Search for heavy antimatter and energetic photons in cosmic rays with the AMS-01 detector in space

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MATTER

COSMOLOGICAL CONSTANT

3 Range of Supernova

data

Range of microwave background

data

New preferred model

Old standard

model

Range of cluster

data

Ruled out by age t ⁰ < 9 Gyr Constant expansion

Asymptote to

Einstein's original static model

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KE E +GE

--

]

!

' '

,

E ]

- ! E 3

(51)

-

<-

-

<

E

3

- ! ,, +

$)

&

%+E ,E

'JBK- ! ' ( !

E -

3 3 ,

,+ - =

E + ,

6 '?J$)K

E E-

= $-$-< E E

>- > ,

- !

JK - =

> E 6 ,

. E E

>- !

> - ,

]

$) $)

& W;AX E ]

>

E - =''7+ ,

E

W;;X- !

E > ,

$)

&- 8 +

(52)

> ' E

-

=

W;DX - .

LM J K > .

-

- 4- " .

.E

> WD)X

- 0

Æ !

+ ()))

WD$X-

0!, +

E6- ! Æ

E +

6E - ? E

+-

"#,#! %45 ) *

! E6 6E

- !

-

,

WD( D#X E E

T + WD<X- !

. ,

WDBX LE M -

E ; $<!&

G - !

(53)

WD: DAX -

E E /

, ,

- !+ 4

+ J<

/

K E /

O

< $(D E6 - GE,

E E

_ O_ O-

E-

- 8EE

. '6

-- !

E - 1

E6

- !

]

JK E6 J

$))& K

E 4

]

JK+

JK

E

JK

/

-

]

JKJ/

K

-

! ' E6 -

6+ 4 U,6E

+- Æ,

4E6+

L J KM - = ,

3- E

WD;X- = +,

(54)

E ' ' J''K-

' + E -

! '6 .

- E E6

+ E J! ]

K

- = E

. WDDX Æ

- !

G + &JKE

& O ) & O &J

K- O

E E 6

- = J= =

K E

.EE6- !

E- E

E E G + J&J

K ²

K

W$))$)$X-

E

6-

!E I

5I , ,

+ E-

R

"I E ,

E

-

= . > ,

3 E 6 -

= E 3 E

E >+ E 3

(55)

6

- !

E

Z -

O-

]

JK

(

E

, - =

76E 6 .

6 - ?

,

- = 3 E

3-

! Æ .

G

º<(&

! + 5% + E

E

$$< $& W$)(X- ! E6 ,

E6 .

- 0 W$)#X E ,

E6 L M G

-

E6 + ',

''E

+- "E

G . E

+

1U +- !

, G

- ! E G

(56)

"#,#( 0 ) *

'

- a6,

W$):X E - = E6

6 .

E - !

> E

> . - !

. +

-

O(

Z

E . - > .

- 8 >

. + E O )- >

>

- ! + E

E E 4 E

+ -

>

6- =

E , $-

Æ --

- ' E

E6 - ?E

E E

-

E6

W$)AX- = > E

E -

I

,

(57)

5 E

,

-

=E E E6EE

T- =

W$);X + > E

+- ! , /

2

' - !

6

E -

E E6 W$)DX-

0 E6 U - W$$)$$$X +

- =

4 E = ) B

E 4

$6 - = E

, W$$)X- ,

W$$(X- ! +

/ O$)

$)

4

+

E , /

. 10 W$$$X-

G

- ! E ,

6 6

/ E- !

E

- "

+ E

. - +

(58)

,

+ - 1

, . E

-

= 6

',)$ ',)( EE

E

- = E E

E / E

+ + E E 6

-

(59)

! 'J 'K+W$$#X

- ! E

6 E (- ! ' + +

. 6

E -

,

, E - !

6 (#& E E

- , + ()

E3 E

J WA#X K-

6 -

+ E - =

3

E E .

