Fire tests on reinforced concrete columns: specimen no. 11

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Fire tests on reinforced concrete columns: specimen no. 11

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FIRE TESTS ON REINFORCED CONCRETE COLUMNS, SPECIMEN NO. 11

by T.T. Lie and T.D.

Lin

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NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL OF CANADA OlVlSlON OF BUILDING RESEARCH

OBR INTERNAL REPORT NO. 488

FlRE TESTS ON REINFORCED CONCRETE COLUMNS, SPECIMEN NO. 11 by T . T . L i e and T.D. L i n

Checked by:

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Z.

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Approved by: L. W . Gold Date: October 1983 Prepared for: Record Purposes

ABSTRACT

I t e s u l t s of a f i r e t e s t on a r e i n f o r c e d c o n c r e t e column a r e g i v e n . 'rile t e s t i s one of a s e r i e s of twelve t e s t s c a r r i e d o u t i n t h e f i r s t pi~;lse of a j o i n t s t u d y on t h e f i r e performance of c o n c r e t e columns I)y t h e N a t i o n a l llesearch Council Canada and t h e P o r t l a n d Cement A s s o c i a t i o n . The column was made w i t h c a r b o n a t e a g g r e g a t e . I t s s e c t i o n s i z e was 305 x 305 mm (12 x 1 2 i n . ) . It was t e s t e d t o s t u d y t h e i n f l u e n c e of a g g r e g a t e on t h e f i r e r e s i s t a n c e of t h e column.

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FIRE TESTS ON REINFORCED CONCRETE COLUMNS SPECIMEN NO. 11

T.T. Lie and T.D. Lin*

T e s t s were c a r r i e d out on a s e r i e s of r e i n f o r c e d c o n c r e t e columns a s p a r t of a study t o develop methods f o r t h e d e t e r m i n a t i o n of t h e f i r e r e s i s t a n c e of such columns. The s t u d y was a c o o p e r a t i v e e f f o r t between t h e N a t i o n a l Research Council Canada and t h e P o r t l a n d Cement

Association. I n t h e f i r s t phase of t h e s t u d y , 12 columns were t e s t e d . The columns were designed and manufactured by PCA i n Skokie, I l l i n o i s , and t e s t e d i n t h e NRCC l a b o r a t o r i e s i n Ottawa. The specimens, method of t e s t i n g and t e s t r e s u l t s a r e d e s c r i b e d i n s u c c e s s i v e r e p o r t s .

This r e p o r t d e a l s w i t h specimen No. 11, which was t e s t e d t o determine t h e i n f l u e n c e of a g g r e g a t e on t h e f i r e r e s i s t a n c e of t h e column.

TEST SPECIMEN

The specimen c o n s i s t e d of a s q u a r e t i e d r e i n f o r c e d c o n c r e t e column. D e t a i l s of t h e specimen and i t s f a b r i c a t i o n a r e g i v e n below. Dimensions

S e c t i o n s i z e : 305 x 305 mm (12 x 12 i n . ) Height: 3810 mm (12 f t 6 in.)

M a t e r i a l s

Cement: Type I , a g e n e r a l purpose cement f o r t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n of r e i n f o r c e d c o n c r e t e s t r u c t u r e s .

Aggregate: Carbonate sand and g r a v e l from E l g i n , I l l i n o i s . The maximum s i z e of t h e a g g r e g a t e was 19 mm ( 3 1 4 i n . ) . The g r a d a t i o n c u r v e

i : 3 shown i n Fig. 1. P e t r o g r a p h i c i n f o r m a t i o n , g i v e n i n Table I , was

obtained f o l l o w i n g t h e procedures of ASTM ~ 2 9 5 - 7 9 l .

P h y s i c a l p r o p e r t i e s of aggregate: S p e c i f i c g r a v i t y of sand (2.67); s p e c i f i c g r a v i t y of g r a v e l (2.67); m o i s t u r e c o n t e n t of sand (3.0%); moisture c o n t e n t of g r a v e l (1.0%); s a t u r a t e d s u r f a c e dry u n i t weight of g r a v e l (1712 kg/m3) (107.0 l b / f t 3 ) ; f i n e n e s s modulus of f i n e aggregate (3.00); f i n e n e s s modulus of c o a r s e a g g r e g a t e (1.53).

*Senior r e s e a r c h e n g i n e e r , P o r t l a n d Cement A s s o c i a t i o n , Skokie, C l l i n o i s .

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S t e e l reinforcement: Deformed 25M (No. 8 ) l o n g i t u d i n a l

r e i n f o r c i n g b a r s and 10M (No. 3) t i e s , meeting t h e requirements of ASTM Designation ~615-602. The y i e l d s t r e s s of t h e 25M b a r s was 443.7 MPa

(64.3 k s i ) and t h a t of t h e 10M b a r s 426.5 MPa (61.8 k s i ) . The u l t i m a t e s t r e n g t h of t h e 25M b a r s was 730 MPa (105.8 k s i ) and of t h e 10M b a r s , 671 W a (97 k s i ) .

