•R–Gsnb@Q”b@cgRinW k R`§—]jc k ƒ•R_àRRc _aNER\›]`in_pfEW^f•R ]jc k mL ~LQT$ 't6 $ –GshbjQÓ_aNgRb`_aNERsOihW k Rj§ * pT

(103)

(104) TZ osnb@ihinW^cE‡SR]jozN¨ozNE]jcEcER\ p+fEWYfy7R Z§ Q  ] ~jRiw]puvZEQSfdbj–4]jQSfE\YWY_hZ k  R 6JD~I! I Q N eN > W^cgihW k R]SozNE]jcEcER\5  W^iO\YWYcER>]jsWYcd5 _hNER k WYshRo_aWYb@cdb@sn_hNEb@‡@bjc†]j\9_hbS_hNERoZgsn‚@Rl_aNE]`_ –Gb@shQSiœ_hNERlozN†]jcEcER\^i¡ òGå óKòGô.

(105) €@€. 

(106)   

(107)    

(108)  ! !!

(109)  ". ² RcgoRƒk r 5  k®n —™˜5š.  

(110) A        .  !   ". EO*¥D I Q *.

(111) §$]jc k \YR_h_hW^cg‡=. §g"R‡@R_7G. '(6JD. N. 02 # %_ œ ž  k r. 02 # %_ œ ž  k r. I LONJk  ' L 5. n '. EQ*  IQ * N. 

(112). '.  I LONJk  ' L. 02   œ ž  k r #. n. 5. 5.  I LONJk  ' L. 3V.  œ  ž. 3WV. pI gQN~ œ  ž . NERsnRw"Rl]`\^inb ZEihR k _aNERw–+]`o_œ_hN†]`_bk r  k  3[b@ZX_aihW k RB_hNERBozN†]jcgcER\Yi¡ œ]jo~ _abl;pRž†cEW š _aWYb@c‚p6 :Zb`– @-I # N

(113) §†"R ‡jR_ @AI # Nn p5 I gdN~ œ 3WV  ž ¡pM4] ~ŸWYcE‡!_aNgR[\YW^Q <-inZEf ]ji # ?p3X§ "Rž†c k G . . Y™—. #.  `© * ª~«. Y*-, @ I # VN n. + : SQ,qg. . VXW^cgoR g YW ip]`c¨]`shƒEW™_ash]jsnm f•b@inWY_hWY‚jRcŸZEQƒyRs§†_aNEWYishR\›]`_hW^bjc¨WYQSfE\^WYRi%G Y—. ª «  ©c* ~. #. +D:US. Y*-, @ I # VN n. !0 ) ' . ¬-°  ¬  U^Œ.  . . .  . Š   G"   iG5 K 

(114) K=5 i  "

(115)  "!#!m (

(116) T B  K ! ’‘  _ 

(117)    @-I # N

(118)  

(119) r"  ( ! !!

(120)  "aU! i:

(121) f*"”.  #. Y— * .

(122) " : Sr  

(123) _"=

(124) 5 U ]   :

(125) f*". ó ó × ƒEö „Fçnö. D:US. Y*-, @ I # -N '$+ %$"“.

(126) €@. ]*  G. 

(127)  G"   

(128)  . #      %  " 0 [  [ #àc_hNEWYi ihRo_aWYb@c"RfEsnbF‚-W k R _à"b k W™˜9RshRcŸ_dinZ # oWYRc’_ ob@c k W™_aWYb@cEiŠ–GbjsŠ‚j]`\^W k W™_àm bj– ² m-fyb`_aNERihWYi€@¡Y€@¡ Ž Q^Œ ] MU G ." &T_  *K `_3k "="

(129) "

(130)  

(131) € ! 

(132) 

(133)  "’‘ £¬   .  b  " (!

