Ismawen n yibedran n temnaḍt n yimcaddalen:tasleḍt tagelmant n talɣa d unamek

TANEГLAFT N ULMAD UNNIG D UNADI USSNAN

TASDAWIT AKLI MUḤEND ULḤAǦ -TUBIRET- TAZZEDDAYT N TSEKLIWIN D TUTLAYIN

AGEZDU N TUTLAYT D YIDLES AMAZIГ

Akatay n Master

Taɣult : Tasnilest d tasnalmudt

Asentel

S ɣur: S Lmendad n Massa

-QASIMI Ʃelǧiya DUWIK Raziqa -ḤAMRI Ḥanan Imeskayaden: -CEBIB Nabil -ĞABER Ibrahim Azemz n tsallalt 01-07-2017

Ismawen n yibedran n temnaḍt n

yimcaddalen:tasleḍt tagelmant n

Deg tazwara ad neḥmed Rebbi ad t-necker ɣef tezmart id aɣ- d-yefka

akken niwe ɣer tizi n wass-a

Ad nini tanemmirt tameqqrant i massa * DUWIK *,i

d-yellan i lmendad-nteɣ seg tazwara n tezrawt-a almi

d taggra

Tanemmirt i wid akk id aɣ-d-yefkan afus n lemɛawna

ladɣa iselmaden n ugezdu n tutlayt d yidles n Tmaziɣt

Leqdic-a ad tbudde i :

*yemma d baba ɛzizen fell- i s wa as ad as-niniɣ tanemmirt tameqqerant .

* Ad tbuddeɣ iwatmaten-iw ;”Sidi ɛli”,”Ṣala ddin”,”Mu emmad amin”.

*Ad tbuddeɣ i yissetma “ amila”,”

Zuhra”,”Je iga”,”Xadi a”,”Fa ma”, “Lwiza”, mebla ma ttuɣ rru -iw yelli-s n waltma “Anfal”.

*Ad tbuddeɣ i temeddukal-iw akken ma llant .

*Ad tbuddeɣ i massa “DUWIK” imi id tili i lmendad deg leqdic-a .

* Ad tbuddeɣ i temkar it n TUBIReT d tin n TIZI WezZU . *I yimsulɣa n teddart n MCEDDALA .

*Ad tbuddeɣ i yimaziɣen anda ma llan .

Ḥanan

Leqdic-a at buddeɣ i :

- Twacult-iw ɛzizen ;yemma d baba i yi-d-yefkan afud deg yal tikli-w ɣer sdat .

-Yessetma,Safia, Yamina; Anissa i d-iyi-d-yefkan afus n lemɛawna deg yal lwaqt .

-Σemmi Ḥemmuc i yiɛawnan aṭas d twacult-is . -Timedukal-iw yal yiwet s yisem-is .

- Ugezdu n tutlyt d yidles Amaziɣ .

Asnemmer……….

Abuddu………..

Tazwert tamatut………..8 Tamukrist………..9 Turdiwin………..9

Aḥric n tesnarrayt

I/ 1-Afran n usentel………..10

2-Timental n ufran n usentel………...10

3-Iswi n usentel……….……..11

4-Tarrayt n unadi……….11

5-Tarrayt n wammud………...11

6-Awal ɣef usentel………...12

7-Assisen n temnaḍṭ……….12

8-Awal ɣef yimsulɣa………...12

9-Tafelwit n yimsulɣa………..13 II/Tarrayt n tesledṭ …………..………....14

Ixef n teẓri

Aḥric n tesnalɣa

Tazwert

………. 17 I-1-Tasnalɣa……….…...……….17 I-2-Iswi n tesnalɣa ……….……….17 I-3-Amawal………...…….………….17 I-4-Aẓar……….…………..18 I-5-Asufeɣ n uẓar ………….………...………18 I-6-Isem……..……….…………..…………..19

I-7-Ticraḍ tigejdanin n yisem……….……….20

I-8-Arbib ……….…...………….24

I-11-Areṭṭal………..28 II-Tasnawalt: II-1-Tasmidegt……….31 II-2-Azal n tesmidegt………...32 II-3-Uguren n tesmidegt………..33 II-4-Tussniwin n tesmidegt……….33

II-5-Tabadut n yismawen n yiberdan………..34

II-6-Annawen n yismawen n yiberdan………....35

Taggrayt

………...……….36

Aḥric n tesnamka

Tazwert………...38 1- Tasnamka………...………...38 2-Iswi n tesnamka………38

Taggrayt

………...………....39

Ixef n wis sin ;tasleḍt tagelmant tasnalɣamkant

Aḥric amezwaru ; tasleḍt tagelmant tasnalɣant

Tazwert

………42

A-Tasleḍt tagelmant n talɣa n yismawen n yiberdan uddisen………...42

B- Tasleḍt n tagelmant n talɣa n yismawen n yiberdan ireṭṭalen………...53

Taggrayt

………..55

Aḥric wis sin ;tasleḍt n tagelmant tasnamkant Tazwert………..………57

Tasleḍt tagelmant n yinumak n yismawen n yiberdan n teqbaylit A: Tasleḍt tagelmant n yismawen n yiberdan iḥerfiyen………....57

B:Tasleḍt tagelmant n yismawen n yiberdan uddisen……….……...64

Tasleḍt tagelmant n yinumak n yismawen n yiberdan ireṭṭalen ireṭṭalen A: Tasleḍt tagelmant n yismawen n yiberdan iḥerfiyen………71

Taggrayt………....72

Taggraytamatut

……….74 1-Tiɣbula………76

2-Ammud

……….79

3- Amawal

……...………...106 4-Timerna……….108

8

Tamaziɣt d tutlayt i yellan seg zik,deg tasutin yezdin tutlayt d yidles amaziɣ , Tamaziɣt tesεa taɣerma meqqren ,d tin yuɣen aṭas deg umezruy,d tin itekkin ɣer twacult n tutlayin tiḥemsamiyin tesεa azal meqqren deg tefriqt n ugafa i yeṭṭfen seg yillel agerakal almi d asif n Nijer,seg Maṣer almi d Lmarruk anda ad naf tutlayt-a, d tin yebḍan d tantaliwin yal yiwet seg-sent tesεa timeslayin am tutlayt taqbaylit.

Ihi anessuk tiṭ ɣef wayen yeεnan tasnilest d wayen icudden ɣur-s ,maca anner lwelha ɣer uḥric n tesnisemt i izerwen tadra n yismawen imeẓlayen am yismidgen , ihi tasinisemt ɣur–s sin n yeḥricen : tasnismident d tesmidegt , taneggarut–a terza ismawen n yidgen neɣ ismawen irakalen , aḥric–a llant–d aṭas tezrawin fell–as gar–asent " DUBOIS(j),BYI.LON(CH), FARBRE (Γ).

Tasmidegt d yiwet n tussna i wumi neqqar s tefransist «La toponymie»,εla ḥsab n yimusnawen DUBOIS (J) yefka-d tabadut-a «d tussna i yzarwen tadra n

yismawen n yidgen d wassaɣen-nsen […] »1_.

Deg tezrawt-a anner lwalha ɣer wayen icudden ɣer yismawen n yiberdan i yellan d asentel ixuṣsen s waṭas deg taɣult n tesmidegt imi imusnawen ur rrin ara lwalha-nsen ɣur-s acku d amaynut deg taɣult-a,mebla ma nettu asnerni n umawal n tmaziɣt, ɣef waya aneɛreḍ ad nawi awal fell-as imi yal isem n ubrid yesɛa anisi i d-yekka maca d leqdic-a ara i izerwen anect-a anda ad nessekfel agerruj i d-ǧǧan lejdud akken ur yettruḥ ara deg tatut .

Deg tezrawt-a ad yili leqdic ɣef yismawen n yiberdan deg temnaḍt n Yimceddalen d tɣiwanin i d-as-d-yezzin,(Mceddala,Ṣaḥriǧ,Ḥnif)ad tili tezrawt tagelmant n talɣa d unamek imi tcudd ɣer wannar n tesnilest seg-s aneεreḍ ad nerr ɣef usteqsi-ya agejdan :

DUBOI(J),jall 1999,«Dictionnaire de linguistique et des sciences du langage»,p, 485 , ed,La rousse, Paris.

9

-D acu i d-ismawen n yiberdan i yellan deg temnaḍt n Mceddala, ilmend n wacu i d-asen semman akka ?

Seg-s frurin-d isteqsiyen inaddayen : -D acu-tt talɣa-nsen ?

-Amek i d-yella usileɣ n wawalen-a

Turdiwin

Turdiwin i ɣef nebna leqdic-a :

-Ahat yal isem n ubrid yesɛa assaɣ ɣer umdan trakalt,tafellaḥt.taɣawsa -Ahat yal isemawen-a sɛan azal deg tmetti .

-Yezmer d akken tadra n tuget n yismawen n yibredan d tamaziɣt, ma yella d ireṭṭalen drus-iten .

10

I/1-Afran n usentel

Tasmidegt d yiwet n taɣult, yesɛan assaɣ meqqren deg tesnilest tamaziɣt, d tin yebḍan ɣaf waṭas n yeḥricen, seg-asen aḥric n n yiberdan,d win i ɣef ara d-nawi awal, imi d win i yesɛan aṭas n lixṣas ladɣa deg taɣult n tesmidegt ulac aṭas n yinadiyen fell-as,am wakken d aɣen d aḥric yesɛan azal meqqran deg wayen yerzan tadra n yismawen, d antc-a i jebden lwalha-nteɣ ɣur-s ɣef waya aneɛreḍ ad nawi kra n yisallen i t-yerzan , imi aṭas n wawalen i yellan deg ubrid n jellu .

Ihi tazrawt-a d ayen i yellan deg temtti acu kan ur tettewassen ara s waṭa s imi imussnawen d yimnadiyen ur xdimen ara fill-as inadiyen s waṭas d aɣen ur tt-i d-bdiren ara deg tezrawin-nsen ixedmen .

2-Timental n ufran n usentel

Asentel n yismawen n yiberdan d win i jebden lwelha-nteɣ aṭas,imi d aḥric itekkin ɣer taɣult n tesmidegt, ɣef waya d afares n yemɣaren d temɣarin yettunaḥsaben d timkerḍiyin ɣef wayen yeεnan ismawen n yiberdan d yinumak-nsen.