Concrete mix: The c o n c r e t e mix was designed t o produce a 34.5 MPa (5000 p s i ) s t r e n g t h n o n - a i r e n t r a i n e d concrete. A waterlcement r a t i o of 0.6 was used. The slump was 75 mm (2.96 in.). Batch q u a n t i t i e s a r e a s follows: cement, 346 kg/m3 (583 1blyd 3); c o a r s e a g r e g a t e ,

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1066 kg/m3 (1796 1 b l y d 3 ) ; sand, 816 kg/m3 (1375 l b l y d

1;

w a t e r ,

193 kg/m3 (325 1bfyd3). The measured p r o p e r t i e s of t h e c o n c r e t e were: a i r c o n t e n t , 1.93%; d e n s i t y , 2405 kg/m3 (150.1 l b / f t 3 ) ; compressive s t r e n g t h a t 28 days ( c a s t d a t e , 25 August 1977), 33.4 MPa (4836 p s i ) . F a b r i c a t i o n

C a s t i n g

The column was c a s t i n a s p e c i a l l y designed form. A t t h e s t a r t of c a s t i n g , t h e f r o n t of t h e form was l e f t open f o r d e p o s i t i n g f r e s h concrete. The c o n c r e t e was mixed i n a 0.17 m 3 (6 f t 3 ) t i l t i n g drum mixer. Shovels and scoops were used t o d e p o s i t c o n c r e t e i n t h e form. A s m a l l i n t e r n a l v i b r a t o r was a p p l i e d t o c o n s o l i d a t e t h e concrete. A s c a s t i n g progressed upwards, t h e window p i e c e s were s u c c e s s i v e l y c l o s e d and t i g h t l y b o l t e d t o t h e form t o a v o i d p o s s i b l e m o i s t u r e l e a k s .

L i f t i n g hooks were embedded on o p p o s i t e s i d e s of t h e t e s t specimen a t 800 mm ( 2 f t 7 112 i n . ) from t h e t o p of t h e column. A c y l i n d r i c a l humidity w e l l 3 w i t h a d i a m e t e r of 4 mm (5132 in.) was p o s i t i o n e d a t mid-height of t h e column f o r measuring t h e r e l a t i v e humidity a t mid- depth.

Keinforcing cage

The r e i n f o r c i n g cage was assembled by welding each end of f o u r l o n g i t u d i n a l main r e i n f o r c i n g b a r s t o a s t e e l end p l a t e . The b a r s were cut t o 3800 mm (12 f t 5 112 i n . ) and machined a t both ends, f o r a

l e n g t h of 19 a m (314 i n . ) t o a diameter of 19 m a F i g u r e 2 shows d e t a i l s of t h e f i n i s h e d bars. The dimensions of t h e end p l a t e s were 533 x 5'33 x 25 mm ( 2 1 x 21 x 1 i n . ) . I n each c o r n e r of t h e p l a t e , 20.6 mm (13116 i n . ) h o l e s were d r i l l e d t o accommodate t h e l o n g i t u d i n a l bars. The c e n t e r s of t h e h o l e s were spaced 92.1 mm (3 518 in.) from t h e c e n t r e l i n e s of t h e p l a t e s . I n t h i s way a column was o b t a i n e d w i t h a s e c t i o n of 305 x 305 mm (12 x 12 i n . ) and a cover of 47.6 mm ( 1 718 i n . ) t o t h e main r e i n f o r c i n g b a r s and 38.1 mm ( 1 112 in.) t o t h e s t i r r u p s . The main b a r s and s t i r r u p s were t i e d t o g e t h e r t o complete t h e s t e e l cage which, i n c l u d i n g t h e s t e e l p l a t e s , was 3810 mm

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Welding

The provisions of AWS Designation ~12.1-754 were followed when welding plates and bars. These members were preheated with a propane torch to 288OC (550°F), to prevent brittle failure during welding. The side fillet weld was done around bars on the inner face of the bottom plate. McKay E10018-D2 and DYTRON-579 welding rods were used. Both types of welding rods have tensile strength of 835 MPa (121 000 psi). Mild-steel welding rods were used to fill up the

6

mu (114 in.) deep holes on the outer faces of the plate. The rough surfaces of the welded joints on the outer face of the plate were ground to a smooth finish.

The welding of the top steel plate was performed after the casting of the columns. Before positioning the top plate, a

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nun (114 in.) layer of mortar was spread over the top of the column to ensure good contact between steel and concrete. The mortar was made of one part cement and three parts siliceous sand. Using the same procedure as for the bottom plate, the top plate was welded on the outer side to the bars and smoothed.

Curing

The concrete was cured under damp burlap for 7 days at 21 to 24'C (70 to 75°F). The form was then stripped, and the column conditioned in an atmosphere controlled at 21 to 24'C and 30 to 40% relative humidity.

The column was removed from the kiln periodically to cool at 23'C (73°F) so that the relative humidity could be measured. Two hundred fifty days after casting, the relative humidity in the center of the column reached 85%, and the column was wrapped in plastic to prevent change of its moisture content.

