.rpril lst of Iiealth Biol. i'j.I. Dr. for

*

f

A I'ianual

for

Aciuati-c I{onitoring 1n Ghana

Dr. 5. Prahl *i.Sc.2 ii.3c., -L:h,D. Institute of Aquatic ,3iology, Accra

itr. J. ^Sarmran, j.ic. Inst;;u-te of .rtquatic Biology, Accra.

Dr.

^i'1. Pu6;h _'ithomas 1 .,,.1c.7 I,h.J.1

i'j.I. Biol.

';'Ior1d.

Iiealth

0rganisation Consulrant ^second.ed.

froni the De".:e,rtnent

of

tsioIogy, Uni_versity of Salforcl.

lst

^::'d-ition

.rpril

L97,

wHot i'_I

I

;

1.

a

t

CONT;II{[S

General- Introd.uction

fhe Selection

of

Sanplinsg Sanpling; .u'requency

Changes

in

Sampling

o..aaaa

siteS...

Sites or

method.s

a a a a a a a a a aa. a a. a aa

4 6 7

(J

24

),

TecLrniques

ReCOfdS . r...

SUbStitUti-On Of ,Staff . . . .. o o ... o..

Appendix ¹

Ad.d.resses Appendi:< ²

Details of

Sampling Sites Appendix 7

Sub-sampling Append.i-x 4

',,/ork load"ings

wHoa

,l -'-, :l')-ij, _Irr l',iC,i.tL 0ilL,ti

The Unchocercli.sj-s cor:trol i'ro.rr.iirri.-e hras initiateii l-r'te tt L')74 alnci ai.ns at controllin; the cj-j-sease ,'river bli-nclness" orr Onchocerce. volvulus iu ^'Ehose savarrna re;ions of Ijirhonel., Ghana, lvory joast, i,.ial-i1 Ni5er ^aod. 11..,!.r€r r,/orta r',riiere th.e inciuence of the d.iseirse is hi5hest. fn an area

of nearly ?uQrooo km2 it is es'bima.bed. ttlart over one mil-lion of the ten mi-l-l-ion inhabitants have the d_isease and that of these, seventy thoursand. i,tt l-east hiLve either serious impairment of vision or are bri-nC.

-lbe control- of Onchocerclusls ls to ^be ahieved by

attac-lring the arrua.tic, riverlne larviie of th* insect vector of the d-isease, the blacir or bufr'alo fly sirauLium d.amnosum.

Ar least in the initlal suaues of tire twenty year programme

the f1y larvae vuill- be a-utackecl vrirh the pesticid.e ^rAbater .

In orcter to gu:rd. il6ainst unforseen ecological

conseoruences an ecolo.rical uonitorino pro6r€iml1e was launched.

in 1975. this p,ourr-l{,-c ,,vilL be baser1 on four monitorin6 centres; _-'Lre Instituto of _-Lquatic iiology at Accra in Gb.ana,

*'hc oroanisiitionr;..t ;our:..ie in Ivory -o.:rst, &i ihe onchocerciasjs Control j-ro",ra",..re .,euctt_uerbci's at Cuuad.ouoou in liaute Volta

ancr. at 'bhe r-)eir:'.rtilei,i-; of -io1ol,y i.it the I;niver,sity of larford.

in 3rltain.

*this inanual- ;,eiis out tite _u\roce lur.cs u;it-icl.r ^,rt1Ll_

-lnitisilly be ^.rse; u to uonibor ti:i, efrec; of rAbirter on the ecolo5y o1' t::l'ce rlvcr; in "il:;rral ^uLr: ,jli,ck ./,-_,1-t,i^, .i;he '.iiri.i;e

,/o1ta aurct thc -.i'ver '.,ti. 'jetecterr ^r,-l-'[cs on.-iitele rivei.s l,'i1]-

be nonitorecj. on i: onga ,,er tlori-uit i,,i,s1s. i'[ iu, Iio\revr]r',

€x1)ecteu rrrr--b obi:;r rivers ^j-n ,iir;nr ,;i11 ^r,e visited. on ^a i-ess f :ec,ucnt oasls.

t+ _{o.A"s r-.} o" rvt .

wHo

3.

ri.!