Ihi timental id aɣ-yeğğan ad ten-fren:

1-Iwakken ad nwali d acu-t wadeg i yeṭṭfen yismawen-a deg tmetti.

2-Ur d-llint ara tezrawin fell-as, imi imusnawen d yimnadiyen ur rrin ara lwelha-nsen ɣur-s,ula d inelmaden ur xdimen ara tizrawin fell-as.

3-Aseḥbiber ɣef yismawen n yiberdan i cudden ɣer yal aɣref s yinumak-nsen.

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3-lswi n usentel

Iswi n leqdic-a mačči d yiwen deg tezrawt-a :

-D askfel n wawalen ur nettwasen ara neɣ wid iruḥen deg tatut .

-Ad nissin ismawen n yiberdan i yellan deg temnaḍt n Mceddala d yinumak-nsen.

- Ad neεreḍ ad nerr ayen i yellan d imawi ɣer tira,wa ad nernu i umawal n tamaziɣt s usisen n tmeslayin n temnaḍt- a (Mceddala).

-Anẓer ilmend n wacu i yettaken ismawen-a . -Asnerni n umawal n tmaziɣt ɣer wannar.

4-Tarrayt n unadi

Yal anagmay akken ad igerrez leqdic-is yessefk fell-as tuffɣa ɣer wannar,akken ad yessemres taɣult n wannar, d aɣen ad d-yawi tidet i yeẓra s wallen-is,mačči d ayen id as-d-ulsen wiyeḍ, ihi deg-s ad d-nemmeslay ɣef tarrayt i neḍfer d yisteqsiyen i nefka i yemdanen,d aɣen ad d-negg tafelwit i yimsulɣa acku d nettat i d-agerdas i d-yessebganen tuffɣa-nteɣ ɣer wannar.

5-Tarrayt n wammud

Akken ad nessiweḍ ɣer yiswi n tezrewt-a nebda agmer n yismawen n yiberdan s ɣur yimezdaɣ n kra n tɣiwanin n Mceddala nettaru-ten akken i d-ttwasusrun.

Ammud-a yesɛa azal n 100 n yismawen n yiberdan neḍfar tarrayt-a:

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Anadi-a yella-d deg wannar nesteqsa ɣef yismawen n yiberdan, llan wid i d-nmuger deg ubrid nesteqsa-ten llan wid ineqsed ɣer yexxamen neɣ ɣer lxedma-nsen.

-Agmer-a yella-d ilmend n yisteqsiyen-a : - Isem-ik, acḥal deg laɛmer-ik ?.

-Ini-yi-d ismawen n yiberdan i tesneḍ ?. -Ayɣer i sen-semman akka ?.

-D acu i d-anamek-nsen ?.

6-Awal ɣef usentel

Asentel-a d win yeεnan Ismawen n yiberdan deg taɣult n tesmidegt d win ur d-yettwabedren ara s waṭas imi ur sefkin ara azal i yuklal, ɣef waya aneɛreḍ ad nemmeslay fell-as,am wakken ad d-nawi tibadutin d wayen i d-nnen fell-as imusnawen, d aɣen aneεreḍ ad d-nefk azal i yesεa deg tmetti.

7-Awal ɣef temnaḍt

Mceddala (Mayu) d yiwen n wussun ibeεden azal n 50 n yikilumitren ɣef Tubirett tezdi 06 n tɣiwanin :(Mceddala, Aḥnif, ṣeḥriğ, Aɣbalu, Cerfa, Tawrirt).

Tamnaḍt-a zint-as-d seg ugafa"ṣeḥriğ" seg unẓul "Aḥnif" seg usamer "Cerfa" ma yella seg umalu "Asif Asemmaḍ".

8-Awal ɣef yimsulɣa

Deg unadi-ya yessefk ad naru imsulɣa, ɣas akken anect-a ur yelli ara yeshel, imi llan-d deg-s kra n wuguren dɣa nesteqsa kra n yemdanen i neẓra ad aɣ-d-fken timusniwin iṣeḥḥen, d ayen id aɣ-yeğğan ad nefren wid i yecfan i umezruy n yismawen-a d yinumak-nsen.

13 Tafelwit n yimsulɣa Aswir n tɣuri Tutlayt-is Tawtemt Awtay Amsalɣu Taddart Taɣiwant Ur teɣri ara lameɛna taḥḍer-d i lgerra D taqbaylit D tamɣart 65 n yisegga sen Meẓyan. (B) At yebrahi m Mceddala Tiweḍ ɣer uswir wis kraḍ D taqbaylit D tameṭṭut talemmast 54 n yisegga sen Buɛziz.(T) At walban Ṣaḥriğ Yiweḍ ɣer uswir wis smus am wakken yeɣra deg zzawiya n leqran. D aqbayli yessen taɛrabt yessen daɣen cwiṭ n tefransist D argaz alemmas 60 n yisegga sen Meccu .(Ḥ) Ṣaḥriğ D aselmad n tmaziɣt,yes ɣer deg uɣerbaz almmas. D aqbayli yessemras mliḥ tafransist D argaz 52 n yisegga sen Ḥeddad .(Σ ) -Iɣil ḥemmad -Ilyiten -Imesdurar -At ḥemmad

14 Yiweḍ ɣer uswir wis tẓa,yexdam tannant ixeddam d aframli D aqbayli yessen tarumit D argaz alemmas 55 n yisegga sen Qasimi. (B) Tamezy abt Ḥnif II/Tarrayt n tesleḍt

Deg tesleḍt i nexdem, nebḍa ismawen n yibrdan i d-negmar ɣef sin n yeḥricen, amezwaru yerza ismawen n yiberdan n taqbaylit, wis sin yerza ismawen n yibrdan ireṭṭalen (deg-s wid i d-yekkan seg tutlayt n tefransist d wid i d-yekkan seg tutlayt n taɛrabt ) .

Tasleḍt n yismawen n yibrdan iḥerfiyen

Ismawen n yiberdan i d-negmar negga-asen, taslḍt tagelmant n talɣa d unamek

1-Tasleḍt tagelmant

Deg tesleḍt-a nura ismawen n yibrdan ɛla ḥsab n ususru n yimsulɣa,syin akin nɛawed-asen tira akken iwata nɛedda ɣer usufaɣ n uẓar i yal awal akked ticraḍ tigejdanin n tjarrumt (tawsit,amḍan,addad ), am wakken nefka-d laṣel n yal awal d wayen i yzamren ad ibeddal deg-

2-Tasleḍt tasnamkant

Deg tasleḍt-a naɛreḍ ad-nefk anamek n wawalen ilmend n yimsulɣa, d wamek i d- tnufa deg usegzawal n ( J.M.D ) ɣer taggara nefka-d anamek ɛla ḥsab-nteɣ, yal tikelt neqqar-d ayen i nesla ɣef yisem-nni .

17

Tazwert

Deg yixef-a ad- neɛreḍ ad d-nemmeslay ɣef tezrawt talɣawit , d aɣen amek id d-yettili usileɣ n umawal deg tmaziɣt imi amahil-a deg-s awal ɣef uẓar,ɣef yisem ,ɣef usuddem akked usuddes.

I-1-Tasnalɣa

D yiwen n uḥric n tesnilest i yerzan talɣa n wawalen tikwal ula d anamek ladɣa ma terna-d, ɣur-s aṭas n wid i d-yesbadun tamiḍrant-a :

‹‹ Tasnalɣa, d aḥric deg tesnilest, tzerrew tutlayin n tlsa, d wayen i yesɛan assaɣ d tutlayt ››1

D tusna i izerwen talɣa n wawal amek i yella tura, tasnalɣa tkeccem deg usegzi n tuget n yismidegen , ula d talɣiwin n wawal deg yizri .

I-2-Iswi n tesnalɣa

Deg wayen i yerzan iswi n tesnalɣa, yalwa d acu id d-yenna fell-as

-Гer SWEET, ‹‹ Tasnalɣa tzarrew isallen alɣanen n yal tasmilt tajerrumt , nesnirrit s ulmaḍ n s usuddes akked usuddem , (tasnalɣa tamawalant ) d

useggem n wawalen , n wumuren n timawit […] ›› .

Seg wakka nezmer ad nini d akken tasnalɣa tamawalant telha-d s uzuzer n talɣiwin, tefka-asent azal meqqren .

.I-3-Amawal

Amawal, deg tmaziɣt yerza tanfalit timanit imi amdan yettaɛraḍ ad yessenfali,ayen yeɛenan leṣwat i yellan deg ugama , yerzan kra n tɣawsa ,akken i d-yenna:

1

18

-Dubois,(J): ‹‹Amawal deg tesnilest yemmal-d tagruma n tayunin ,i d-yettgen tutlayt n yiwet n temɣiwant›› 1_.

Deg tesnilest nettaf-d amawal yezdi aṭas n tayunin n temɣiwant tamutlayt.

I-4-Aẓar

I-4-1-Tabadut n uẓar

Tamaziɣt tella deg twacult n tutlayin tiḥemsamiyini yebnan ɣef uẓar ,imi awal yebna ɣef tergalin d teɣra.

Aẓar d agraw n tergalin yezdin gar wawalen i yellan deg yiwet n twacult tamawalant ,deg wayen i d-iteddun ad-nefk kra n tbadutin i yerzan aẓar :

‹‹Aẓar d tagrumma n tergalin ,yezmer ad yili d bu yiwet n tergalt , neɣ snat , d

bu kraḍ n tergalin …tirgalin d nutenti i ɣef ires unamek neɣ i d-yemmalen kra n tɣawsa ››2_.

‹‹Aẓar deg tmaziɣt ttalɣen,s umḍan yemgaraden n tergalin i yesɛan ism n

ufeggag››3_.

MD/ Mceddala /MCDL(Aẓa).

Tala /TL (Aẓar) .

Γef waya lsas n uẓar deg tmaziɣṭ yebna ɣf tergalin kan war tiɣṛa,ama wakken it-id-nettaf yezmer ad yemgarad ad yili d bu yiwet n tergalt neɣ snat n tergalin neɣ ugar .

I-4-2 -Aẓar ɣur-s sin n leṣnaf

-Aẓar amawalan: D aẓar i yezdin yiwet n twacult tamawalant .aẓar-a yeddes s

ugraw n tergalin, d yiwen-nsent mxellafent kan deg taggayt taseddasant.

1

DUBOIS ,(J) ,« Dictionnair de linguistiqui et des sciences du langage »,ed,2001,larousse,p,297.