Thermocouples

Rutt-welded chromel-alumel thermocouples with a thickness of 0.912 mm (0.0359 in.) were used to make thermocouple frames for

measuring concrete temperatures at different locations in various cross sections of the columns. Each frame consisted of a number of thermocouples tied to steel rods that were firmly secured to the main

reinforcing bars. Temperatures were measured at three levels: at one- quarter height, at mid-height and at three-quarter height of the

column. At mid-height the temperatures were measured along the whole length of a centerline and a diagonal of the section; at the other two levels the temperatures were measured only along half of the centerline and half of the diagonal of the section. The location of the

thermocouples in the concrete and their numbering are shown in Figs. 3 and 4.

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In addition, a number of thermocouples were mounted on the

retnforcing steel bars and ties. The locations of the thermocouples on the steel are shown in Fig. 5 and in more detail in Fig. 6.

AL1 thermocouples were installed in such a way that the wire f < , l l o w r d :In lsothcrm for at least 12.7 mm (112 i n . from the junction.

Test Apparatus

The test was carried out by exposing the column to heat in a

furnace specially built for testing loaded columns and walls. The test furnace was designed to produce the conditions to which a member might he exposed during a fire, i.e. temperatures, structural loads, and heat transfer. It consists of a steel framework supported by four steel columns, with the furnace chamber inside the framework (Fig. 7). The characteristics and instrumentation of the furnace are

described

in detail in reference

5.

Only a brief description of the furnace and the main components will be given here.

Loading Device

Three hydraulic jacks produce forces along the three principal axes. 'Che jack acting along the axis of the test column is located at the hottom of the furnace chamber. The plate on top of this jack can he used as a platform to which the column can be attached.

Furnace Chamber

The furnace chamber has a floor 2642 mm (8 ft

8

in.) on each side and is 3048 mm (10 ft) high. It is made of insulating materials that will produce a high heat transfer to the specimen. There are 32 propane gas burners in the furnace chamber, arranged in eight columns containing four burners each. The total capacity of the burners is 4700 kW (16 million Rtulh). Each burner can be adjusted individually, which allows a high temperature uniformity in the furnace chamber. The pressure in the furnace chamber is also adjustable. It was set

~0mewhat lower than atmospheric pressure. Instrumentation

The furnace temperatures are measured with the aid of eight chromel-alumel thermocouples. The junction of each thermocouple was located 305 mm

(1

ft) from the test specimen, at various heights. Two thermocouples were placed opposite each other every 610 mm (2 ft) along the height of the furnace chamber. The location of their junctions and their numbering are shown in Fig. 8. Thermocouples No. 4 and 6 were located at a height of 610 mm (2 ft) from the floor, thermocouples No. 2 and 8 at. 1220 mm (4 ft), thermocouples No. 3 and

5

at 1830 mm (6 F c ) and thermocouples No.

1

and 7 at 2440 mm (8 ft). The

temperatures measured by the thermocouples are averaged automatical1.y and the average temperature used as the criterion for controlling the furnace temperature.

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The loads a r e c o n t r o l l e d and measured w i t h t h e a i d of p r e s s u r e transducers. The accuracy of c o n t r o l l i n g and measuring l o a d s i s w i t h i n 5% a t lower load l e v e l s and b e t t e r a t h i g h e r loads.

The a x i a l s t r a i n of t h e t e s t specimen i s determined by measuring t h e displacement of t h e jack t h a t s u p p o r t s t h e column. The

displacement is measured w i t h t h e a i d of t r a n s d u c e r s w i t h an accuracy of 0.002 m (7.87 x 10-5 i n . ) .

T e s t Conditions and Procedure

The column was i n s t a l l e d i n t h e f u r n a c e by b o l t i n g i t s end p l a t e s t o a l o a d i n g head a t t h e t o p and a h y d r a u l i c j a c k a t t h e bottom, Eight 19 mm (314 i n . ) b o l t s , spaced r e g u l a r l y around t h e column 63.5 mm

(2 112 in. ) from t h e s i d e s , were used a t each end.

On t h e day of t h e test, t h e moisture c o n d i t i o n i n t h e c e n t e r of t h e column was measured w i t h a Monfore gauge3. The r e l a t i v e humidity measured p r i o r t o t h e s t a r t of t h e t e s t was 75%. The ambient

temperature a t t h e s t a r t of t h e t e s t was 20°C (68'F).

The column was s u b j e c t e d t o a load of 1067 IcN (240 k i p s ) , which was a p p l i e d about one hour p r i o r t o t h e t e s t . The compressive s t r e n g t h of t h e c o n c r e t e on t h e t e s t d a t e , measured on two c y l i n d e r s , was

37.1 MPa (5386 p s i ) and 36.7 MPa (5315 p s i ) . The column was c a s t on t h e 25th of August 1977 and t e s t e d on t h e 1 3 t h of October 1981.