3EI,ECTIOII O!. SAi,ti ]_,ING 3I,]ES

Four

of

tire

largest rivers in

.].hana lvhich also

flori

tilror.:..;h the Onch.ocerciasis

Jontrol

zone !,rere seLeeted.

for

i-nvestigation as samplin;

si-bes.

fhese

rivers

l^jere3-

'Ihe l3l-aci<

Volta,

the ^',,/hite

Volta,

the Daka and. the

oti.

rt

!'ras found

that

the .iiaka cloes

not

rlovr throug;hout

its

1en6th d.uring the

dry

season,

1t

r',ias biierefore excl_ud.ed.

from the regular san,,-rling

probrarrre. (rt is

possible that the Daka may be sampled- occasi-onalry during the wet season).

rn

sel-ecting samplin;

sites

on

the

remaining tb.ree

rlvers, four criteria

vlere used., g;od.

accessibility at alr

times

of

the

year,

the

location

had.

to

be as near

volta

Lake

as possible,

but the site

^hard-

to

be

in the river

^and.

not

i_n

the

lake.

'-'he

site

had.

to

be near a

villai5e in

ord.er

to

^use

locaL labour

to

obtain

fish

samples and.

finally tbe site

was also selecteo

for lts suitabil-ity for

sanpling using the tecirniques

laicl

^d.orrrn

in

'rr,rotocol

for

Acuuatic i{onitoringrt

provid-ed- by the '"{orLd. }IeaLth

Organisation. It

^{was not}

possible

to satisfy

all'bhese

criterj-a at

anJr one

site

but

after

carefur

field.

lnvesti,rations the

following

samplj-ng

stations

^j,vere seLected.:

-

l-.

^'Ihe .Bl-ack

ilo]ta. At

the f

erry

^be biyeen New Longorro and Bamboi, approxiinately 2o5,',1 BolC,,lf

,

luhenever the cond.itj-on

of

the ri-ver

allotis, the

sair_piin6

site to

^be

approximatery 1kn upstrer.in

of

the iierry.

2.

?he ".',Ihite

ilolta.

I'he sa.:npling

site is at the

road.

brioge over the

'Ihite

_Yo1ta

at

the vr-.r IaSe

of

Daboya,

approximately 10

?r, .,,

₉₀

ti, l{,

s&'"-:lcs norieally

to

be

taken

at

the ^bri-dge.

wHoI

,, ^.lhe ;.iver t;ti. r'he saiui.lj-ni, s1'0e is 6jt the bricge

snd. femy lvh.ere the road" mxuber ,,.1,) crosles the iiiver Qti. the nearest villarge is Siro:rri. the approximate

position j-s _Oo L| E.90 2Ot I{. ial;Ies are normally taken

from tbe bri,-rge. ln the wet seilson i--U is ^sr1ir1_e sted- ttrat the

ferry be used.

If

other rivers outlined. above shoulcl be

stations.

&re sa.riii:lecl the same criteria as

used in selecting the sanpling

wHOI

5'

SAr"r.rLIi\TG I'IiE;U 0NCY

It is

^expected.

that

saupling

wiLl

take place

once per calend.er nonth and thi:.t

the

sarupling and sorting

cycl-e

will

conmence on tire

first

l'londay

of

each month.

rf the

sampring; sequence

is

oelayed. by more than ten ^clays both the

rnsti-tute of

Aquatj.c Biolog.y, Accra and

jlr.

_Douglas

j'Iam

at

the ^t,Iorld- health organisatlon, Geneva must be

lnI'ormed.. (For acld.resscs see Append.ix J_).

A progr&irrrr.e

for

sarrrpling times has been worked. out

for typical

months

rn

^{lt)75 and-}

is

given

in the

section on f ie1d. tecirniques, _l)a6es

t,

^{to, g tt .}

If

the completion

of

the main monitoring programrne

u1Iows ^them, ad.di-tional

rivers

may be sampled..

It is

sugdested.

that

either:

-

&,

Saruples be takerr f rom the E.iver

Oti, if it is

flovring through.out

its

length

or b.

,3aiiiples be taken from a

river at

a

site

near

to

whlch

pesticitie

_{tias recentiy} been applied.

(Ior

teleptrone nurnbers oi"

O.J.t.

ii€ad,quarters

,Ougad.ougou see Api;enclix 1. ₎ .

fhe

clioice

of ,ction to

be t_eft

to

the

field

l-ead-er

of

tl.re uonJ-torin6

tear,ro

^.

wHoa

rt wiLl

not be posslble

to

use

the

same sampling nethod.s

at

any one

site

throu6hout the

year. rt is

most

important

that

clranges i-n sar:plini_, nethocls be

crearly

noted.

and ex1;lained. on the record

sheets.

rror instance, the change from the norual samlrrin6

site to

the

femy

at Bamboi should- be noted. and.

the

reason

for the

charrge be

given, i, e.

higjh

rlver

f 1ov,r.