2_{SADIQI,(F),«Grammaire du berbère » ,ed,afrique orient,maroc,2004 ,p,278.}

3

19

MD: yečča, učči, sečč…aẓar d √Č.

-Aẓar argalan : D agraw n tergalin,ur nesɛi ara anamek zdin kan talɣa, yeddes

s tergalin kifkif-itent meεna mxellafent deg unamek, ur tekkint ara ɣer yiwet n twacult tamawalant.

MD:dder, Adrar, tiderri, taddart … aẓar-nsen d √DR. I-5-Asufeɣ n uẓar

Akken ad d-nesuffeɣ aẓar n wawal ilaq-aɣ:

-Ad as-nekkes ticraḍ, timerna n (tawsit , amḍan , addad ) . t -Ad as-nekkes i wawal-a akk ticraḍ n usuddem .

-Ad nesdukel akk awalen i itekkin ɣer yiwet n twacult tamawalant .

DUBOI,(J), D wiyaḍ nnen-d :‹‹ Aẓar nettaf-it seld ad nekkes akk iwṣilen d tehrayin ››1

MD/ Aftis√FTS. I-6-Isem

D awal,i d-aɣ-d yemmalen amdan,neɣ aɣersiw ,neɣ taɣawsa ɣur-s snat: Tewsatin; Amalay, d wunti, sin yemḍanen:

Asuf, d usget, sin n waddaden ilelli d umaruz;

Isem yettekki ɣer taggayt n umawal, anda llan d aɣen ,yerbiben .

Гer CHAKER,(S): ‹‹Isem,d tamlaqit n uẓar amawalan d usekkar n yisem . akked ticraḍ n tmara ›› 2

1

DUBOIS,(J),‹‹Dictionnair de linguistique des sciences du langage»,larousse,paris ,1979 ,p,395.

2

CHAKER (S) ,‹‹ Manul de linguistique berbèr I ›› ,ed, BOUCHENE,Algre ,1991,p,125, ‹‹Le nom est dèfini par l’association d’une racin lexicale , d’un shème nominal et de marques obligatoires ››.

20

Гer NAIT,ZERRA,(K),yenna tawsit .(Amlay,unti ), Amḍan (Asuf , -d :‹‹ D amttay , yessebgan-d isem n umdan, aɣersiw, neɣ taɣawsa, n tecraḍ tigejdanin asget ), Addad.(Ilelli , amaruz ) ››1_{.yesɛa kraḍ}

I-7-Ticraḍ tigejdanin n yisem :

Isem yesɛa kraḍ n tewsatin tigejdanin .

I-7-1-Tawsit

D ticreḍt n yisem yeddsen ɣef umalay d wunti maca d tilin s tsuraf . am wakken d aɣen, tessemgirid gar tewsatin n yisem,(Amalay, d wunti) .

1

NAIT ZERRAD (K),«Grammaire Moderne de Kabyle,Tajarumt tatrarn n teqbaylit »,ed, Karthala , Paris 2001,p,30 . ‹‹ Le nom ,est varible une personne,une animal ou une chose le nom varien genre

(fèminin,masculin ),nomber.(Singulier, pluriel), en ètat (Libre, anexion )».

Isem

Tawsit

Amḍan

Addad

Amalay

Unti

Asuf

Asget

Ilelli

Amaruz

21

-Гer NAIT ZERRAD(K) yenna-d, ɣef tewsit: ‹‹ Llant snat n tewsatin deg tmaziɣt ,amalay d wunti ››1

- _{Гer CHAKIRE (S) ,yenna-d: ‹‹ tanmegla gar unti, d umalay ,kant-d deg-s}

tanmegliwin s waṭas ,(Awetem,tawtemt ) ,(Asemɣer, Asemẓi),(Aferdis,agraw).2

MD/ Deg tmaziɣt llant snat n tewsatin :

Isem Amalay Isem n unti -Anu -Aftis -Aqerrab -Taɛwint -Tiɣẓert -Tiniri I-7-1-1-Isem Amalay

Гer NAIT zERRAD (K) :‹‹ Isem amalay ibeddu sumata s yiwet seg n teɣra-aya (a,i,u)›› .3

GT; Llan kra n yismawen imalayen beddun tikwal s targalin mačči s teɣra

(ladɣa ireṭṭalen ) .

MD/ Lɛinṣer , Lğameɛ . I-7-1-2-Isem unti

1_{NAITZERRAD(K),‹‹Grammair du berbèr contemporaine››,ed,ENAG ,Alger,1995 ,P,50,‹ Il existe deux}

genres en berbèr ;les masculin et le fèminin,››.

2

CHAKIRE (S),‹‹Manuel de linguistique berbèr››,ed,BOUCHENE,Alger,1991,p,125. « Est la polyalance sémantique de l’opposition masculin, féminin, qui recouvre des distinition ,divers (mal femelle),

pour les etres sexués (grand, grand), (normal, normal), (petit ,collectif) , (générique,individu)» .

3

NAIT ZERRAD (K),OP,Cit,2001,P,40. ‹‹ Le nom,masculin commence en gènèral par une des voyelles initiales (ou pèfixe ,d’ètat ) (a,i ,u ) ›› .

22

Isem unti sumata yettili-d s tmerna n uzwir d udfir n ‹ t › i yisem amalay ‹ t-t›

RA (K),yenna-d Гer NAIT ZERRAD: ‹‹ Isem unti yettili-d s tmarna n ticraḍ n unti ‹ t › ɣer tazwara ,neɣ taggara n yisem ›› .1

MD / Taqiḍunt /Aqiḍun I-7-2-Amḍan

D taggayt tajerrumant teddes ɣef snat n talɣiwin yessemgiriden gar wasuf d usget Гer SADIQI.(F) yenna-d ɣef waya: ‹‹ Amḍan d taggayt n tejerrumt yessemgiriden gar wasuf d usget ››2 _.

MD/ Taḥriqt (Asuf ), Tiḥrqatin( Asget) .

Asuf ; D amḍan n yisem i d-yemmalen yiwet n tɣawsa neɣ n umdan ,neɣ

uɣarsiw.

MD/ Temeqbart , Taɛwint , Aqerrab .

Asget; D amḍan id-yemmalen ugar n yiwet n tɣaws a . MD/ Tebḥirin , Iḥerqan .

Гer NAIT ZERRA(K) ,yenna-d :‹‹ tla deg tmaziɣt asuf d usget nessemgiridgar

snat n teskkiwin-a, n usget,asget uffiɣ (s tmerna, udfir ),d asget agensay (s n

temlellit n teɣra ) msay (s tmerna n udfir akked temlillit n teɣra,),yela ubeddel

n tiɣri tamezwarut deg kraḍ n tsekkiwin-a Sumata [a],yettuɣal d [i] ››3_.

A/ Asegt uffiɣ .

Yettili-d s tmerna n udfir .

1

ibid,p.40 . ‹‹ Le nom fèminin ,il se forme gènèralment sur masculine par le prèfixation et la suffiixation de ‹ t › ››.

2_{SADIQI(F),‹‹Grammair,berbèr››,ed,L’HARMATTAN,paris,1997,p,109.}

3

23

MD/ Aqdim –Iqdimen B/ Asget agensay .

Yettili-d s temlellit n teɣra .

MD/ Aɣaref-Iɣuraf. C/ Asget agensay

Yettili-d s tmerna n udfir akked temlellit n teɣra .

MD/ Tiɣilt -Tiɣaltin . I-7-3- Addad

Deg tutlayt tmaziɣt llan sin n waddaden, addad ilelli d umaruz . D talɣa ireffed wawal deg tefyirt neɣ gar wawlen is-d-yezzin .

Addad ilelli Addad amaruz

-Tamellaḥt -Abezyun

-Tmellaḥt -Ubezyun

A-Addad ilelli

D isem iwumi ur tettbeddilent ara tɣessa .

YAHIAOUI (M) yenna-d ,‹‹ Addad ilelli d anemgal n waddad amaruz i wumi tettbeddil teɣri tamezwarut ma d addad ilelli yettaf-itt ››1_.

1

SADIQI (F),‹‹Grammaire du berbèr,ed,Afrique orent,masoc,2004,P,113 . ‹‹ contrairement a l’_ètat

24

2-B-Addad amaruz

Addad amaruz yettaleɣ s ubeddel n teɣra tamezwarut deg kra n usatal ajerruman ,neɣ s tmerna uzwir n ‹w›, neɣ ‹y› d aɣen s uɣelluy n teɣra .

Am wakken d aɣen addad amaruz d imeslic i d-yettwaksen seg tesmislict , n tasnalɣa d tseddast […] mi ara yili yisem deg waddad amaruz taɣra-s tamezwarut tettbeddil seg uswir asnisli .

I-8-Arbib.

Arbib d isem i d-yemmalen taɣra .am waken yemmal-d amek yegga (amek yemmugg) kra ama d amdan,ama d aɣersiw ama d tɣawesa ( ayen akk yezmer ad t-id-imel yisem).Irbiben, tteffɣen-d seg yimyagen n tɣara, D acu, llan kra n yirbiben ur d-kkin ara seg umyag akka am ;alemmas,aqbayli,azzayri,amsedrar.

I-9-Asuddem

D tarrayt n usufeɣ n umawal ma yella ɣer SADIQI (F) : ‹‹ Ismawen

isuddimen ttilin am yismawen iḥerfiyen s tmuɣli timsluɣenant d tseddasant ››1

.

lmeɛna-s di tseddast ur d-nettaf ara amgired gar yisem asuddim d yisem aḥerfi .

Asuddem ɣur-s sin n yeḥricen ;

-Asuddem n teɣda . -Asuddem n tɣara . I-9-A-Asuddem n teɣda ;

Yettili-d s tmerna n ulɣac ajerruman .

Asuddem n teɣda yebḍa ɣef sin;

1

25

I-9-A-1-Asuddem seg umyag:

Nezmer ad nesuddem seg umyag:

-Isem n tigawt ;

D isem i d-yekkan seg umyag yemmal-d amek i tegga tigawt akken i d-yenna NAIT ZERRAD (K): ,‹‹ isem n tigawt ,yemmal-d tigawt neɣ amek ara tettwaxdem tigawt i d- yessenfalay umyag ››1 _.

MD/

-Isem n umesker,

Yemmal-d win ixeddmen tigawet . MD/

1--Isem akmam,

1

NAIT ZERRAD,(K),‹‹ Grammair du berbère contemporaine ››,ed,KARTHALA,2001,P,121.