(134) M*h' mL 6 + & *IPLON_')&+*JIPLw}PN D]G ‘7 ! u ,† !*P’‘  $ *† h

(135) 

(136) !(‘7  

(137)  ^ "n"  wg5* 

(138) B G = 9  • IPLwvx y%!9– N Lwvx y_RH€-vx y" ¡²+'³6!¥F®   

(139) G]G .  °—° (ª]jozNf•–RsnW^b k WYotoR\^\@NE]jiK_à"bia] kEk \YR£f•b@WYc’_aiQ– L¤ } ]jc k L } §J–Gb@sKR>]`–oz¤ NbjcERtbj–-_aNERihR ia] kEk \^R0f•b@WYcŸ_hiL } p+inRR s'WY‡@ZEsnR_:Z"R k RcEbj_hR ƒ’mHL v x y 'tLwvx yB]jc k L vx y 'tLwvx y,?9– _aNERw_àbScERWY‡@NŸƒ•b@sœQSW^cgW^QZEQ”f•b@W^c’_hi§EivmXQƒybj\¡– ¤ , ob@shsnRinfyb@c k iœ_ab – ¤ _hNERB‡@snR>]`_hRs"‚`]j\YZER bj–"bjcERSbj–"_hNERSob-b@s k WYc†]`_hRi¡!V-W^QSWY\›]jsn\Ymj§4ƒ’Sm L vz|{ ' Lwvz|{]jc k L v z|{ ' Lwvz|{ +?  pGWY– ²'(6@Z§ ' Lwvz|{ +q rp+W™ – ²+' F:ZR k RcEb`_aR_aNERlcERW^‡jN-ƒ•b@sQ ]qXW^QZEQ f•b@W^c’_hi¡ “ R ƒ•R‡@WYc ƒ’m¨ob@cEiv_asnZEo_hW^cE‡d]!f•RsnW^b k WYo–+]jQSWY\Ym¨bj–ªinZ # oWYRc’_a\™m ihQ ]j\Y\'cgRWY‡@NŸƒyb@s´š NEbXb k i 8pI Lw}PNbj–œih] kEk \YR!f•b@WYcŸ_h

(140) i Lw}uR?€-}_hN†]`_fyb@inihRihihRi[_aNgR –Gb@\Y\^bJWYcE‡ fgshb@f•Rsv_aWYRi p+ihRR s'W^‡jZEsh R 0]jc k s'WY‡@ZEshRl:} Z"G pT TZŠ–Gb@s~]`\^i\ Lw}ER €-}Û§ 8XIPLw}PNW^iª]BinQ b-bj_hN k b@Q ]jWYc0_aN†]`_'ob@c’_a]jW^cgitcEbihWYcE‡@ZE\^]js~f•b@WYc’_ai RqXoRfg_hLw}> pT

(141) TZŠ_aNER @f<X]j\Y‡@Rƒgsa]jiB‡jRcERsa]`_hR k ƒ’m ´&/9IPLON¥!CL2R 8pI Lw}PN $ O§ Lw}VR€-}Û§—]jshR WYc k RfyRcXš k Rc’_U> pT

(142)

(143) TZŠ_aNERshRBR

(144) qXW^iv_a i  j?3[ihZEozN _hN†]`_>§-–Gb@sœ]`\^w\ Lw}+R €-}Û§X_hNERw–Gb@\Y\YbFWYcE‡ k Rob@QSf•b@ihW™_aWYb@c W^i4‚j]`\^W k G 8XIPLw}^N/'a‡  /O  §`NERsnR   ]jshR"ob@cEcgRo_hR k objQ f•b@cERc’_aitbj– 8pI Lw}^N ihZEozNd_aN†]C_ &*I LONMj.&+*IPLw}PNU,  W™+– LHR  ¡‡  §†]jc k . . 98. —™˜ &*I LON .&+*IPLw}PN ¢7Ÿ . !–Gb@s]j\Y\QLw}+Re€A}¨G£WY–ELSR &/%IPLON . 3M>. T!. . 0Z ¢7Ÿ . 98. —™˜ &+*IPLON a&+*JIPLw} N ¢7Ÿ.    &+*IPLONMn &+*IPLw}PNU,. 8pI Lw}^Nœ]jc k &+*IPLw}PN + n . pT

(145) DZ. +. +. T!. *. &+*JI LONn. ¥_hNERc. &+*JIPLw} NE, . òGå óKòGô.

(146) €J}. 

(147)   

(148)    

(149)  ! !!