If

^abnor:ual conditions lei^d.

to

a sa:npling; site being aband.oned

fulL

<letails

of

^a neitr

site

selected. on

the

sarre rj-ver must be sent

to

the

rnsitute of

Aquatj-c

Biology ^and.

to Dr.

.1i. I'larr

at

,J.H.O., Geneva (see append.ix

I for

ad.oress). ^,,y'hen

the

record. sheets

for

the new

site

are sent

in, full

notes

of the situation

should. be attached..

An established. sampling

station

should. only be

given up

in

exceptional circumstances.

wHoT

1.

J'trC-:l{1.-L13.

*.

'i'ime-.tabLe

It is most int-,e35s.1 tira.t sai:ri,les .,re tal<en at S nel-r &S irsssibl-e to tl:e Sat.ie tj-nc eagh ilooth. rlhe

rlonti.'lr prourar-- re oi sa..rlin- arld sortin; si-,oulci theref ore

:rtal.t on the iir::t l.oncJ_a;- of eacil" non'bh. .ill proceaures,

both fieid ^and. lriboratorjr, nuit be corni;leted by the end.

of the i:er.ioa, i-.€. by thrl first l-onGi:." of the succeecllng

rrionth. It is ^rnost ilrrrort:rr..it t.:t all proced_ules be kept ful1y up to date a;.nd uirat no b.^ckJ-og of ej-ther samplin6

or sortin- be alto',;ed to cleveloi:. ihis is particularly lmportant for the f iel-d. prouraruie. lrovj-sion has been m*d.e in the l-aboratory prouritrr-rie for Cealin6 r,rith back-

1og,5ed. meiterial by ltrovrcl.ini, ^one clear lveek on ^an

approxi-ma'bely once ever). ui:ree month rotation. As this provision _uses tirae whlch i,rcuLd. othervri-se be useii for

active monitorino every at'beirrpt sb.ould be ^macle to keep

ful1y up to d-ate each nonth.

It is e>:pectei ^'blrat will- be completed. uui'il1; ^i;he

'ilb.e pro.rariae _si:cuici not ^'be

!r'oalreJ.-.,,e h:'.g to !rj ^c *t' ^,'i-c d

in nost nonths ^t,h.e field, work r ir;t ^',,ie€-r of the cycl-e. ^L cl-isru,,tcu if the fj-elC sa;a'ilin- over i-ri.to 1;iie :econo week cf

' .-\ .,^-.';.-'.dL i*1;f'Urr,tiOn Of

y*(jv L uvI --,

noi,i.Lie .i ^qS 3()OIr a.S -,o:r,ibl-e to

,-uj 7.97i, ^:ri',1 .,ivc:: Lrelou. ^,.'l1e

b, u*tjr-j al rrlt ..-u-e Cjiii-...ie3.

u Lic ito ni, i-1;' _{i, tlo u} r':,--- c ^i.,11 ;'E b e

ng boiicr:rys puCi: :,.s -ri:.:-'ii.inas

the ,. io.r, -l,ccra ^e'md.

I 1-^

L u !l\/ q.L g !'v

i ir u.--(. .

"l JiL J.lrr v I trl Lr \- :

b*;ed. oo,-i-,rc;-I -'-..;':

al--{la,'l ..,n

sv v L\-L 4\- * l,r v-J-'i.----...-; t

i:.ilO.

taken for :aonths contr.ini

wHot

and. 9aster ^and- durinc, perioJ.s i.;hen

staf.l tiish to

be away

on

loave.

Holiuil_,

s

wii-1 have

to

be

carefully

sta56ered.

in

orCer

to

ensure the even i)rojress

oi'

tire roonitoring

..p106f0JlJ.lle.

Sai:rp11n, si:.ould be clone between

/

^{&.rn. and. 12 noon}

du:rin6 the

field.

procjrarrlie. ?erious cleviation

fron

^tb.is

ti-me sLrould. be ^noi;ecl on tb.e reeord- sl.leets.

wHot

9.

'fYI,l.;:L iiCtv*'1.-tY

I;L.Cn

"1st-lnd.

lrd

4ti1

it]tr 6th

n!L( lrLL

8th-9th 10th-14th

lrth-16th

17th-21st

2?nC-2)yd.