J K >+ - 8

E 3 E

(60)

>++ E

W$$<X- E

-

!

,

- !

E E 6

6 E W$$BX- ,

. + W#AX-

<))6%

> + .

%- E

. JL

/MK- E 3

E -

> ,3 W$$:X ,

W$$AX W$$;X E 4 ,

E / . -

!"# $

! E '

.

- '

O $ .

-

! ',)$ W$$DX ' ,

.- (-$- ! ,

6J!$,!:KE/ ,

- 'J'$,'<K ! F

16

(61)

^

z ^{^}

y x ^

Permanent Magnet Nd-Fe-B: 46 MGOe

1m

Cerenkov Aerogel Tracker

Planes T1 T2 T3

T4 T5 T6

S3 S4 S2 TOF Layers S1 Particle Trajectory Low Energy Particle Shields

ACC B=0.15T

(-$I . !

(62)

6 - = /

E ,

- ! 4 L5E% ' M

E -

!#!#" $ *

! 4 E - =

E> +E E

E E-

.

>

2 O

>

' ' ' E E %

. - 8

E ;)) BBA :))

- ! $)(< 6 "

E

+ ! O <:? J# :: *

K 4

:< E 4

>

-

! .

+ E 4

E ? / O (?T( E /

E ,+

>

- 8 >+

O ) $B! 4 E

O ) $<!

) ;(

- .

E $ D( . E # ( :

+

>

2 ) A("

) B

>

,. E- !

.

64E

(63)

!#!#! $ $&6*

!!?6E '+- =

6

- %+

W$()X-

B: 1,<);

$ :

+- !

E E E - 8

E -

% $$ E $ 6 A(

$#: E - ! 4

B- % E E

-

! ! . J())K ) B

6 - = + !?

-

!!?

E

O

T

(

! , @, 3

3

&

O$B B

O&

(

! %

(- !

!? $() W$$DX- ! ,,

> $ E E !?

B - !

(64)

! $: 1 J 11K $)6 ,

6 /

/ 6 -

+ ,,

> - E

6- ,6

. E E

Æ,- ! / 11

- 5,$ J (-#-(K D)N

,6 / -

!#!#( $ $5

! 6 E ,

/ E +

E .- (-$-

! >. JEEK

- ! 6

O6O

JJ(K

T

K

(

6

E E E + - !

6 $)

- $ ()

+

&:))&-=E

E -

6

- !

. O $<

EE #-

! 6 L M E .- (-(

(65)

(-(I /( $ 0 "

1

$ 2(

(66)

E E , - !

E, ,

.- ! E 4

-

)-:BN'

- ! $D$( ,

<)A( 6 #))- !

5%G 5#+ 5%,

J5%K 1%0" W$($XE . - (-$-

' U

' <) A(

= (A-B B(

0 $$) ();

" :<) $D(

! (-$I '. ',)$

- E A $B

J K-

= , 6 E

(A B J/K EB(

JK E -

',)$>6

E BA E

. - ! E

E /

J'K - !UE

J UK -

6 , 4 >

-

! 6 W$((X

-

! , E,

EE- ! B;#:;

(67)

& G 0 :< E . &6 W$(#$(<X

-

BG4 +- .

4!6 0 J! 0K

E - ! ! 0

E W$(BX-

6

E &

. - ' > 6

%

E E < 1 U E # 1

' E E -

!

3 - !

! 0 #%

.

E + $%

W$(BX- ! ,,

. /-

>E

> E >E

6- !.

6 ,> 1%0" #$)

$<& W$(:X- !BA +

- ! E >

E + $)) E

#<( - !

4 /

E 6E - ! 6 $)

#) , - !

.- (-#-

!

J #K-

½

(68)

P _measured /P _initial

Events

Before Alignment After Alignment

0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2

(-#I #0 $

/1, $

!#!#, $ * $ 7

/5

E

- !

&6 +

-

O

$

-

EE E

$- E - !