Amyag Isem n tigawt -Kker Tanekra

Amyag Isem n umesker

Xdem Axeddam

Amyag _{Isem akmam} Del Taduli

26

MD/

I-9-A-Arbib

I cuba ɣer umyag n tɣara, yemmala-d amek i tegga tɣawsa.

MD/

2-Asuddem seg yisem

Akken i nezmer ad nesuddem seg umyag i nezmer d aɣen ad nesuddem ula seg yisem. sileɣ seg yisem aṭas n yismawen

Akken i d-yenna HADDADOU ‹‹ Nezmer ad nes isuddimen am yisem n

tmezduɣt, d wid n umdan ››1_.

Ihi taggayt n yisem meqqert nezmer ad d-nessileɣ seg-s aṭas n wannawen n yismawen isuddimen ama d wid n umdan neɣ wiyeḍ .

1

HADDADOU(M-A),‹‹Le guide de culture berbère ››,ed,Inna-yas ,Paris,p,245.

Amyag Arbib

27

MD/

I-9-B-Asuddem n tɣara

Asuddem n tɣara yettas-d ama s tmerna n uzwir n (bu, am, ac, at),

MD/ Bu tremmant / At mḥemmed …

Ama s wallus n tergalin :

-Yezmer ad yili s wallus n tergalt tamezwarut

MD/ Mamun .

-Yezmer ad yili s wallus n tergalt tis snat ,

MD/ Axellal

-Yezmer ad yili s wallus n tergalt tis kraḍ .

DM/ Agelmim I-10-Asuddes

Гer CHAKER (S),‹‹Tuddsa ,tettwaɛzel s waṭas deg tmaziɣt, yerza kan asileɣ n

umawal ›› 1

lmeɛna-s asuddes ur yerzi ara akk tamaziɣt sumata , maca yerza kan amawal .

1

CHAKER(S),Op,cit,P,179. ‹‹ Le composition,est un phènomène très marginal en berbère,ne concerne que la formation du lexique ›.›.

Isem Isem n asuddim

28 Ma yella Гer TIDJET (M) ,‹‹ asuddes d asnulfu n umawal s usdukkel n sin n

unmawal s usdukkel n sin n yinmawalen (neɣ ugar ) ››1_.

Гer SADIQI (F) ,‹‹ Asuddes ,am wakken it-id-yemmal yisem-is yuleɣ s wugar n

yiwen wawal…››2_.

I-11-Areṭṭal

Deg tutlayin neɣ tantala n umaḍal akken bɣunt ilint, ad teqqiment dima ttawint-d awalen ireṭṭalen seg tutlayin neɣ seg tantaliwin nniḍen .

Areṭṭal d asekcem n yiferdisen utlayanen seg tutlayt ɣer tayeḍ.(mounin,1974,p124)

I-11-A-Areṭṭal s umata

Tutlayin akk n umaḍal seɛɛunt awalen ireṭṭalen i as-d-ikeccmen ,seg tutlayin nniḍen .

Deg usegzawal n tesnilest yenna-d .DUBOIS (J),d wiyaḍ: ‹‹yettil ureṭṭal utlayen

,mi tesseqdec tmeslayt ‹A› attawl utlayan ara yellan yakan deg tmeslayt ‹B›,

(tutlayt taɣbalut ), ur nelli ara deg tmeslayt ‹A›…››3_.

1_{TIDJAT( M ),1997,‹‹Polysèmie et abstraction dans lexique amaziɣ (kabyle)››,mèmoire de magister de}

linguistique amaziɣ,universitè de bejaia, ‹‹ En berbère,la racine est composèe exclusivement de consonnes et/ou de semi-voyelles [y]et[w](qui ont valeur de consonnes),nommèes consonnes radicales ››

2

SADIQI (F),Op, cit,P,115.

3

DUBOIS(J),‹‹Dictionnair de linguistiqui et des sciences du langage››,larousse,paris,p,177. ‹‹ Il ya emprunt linguistique quend un parler‹A›, utilise et finit par intègrer une unitè linguistique qui exsitait prècèdemment dant un parler ‹B›,(dit lague source),et que lague ‹A›,ne possèdit pas›› .

29

I-11-B-Areṭṭal deg tmaziɣt

Agdud amaziɣ yesɛa seg zik ,assaɣ akked yiɣerfan ijenṭaḍen , yettuɣal seba n wancet-a ɣer temharsa, azuzer n tesredṭ …atg .

Yenna-d CHAKER (S): ‹‹ Seg tazwara n talliyin n umezruy,tamaziɣt tezga tesɛa

anermis akked tutlayin tuzzilin (tabuniqit, talatinit, taɛrabt,tafransist) ››1 _.

Ihi areṭṭal deg tmaziɣt yella-d s unermis gar-as akked tutlayi-nniḍen . Areṭṭal yettili-d ilemend n kraḍ n yiqdicen :

a-Leqdic amsislan:

Yettili-d s ubeddel n yimslicen ,yenna-d MAHROUCHE:

‹‹ Aṭas n walɣacen n teqbaylit, ulac-iten ,deg unagraw amsislan amaziɣ ; ɛ,ḥ,ṣ,ṛ x, q,akked, ṭ ,alɣacen-a seg taɛrabt i d-kkan ››2

b- Leqdic n talɣa:

Ma tella talɣa n wawal-nni tmaziɣt d arḍel it-i d-nerḍel .

Sumta alawin-a yettili-d s tmerna n umagrad (a,i) yisem amalay ,akked ubeddel n ticredṭ n wunti n taɛrabt d tin n tmaziɣt ‹t---t›,

MD/ Aqdim (qadim) /Taqdimt yeddem talɣa n yisem amaziɣ unti (t---t) . c-Leqdic n unamek

Llan kra n yireṭṭalen ḥerzen anamek-nsen anaṣli , d aɣen anamek wis sin ,am wakken i yezmer ad yesruḥ seg yinumak-is, d aɣen netta yezmer ad yuɣal d agetnamkan .

1

CHAKER (S),Op,cit,1991,p,216. ‹‹ Depuis le dèbut des temps histoirque,le berbèr est quasi permanent en contact avec des grand langues vèhiculaires (puinque,latin arab et francais.)»

2

MAHROUCH (M L) 2001 ‹‹ Caractèristique lexicales de la poèsie kabyle ancienne›› ,mèmoir de magister de linguistique Amazighe,univerrsitè de bejaia.

30

Asihrew n unamek ; kra n yireṭṭalen ḥarzen anamek-nsen anasli ,d aɣen

anamek wis sin.

MD

Abeddel n unamek; Kra n yireṭṭalen sruḥen anamek-nsen anaṣli d aɣen

anamek-nniḍen .

MD/

Areṭṭal Anamek anaṣli Anamek wis sin

Lɛafya Lehna Timest

Areṭṭal Anamek anaṣli Anamek wis sin

Lmal Cci Iɣersiwen i

31

II/ tasnawalt: II-1-tasmidigt:

D awal uddis,yettwasuddes s sin n yismawen,isem+Adeg,yefk-d ʺismidegʺ isem-a,rnan-as ticreḍt n wunti (t-t).

Tasmidegt s tefransist qqaren-as ʺLa toponymieʺ awal- a yekka-d seg tegrigit, yeddes s sin n yinmawalen, topos (adeg), akked,onom,(isem),tella-d tussna-a imi allaɣ n umdan ur yezmir ara ad yeḥfeḍ ismawen n yidgen i yellan.

Γer BYI.LON(ch),etFARBRE(Γ), s badun-d tasmidegt:«d tussna n yismawen n

yidgan, d anadi ɣef uzar-nsen wassaɣen i ten-yeqqnen ɣer tutlayt n tmurt d

tutlayin tiberraniyin, inumak nsen sεan assaɣ d yismawen n yimɣan d yidurar».1

1

32 _{Γer Dubois d wiyaḍ:«tasmidegt d tussna i izerwen tadra n yismawen n}

yidgen,d wassaɣen-nsen, d tutlayt n tmurt, akked d tutlayin n tmurt nniḍen

neɣ tutlayin yejlan, sumata tussna-ya tebḍa ilmend n trakalt (llan yimazzagen

n yismawen n yisaffen, n yismawen n yidurar, llan d aɣen yimazzagen n

temnaḍin…)1_.

Γer Mounin :«D tussna tasnilsanti izerwen ismawen imeẓlayen n yidgen»2.

Γer Dauzat (A): « tasmidegt d aḥric agejdan deg tussna tiklisemt timettit ,

tesselmad-aɣ amek i ttemmin (…) i temdinin d tudrin (…), d yidgen , isaffen d

yidurar, yessegza-yaɣ-d ugar iman aɣerfan »3

Ihi tasmidegt sumata d yiwet n tussna i izerwen ayen akka icudden ɣer yismawen n yidgen imi allaɣ n umdan ur yezmir ara ad yeḥfeḍ akk ismawen n yidgan i yellan deg ugama.

II-2-Azal n tesmidegt :

Tasmidegt tesɛa azal d ameqqran deg tmetti acku nezmer ad nissin ɣef idles, taṣreḍt, umyiten , ansayen, d wayen akk icudden ɣer umdan deg tmetti anda yettidir, ladɣa ɣer wid i yettnadi ɣef umezruy d tadra-nsen.

Tasmidegt azal-is d agejdan ɣer wid i d- yessekfalen ɣef umezruy acku ḥesben-t d yiwen gar wallalen i tririt n cfawat d tɣessa n tmetti ɣer wid izedɣen deg -s akken id-yenna :CHeriguen :« Yezmer d aɣen ad aɣ-d-yesken

1 _{DUBOIS (J) jall 1999 «Dictionnaire de Linguistique et des sciences du langage» , La rousse,}

Paris,Sb,485. La toponymie est lˈetude de lˈorigine des nom, de lieux, de leurs rapports avec la langue de pays,les lagues dˈautres pays au des langues disparues,la».

2

MOUNIN, (G),«Dictionnaire de la Linguistique»,ed ,P U F. Paris,1974,p,326. « Dicipline linguistique dont lˈobjet est lˈétud des nom propres de lieu »

3

DAUZAT (A), «La toponymie française», ed :PAYOT ,Paris,1960,p,8. « La toponymie constitue dˈabord un chapitre précieuxde psychologie sociale, en nom enseigne, comment on désigne(…) , les villes et les villages,(…) et les champs , les riviéres et les montagnes, elle noms fait mieux comprendre lˈeme populaire ».