(150)  ". xmin+e2 . x = - U0(x) ∆. x2s. xmax. xmax-e 1 Q(x1s ). xmin. x1s. xmax-e 2. xmin+e1. 4W^‡@ZgshR 5GC_M@4H'>!wM AD>6D4 w 4HAD>c F,',h h )  95'  )hLO ' A.2D4 VKC+ ' 9. pT DZ]j\Y\_hNER_hsa]uvRo_hb@shWYRipbj–t_aNERR !ŸZ†]_aWYb@c LH  ' +rs&+*IPLONin_a]jsn_hW^cE‡Š]`_   §y]jsnR ]`_vš –¤. _ash]jo_hR k – ¤ W™_a

(151) N L vx y '.Lwvx y NEWY\YR_aNgR_ash]uvRo_ab@snW^Ri'iv_z]jsv_aWYcE‡B]`_   ]jsnR"]`_n_ash]jo_hR k WY_h N L vx y¡ opc k Rs _aNERŠ]jƒybJ‚jR]jihinZEQSfg_aWYb@cEiSb@c &+*S]jc k &/l_aNgR ia]jW k cERWY‡@NŸƒ•b@shNEb-b k i k b R‚XW š k Rc’_a\™mRqXWYin_pWY–  WYiihQ ]j\Y\KRcEbjZE‡@N—¡ “ R]jshRª‡@b@WYcE‡_abihNgbF cgbF _aN†]`_–Gb@Qs gi* 8 +D´F"_aNER£sa]`c k b@Q ‚`]jsnW›]`ƒE\^Ri • IPLwvx y%!9– N ]jshRŠWYc k RfyRc k RcŸ_¡ M4b _hNEW^i0Rc k "R ob@cEihW k Rs ]`shƒEW™_ash]jsnm¥_à"bcERW^‡@NŸƒ•b@s0QSW^cgW^QZEQ fyb@WYc’_a-i Lwvx yª]`c k Lwvx y®, 9–y]jc k ]QSW^cgW^QSWY³WYcE‡[inR !ŸZERcgoRwb`–9oZEsn‚jRui 

(152) 7I 3 N $ ihZgozN _aNE]`_.

(153) I^3N-'„Lwvx y§

(154) I 6JN/' Lwvx yE, 9–C§

(155) R; fIPLwvx y9!9– Nœ]jc k *c0 ¬®­|Z ¬Ž  &I MIP±`N`N_n • IPLwvx y%!9– N¡,  ;pZERB_ab[_hNERin_hshZEo_aZEsnRbjA – &+*e]jc k _aNgRBozNEb@WYoRbj– 8XIPL –} N

(156) §X_hNERBWYcŸ_hRsnihRo_aWYb@cdbj– MI 3 N – WY_hN 8pI L } N£WYiœcEb@c’_hshW™‚XW^]j\•–Gb@sœ]j\Y\•ihZ # oWYRc’_h\Ym inQ ]j\^\ -¡ #Û_"W^iœ]j\^inb o\YR>]`s"_aN†]_ 

(157) b@cE\™m s. ó ó × ƒEö „Fçnö.

(158) €>T. ]*  G. 

(159)  G"   

(160)  . Γ1. U0(x)=U0(xs )+ β U0(x)=U0(xs ) Γ2. Γ3. 'W^‡jZEshRp}†GuAAKh3AK>  s. Γ4. L:AD4R>!wL } R4 > D2 4HVKC+'d4 w _O '\@',OO04R>@'*?mL d  &+*JI LONT' & *I L mL d&+*IPLON/' &*I L } NU,  c)>6 w @' 6:'*M AKh L:A:?4 w 4 AK>  U‡  ‡  ‡  A . $  .  ) >6 } N $  8 I L } N. p. œ]`_O_hNERlfyb@WYc’_ai\YbXo]`_aR k ]`_   ‡   ¡/;wRcEbj_aR  /' 0Z O m±