E

E - ! F

16

3

2

$

-

E

-

F

(69)

E '<- !

J$$$$; ;K. E $ $6

6 E + - O $ )#B E !> E

- E E .- (-<- !

$:; ( E

4 6 E - !

E

<)N W$(AX-

aero

d _PM

d PM Layers

Teflon Wavelength Shifter (PMP)

PMT

L

PMT

d _PMT ⁽³⁾

Light Guide

(-<I 0

1 !1 E >EE

- O $

# $ - !

6 !

E E >-

! !1

-

!"

O# B$&

E - =

(70)

Æ < .

J-

#!

KO

J-

-

#!

K

<J-

#!

KO J-

-

#!

K

Ob

##) E Æ <

) <;

(:)

E Æ <

) <$ -

#!

-

! !1

E E O $ $

Æ E E !? 6 -

. E

B-

!"# !!"%

!#(#" 6*

! ',)$ > (-( E >E

> ''- !> $)

* (

$DD; U ' 1- = E

',=0 4

=' '=''. '+-

! B$-A Æ

E#()6

#D)6- ! E 4 E >

J .- (-BK- E ' E <B Æ

4 ' ' 6 ' ' =0

- =0 '',

E 6 E E 4 ) Æ

() Æ

#) Æ

<B Æ

$;) Æ

-

! E E,

>

- ! 6 E $#

Æ

(A Æ

+ + '

. ' - 6 E

(71)

Time (days)

Angle with respect to zenith

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180

0 2 4 6 8 10

(-BI 3 #

$ 0

41 ( 5 $ $

0

!#(#! $**

! Æ E

E E - !

5 $ 5 # -

- !

I

.

!? - =

E E E - !

(72)

. -

- /0 1 > 6 E ,

J ,

(-(-#K- = E 6

6 + E

E !? - ? .

6

6-

/0 1 = 11

E ,6 -

2. /0 1 ! . .

E / $

<- > E <

- . :

E $ < !?

/- = (

# J, K/-

/0 1 !6 E Æ E

E

,,J'V"K<- =

# # 3 6 -

> =0 6,

E / E T$ T#

- = / .

!? +

J - W$(;X K-

$) '!',D$$)) E

E 6- E,6

E >- 6

$)N E E

(73)

= .- (-: E ,

4 =0 6- !

> 'E D#- ! 6

>+ E

+ - '

6 ,

+ -

3 3 E Æ-

EE

. -

Time pointing at zenith [ min ]

Trigger Rate [ Hz ]

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400

0 93 186 279 372

(-:I # #

$ ( <))G4

Æ E

- ! L M

)-$N -

Æ

(74)

! J HK

4

3 6 E,6- ! H

- = >+

' 6E ' J' K

E + -

&'

!

E Jc^K

6 -

! E

E - !

- ! 3

E

O&6 E 6EI

$

O 6

c

E 5 !?

c E /

",+- ! ,,>

%

O $() - ! $ E E

%

O) )#- ' _J$ KO$

_J K

_

O) )#

! /

¾

!" #$##%&# '(#

(75)

6- ! . '

, -

6 +- !

/ @,",/ +

,",/ E L M

L, M/-

! / -

. .

3 6 -

O

$

%

E % ,

- .- =

. . 6

-

= . - = ,

. - ! 6 E

,

6 E 6- !6

3 E 3 E

4 - ! 6

. - 6 ,

E 3 . -

! % "% W$(DX 6 .

/ +

+- ! % "!# W$#)X6

6 ,

- ! U.

W$#$X 6

- 6 6

(76)

E- 6

E - ,

6 JK

+ >-

! 6 . ,

- 6

.

W$#(X E E L .M - ! L M

/ . J

@

"

@"

#K .+

"

E # O J6K - ! /

6 E " O "

"

- +

+ " -

3

E 4 -

!E E

E E

J-- K6-

!. ELM

6- ! E

E - ! E

.