33 agrawn yemdanen i izedɣen deg yiwet n temnaḍt neɣwid yellan zedɣen deg-s yakan ».1

Am wakken nezmer ad nini tasmidegt yes ara nissin iɣerfan i d-iεeddan deg kra n temnaḍin aya yettili d tallelt deg usebdedn yinadiyen-nsen .

D ayen i d-yenna fell-as Dauzat :« tasmidegt d aḥric deg teklisemt tinmettit, tesselmad-aɣ amek i semman ilmend n talliyin d yidgen i tuddar i temdinin ,

taɣulin d yigran isaffen d yidurar, tassegzay-aɣ-d irman , aɣerfan,

timuɣliwin-isd wallalen s wacu i d-yessenfali »2

Ihi tasmidegt tettwaseqdec i wakken ad d-segzi kra n tedyanin timezrayin am wakken d aɣen tḥerraz ismawen n yidgen i yettwasilɣen s tutlayt n yimezdaɣ imenza n tmurt aya yettbin-d deg waṭas n temnaḍin n tmurt n Lezzayer, am temnaḍt n Mceddala i ɣef d-tella tezrawt-a.

II-3-Uguren n tesmidegt :

Tasmidegt d yiwet n taɣult i d-yettmagaren aṭas n wuguren ad nebder seg-sent sin n wuguren igejdanen : tabadut n yisem ameẓlay d wugur n uzegerkud.

II-3-1- Ugur n yisem ameẓlay :

Ugur-a yekcem deg tesnisemt acku tasmidegt tettekki ɣur-s,ɣef waya uguren n tesmdegt carken , akka i d- nnan Baylon (C) d Fabre (P),iwin-d awal ɣef wuguren n tesnisemt s umata nnan-d: « Gar wuguren isnilsanen n tesnisemt ,

(…) yella wugur n tbadut n yisem ameẓlay, win ɣef wacu i tettazzi tesnisemt

1

CHIRIGUEN (F),«Essais de sémiotique du nom proper et du texte»ed,O.P.U.Alger, 2008,p,41. « il peut aussi désigne le group humain qui y habite ou ya habité »

2

DAUZALT(A),«La Toponymie français»,Ed.PAYAT ,Paris,1939,p ,9. «La toponymie constitue dˈabord un chapitre pécieux de psychologie sociale, les époques et les milieux , les rivieres et les montagnes, elle nous fait mieux comprenre lˈàme populaire, ses tendances mythques ou réalistes, ses moyens dˈexpressions…»

34 (…) akken d aɣen tasnisemt nezmer ad tt-neḥseb d icig deg tesnilest,

yettmagar mennaw nwuguren akken ad yesbadu isem ameẓlay »1_.

II-3-2-Uguren n uzgerkud :

Tutlayt timawit ur nezmir ara ad tnesseqdec deg tmaziɣt, acku ur nessin ara addad aqbur n tutlayt-a, ɣef wanect-a yenna-d CHaker (S) ɣef wugur n uzgerkudad allal mačči d ugur:« ugur-ayejhed deg taɣult n tmaziɣt s tibawt n tmussni talqayant deg tesnilest d tutlayt timawit ur tesεi ara inagan ɣef talɣiwin tiqburin, meḥsub ur nessin kra ɣef umhaz-is »2_.

II-4-Tussniwin n tesmidegt:

Tasmidegt tcudd aṭas ɣer tesnilest acku tussna-ya teḥwağ tussniwin nniḍen iwakken ad tessiweḍ ad tegzu ismawen n yidgen .Akken i d-yebder CHeriguen (1993.19.23),

Amezruy, tasnamka,akked tarakalt…….atg

II-4-1-Amezruy n tesmidegt:

Ismidgen akken ad d-naf anamek-nsen ilaq yal tikelt anuɣel ɣer umezruy iwakken ad aɣ-d-yefk isallen ɣef tadra n temnaḍt-nni, imi imusnawen n yidgen yeqqen ɣer unekcum n yiberraniyen i d-yeglan s ubeddel n yismawen n yidgen .

1

BAYLON(CH) , FABRE(P),«Les noms de lieux et de personne»,introduction de COMPROUX(C), ed : NATHAN ,Paris,1982,p16, « Parmi les problemes linguistique que soulévent lˈonomastique (…), cˈest le probléme de savoir ce est exactement le nom propre qui fait lˈobjet de lˈonomastique (…), de méme lˈonomastique lˈon lˈégitiment considérer comme une branche de la linguistique éprove les

plus rares , difficulté pour définir le nom propre…».

2

CHAKER(S),«MANUEL de linguistique berbére, I,ed,BOUCHENE,Alger,1991,p,264. «Cette difficulté est renforcée dans le domaine berbére par lˈabsence de profondeur dans le savoir linguistique, langue de tradition orale pour laquelle les témoignages sur les formes ancienne parceque totalement défaut nous ne savons parseque rien de son évolution».

35

Baylond d Fabre nnen-d fell-as:« Tasmidegt tela assaɣ d yimig n yiɣerfan akked

unekcum ɣer tmura »1

II-4-2-Tasnamka :

Tasnamka d tussna i izerwen anamek tkeččem-d annar n tesmidegt acku terza anamek n yismawen n yidgen deg usegzi-nsen.

Akken i d-yenna CHeriguen (f):«…Ur terzi ara kan asegzi n yismidgen….»2

II-4-3-Tarakalt : Tettili mi ara ibeddel usmideg tilisa-as, yettbeddil isem-is, neɣ ad d-nulfun

deg-s yismawen imaynuten.

II-5-Tabadut n yismawen n yiberdan

-Lʹhodonymie : D awal i d-yekkan seg tefransist awal-a yeddes s sin n

wawalen :

Hodos : D awal i d-yekkan seg tyunanit anamek-is d “ Abrid ” . Noma : D awal anamek-is “ Isem ”3_.

-Hodonymie : «D tussna i izerwen ismawen n yiberdan »4_.

-Hodonymie : Telha-d s uzraw n yismawen .

-Ismawen n yiberdan :

D ismawen yettwasenaṭqen ɛla ḥsab n tantaliwin d usnerni n tutlayt,tugett- nsen tettili lemqarba gar tutlayt d ugdud anaṣli yettidiren deg-s .

1

BAYLON(C),FABRE(P),1982,OP.Cit.p,16.

2

CHERIGUEN(F),1993, op.cit,p.23. «Elle ne concerne pas seulement lˈinterprétation, toponymie». 3

FR Wikipedia,org/wiki/toponymie,consulté le [24-04-2017].

36

Am wakken ismawen-a ttɛawanen deg tmussni n wadgen i yellan deg umezruy n ugdud-nni ,iwakken ad yissin tilisa n wadeg anda i yettidir, anct-a yettuɣal ɣer yidles d tdamsa akked d trakalt d yiberdan ansi i ttɛeddin .

Asemmi n ubrid yettak-d i umdan tikti d tugna ,ladɣa ɣer tutlayin nniḍen ,d ayen it-yeǧǧan ad yili d allal n usiweḍ seg wadeg ɣer wayeḍ1

II-6-Annawen n yismawen n yiberdan :

Ismawen n yiberdan bḍan ɣef waṭas n leṣnaf ad naf seg-sen :

Abrid ameqqran:

D abrid aɣelnaw i yettawin ɣer yiɣiren, yettili mucaε s waṭas

Md:Abrid aɣelnaw uṭṭun smus. Abrid n udrum:

D abrid i yettawin gar taddart d tayed, ttawint yimezdaɣ n tudrin-nni, tuget deg-sen ttwasemman ilmend n umdan i yesεan azal deg udrum-nni

Md: Abrid n at Qasi weεmar (d abrid i yettawin ɣer udrum ameqqran-sen

isem-is Qasi).

Abrid n tezniqt:

Dabrid amecṭuḥ i yettawin gar uxxam d wiyeḍ, am wakken tettwassen s yisem n uzruy, deg tuget ttaken-asen ismawen ilmend n yimeɣrasen, imaɣnasen, neɣ taɣawsa yesεan azal deg umezruy .

Md: Abrid n uzruy n tala. Tabriḍt:

D abrid amecṭuḥ i yettawin seg ugemmaḍ ɣer wayeḍ,yettili mecṭuḥ ɣef tezniqt

Md:Tabriḍt n tebḥirin. Taggrayt

Deg taggara n yixef-a, nessaweḍ ad nefk tabadut n tesnalɣa d yiswi-is, d yeḥricen i cudden ɣur-s,syin akin nεedda ɣer uḥric n tesnawalt anda i d-nemmeslay ɣef tesmidegt yellan d aḥric deg tesnisemt, anda i d-d-nemmeslay d

1 دﻼﺠﻟا ﺪﯿﻟو ﺪﻤﺤﻣ » ﺎﯿﻤﯿﻧﻮﺒﻄﻟا « ﺔﻋﻮﺳﻮﻤﻟا ﺔﯿﺑﺮﻌﻟا

37

aɣen ɣef wayen yeεnan asileɣ n umawal deg tmaziɣt, am wakken nesseqdec tussniwin icudden ɣer tesmidegt s umata.

38

Tazwert .

Deg yixef-agi ad neɛreḍ ad d-nessegzi amek i d-frurin yismawen n yiberdan i d-negmer seg wannar d wassaɣ i yellan gar yisem d unamek-is.

Tasnamka d tusna i yettenadin ɣef yinumak n wawalen n tutlayt

Tasnamka d awal i d- snulfan imesnilsen gar-asen Michel-BREAL« iwakken ad

d-yesbadu ilugan imselwiten n ubeddel n unamek n tussna n yinumak »1

Akken i d-yenna CHRISTIAN (t):

« Tasnamka d tazrawt n unamk n yiwen n wawal,i d-yellan d tayunin i

yessemras umusniles d jerruman »2.

1-Tasnamka

D tusna i izerwen anamek n wawal ,ihi tasnamka tesɛa azal d ameqqran, nesseqdac-itt deg tesmidegt,tasnamka tella yakan d tazgerkudant yerzan abeddel n wawal deg wakud .

Anamek n wawal yezmer ad yiwsiɛ neɣ ad yimẓi,neɣ adibeddel akk.