(161) I ±`N_R  9$ !   ' — ˜Qm±Mj  

(162) I ±`NVR  7$  pbJ b@cERo>]`c shRfE\^]joR_aNERihR‡@QSRc’_abi  VIP±`NŽ3pn„±n   $ ]jc k  VIP±`N   n.±nt6 $ ƒŸm _aNgRwcER/bjcERiœWYcŠinZEozN]"]Jm _aNE]`_"_hNERwoZEsn‚jR M I 3 Nªb@ƒX_z]jWYcER k W^iœob@c’_aWYcŸZEb@ZEi§Ein_hW^\Y\ ƒyR\^b@cg‡@iO_ab* fIPLwvx y"!9– N]`c k ia]`_hW^ivž†Rie_aNERlRiv_aWYQ ]`_aR9i G &I M I ±`NcN98 • IPLwvx y"!9–^Nd! –Gbjs]j\^Q \ ± 8  ]jc k ±Vj    MON-Zgi • IPLwvx y9!9– Nb@cE\™m k Rf•Rc k i bj?c ´&T"IPLONŽL R 8pI L –} N $ §ª]jc k _aNER iv_z]`_hRQSRc’_Sbj– _aNERl\YRQSQ ]S–Gb@\Y\YbFi¡ : MONgR0fEshb-bj–£bj–ª_aNER0cgRq-_]jihinRsv_aWYb@c¥WYiihWYQSW^\^]jsB_hbŠ_aN†]`_Bbj–ª_aNER0fEsnRoR k WYcE‡d\^RQ Q ] ]jc k W^\Y\ƒyRbjQ W™_h_hR k ¡ Ž Q /&/9IPLON

(163) r    U "  BDu1." H

(164) !!  K= ^*5 K £¬   W^c’_aRshinRo_hi. –. 8XIPL } N. . 

(165)  =    K .

(166) [    "  ‘= ]“ mIU *" !

(167)  V‘=u5 K € Gam!!.  k &/9IPLONmk®n?gi*E!Xk &/%IPL N. +. &/%I L  NJk®n?gŽJk L. . +L.  k¥!hL¡!cL. . !cL  RH  !. òGå óKòGô.

(168) €. 

(169)   

(170)    

(171)  ! !!

(172)  ".  G 

(173) K  E @ ´&T"IPLON~L°R W  $  G*@E´&T9I LON~LqR W  $   _

(174) G]G

(175) u "  JIKW !W  NVj  ( ‘7€

(176)  ^ " "  ´gi*% Ogw  G  

(177) B G  = 9  • IPLwvx y%!#9–PN   

(178) G] G . k W^iv_. ó ó × ƒEö „Fçnö. . .

(179) €. ]*  G. 

(180)  G"   

(181)  . ”

(182) `  "  € ©¥¡y¢ (/¡K¢B/(T;O¢{]jc k ¢[¡g¡—©d¢´;O¢[¡B© ]`_aNgRQ ]`_aWYo>]`\4QSb k R\YiwW™_aN R

(183) qE]`o_ shRcgb@shQ ]j\YW^³]`_aWYb@c–Gb@sO_aZEsnƒEZE\YRc’_e_asa]`cEihf•b@sn_¡= l_D U  Kr

(184)   

(185) "  5  U d "! §—€J}X´€ GÁ}jg€ <-T `„g§y€>„@4„ 'g¡   ©¥¡E ¢  (/¡¢w (/;O¢ ]jc k ¢[¡ g¡$©¨

(186) ¢ ´;O¢[¡ªVXZgfyRs k W™˜9ZgihWYb@c¨WYc cER]jsh\™mŠiv_asa]_aW™ž†R k $†bJi ¡ f  E "!!›§ W„ p6@} <-T Z"G @@„ <g j„g§•€J„@„ X¡  } ©¥¡ª¢  (T¡K¢B/ (/;¢¤]jc k ¢¡ g¡©¨

(187) ¢ ´;O¢[¡ ¢wfgfE\^WYo>]_aWYb@c bj–B]jc ]`fEfEshb>qXWYQ ]_aR x <X. < _aNgRb@svm@§†_ab ] QSb k R\K–Gb@sO_hZEshƒEZg\^RcŸ_p_ash]jcEihf•b@sv_>§†WY_hN R