6 - 1 3

E 6

6 -- E 6 -

(

! ' >E- "/

- ! 6 E6

- GE E

E + >-

(77)

! , E E

.

,

E

-

! , W$##X

,

:

%!

:

%!

T:

"!

E :

%!

:

"!

- = . , E )

$- '

+ ) $ 6-

4 E E - !

E . . -

E - 8

E . + - = .- (-A

E,,,

E 4 E ( B-

E + B '

# U - E E

,, :

! ! O :

%!

T:

"!

U

- ! 4 E

- !

,

-

(78)

0 500 1000 1500 2000

0 0.5 1 0

500 1000 1500 2000

0 0.5 1

0 0.5 1 1.5

0 0.5 1

Z = 1 Z = 3 Z = 6 Z = 8

η _{S side} Q tot

η _{K side} Q tot raw

η _{K side}

Correction factor

η _{K side} Q tot after correction

0 500 1000 1500 2000

0 0.5 1

(-AI , 5 % '

2 $ $

6 #

%$ '

(79)

Signal/Noise

Entries

m.p.v. 8 ± 2 S side

0 2500 5000 7500 10000 x 10

0 5 10 15 20

,,

Signal/Noise

Entries

m.p.v. 4 ± 1 K side

0 20000 40000 60000

0 5 10 15 20

,-

(-;I 47

< $ #

Æ % ' 6 % '

! ,, .

*2 O

'J;K

%

J;K

E .-(-; 4E ) D:

- ! E

' U E 3

E Æ- !

' -

(80)

= J (K

- ! !?

E - ! ,

6 6

- ! +

Æ -

& ) *' +

1 6

E - ?

3

F

16 - !

6 R E

- = + E ,

4 - 8

4

Æ,- '

(81)

- !

- = 6E ,

J-- W$#<XK

O<2

6

!

5

!

$

(

6

&

A

Æ

(

!

E

2 O

O

"#!

O

!

O

5

!

O O

&

O + ,

O

Æ O 3 O

A O +-

! + , - =

+

&

O (

6

- ! + A

W$#BX- ! ,

E

- !

O46O 46

E

4 - O <

- E ,

$

-

E - ! Æ

E E -

! ',)$

!? ,

+ 6- !

J#))K

- 5

(82)

? E 1 5 ! +

E -

J`#K E

6 6 -

$

(#!#" %

!

- 0 E

E

E ,,>

Æ -

,

- G '

6 - E E

O ) #-

E ) DB

I

O

) DB

! + . ( -

+ 6

- !

`( -

> $) !?

- 6 E . E 6 ,

E !? + 6

- = .- #-$

,,> E- = E

(83)

+ - $)N

` -

All events Pl. 3 bar 10 events

Distance (cm)

Events

0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20

All events Pl. 3 bar 10 events

time of flight (1/β)

Events

0 2500 5000 7500 10000 12500 15000 17500 20000 22500 25000

0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8

#-$I $ . #8* 9 #

$ (

0 2 $ $< < % ' # !

% '

(#!#! /

!

- L M E

E - !

E -

L M - .

EI

E

R

L M-

' E

(84)

E :BN

- $<N' $DN U /

E-

S side clusters

all: 1037159 good: 700737

dE/dx (ADC counts)

Events

0 2500 5000 7500 10000 12500 15000 17500 20000 22500

0 500 1000 1500 2000

K side clusters

all: 890708 good: 579229

dE/dx (ADC counts)

Events

0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 16000 18000

0 500 1000 1500

#-(I /:( $ % ' 6 % '

# $0

% ( '

= A)N

. -

- #-( E - !

E E

- + E

OB O:6' < :N-

(#!#( & %*

! E ,

' U - =.

EE

- 8 E

:BN

(85)

EE -

+

.

'

(

E-

S side all good consistent

Number of clusters

Events

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 x 10 ²

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

K side all good consistent

Number of clusters

Events

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 x 10 ²

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

#-#I $ $ $

$ ( ( % ' 6% '

- #-#E 3

- !