2- Iswi n tesnamka

Iswi n tesnamka yerza agmar n yinumak isnilsanen ,ɣef waya anamek ilaq ad yesɛu tiwetlin gar-asent :

1 BRAEL (M) ,« Les loi intellectuelles du langage, fragment de sémantique », in, anuare de l’association pour l’encouragement de s éude grecques en frace, XUII, ed,1983,P,132-142.

2 CHRISTIAN-(T), « La sémantique» , 2e _{edition, ed,armond , colin, paris, 2010,p; 1, « Elle limit}

l’etude du sens au seul mots, lexiquel sont effectivement des unitéequ utilisent le grammairien et le linguiste ».

39

-Ilaq ad yesɛu izen

-Ilaq izen-a ad yili yettwaɛmad .

-Amsiwel ad yesɛu lxetyar xerṣum gar sin n yiferdisen n yiwet n tewsit .

-Iswi ilaq ad yettwafham s ɣur yiwen n umseflid anaṣli yesɛan yiwet n tutlayt(…) .

-Ilaq ad yili unamek-nni iban s unagbar asnislan .

Taggrayt:

42

Tazwart

Deg yixef-a aneɛreḍ deg-s ad neg i yismawen n yiberdan i d-negmar seg yimsulɣa tasleḍt tasnalɣant, ad nezwir deg yismawen n yiberdan iḥerfiyen syin akin anɛeddi ɣer yismawen n yiberdan uddisen imi ad nawi i yal awal talɣa-s .

Tasledṭ tagelmant n talɣa d unamek

A- Tasledṭ tagelmant n talɣa n yismawen n yiberdan uddisen : 1-Abrid n tebḥirin -√BRD √BḤR

Talɣa n yismawen ilmend:isem+n+isem: Talɣa-s :isem+n+isem

Abrid:d isem .

n :d tanzaɣt .

Tibḥirin:d isem n wadeg. Asusru;abrid ttebḥirin Tira: abrid n tebḥirin

Tella-d temsartit gar “n” akked “t” .

2-Abrid n tberjalt √BRD √BRJL Talɣa-s:isem+n+isem

Abrid :d isem. n:d tanzaɣt .

taberjalt:d isem n wadeg . Asusru: abrid tberjalt.

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Tira: abrid n tberjalt.

Tella-d temsartit gar “n” akked “t”

3-Abrid n ubezyun √BRD √BZG Talɣa-s :isem+n+isem

Abrid:d isem n: d tanzaɣt

Asusru :abrid ubezyun Tira:abrid n ubezyun

u:d ticraḍt n waddad amaruz bezyun: d isem n wadeg ilexsen 4-Abrid n uftis √BRD √FTS Talɣa-s:isem+n+isem

Abrid :d isem n: d tanzaɣt

u: d ticraḍt n waddad amaruz aftis:d isem n wadeg

gar ususru d tira ulac amgired Deg ususru teɣli tenzaɣt “n

5-Abrid n Taktuniya√BRD √KTNY Talɣa-s:isem+n+isem

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n:d anzaɣt

taktunya:d annaw n lfakiya Asusru:abrid ttektuniyya Tira:abrid n tektunya

Tella-d temsartit gar “n” akked “t”

6-Abrid n tala√BRD √L Talɣa-s:isem+n+isem Abrid:d isem

n:d anzaɣt

tala:d isem n wadeg n waman Asusru:abrid ttala

Tira:abrid n tala

Tella-d temsartit gar “n” d “t”.

7-Abrid n lekka √BRD √LK Talɣa-s:isem+n+isem

Abrid: d isem n: d tanzaɣt

tala: d isem n wadeg n waman lekka: d isem n wadeg

Asusru: abrid llekka Tira: abrid n lekka

45 8-Abrid n tamguṭ√BRD √MGṬ Talɣa-s:isem+n+isem Abrid: d isem n:d tanzaɣt tamguṭ: d isem

Asusru: abrid ṭṭamguṭ Tira: abrid n tamguṭ

Tella-d temsartit gar “n” d « ṭ »

9-Abrid n tmazirt √BRD √MZR Talɣa-s:isem+n+isem

Abrid:d isem n:d anzaɣt

tamazirt:d isem n wadeg n tfellaḥt Asusru:abbrid ttmazirt

Tira:abrid n tmazirt

Tella-d temsartit gar “n”d “t «

10-Abrid n wanu √BRD √N Talɣa-s:isem+n+isem

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n: d tanzaɣt

w:d ticraḍt n waddad amaruz anu: d isem n wadeg n waman Asusru: abrid bbanu

Tira: abrid n wanu

Tella-d temsartit gar “n” d “w” yefka-d « bb »

11-Abrid n tniri √BRD √NR

Talɣa-s:isem+n+isem

abrid : d isem n : d tanzaɣt

Tiniri: d isem n wadeg Asusru: abrid ttniri Tira :abrid n tniri

Tamsartit gar “n” d “t »

12-Abrid n tanẓult √BRD √NẒL Talɣa-s:isem+n+isem

Abrid : d isem

tanẓult: d isem n ɣawsa Asusru: abrid ttenẓult Tira:abrid n tenẓult

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13-Abrid n uṭerki√BRD √ṬRK Talɣa-s:isem+n+isem

Abrid: d isem n umdan n:d anzaɣt

U: d tacrḍt n waddad amaruz Asusru:abrid aṭerki

Tira: abrid n uṭarki

Deg ususru ulac tanzaɣt « n », di tira tella.

14-Abrid n umleḥbus √BRD √ḤBS Talɣa-s:isem+n+isem

Abrid:d isem n : d tanzaɣt Am: d azwir

leḥbus: d isem n umkan Asusru:abrid umleḥbus Tira: abrid n umlaḥbus

Ulac amgirad gar ususru d tira .

15-Abrid n lḥerrac: √BRD √ḤRC Talɣa-s:isem+n+isem

abrid:d isem n:d anzaɣt

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lḥerrac:d isem n wadeg Asusru:abrid lḥerrac Tira:abrid n lḥerrac

Deg ususru ulac tanzaɣt « n » ma deg tira tella

Talɣa n yismawen ilmend:isem+n+amyag 16-Abrid n yefran √BRD √FR

Talɣa-s :isem+n+amyag Abrid:d isem

n:d tanzaɣt

yefren:yekka-d seg umyag ffer, d isem n ubrid yefren Asusru:abrid yefren

Tira: abrid yefren

Ulac amgired gar tira d ususru

Talɣa n yismawen ilmend:isem+n+isem+isem 17-Abrid n ccix lleft√BRD √CX√ LFT

Talɣa-s :isem+n+isem+isem Ccix lleft:d awal uddis Ccix:d isem n umɣar Lleft:d isem yimɣi Asusru:abrid ccixlleft Tira: abrid n ccix lleft

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Lleft:d isem yimɣi Asusru:abrid ccixlleft Tira: abrid n ccix lleft

Tella-d temsartit gar tenzaɣt « n » akked « c »

18-Abrid n yiger ziri√ABRD √GR√ZR Talɣa-s:isem+n+isem+isem

abrid:d isem n:d tanzaɣt

yiger : d isem n tfellaḥt ziri:d isem

Asusru:abrid ggigerziri Tira: abrid n yiger ziri

Tala-ad temsartit gar “n” d “y” tuɣal dg ‘’gg‘’

19-Abrid n uḥriq meddur√BRD √ ḤRQ√DR Talɣa-s:isem+n+isem+isem

abrid :d isem n : d tanzaɣt

u:d ticraḍt n waddad amaruz aḥriq:d tafarka

meddur : d isem n umdan Asusru:abrid uḥriq meddur

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Tira: abrid n uḥriq meddur

Deg ususru taɣli tanzaɣt ‘’ n’’

20-Abrid n wakal n uzemmur√BRD √KL√ZMR Talɣa-s:isem+n+isem+isem

Abrid:d isem n:d tanzaɣt

w:d ticreḍt n waddad amaruz akal:d isem n wadeg

n:d tanzaɣt

u:d ticreḍt n waddad amaruz azemmur: d isem n useklu Asusru:abrid n wakal uzemmur Tira:abrid n wakal n uzemmur

teɣli tenzaɣt « n » deg ususru

Talɣa n yismawen ilmend:isem+n+isem+amyag 21-Abrid n tala glu √BRD√L√GL

Talɣa-s:isem+n+isem+amyag Abrid:d isem

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tala:d isem n wadeg n waman glu:yekka-d seg umyag “glu” Asusru:abrid ttalaglu

Tira:abrid n talaglu

Deg ususru teḍra-d temsartit gar “n” d “t”

Talɣa n yismawen ilmend:isem+n+isem+n+isem 22-Abrid n tala n umehraz √BRD √L√MHRZ Talɣa-s:isem+n+isem+n+isem

Abrid: d isem n: tanzaɣt

tala: d isem n wadeg n waman u: d ticraḍt n waddad amaruz amehraz:isem n wallal

Asusru: abrid talamehraz Tira; abrid n tala n umehraz

Aɣelluy n tenzaɣ deg ususru

23-Abrid n timiṭ n taddart √BRD √MṬ√DR Talɣa-s:isem+n+isem+n+isem

Abrid: d isem n:d tanzaɣt

timiṭ: d isem tettili deg tfekka n umdan n:d tanzaɣt

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taddart: d isem n wadeg Asusru: abrid timiṭ n taddart Tira; abrid n timiṭ n taddart

yeḍera-d uɣelluy n tenzaɣt « n » .

24-Abrid n tmeqbart n warrac√BRD √MQBR√RC Talɣa-s:isem+n+isem+n+isem

Abrid:d isem n:d tanzaɣt timqbart: d isem n: tanzaɣt

w:ticraḍt n waddad amaruz arrac:d isem

Asusru:abrid ttmeqbart n war Tira:abrid n timeqbart n warrac ta

Tamsartit gar “n” d « t » akud « n » d « w » tuɣal d « bb » .