(188) qE]`o_pshRcgb@shQ ]j\ š . W^³]`_aWYb@c—¡ #àc S¡Ãxl¡gV-R\Y\9R_O]j\6¡Y§-R k W™_ab@s§ K5%*i u

(189)   

(190) !O  "G_ U "@I" "  *-§FMONER #v©¨¢ ‚jb@\^ZgQ Ri~WYc0© ]`_hNERQ ]`_hW^oi~]jc k W™_ai'¢pfEfE\YW^o]`_aWYb@cEi§ f†]j‡@Ri=€ <X}g€@§†eR  £b@Us ~$§K€J„@„j}g¡$VXfEsnW^cg‡@Rs ªRsn\›]`‡E¡  T ©¥¡$¢  (T¡K¢B/ (/;¢ ]jc k ¢[¡ g¡9©d¢ ´;O¢[¡V-W^QSfE\YR[R

(191) qE]`Q fg\^RipW™_aN¨–GR]`_aZgshRiebj– shRcgb@shQ ]j\YW^³]`_aWYb@c –Gb@s[_hZEshƒgZE\^Rc’_ _hsa]jcgihf•b@sn_q¡    †B K! (!! G § }jT GR '!<Dj}@}g§y€J„@„jTE¡   g¡ g¡ (t¢Bxl" ¡ ! "G_ k’‘/  

(192)  # |U j¡ (t\^inR‚-W^Rs§teR$  £b@Bs ~$§ €J„’: X¡  l¢[%¡ £Z—¡ (/&£¢ ('{]jc k ]g¡Áxl% ¡ ( s (£u ; # (' ¡ ² b@QSb@‡@RcEW^³]`_aWYb@c bj–t_hNER[iv_a:b ~`Ri R !ŸZ†]`_hW^b@cgieW™_aN¨]0sa]jc k b@Q”f•bj_aRcŸ_hW›]`\6¡    ( `§ j„p+T Z"GÃ} € <X}@: X§9€>„@„ ¡  l¢[¡ (ªBV  oBVgVX¢B)§ g¡ ªO¡ ]#  BVy§y]jc k 0¡•ry¢wry¢B #T  ¢  o=¡ "GI5  G "@ E‘7h"= * f^ 5 §X‚jb@\YZEQSR b`' – f5K i

(193) *  

(194) "  5  G

(195)   V U 5 K¡ªeb@sn_hN < ² b@\^\^]jc k §—€J„’ jX¡   x¡á¢[¡ "¢wxw©  e¢Ó]`c k t,¡ +Co¡ ² b@QSb@‡jRcEWY³>]`_hW^bjc–Gb@sB_hW^QSR k RfyRc k Rc’__ !<5; W^cEob@QSfEshRihinW^ƒE\Y#R l]jZEinihW^]jkc $†bJi¡rªsnRfEsnW^c’_¡  „ l¢[G¡ sX¢ww

(196)   #à¢w

(197)   ]jc k 0¡$ry¢Br•¢B #T  K¢  o¡ "bjcŸ‚jRo_aWYb@c RcgN†]jcEoR k k W™˜yZXš ihWYb@c–GbjsBfyRshWYb k W^Po $†bJi-¡ /.

(198) Wi=G S V U   "   § `T†GÁ}@}j@} < 3T '@g§—€>„@„jTE¡  € 'l¢[ ¡ s-¢Bp

(199)   #à¢B0  ]jc k S¡pry¢wry¢B #T  ¢  o¡ ;pWY˜yZEihWYb@c WYc _aZEsnƒEZE\YRcEoRj¡ V *

(200)  " (="n G1"  `Ul " §9€ ' 5GYj j@„ <X}@}`TE§9€J„j„ ¡ òGå óKòGô.

(201) €F . 

(202)   

(203)    

(204)  ! !!