' - =

E E (-B U 3

Æ-

U - '

U

- ' 3 6E

E - $ BN

E '

. U - = DN

U -

(86)

E6

6 I

O

10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45

1 10 10 ²

Li

Be

B

C

N O

sqrt( < dE/dx > ) S side

sqrt( < dE/dx > ) K side

#-<I $ $

6 70 (

! .- #-<- !

'

(

E

E -

(87)

- = E E

. J O $<K E E .- #-B-

! J O $)K J O $(K 6

, > J O DK J O $$K

+ , 3-

40 45 50 55 60 65

O

F Ne

Na Mg Al Si

sqrt( < dE/dx > ) S side

sqrt( < dE/dx > ) K side

#-BI 2 9 ; /

% O$(' % O$<'

$

(#!#, & ¬

! 6

- !

- = + E E

- 4

E -

=.-#-: E- E

)-)B

)-)(B E ) ;

(88)

β

Events

1 10 10 ² 10 ³ 10 ⁴ 10 ⁵

0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1

#-:I $ $

J K

b E E ' U

) ,)-B ,)-#B )-#$: )-<<A ##: $<$

$ ,)-#B ,)-# )-<<A )-B)$ $);: B#D

( ,)-# ,)-(B )-B)$ )-B:( #$)) $<D:

# ,)-(B ,)-( )-B:( )-:#$ :($D #);;

< ,)-( ,)-$B )-:#$ )-A); $$;): :);<

B ,)-$B ,)-$ )-A); )-AD< (#BDB $((#(

: ,)-$ ,)-)AB )-AD< )-;<$ ($()D $$)DB

A ,)-)AB ,)-)B )-;<$ )-;D$ #<$#A $;(<D

; ,)-)B ,)-)(B )-;D$ )-D<< B:)(D #)#:B

D ,)-)(B ) )-D<< $ A)#A: #;<<D

! #-$I $ $ ( $

(89)

= .- #-A '

'

-

E < D- !

6 +

- ! 4

+- ! 46

- ! . J K

E E JK- !

. - #-(-

! U

6- ! E .- #-; - #-#- !

U ' - = - #-<

E 3

6- ! )-() '

$- 8 E

)-(B O ) :- ! E 6 U

- =

- E

U -

! 4 6- =

.- #-D

- +

E 3 -

- ! . %

'

%

(

%

'

$$) 1

-

%

(

$#) 1

-

' $DD; ' E '=

E 3 6

$;:&(&- -#-$) E .

6- . E

(90)

0 50 100

20 30 40 50

ID Entries

125304 11806

Events

0 100 200

20 30 40 50

ID Entries

125305 23595

0 100 200 300

20 30 40

ID Entries

125306 21209

0 200 400

20 30 40

ID Entries

125307 34137

0 200 400 600 800

20 30 40

ID Entries

125308 56029

0 500 1000

20 30 40

ID Entries

125309 70376

〈 dE/dx 〉 ^1/2

#-AI -

0 5 % $ 9 ' /

$ $ ( 2 0 O #

O;

(91)

' 4JK

$ ( # < B : A ; D

`O# #- B- $(- (:- :B- A<- $#B- (:B- BA#-

< $- #- :- $<- (A- (D- B<- $$:- ($;-

B B- $$- ($- <B- DA- $)(- $AA- #$<- <A#-

: $)- (B- B#- $)(- ((#- (<A- <(#- AD:- $($;-

A (- :- $<- (:- :)- :;- $)A- $;)- $D;-

; (- $:- ##- :#- $(;- $<#- (#)- #AD- #:D-

' 6 J

K

$ ( # < B : A ; D

`O# (D-; (A-$ (<-< ((-( ()-) $;-: $A-; $A-) $:-:

< #;-( #B-# #(-( (D-$ (:-: (<-A (#-B ((-: ((-$

B <B-< <(-$ #;-; #B-B #(-< #)-: (D-$ (;-) (A-<

: B$-A <;-# <<-; <$-# #A-D #B-; #<-# ##-) #(-<

A BD-< B#-B <D-: <:-) <(-; <)-A #D-$ #A-A #A-)

; :#-< BD-) BB-) B$-# <A-A <B-( <#-B <(-$ <$-<

' J

K

$ ( # < B : A ; D

`O# $-B# $-:< $-#) $-$D $-$; $-)( )-D( )-;D )-;$

< $-A# $-#< $-:) $-#< $-<( $-$: $-$( )-D; )-;D

B $-A: $-<$ $-B# $-B) $-#$ $-($ $-$$ $-)# )-D#

: $-B< $-;D $-BB $-B< $-<; $-() $-$A $-)B )-;D

A #-A) $-B( $-BB $-D< $-AA $-#) $-#) $-$D $-)#

; )-;; (-$A (-$) $-D< $-A# $-#A $-#( $-($ $-):

! #-(I 1 ( 3

% 2 9 <'

(92)

0 20 40 60

20 30 40 50

ID Entries

125404 6084

Events

0 50 100

20 30 40 50

ID Entries

125405 12232

0 50 100 150

20 30 40

ID Entries

125406 11095

0 100 200

20 30 40

ID Entries

125407 18249

0 100 200 300 400

20 30 40

ID Entries

125408 30365

0 200 400 600

20 30 40

ID Entries

125409 38449

〈 dE/dx 〉 ^1/2

#-;I 2 9 < 6 0

(93)

U 4JK

$ ( # < B : A ; D

`O# (- #- A- $B- <)- <<- ;<- $B;- #<B-

< )- $- #- A- $<- $A- #$- :<- $$A-

B (- B- D- ($- <;- B(- D#- $:A- (<B-

: <- $$- ((- <;- $)#- $($- ();- #;)- BBA-

A $- #- B- $(- ((- #$- B$- ;B- D$-

; $- :- $<- (;- B#- :)- $)$- $:A- $B#-

U 6 J

K

$ ( # < B : A ; D

`O# (B-) ((-: ()-< $;-# $:-< $B-< $<-: $<-) $#-:

< ##-: #)-< (A-) (<-B ((-# ()-B $D-B $;-A $;-(

B <$-# #A-: ##-A #)-B (A-B (B-; (<-B (#-< ((-D

: <D-) <<-; <)-# #:-: ##-) #)-; (D-< (;-$ (A-<

A B(-# B)-) <B-B <(-( #;-) #B-A ##-D #(-B #$-A

; :)-; BA-; B(-D <;-< <#-; <$-) #D-$ #A-B #:-:

U J

K

$ ( # < B : A ; D

`O# $-(A $-#( $-$B $-)< $-)# )-;D )-;$ )-;# )-AA

< (-:) $-<( $-<D $-<< $-<) $-$) $-$$ $-)) )-D<

B $-<A $-BA $-A: $-B) $-#( $-(< $-$# $-)A )-DD

: $-DA $-D) $-A< $-;< $-AB $-#$ $-(: $-() $-)B

A (-D$ (-:B (-<D $-<D $-B) $-(: $-(: $-(: $-$D

; #-<# (-B$ (-;D (-<# (-B) $-AD $-A$ $-<D $-#B

! #-#I 1 ( 3

6

(94)

$ ( # < B : A ; D

`O# )-(# )-(: )-($ )-() )-($ )-$D )-$; )-$; )-$:

< )-(: )-($ )-(: )-(# )-(: )-(( )-(( )-$D )-$;

B )-(: )-(( )-(B )-(: )-(< )-(# )-(( )-($ )-$D

: )-(# )-#) )-(B )-(: )-(A )-(# )-(# )-($ )-$;