24th-28th zgt]n-lat]0 71st-4tIi

"\.tJIL

APIII

_5th-btli

7t]n

NOIItr:

This is ^an ex:-:tijle of vlori; weel:s. if l-irb.

end. of the thiru i,'e:i:

be useCI. for vir";itin-

i'i-r.rrir, Lc:75

Vt-I,tii

Ll,-3. ttrf'li( 4 ,,,iEfil'iilD

3'I-1*.f !"ill, Jf ,.lL],"

cr r.looth l;itir four lab.

,,,'orl: 1s u-' to d.ate at the

tiren tiie finaL ',;eel: ^could.

irn aCd.i-tionirl- site.

I

Y-Lrt;

0Ii

wHo

,Ll:iit-l l-et-4th )ttr-oth

7tb 8th 9th 10th 11th

12th-l_irh 14th-lBth 19th-20th 2Lst-25t]n 26tb.27t]n Zltla-Znd.

I'IAY

I'IAY

Jrd-- th 5th

IYI'ICAL I'I0N'r-11'1LY ynOGiilu-T

Arii[

t975

rltD _{OF I'LLiCii SA.,-i LII{IG}

',{EIKEi'lD

GO 'I0 ^{','iiil .,"i} VUIfA GO IO Ti,IUl.R O,II GO 'IO ^BfuU]C,I

SALTTLE BLACIi VUL'IA A'I BAI'AOI IITTUiTN TO tsASE

',J"E5ii.0IU)

l,AB. ^\,I]il]K

I

'ilJ'-iK5wD

LAB. ^i,J-5EK 2.

.JD-TliErtD TAD -l-I,-rErlz- Z

IJ4a!). ,1,-J,Jl'\ -)

;iErlirEi{D

SI..Ltr I'i-{iY 0YCI3

i{0r1E:

Easter

is IikeIy to fall in

i'iarch

or

^jiprj-I.

If it fa1ls

on the

first

iioouay

of Lpril

then

the pro6rt,.rnije siroulo

start

on the f'uesday i-nu:ecliaitely

after'li,rster

^..onoay.

For ^exa.nple

if in this

uontii lrester ^{i',ond.ay had.}

been on

the /th,

ti.re se:ni:Iing i)rourl(de ^noulul

start

on the

6ttr

(luesoay').

wiro

11.

i;Y

^Lst-2nd.

)rd.-zttir 5th oth ItLt

Eth 9th

loth-11th

12th-l_5th 17th-r-8rh

:-.9rln-?1rd.

Z+tln-Zrtln 2otltr,-lot]n

]1st-lst

JU}IN JUi'IE 2nd.

ilOIS:

This

is

^probably'

Laboratory ^ideeKS

a

t;'i:ical

montir

lti-tii

three .'.s o.-;osecl

to

l":arch lvith

T ZrIJ,']- jr0i'tili.r.,Y IrtLrG*i.irr^J i

It iY 1975 -r-ilJ

Or? Ar*.Ii, JICL"I .,:-i:liEI{D

GO 1'C ,ii1l..r-'.1 V,-,!!'A

;C .'O il.I-'tr:.,.i UfI

Gt, T0 -d-r',BLlI

S.rirrl-,L,3i,|Ci' ^y'ur.,i;! A[ tsl.liBol rr:l'IUiil'l' ta ^Bi".3E

:/EtrKEltD

lAB.

^',,IITK I ^.

ilE:IKEi[D

l,;i3. ^{',.iqXK 2}

}r3lilEii3

lAll. i)a;

1

i.iTfi,Ii\D

3I:-.'I

^JUNE OYCI.E

f ouI'.

Durin,- fi,:1cr ^,,,;or'i; -,niy tl,'o teci..nj"cj-ans need-

to be presenil ^-bl.e otLer tivt-r ci.,.ri be startin6 nornal 1.'.i:or';rtor;r .,,roce.iure ^{s .}

r'.iotes on the iionthLy Iro;:ra:arne

At

the end.

of

the

field.

rrorli period.

all

sampling equipment must be cleaneo, maintained. and.

stored..

A check shoul-d. be nad.e 'uha.t

all

equipment has returned. from the

fierd..

Irlers should be lrashed.

in

tap r'rater, orled. ^erno.

carefull-y insi:ected

for hoLes. rf

ciana.;ed. they slroul-d. be

repaired.

at

once, preferably _by

sti-c-iin;

cl.c]e puncture repair patches

either

slde

of

the

hoLe.

r.i:is lrork strould. be d.one

on the

first

workinl; clay efte,,r

the

end.

of field.

work.