During t h e t e s t t h e columns were exposed t o h e a t i n g c o n t r o l l e d s o t h a t t h e average temperature i n t h e f u r n a c e followed a s c l o s e l y a s p o s s i b l e t h e ASTM-E11g6 o r ULC-S1017 s t a n d a r d temperature-time 'curve. T h i s curve can be approximately d e s c r i b e d by t h e f o l l o w i n g equation:

where

Tf = temperature i n O C , and

T = time i n h

Tf = temperature i n OF.

During t h e t e s t , temperatures i n t h e f u r n a c e and i n t h e column were ~neasured a t t h e l o c a t i o n s d e s c r i b e d e a r l i e r . The a x i a l s t r a i n of t h e column was a l s o measured. The column was regarded t n have f a i . l . e d , and t h e t e s t was t e r m i n a t e d , when t h e h y d r a u l i c j a c k , which h a s a

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~maximn~~rn speed of 76 mm/min ( 3 in./min), could no l o n g e r maintain t h e a p p l i e d load.

TEST RESULTS

Measured Temperatures and S t r a i n s

I n Tables 2A-R t h e s t e e l temperatures a r e g i v e n f o r v a r i o u s times. The temperatures measured i n t h e c o n c r e t e s e c t i o n s a r e l i s t e d i n

Tables 3A-D.

In Table 4 t h e average f u r n a c e temperatures a r e g i v e n and i n Table 5 t h e measured a x i a l deformation of t h e column, f o r v a r i o u s t i m e s during t h e t e s t .

Observations

The o b s e r v a t i o n s made d u r i n g t h e t e s t a f t e r v a r i o u s exposure t i m e s a c e g i v e n below.

Test time H r :Min

0:OO F i r e s t a r t e d .

2 : 11 Small h a i r l i n e c r a c k s about 30 mm ( 2 i n . ) l o n g were observed on t h e s o u t h f a c e of t h e t e s t column.

4:OO Pronounced c r a c k s developed. ( n e a r l y )

6:OO S t e e l temperature exceeded 760°C (1400°F) and t h e column c o n t r a c t e d about 20 mm from i t s i n i t i a l loaded s t a g e .

6:06 F a i l u r e of t h e column. A s t r o n g c r u s h i n g sound was heard. A 600 mm ( 2 f t ) long and 150 mm (6 in.) wide c o n c r e t e p i e c e was observed coming off t h e s o u t h f a c e n e a r t h e upper q u a r t e r p o i n t of t h e column.

I n Fig. 9 , t h e column i s shown a f t e r t h e t e s t .

DISCUSSION OF RESULTS

F i g u r e 10 shows two average temperatures o b t a i n e d from measurements on two r e i n f o r c i n g b a r s d u r i n g t h e t e s t . These

measurements were made w i t h thermocouples No. 3 and 9 , l o c a t e d o p p o s i t e each o t h e r w i t h r e s p e c t t o t h e c e n t e r of one b a r , and w i t h

thermocouples No. 4 and 10, l o c a t e d o p p o s i t e each o t h e r on a n o t h e r b a r (Fig. 6).

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The temperatures measured on t h e s t e e l by t h e i n d i v i d u a l thermo- cotlples a r e shown i n Fig. 11. The d i f f e r e n c e i n temperature between

L W O o p p o s i t e p o i n t s of a bar i s r e l a t i v e l y small.

No c a l c r i l a t i o n s were made of t h e f i r e r e s i s t a n c e of t h i s column, t~c*r:i~~sc tlir m a t e r i a l p r o p e r t i e s of t h e carbonate c o n c r e t e , of which the coh~mn WRS made, were not s u E f i c i e n t l y known. A comparison with the

f i r e r e s i s t a n c e of a s i m i l a r column9, made w i t h s i l i c e o u s aggregate and t e s t e d under t h e same load, shows t h a t t h e i n f l u e n c e of t h e aggregate i s s u b s t a n t i a l . For t h i s column t h e f i r e r e s i s t a n c e is about 75% h i g h e r than t h a t of t h e s i l i c e o u s c o n c r e t e column.

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REFERENCES

Standard P r a c t i c e f o r P e t r o g r a p h i c Examination of Aggregates f o r Concrete, (1979). ASTM C295-79, American S o c i e t y f o r T e s t i n g and M a t e r i a l s , Philadelphia.

Standard S p e c i f i c a t i o n f o r Deformed and P l a i n B u l l e t - S t e e l Bars f o r Concrete ReinEorcement, (1980). ASTM A615-80, American Society f o r T e s t i n g and M a t e r i a l s , P h i l a d e l p h i a .

Monfore, G.E. (1962). A Small Probe-Type Gauge f o r Measuring R e l a t i v e Humidity. J o u r n a l of t h e PCA Research and Development I,aboratories, Vol. 5, No. 2.

Reinforcing S t e e l Welding Code, (1975). AWS-D12.1-75, American Welding S o c i e t y , Manlius, NY.