A )-BB )-(< )-(B )-## )-#( )-(< )-(B )-(< )-($

; )-$# )-#< )-#< )-## )-#$ )-(: )-(: )-(< )-($

U

$ ( # < B : A ; D

`O# )-$; )-$D )-$; )-$A )-$D )-$A )-$A )-$; )-$A

< )-#: )-() )-(# )-(< )-(: )-($ )-(# )-($ )-($

B )-($ )-(( )-(A )-(B )-(< )-(< )-(# )-(# )-((

: )-(; )-(A )-(A )-#$ )-#( )-(: )-(: )-(: )-(#

A )-<$ )-#; )-#; )-(B )-(A )-(< )-(: )-(A )-(:

; )-<; )-#: )-<< )-<$ )-<: )-#B )-#B )-#( )-(D

! #-<I 2

2 9 < 9 =

- = 4 6 E E

.- ! 6 E

'!',D$ D J - #-(K-

=.-#-$$ .-#-$(+E

' U - !

6 -

! ( ,

4 -#-B- !

E . - ! + >+

(95)

6 clusters 5 clusters 4 clusters 3 clusters

σ = 46 σ = 51 σ = 53 σ = 64

< dE/dx > (ADC counts)

Events

1 10 10 ² 10 ³ 10 ⁴

800 900 1000 1100 1200

6 clusters 5 clusters 4 clusters 3 clusters

σ = 54 σ = 58 σ = 60 σ = 79

< dE/dx > (ADC counts)

Events

1 10 10 ² 10 ³ 10 ⁴

600 700 800 900 1000

#-DI $ 0 % '

6 % ' / 2 $

> 2

$

〈 dE/dx 〉 ^1/2

Events

GSI testbeam E _cin = 2 GeV/n

p He

C

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45

Constant 1064.

Mean 32.45

Sigma 0.8858

〈 dE/dx 〉 ^1/2

Events

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200

30 31 32 33 34 35

#-$)I # $ $ $ 0

O (& (

% ' # 2 % ' $

% $ 9 ) O: $ D'

Search for heavy antimatter and energetic photons in cosmic rays with the AMS-01 detector in space

-1 0

0 0

1 2

1 2

MATTER

COSMOLOGICAL CONSTANT

3

Range of Supernova

data

Range of microwave background

data

New preferred model

Old standard

model

Range of cluster

data

Ruled out by age t 0 < 9 Gyr Constant expansion

Asymptote to

Einstein's original static model

Accelerating Decelerating

Steady Expansion Recollapse Closed

Open Flat

7 Be

p D T

He

Li

3 4

7

n He

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

0.23 0.24 0.25 0.26

η 10 Y

10 −4

10 −5

10 − 9

10 − 10

10 − 11 D, ______ 3 He

H

7 Li ___

H

3 He D

a

b

c

φ V( ) φ

σ

12 C N

C

N

N O

13 13

14

15

15

+p +p

+p +p

4 He

^

z ^

y x ^

Permanent Magnet Nd-Fe-B: 46 MGOe

1m

Cerenkov Aerogel Tracker

Planes T1 T2 T3

T4 T5 T6

S3 S4 S2 TOF Layers S1 Particle Trajectory Low Energy Particle Shields

ACC B=0.15T

P measured /P initial

Events

Before Alignment After Alignment

0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2

aero

d PM

d PM Layers

Teflon Wavelength Shifter (PMP)

PMT

L

PMT

Ruled out by age t ⁰ < 9 Gyr Constant expansion

η ₁₀ Y

10 ⁻⁴

10 ⁻⁵

10 ⁻ ⁹

10 ⁻ ¹⁰

10 ⁻ ¹¹ D, ______ ³ He

z ^{^}

P _measured /P _initial

d _PM

d _PMT ⁽³⁾

η _{S side} Q tot

η _{K side} Q tot raw

η _{K side}

η _{K side} Q tot after correction

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 x 10 ²

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 x 10 ²

1 10 10 ²