Talɣa-s:isem+n+bu+isem

25-Abrid n bu gnaw √ BRD√ GNW Talɣa-s:isem+n+bu+isem

abrid : d isem n:d tanzaɣt bu: alɣac aqbur

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gnaw:d adeg n taɛwint n waman Asusru:

bugnaw

Tira :abrid n bu gnaw

Deg ususru taɣli tenzaɣt “n

26-Abrid n bu jebran √BRD √JBR Talɣa-s:isem+n+bu+isem

abrid:d isem n:d tanzaɣt bu:d alɣac aqbur

jebren:yekka-d seg umyag “jber” Asusru:abrid bu jebren

Tira:abrid n bu jebren

Deg ususru teɣli tenzaɣt “n

B- Tasleḍt tagelmant n talɣa n yismawen n yibrdan ireṭṭalen . Talɣa n yismawen ilmend:isem+n+isem(ajenṭaḍ)

1-Abrid n lebracma: √BRD √ BRCM Talɣa-s:isem+n+isem (ajentaḍ)

D awal areṭṭal i d-yekkan seg tefransist anamek-is s tmaziɣt (Aɣerbaz).

abrid:d isem n:d tanzaɣt

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Aususru:abrid llebracma Tira:abrid n lebracma

Tella-de temsartitr gar « n » »akked « ll»

2-Abrid n tḥemmamt: √BRD√ḤMM Talɣa-s:isem+n+isem (ajenṭaḍ)

D awal areṭṭal i d-yekkan seg taɛrabt, Lḥemmam

Abrid:d isem n: d tanzaɣt

tḥemmamt: d adeg n waman anda iccucufen yemdanen Asusru:abrid tḥemmamt

Tira: abrid n tḥemmamt

Deg ususru ulac tanzaɣt “n” ma di tira tella

3-Abrid n lεinṣar: √BRD √LΣN-ṢR Talɣa-s:isem+n+isem (ajenṭaḍ)

D awal i d-yekkan seg taɛrabt,Lεinṣar

abrid: d isem n: d tanzaɣt lemɛaṣar: d isem

Asusru : abrid llemɛaṣra Tira : abrid n lemɛaṣra

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4-Abrid n tqenṭart: : √BRD √QNṬR Talɣa-s:isem+n+isem (ajenṭaḍ)

D awal areṭṭal i d-yekkan seg taɛrabt,Qanṭara

abrid: d isem n: d tanzaɣt tiqenṭart: d isem Asusru :abrid ttqenṭart Tira : abrid n tqenṭart

Tamsartit gar “n” d “t”

5-Abrid n teṭaḥunt: √BRD √ṬḤN Talɣa-s:isem+n+isem (ajenṭaḍ)

D awal areṭṭal yekka-d seg taɛrabt, Ṭaḥuna

abrid : d isem n: tanzaɣt

taṭaḥunt:d isem n wallal Asusru : abrid tṭaḥunt Tira :abrid n taṭaḥunt

Tadra-d temsartit gar “n” d “t” . Taggrayt :

Deg yixef-a n Tesledṭ tagelmant n talɣa,deg-s nefka-d talɣa n yal awal, maca nufa-d awlen uddisen n teqbaylit ugar nwawalen ireṭṭalen .

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Tazwart

Deg uḥric-a ad neɛreḍ ad nexdem deg tezrawt-nteɣ tasleḍt tagelmant n unamek i yismawen n yiberdan i d-negmer seg temneḍt n Yimceddalen,ad nezwir seg teslaḍt n yismawen n teqbaylit,syin akin anɛeddi ɣer yismawen n yiberdan ireṭṭalen .

Tasleḍt tagelmant n yinumek n yismawen n yiberdan : A-Tasleḍt n yismawen n yiberdan iḥerfiyen

*Ayen icudden ɣer yemdanen:

1-Abrid aṭerki

IMS:Anamek-is ɣer wid i nesteqsa d yiwen n ubrid i d-ǧǧan iṭerkiyen ,kra n win

ara iɛeddin seg-s ad ixellaṣ lḥeq n uɛddi, ama d imsewqen ama d imsebriden . -fkan-as isem-a acku d iṭerkiyen i t-id-yeǧǧan .

• Mi nerza ɣer dinna nufa-t mazal-it ar tura yella

2-Abrid n Wuhben

IMS: wid i nesteqsa fkan-aɣ-d anamek d abrid iyferqen gar taddart n at

yebrahim d Mayu, semman-t ɣef yisem n uṭerki isem-is Wuhben.

-Abrid-a semman-as ɣef yisem n uṭerki, imi d nutni it-id-yeǧǧan.

• Mi nerza ɣer dinna nufa-t mazal-it yella.

3-Abrid n bu jebren

IMS: wid i nesteqsa fkan-aɣ-d anamek n ubrid-a semman-t ɣer yiwen n umdan

yella ijebbir wid yerẓen .

-Anamek-is d amdan yellan ijebbar deg taddart n yimesdurar . • Mi nruḥ ɣur-s nufa-t yella mazal-it ar tura yella

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4-Abrid n at ṣalaḥ

IMS: wid i nesteqsa fkan-aɣ-d anamek n ubrid i yettawin seg tɣiwant n Ṣahriǧ

ɣer taddart n at yebrahim ,semman-as ilmend n umeqqran-nsen i d-yusan seg taddart n yigawawen ɣer yemcddalen,am wakken tella deg-s tala .

-Anamek-is “At”,d azwir i seqdacen akken ad d-inin isem n twacult “Ṣalaḥ” d isem n umdan .

• Mi nerza ɣer dinna nufa-t mazal yella ar tura .

*Ayen icudden ɣer waman: 5-Abrid n ubezyun

IMS: wid i nesteqsa fkan-aɣ-d anamek n ubrid i yezgan yebzeg,dima yesɛa aluḍ

-Anamek-is d abrid i deg ttenjmaɛen waman s waṭas yettwaxleḍ d wakal yuɣal d aluḍ.

6-Abrid n bu gnaw

IMS: wid i nesteqsa fkan-aɣ-d anamek, d abrid ineṣfen taɣiwant n

Ṣahriǧ,yettawi ɣer teɛwint n bu gnaw.

-Anamek-is d abrid i yettawin ɣer umkan i deg tella teɛwint n waman. • Mi nerza ɣur-s ur nufi ara taɛwint-a, maca isem-is mazal-it.

7-Abrid n tala

IMS: wid i nesteqsa fkan-aɣ-d anamek n ubrid i yettawin srid ɣer tala . J.M.D.Sb,440,yesɛa anamek n ubrid i yettawin ɣer wadeg anda d ttagmen .

-Anamek-is d adeg n waman .

• Mi nerza ɣer ubrid-a mazal-it yella maca tala-nni ur ttegmen ara seg-s am zik.

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8-Abrid n wanu

IMS: wid i nesteqsa fkan-aɣ-d,d abrid i yessufuɣen ɣer lɣir mucaɛ s ṣellaḥ d

lawliya, tteruḥun-d ɣur-s yemdanen deg lmunasabat .

J.M.D.Sb,905 s unmak i d-aɣ-d fkan yimsulɣa s wawal n tefransist “grotte”neɣ

“caverne” .

-Anamek-is d ifri neɣ d axemmuj .

• Mi nerza ɣer ubrid-a nufa-t mazal-it ar tura yella.

9-Abrid n teɛwint

IMS :wid i nesteqsa fkan-aɣ-d d abrid i yettawin ɣer teɛwint n waman .

-Anamek-is d abrid i yettawin ɣer lɛinṣar n waman ttagmen-d seg-s . • Mi nerza ɣer dinna nufa-t mazal-it maca ur ttagman ara seg-s .

*Ayen icudden ɣer yimɣan: 10-Abrid n tektuniya

IMS: wid i nesqtesa fkan-aɣ-d anamek n ubrid-a yeččur d taktuniya .

-Anamek-is ilmend n useklu .

• Mi nerza ɣer ubrid-a nufa-t yella maca ulac tektuniya deg-s ..

11-Abrid n yileggan

IMS: wid i nestqsa fkan-aɣ-d anamek n ubrid i yettawin ɣer taddart n at

Walban,ɣer tala ,win i d-iɛeddan ad yeglu seg-s ad yisew, neɣ ad yawi yid-as . -Anamek-is d adeg n waman i d-yezgan ɣef yir n ubrid anda ttilin lɣaci . • Mi nerza ɣur-s, ubrid-a nufa-t mazal-it yella .

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12-Abrid n bu tremmant

IMS: wid i nesteqsa fkan-aɣ-d s unamek n umdan qqeren-as bu tremmant .

-Anamek-is ahat yukar yiwen n wass taremmant.neɣ i ḥemmel-it • Mi nerza ɣer dinna nufa-t mazal-it ar tura yella .

*Ayen icudden ɣer tfellaḥt: 13-Abrid n tebḥirin

IMS: anamek-is ɣur wid nesteqsa d tabridṭ tamecṭuḥt i yessufuɣen ɣer wadeg n

tebḥirin .

J.M.D.Sb,17 d anamek n wawal n tefransist “Jardain”.

-Anamek-is ɣur-nteɣ ur yemgard ara ɣef wayen i d-nnan yemsulɣa . • Mi nerza ɣer dinna nufa tabridṭ-a mazal-itt teḥrez isem-is ar ass-a .

14-Abrid n yiḥerqan:

IMS: wid i nesteqsa fkan-aɣ-d anamek d abrid i yettawin ɣer wadeg n uzemmur

-Anamek-is d yiwen n ubrid yettawin ɣer wadeg n uzemmur . • Mi nerza ɣur-s nufa-t mazal-it yella .

15-Abrid n tniri

IMS: wid i nesteqsa fkan-aɣ-d anamek n ubrid-a d aḥriq n zzit .

J.M.D.Sb,575,yefk-as anamek s yisem n wadeg deg tmurt n leqbayel yemmal-d

luḍa, yefka-d awal n tefransist “la plaine”. -Anamek-is d adeg n luḍa .

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• Mi nerza ɣer dinna nufa-t mazal yella ar ass-a yella .

16-Abrid n tmazirt

IMS :wid i nesteqsa fkan-aɣ-d abrid i yesufuɣen ɣer wadeg anda tella tebḥirt.

-Anamek-is d abrid yettawin ɣer wadeg n uẓu .

*Ayen icudden wayen nniḍen: 17-Abrid n uftis

IMS: wid i nesteqsa fkan-aɣ-d anamek n ubrid i yesufuɣen ɣer wasif asemmaḍ

abrid-a yeɛmar d imezdaɣ, ma d tura yexla .

J.M.D.Sb.240,yefka-d anamek n yiger yesɛan nda .

-Anamek-is d abrid i d-iqerben ɣer wasif neɣ ɣer yeɣzar • Mi nerza ɣer uberid-a nufa-t ar tura yella .

18-Abrid n tebarjalt

IMS: wid i nesteqsa fkan-aɣ-d anamek n tebridṭ I d-yezgan ɣef ukessar ,teččur d

aẓru ddaw n taddart n yiɣil Ḥemmad . -Anamek-is d abrid yeččur d aẓru . • Mi nerza ɣer dinna nufa-t yettwaxdem.