Lie, T.T. (1980). New F a c i l i t y t o Determine F i r e R e s i s t a n c e of Columns, Canadian J o u r n a l of C i v i l Engineering, Vol. 7, No. 3 . Standard Methods of F i r e T e s t s of B u i l d i n g C o n s t r u c t i o n and

M a t e r i a l s , (1979). ANSIIASTM E119-79, American Society f o r T e s t i n g and M a t e r i a l s , P h i l a d e l p h i a .

Standard Methods of F i r e Endurance T e s t s of B u i l d i n g C o n s t r u c t i o n and M a t e r i a l s , (1980). ULC SlOl M1980, Underwriters' L a b o r a t o r i e s of Canada, Scarborough, Ontario.

L i e , T.T. and Harmathy, T.Z. (1972). A Numerical Procedure t o C a l c u l a t e t h e Temperature of P r o t e c t e d S t e e l Columns Exposed t o F i r e . F i r e Study No. 28, D i v i s i o n of Building Research, National Research Council Canada, NRCC 12535.

L i e , T.T., Allen, D.E., Lin, T.D. and Abrams, M.S., F i r e R e s i s t a n c e of Reinforced Concrete Columns, D i v i s i o n of B u i l d i n g Research, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, t o be published.

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TABLE 1 PETROGRAPHY OF SAND AND GRAVEL USED AS AGGREGATE

Composition of S i e v e P r a c t i o n , P e r c e n t o n S i e v e of S i z e I n d i c a t e d P e r c e n t

Component p a s s i n g

19 mm 12.5 mm 9.5 mm 6 mm No. No. No. No. No. No. Xo. t h r o u g h

4 8 16 30 50 100 200 No. 200 Carbonate 91.1 87.4 87.3 85.6 87.6 80.5 79.6 64.4 46.1 36.4 65.0 92.0 C h e r t 3.6 4.2 5.2 7.6 6.1 8.9 11.0

--

G r a n i t e 1.1 1.2 3.5 1.8 2.4 3.6 2.4

--

-

--

B a s a l t 2.1 3.0 1.4 2.6 2.6 3.4 2.0 1.2

--

Gabbro 0.3

-

0.2 0.5 0.2 0.7 0.3

--

Q u a r t z i t e 1.8 3.9 1.4 1.3 0.3 3 .O 4.3

--

G n e i s s - S c h i s t

-

0.3 1.2 0.9 0.5 0.4

--

-

--

Quartz-Chalcedony

-

--

-

26.5 45.1 52.5 27.2 4.0 F e l d s p a r

-

--

7.6 8.8 11.1 6 . 1 0.5 Misc. I g n e o u s a n d C l a y s

-

--

-

--

1.7 3.5

P a r t i c l e Shape 19 t o 6 mm (%) No. 4 t o No. 200 (%) Carbonates S i l i c a t e s C a r b o n a t e s S i l i c a t e s

Rounded

--

30

Subangular t o subrounded 80 100 75 6 0

Angular

-

--

1 0

(13)

TABLE 2.4 MEASURED STEEL TEMPERATURES

-

T e m p e r a t u r e ( O C ) Measured a t Thermocouple No: Time (min) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0

--

0 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 5 28 24 24 25 20

*

3 1 27 20 20 10 46 4 3 46 6 1 3 8 3 3 67 6 3 30 27 1 5 8 5 9 0 8 4 1 0 1 9 2 7 8 106 106 6 1 5 8 20 108 108 106 125 109 1 1 3 134 1 3 3 8 8 1 0 1 25 117 114 117 1 8 1 114 117 1 7 1 1 5 3 110 1 0 8 30 135 132 139 218 136 134 209 188 116 112 35 158 157 1 6 3 244 159 156 243 221 129

*

40 182 182 189 269 186 184 273 2 5 1 1 5 1 1 2 3 4 5 208 208 218 296 214 214 300 278 176 142 50 234 233 246 319 242 244 323 302 201 162 5 5 259 259 272 334 269 272 344 324 226 182 60 283 284 297 353 294 298 363 345 248 202 6 5 304 3 0 8 321 363 3 1 8 322 381 363 269 222 70 324 333 343 378 339 344 397 3 8 1 2 9 1 2 4 1 7 5 3 4 3 354 363 395 359 364 412 397 309 260 80 3 6 1 373 382 412 378 383 426 413 328 278 8 5 377 391 399 426 394 401 439 427 345 295 90 3 9 3 407 414 439 410 417 452 4 4 1 3 6 1 312 9 5 407 422 429 452 425 432 4 6 3 454 376 327 100 4 2 1 436 442 463 438 447 474 466 389 342 105 434 449 456 475 4 5 1 460 484 477 402 356 110 447 462 468 486 4 6 3 473 4 9 3 487 415 369 115 459 474 479 496 475 484 5 0 3 497 427 383 120 470 485 4 9 1 506 486 496 511 507 438 395 1 2 5 482 496 502 515 496 506 520 516 449 408 130 492 506 512 524 506 516 528 524 4 6 1 419 135 5 0 3 516 522 532 516 5 2 5 537 5 3 3 471 431 140 513 525 532 5 4 1 524 534 544 5 4 1 4 8 1 4 4 3 145 522 534 5 4 1 549 5 3 3 5 4 3 552 549 491 454