(205)  ". €@€ g¡fs~x # (/;[¡M G

(206)  `"C D †¡)(t\^inR‚-WYRs§$¢pQ iv_aRs k ]jQ§€J„’ X¡  €@  ¡[¡  #   §†Vy¡$©¥¡    [§†]jc k  ¡g¢¡   ( #´ #S¡  BD !  |’‘ ! " 5  +"B I  G#.I5´B OuDu G R¡ªVXfEsnW^cg‡@R s ªRsn\›]`‡E§K€J„@„jTg¡  €J }  ² ¡ (£VXM (ª¡  "     (="2‘7  

(207) "  5   K§‚@bj\^ZEQSR  bj– V B´ 

(208)   *

(209) 5"¡ "WYUs ~Ÿ N jZgihRs§ "b@in_hb@c—§K€J„j X¡  €> T Vy ¡     [¡ Rb@QSR_hshWYo[]`ihf•Ro_hiwbj–'NEb@QSb@‡@RcEWY³>]`_hW^b@c90¡     

(210) "  < U ,f5= "!§ET@fT p5:Z"GÄg€ <•€T@TE§•€J„@@„g¡  € Vy¡¹©

(211) ¡      ]`c k ¢[¡ t¡9r £¢tM #àMe V r##z ¡B¢ ‚jRsh]j‡@WYcE‡ b@c ] ƒ†]jo ~Ÿ‡@shbjZEc k bj– ‚j]`cEW^inNEWYcE‡ ‚-WYihobjihW™_àm@¡  

(212)    / O= [§$ 'Wpv@€ Z¥GY`Tg€ <K €j§y€J„j„g€@¡  € l¢[¡ ¡ t¡r £¢tMi #àMe V 0û]`c k V•¡¹©¥¡      ¡ ² b@QSb@‡@RcgW^³]`_aWYb@c¥]jc k ‚`]jcgW^inNXš W^cE‡¥‚XWYihob@ihW™_àm@¡ #àc w¡shWY‡@R\^WYb@cEWYi§OR k WY_hb@s§  *

(213)  " (="‚ G       5 U 'f 5  !!!T ‘= ] 

(214) H 7‘7" u  j§4fE]j‡@Ri}@4} '!<X}@}@„g¡ lVg r @©¨ b ~-in\›]`i§ €J„@4„ 'g¡   . . . ! $. ó ó × ƒEö „Fçnö. $.

(215) Unité de recherche INRIA Sophia Antipolis 2004, route des Lucioles - B.P. 93 - 06902 Sophia Antipolis Cedex (France) Unité de recherche INRIA Lorraine : Technopôle de Nancy-Brabois - Campus scientifique 615, rue du Jardin Botanique - B.P. 101 - 54602 Villers lès Nancy Cedex (France) Unité de recherche INRIA Rennes : IRISA, Campus universitaire de Beaulieu - 35042 Rennes Cedex (France) Unité de recherche INRIA Rhône-Alpes : 655, avenue de l’Europe - 38330 Montbonnot St Martin (France) Unité de recherche INRIA Rocquencourt : Domaine de Voluceau - Rocquencourt - B.P. 105 - 78153 Le Chesnay Cedex (France). Éditeur INRIA - Domaine de Voluceau - Rocquencourt, B.P. 105 - 78153 Le Chesnay Cedex (France).   

(216).   . ISSN 0249-6399.

(217)

Références

Documents relatifs

constat, unanime en Colombie, que la résolution des conflits par élimination de “l’opposant” est l’une des caractéristiques de la violence nationale. Première

Automatic test data generation, structural testing, constraint solving techniques, global constraints 1.. Structural testing techniques are widely used in unit or module testing

It is obvious that the steel showed the plastic strain memory effects at each test temperature, in other words, in spite of the hardness of the steel cyclic stress,

Les cités et leur territoire d'influence sont administrées par de puissantes familles, celles de l'aristocratie terrienne et marchande, qui tirent leur légitimité de

L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des

In this paper, we have defined the steady-state control problem for MDP, and shown that this question is decidable for (ergodic) MDP in polynomial time, and for labeled MDP

Trois autres échantillons du pool CHAT étaient également gardés au Center for Disease Control et ont été inclus dans cette analyse (CHAT pool 13, CHAT type 1 Wy4B-5, CHAT 1FL)..

Un habitat de La Tène moyenne et finale à Berry-au-Bac au lieu-dit “ Le Chemin de la Pêcherie ” (Aisne).. Jérôme Dubouloz, Michel Plateaux,