19-Abrid n yifran

IMS: wid i nesteqsa fkan-aɣ-d anamek n ubrid i yefren neɣ d abrid

yettwaɛezlen seg taddart ɣef yidis-is tella tezgi . -Anamek-is d abrid yeṣṣren .

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• Mi nerza ɣur-s ur nufi ara taɛwint-a, maca isem-is mazal-it.

20-Tabriḍt n lekka

IMS: wid i nesteqsa fkan-aɣ-d anamek n tebriḍt tamceṭuḥt i ferqen ger sin n

yiderman ,adrum n yigaɛḍaren akked udrum n at buray . -Anamek-is d luḍa .

• Mi nerza ɣer ubrid-a nufa-t mazal-it yella.

• Mi nerza ɣer dinna nufa-t mazal yella ar tura yella.

21-Abrid n unẓul

IMS: wid i nesteqsa fkan-aɣ-d d abrid s unamek n uẓru, imi ɣef tama-s llan aṭas

n yeẓra .

-Anamek n tenẓult ,d taẓrutt tameqqrant .

• Mi nerza ɣer dinna nufa-t mazal-it ar tura yella .

22-Abrid n bu neqqad

IMS: wid i nesteqsa fkan-aɣ-d abrid i yissufuɣen ɣer wadeg akal-is yelha i

tebḥirin .

-Anamek-is yezmer ad yilli yekka-d seg umyag “qqed”. • Mi nerza ɣer dinna nufa-t mazal-it yell .

23-Abrid n yerfacen

IMS :wid i nesteqsa ur aɣ-d fkin ara anamek-is, acku ur tessinen ara nnan-d d

abrid i yettawin seg taddart n yiɣil ḥemmad ɣer tɛassasin . • Mi nerza ɣer dinna nufa-t mazal-it ar tura yella .

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24-Abrid n ɛeggac

IMS: wid i nesteqsa fkan-aɣ-d d abrid i yettawin ɣer umkan ɛlayen deg tɣiwant

n Ṣaḥriǧ, semman-t akka ilmend n twacult i d-yezgan dinna “Σekkac”

-Anamek-is d abrid i yettawin ɣer wadeg ɛelayen akken i qqaren,ansi i d-as-tekkiḍ i ɛeggac d asawen .

• Mi nerza ɣer dinna nufa-t mazal-it yella.

25-Abrid n bu ɛemmar

IMS :wid i nesteqsa fkan-aɣ-d d abrid i yettawin ɣer temqbart n yimjuhad

yezga-d deg tlammast n n taddart n At ḥemmad, ɣef waya abrid-a yezga yeɛmar

-Anamek-is d abrid yeččuren d imdanan . • Mi nerza ɣer dinna nufa-t yella

26-Abrid n tɛessasin

IMS: wid i nesteqsa fkan-aɣ-d d abrid i yettawin ɣer wadeg i yessumren J.M.D,Sb,1003,d anamek nniḍen d aseḥbiber ,d araju .

-Anamek-is yekka-d seg umyag “ɛes”,d abrid i cawfen . • Mi nruḥ ɣer dinna nufa-t yella .

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IMS wid i nesteqsa fkan-aɣ-d d abrid i yettawin ɣe r yiwen n umkan i deg

kerzen lɣaci, almi d yiwen wass truḥ-as i yiwen txellalt i yetteṭfen azaglu ɣer umgerḍ n uzger, yuɣal yeqqim-d akka .

-Anmek-is ,d allal i tteṭfen azaglu n yizgaren .

• Mi nerza ɣer dinna nufa abrid-a mzal-it yeḥerez isem-is .

28-Abrid n tzeqqa

IMS: wid i nesteqsa fkan-aɣ-d d abrid i d-yezgan deg rrif , yettawi ɣer kra n

yexxamen .

-Anamek-is d axxam ameqqran n yinebgawen . • Mi nerza ɣer-s ulac-it tura .

29-Abrid aqdim

IMS: wid i nesteqsa fkan-aɣ-d d abrid i yellan si zik, yettawi ɣer taddart n

yibelbaren, dinna i tella yemma xliǧa taɛessast n ǧerǧer qesden-tt medden i zziyara .

-Anamek-is d abrid aqbur .

B-Tasleḍt n yismawen n yiberdan uddisen: *Ayen icudden ɣer yemdanen:

30-Abrid n uḥriq meddur

IMS: imsulɣa-nneɣ segzan-aɣ-d isem-a n yiwen n umdan qqaren-as meddur,i

d-yusan si lǧiha n at ɛisi yexdem aɛecciw, am wakken ixeddem tafellaḥt .

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-Aḥriq n meddur d taferka ,akal-is yelha i tfellaḥt ,yezga-d deg taddart n at yebrahim.

• Mazal yeḥrez isem-is ar ass-a ladɣa ɣer yimawlan n wakal.

31-Abrid n yiɣil Menṣur

IMS: wid i nesteqsa fkan-aɣ-d d abrid i yettuɣalen ɣer yisem n umdan isem-is

“Menṣur “,iseddaq akal-is i yimezdaɣ n yilyiten,asmi yemmut meḍlen-t deg-s .

J.M.D,Sb 608,d adeg i cawfen .

-Anamek-is d abrid i yettawin ɣer wadeg i yettbanen . • Mi nerza ɣer dinna nufa-t mazal-it .

*Ayen icudden ɣer yisekla d yismawen n yemdanen: 32-Abrid n taqqa n Lǧilali

IMS: wid i nesteqsa fkan-aɣ-d d abrid i yettawin ɣer yiwet n ttejra isem-is

taqqa, d imezwura itt-id-yeǧǧan,tin i wumi tebedd ddarya ad tcud ajlal-is ɣur-s i wakken ad tesɛu dderya .

J.M.D.Sb,637,d yiwet n tewsit n useklu, am wakken yefk-as isem s tefransist

“genèvrier “

-Anamek-is d aseklu .

• Mi nerza ɣer dinna nufa-t ulac-it ,maca yeqqim-d yisem-is ar tura yella .

33-Abrid tara n lqayed

IMS: wid i nesteqsa fkan-aɣ-d anamek n ubrid i yettawin ɣer yiwen n wadeg

deg-s tara, aḍil i d-tettak ala lqayed i tent-itetten.

J.M.D,Sb,694,nufa-t s unamek n “tikwal”,aya yebɛed akk ɣef win i-d nnan

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-Anamek-is d asklu i d-yettaken tiẓurin ma d lqayed d aswir i yettaf umdan deg tmetti.

• Mi nerza ɣer dinna ur nufi ara maca isem n ubrid-a yegra-d ‘ anct-a yella-d deg tallit n ṭrad’.

*Ayen icudden ɣer yimukan n waman: 34-Abrid n azrug n tala

IMS: wid i nestesqsa fkan-aɣ-d d abrid i d-yezgan ɣef ukessar ,am wakken ɣef

yidis-is tella tala.

-Anamek-is d axerdus .

• Mi nruḥ ɣer dinna nufa-t mazal yella ar tura.

35-Abrid n lɛinṣar aberkan

IMS wid i nesteqsa fkan-aɣ-d d abrid yettawin ɣer yiwen n lɛinṣar n waman

isem-is akka imi yesɛa ṭlam ɣer daxel-is

J.M.D,Sb,993 maca netta yerna yessagza-d d aɣen am yimeṭṭawen yellan deg tiṭ

-Anamek-is d aɣen d aɣbalu n waman ttagmen-d seg-s . • Mi nerza ɣer dinna nufa-t akken yella zik .

*Ayen icudden ɣer yimukan n waman d wussan: 36-Abrid n tala n larebɛa

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IMS: wid i nesteqsa fkan-aɣ-d anamek n d abrid ttawin-t medden akken ad

ruḥen ɣer ssuq ass n larebɛa,imi tella ɣef yidis n ssuq-a tala id-d-ǧǧan irumyen. -Anamek-is d abrid i yettawin ɣer ssuq n Larebɛa .

-Larebɛa:d ayen icudden ɣer wussen

• Mi nruḥ ɣur-as nufa tala maca ssuq-a ulac-it .

*Ayen icudden ɣer yimukan n waman d wallalen: 37-Abrid n tala n umehraz

IMS: wid i nesteqsa fkan-aɣ-d anamek n ubrid i yettawin ɣer yiwet n tala,rrif-is

yella zik yiwen n umehraz d ameqqran . -Tala:d adeg n waman

-Amehras:anamek-is d allal i deg ttedzen-t tlawin afrur.

• Mi nerza ɣer-s nufa amehraz ulac-it maca tala mzal-itt ar tura tella .

*Ayen icudden ɣer yimɣan: 38-Abrid n ccix lleft

IMS: wid i nesteqsa fkan-aɣ-d anamek n ubrid i yettawin ɣer umkan i deg

teẓẓun lleft .

-Anamek-is d amkan i ɣer yettawi ubrid-a akal-is yelha i wuẓu n lleft . • Mi nerza ɣur-s nufa-t yella ar tura.

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*Ayen icudden ɣer tfellaḥt:

39-Abrid n wannar ameqqran

IMS: anamek-is ɣer wid i nesteqsa d abrid i yettawin ɣer wannar anida i

tturaren ddabex .

J.M.D.Sb,574,yerna-d anamek n wadeg n umennuɣ.

-Yezmar ad yili d annar ameqqran n umennuɣ. • Mi nerza ɣer dinna nufat mazal-it yella ar tura

40-Abrid n wakal n uzemmur

IMS: wid i nesteqsa fkan-aɣ-d anamek n ubrid-a d akal-is i yelhan i uzemmur

abrid-a yettawi ɣer wadeg-a .

-Anamek-is, amkan n ubrid-a ilahhu deg-s uzemmur. • Mi nerza ɣer ubrid-a nufa-t mazal-it yella .

J.M.D.Sb,371,Lǧameɛ; anemak-is d adeg n tẓallit .

-Anamek-is d taferka i d-yezgan ddaw n lǧameɛ • Mi nruḥ ɣer dinna nufa-t mazal-it yella.

*Ayen icudden ɣer yidurar: 41-Abrid n udrar seggan

IMS: wid i nesteqsa fkan-aɣ-d anamek n ubrid yettawin seg taddart n Ḥenif ɣer