L

50 5 3 1 542 549 557 542 5 5 1 559 557 5 0 1 465 155 539 551 557 564 550 559 567 564 510 476 160 548 558 565 572 558 567 574 572 519 486 16 5 556 566 5 7 3 579 565 574 581 579 527 496 170 563 573 580 587 572 5 8 1 587 586 535 506 17 5 5 7 1 580 587 5 9 3 579 588 5 9 3 592 5 4 3 515 180 577 587 594 600 586 595 599 599 5 5 1 5 2 3 1 8 5 584 5 9 3 6 0 1 607 5 9 3 6 0 1 606 605 558 532 190 5 9 1 599 607 613 599 607 612 612 564 540 1 9 5 597 606 613 619 605 613 617 618 571 5 4 8 *Meas:~rement n o t r e l i a b l e

(14)

TABLE 2 B MEASURED STEEL TEMPERATURES Temperature ('C) Measured a t Thermocouple No: T i m e (min) I 2 3 4 5 6

7

8 9 10 *Eleasrlrernent not r e l i a b l e

(15)

TABLE 3A-1 CONCKETE TEMPERATURES MEASURED WITH THERMOCOUPLES IN FRAME A

-

Temperature (OC) Measured a t Thermocouple No:

'Tlmr

-

(min) 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 2 2 2 3 2 4

*Measurement not r e l i a b l e

(16)

TABLE 3A-2 CONCRETE TEMPERATURES MEASURED WITH THERMOCOUPLES I N FRAME A

Temperature (OC) Measured a t Thermocouple No: '1'1 (A,"

-

(min) 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

-

.

200 842 756 661

*

469 379 343 391 549 667 792 903

*

1031 205 848 761 666

*

478 389 353 400 556 673 796 909

*

1038 210 853 767 672

*

486 398 363 409 563 678 799 916

*

1043 225 958 772 678

*

494 407 372 418 569 683 803 922

*

1051 220 863 778 684

*

502 416 381 427 576 688 808 929

*

1057 225 868 783 689

*

509 424 390 435 582 693 812 935

*

1063 230 873 788 694

*

516 433 399 443 587 698 816 942

*

1068 235 878 792 699

*

$23 442 407 452 593 703 819 944

*

1072 240 883 797 704

*

529 450 416 459 598 707 823 949

*

1076 245 887 802 709

*

536 458 424 467 603 712 827 953

*

1077 250 891 807 714

*

541 466 432 474 608 716 831 957

*

1077 255 895 811 719

*

547 473 441 482 612 720 835 962

*

x 260 899 815 723

*

553 481 449 488 617 724 839 966

*

x 265 903 819 728

*

558 487 457 495 622 728 842 969

*

270 906 823 732

*

563 494 465 501 626 732 845 973

*

275 908 827 736

*

568 501 473 507 631 736 848 978

*

x 280 911 830 740

*

573 508 481 513 635 740 851 981

*

x 285 912 833 744

*

577 514 489 519 639 744 853 982

*

290 912 836 747

*

582 521 498 525 644 748 855 984

*

295

*

838 749

*

586 527 507 531 648 752 858 986

*

300

*

839 752

*

591 533 516 536 653 756 861

*

x x 310 x

*

754

*

599 546 536 546 661 762 865

*

320

*

x

*

609 559 558 557 669 767 870

*

x 330

*

x rl

*

620 574 579 569 677 769

*

x 340

*

x

*

_{630 590 601 582 684}

*

x 350

*

x x

*

641 608 621 598 691

*

x

*

x

*

360 x

*

x

*

653 626 640 615 695

*

x

*

x *Measurement n o t r e l i a b l e

(17)

-

T e m p e r a t u r e (OC) Measured a t Thermocouple No: Time (min) 25 26 27 28 29 3 0 3 1 32 3 3 34 3 5 36 37 3 8 20 20 20 20 124 8 7 4 5 2 8 231 167 9 8 62 316 238 1 4 0 9 9 391 304 187 124 447 357 231 159 493 399 269 1 8 6 535 436 303 212 571 471 336 239 598 500 364 264 619 524 389 288 637 544 4 1 1 3 0 8 653 563 4 3 1 328 668 578 449 344 682 593 464 359 695 606 478 372 706 616 4 9 1 384 716 626 501 393 724 634 5 1 1 402 732 642 519 4 1 1 741 650 527 420 749 658 536 430 758 667 544 441 767 676 554 453 776 684 564 466 785 693 574 478 794 702 584 491 802 711 593 5 0 3 809 719 602 514 818 727 6 1 1 524 824 734 619 534 8 3 1 743 627 543 837 749 635 5 5 1 8 4 3 756 642 559 849 763 649 567 854 769 656 574 860 775 663 582 864 781 669 588

-

lurelnent n o t r e l i a b l e

(18)

TAR[.E 3R-2 CONCRETE TEMPERATURES MEASURED WITH THERMOCOUPLES I N FRAME B Temperature ('C) Measured a t Thermocouple No: Time (min) 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 190 869 787 675 595 467 369 327 386 550 653 814 883 992 1039 195 873 792 681 601 476 380 338 396 557 658 819 888 996 1043 200 876 797 686 607 484 391 348 406 564 663 823 894 999 1047 205 879 803 691 613 493 401 358 415 571 668 828 900 1006 1054 210 881 808 696 619 501 412 368 424 577 673 832 907 1012 1060 215 881 814 700 626 509 423 377 433 583 679 837 912 1018 1065 220

*

_{819 704 632 517 436 387 442 589 684 842 917 1024 1069} 225

*

_{823 706 637 524 451 396 451 595 688 847 921 1030 1073} 230

*

_{827 709 643 531 466 405 459 601 693 852 924 1034 1074} 235

*

_{829 711 648 538 484 414 467 606 697 856 927 1037 1076} 240

*

_{832 712 653 544 503 423 474 611 702 859 931 1039}

*

245

*

_{834 713 658 551 522 432 482 619 706 862 933 1041}

*

250

*

_{837 714 663 557 541 443 489 621 709 866 936 1042}

*

255

*

_{838 717 668 565 557 454 496 626 713 868 938}

*

260

*

_{838 719 672 572 567 466 503 631 716 870 939}

*

265

*

_{721 676 580 571 479 509 635 719 871 939}

*

x 270

*

_{723 679 589 575 494 517 640 721 871}

*

275

*

726 682 599 583 511 523 644 723

*

x 280 x

*

_{726 684 609 594 529 531 648 723}

*

x 285

*

_{729 686 621 606 549 538 653 723}

*

290 x

*

_{731 687 632 618 570 547 657}

*

x x

*

295 x

*

_{732 688 644 631 591 556 661}

*

x x

*

300 x

*

_{733 689 654 642 611 566 664}

*

LI

*

310 x

*

_{733 691 674 663 646 588 670}

*

x x

*

320 x

*

_{696 688 679 672 614 675}

*

x

*

x

*

330

*

702 699 693 689 638 679

*

rk x x 340

*

x

*

_{708 708 702 703 659 682}

*

x

*

x 350

*

_{714 714 710 712 676 686}

*

x x

*

360

*

718 719 714 717 688 689

*

x

*

x *El(.;tu~trc.tnt~t~t not r e l f n b l e

(19)

TABLE 3C-1 CONCRETE TEMPERATURES MEASURED WITH THERMOCOUPLES I N FRAME C

----

Temperature ( O C ) Measured a t Thermocouple No: 'I' I mca (min) 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52

-

*Measurement not 20 20 55 30 109 67 166 103 219 134 266 166 307 198 344 229 378 260 409 289 436 314 464 337 479 358 498 376 514 393 529 409 543 423 554 437 566 449 574 459 582 469 589 479 596 488 603 498 611 508 618 518 627 528 636 537 644 546 654 555 662 563 668 571 675 578 682 586 688 593 694 599 701 606 706 612 712 619 r e l i a b l e

(20)

TABLE 3C-2 CONCRETE TEMPERATURES MEASURED

WITH

THERMOCOUPLES I N FRAME C T e m p e r a t u r e ( " C ) Measured a t T h e r m o c o u p l e N o : T i m e (min) 39 40 ₄₁ ₄₂ 43 ₄₄ 45 ₄₆ ₄₇ ₄₈ ₄₉ 50 51 _{5 2} * M e a s u r e m e n t not r e l i a b l e

(21)

TARLC 3D-1 CONCRETE TEMPERATURES MEASURED WITH THERMOCOUPLES IN

FRAME

D Time (min) 0 5 10 15 20 2 5 30 3 5 40 4 5 50 5 5 60 65 70 7 5 80 8 5 90 9 5 100 105 110 115 120 125 130 13 5 140 14 5 150 155 160 16 5 170 17 5 180 185 190 Temperature ("C) Measured a t Thermocouple No: "Measurement not r e l i a b l e

(22)

TABLE 3D-2 CONCRETE TEMPERATURES MEASURED WITH THERMOCOUPLES I N FRAME D

Time (min)

-

Temperature ( OC) Measured at Thermocouple No: 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 885 797 674 582 476 378 337 401 540 676

*

892 976

*

890 802 681 589 485 387 348 411 547 681

*

899 984

*

897 808 687 595 493 397 357 420 554 686

*

906 994

*

903 814 693 602 501 406 367 429 561 691

*

913 1007

*

908 819 699 608 509 416 377 438 568 696

*

920 1017

*

914 825 705 614 516 424 386 447 574 701

*

926 1021

*

919 830 711 620 523 433 395 455 580 706

*

932 1024

*

924 835 716 626 530 442 403 463 586 711

*

937 1025

*

929 839 721 632 537 449 412 471 591 716

*

942 1027

*

933 844 726 638 543 458 421 478 597 721

*

947 1029

*

938 848 731 643 549 466 428 486 602 726

*

951 1029

*

943 853 736 649 555 473 437 493 607 731

*

956 1030

*

947 857 741 654 561 481 445 499 612 734

*

1032

*

951 861 745 659 566 488 453 506 617 739

*

1032

*

954 866 749 663 571 494 461 513 622 743

*

1032

*

957 869 753 668 577 501 468 519 626 747

*

961 873 758 673 582 507 476 525 631 751

*

x x

*

963 877 762 678 586 513 482 531 636 754

*

x i~

*

966 880 766 682 591 519 489 537 640 758

*

f x 967 883 770 687 596 525 496 542 644 762

*

x

*

x 967 885 774 691 600 531 502 548 649 765

*

x x

*

887 778 695 604 536 508 549 653 768

*

784 702 613 547 522 567 662 772

*

x

*

789 708 622 557 536 580 669 774

*

x

*

791 712 631 568 551 595 677

*

i x x x

*

i

*

715 641 581 569 612 683

*

i

*

x

*

x

*

_{717 652 596 588 627 687}

*

i .L A

*

x

*

_{718 662 612 608 642 689}

*

f R

*

A %easurement n o t r e l i a b l e

(23)

TABLE 4 AVERAGE FURNACE TEMPERATURE

Time Temperature Time Temperature Time Temperature (min)

( " 0

(min) ( " 0 (mid ("C)

(24)

TABLE 5 MEASURED AXIAL DEFORMATION OF COLUMN

T i m e Ueformation T i m e Deformation Time Deformation

(min) (mu) ( m i d

(4

( m i d

(4

0 0 125 7.9 250 0.1 5 0.5 130 7.9 255 -0.7 10 1 .O 135 7.9 260 -1.5 15 1.8 14 0 7.9 265 -2.3 I I 20 2.9 145 7.9 270 -3.2 2 5 3.5 15 0 7.9 275 -4.1 30 3.7 155 7.9 280 -5.0 35 3.9 16 0 7.9 285 -6.0 40 4.2 165 7.7 290 -6.9 45 4.5 17 0 7.5 295 -7.9 50 4.8 175 7.3 300 -8.8 5 5 5.2 18 0 7.1 305 -9.8 60 5 -5 185 6.8 3 10 -10.7 6 5 5.8 19 0 6.6 315 -11.6 70 6.1 195 6.2 320 -12.6 7 5 6.4 200 5.8 325 -13.4 80 6.6 205 5.5 330 -14.3 8

5

7.0 210 5.1 335 -15.2 90 7.2 215 4.5 340 -16.1 9 5 7.4 220 4.0 345 -16.9 100 7.5 225 3 -4 350 -17.8 10 5 7.6 230 2.9 355 -18.7 110 7.7 235 2.3 360 -19.6 115 7.7 240 1.6 365 -20.6 120 7.8 245 0.9

(-) s i g n i n d i c a t e s contraction of column past i n i t i a l s t a r t i n g p o s i t i o n

(25)

m m m m

rnrn

S T A N D A R D S I Z E O F S Q U A R E M E S H S I E V E F I G U R E 1

(26)

P L A T E

F I G U R E

2

(27)

TIC

F R A M E A,

€29

S E C T I O N A - A

TIC

F R A M E B, O N B A C K

TIC

F R A M E C ON FRONT- S E C T I O N B - B T / C F R A M E Dl S E C T I O N C - C

TIC

F R A M E F I G U R E 3 L A Y O U T O F T H E R M O C O U P L E F R A M E S

(28)

TIC

FRAME 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 A 31 30

29

28 27 26 25 B 45 44 43 42

41

40 39 C 59 58 57 56 55 54 53 D F I G U R E 4 L O C A T I O N A N D N U M B E R S O F T H E R M O C O U P L E S I N A S E C T I O N

(29)

r 4 8 mm CLEAR COVER TO

TIC

4, 5, 6, 10

4 25 M BAR

3 5 mm 533

x

533

x

25 mm

THICK STEEL PLATE 7 I

F I G U R E 5

T H E R M O C O U P L E S O N R E I N F O R C I N G B A R S

mm MIN.

-414 MPa

(30)

F I G U R E 6

(31)

FIGURE

7

(32)

T O P V l E W 1. 2 C O L U M N 5 . 6 F U R N A C E 3 , q C H A M B E R 7, 8 I I I D O O R ( E A S T S I D E ) S I D E V l E W

r---l

F I G U R E 8 L O C A T I O N A N D N U M B E R S O F T H E R M O C O U P L E S I N C O L U M N F U R N A C E C H A M B E R

(33)

FIGURE 9

(34)

T I M E , m i n F I G U R E 10 M E A S U R E D A V E R A G E T E M P E R A T U R E S O N M A I N R E I N F O R C I N G B A R S T I M E , m i n F I G U R E 11 T E M P E R A T U R E S M E A S U R E D O N M A I N R E I N F O R C I N G B A R S