0n the

last

,Iirursd.ay

of

each month

al-l

field.

equipment must be prepared

for

the nevr cycle

of

fieLd.

samp1in6.

Cn the

last

irrida)'

of

each uoni;h all_ record. card.s and reports must be completed. ancl posted..

All

sorted.

material must be checliecl

for correct

}abeLs and stored.

away from

the

saral.,le sortirr.,* benches.

'I1he

possibilities of

confusion

in

a progranme _such

as

this

are consl<ierabre and. every attempt siroulcl be ^mad.e

to

establj-sh a

firrrr

^a:td- reco;niser-L ro;Ltine as soon as

possible.

wHo

B. :ir^r.'!L.L,{G irlr'i^uJs -u'U.i ii[Vl-i.'r'3i3!dr,.irrra3 l, ;]J!OiL-I,I'{LTOI{

Suf f icient rope should be taken to ^m{i.ke a ^rope

bri-cige across tile rive::, tiris is c.1',';a),s essenti-al at utmboi anci wil-1 also be ^need.ecl on the .ihite Volta ^and.

l;he Oti, except at time of minlmal fLoi",r.

&o ,ri-ft llet ^'Jaup1es.

lquir:ment

7 Crift nets (o for use, 1 ^{spe^re).}

/ len6ths of ^rope "for ^secur-in; drift nets.

It j-s ^assluned th;.t fl-oaus ^ancl wei-hts wilf be

attacheo ^"bo the neLs before lea.ving the laboratory

and will be reiiioved. in the fielc1 as necessary.

L bo"Utle of preservatlve.

trorceps.

15

jars for

sariri;Ies (12 +

1

^spares).

I'errcil

^and. La',"be1s.

pH paper and. a therrnomet,':r strould fornl

part

of

the

general sa.r,rpling e<luipment.

i'rethod.

ir.scertain l^rlietiler'

l;ei-h';s

^:.,.nd.

flo:,ts

^ir.re

to

be

left

attacheu

to

tLie nets ^Er.ncl

act

a.ccord-inU1y.

iecj-cre holv tong the ^{nei;r. 3re -Uo} be

left

^inmersed

and insbruct n,.jjibers

of

the tea-u l,.cc.orciinoly.

-it ^{jcucboi IiLr.Ke} rope ^bri'li-,e ; a.t i;he .Ihite ^v'o1ta

and" uti ^i,illke ro]le urii.;e only if ^neeci-ed.

ihecli ^tlta t ^'ui:e se;rr,Ie bot ^u le i t-re s€cl,ire in

tire ^{nc ts .}

'1 . ')pilce l-r,icc rrc"uJ ;ir;b ti^e,; are t,s n:.4.r &s --os-ible to uein., equally _;1:^ceti across [i:e itot.' of ihe river.

lle;oi-e ;1i,cin; ^{j-rr tLre} ::iver checx Ltr.'rt tirel' aie ^secured

wHoI

-Lo 1;kreir r,pe ^{and. 'ui;,*i} tkie rope 1s

bricise.

1. reave in rive:: for ^{lre corriL, errded} see rhat ^-L;he net is marj-ntainin6 iis

? cro. 'belo',r ikre surface.

attaci:eci

to

the

1; rr.te , cheokin; ^to r;oslii-on - ^i*bout L[.. _i..eilove nets anci rei:lace rrj-Uh i;h.ree c]ean ones.

,. Tarl<ing care not to spilf ^i;he conl;ents r.;ash tb.e

invertebrates ^{cior,'n ibo 'bhe} collecting jeir by a contination of im-mersln; the net to near its mouth in the river and.

6ent1y strokln., r,,rith the heincls to'.,,'ard-s the collecting jar.

l,Ihen all j-nve;'tebrates _elre in the jar empty this into ^the transport jar. iieirov€ ^emy enimals still ad-hering to the

net and., vrj-th forceps, ^ad.d. ttrece to the 'i;ransport jar.

6. Add label ^ancL ^Jresclvative to ^eaich transport jar (10-12 d.rops formalinr/Z)L nl.).

7. ^Eeplace the coIlec-bin.5 jar in the net so that the net is ^reac)-y for re-use.

B. i{ake a noi;e on bhe field recorcl sheet of the imniersion tlue of the nets.

-Jhe proceclu.r'e is re:raued. until four nets of cl-rift

san:ples have bcen uai:en. Ju..rplcs sl.ould be kept separate

until after sortin5 ^and. countin.,.

,-,urj-rl., tlie sa:lr1in- i;j:re tlie rate of floi; ^{shoul-o be}

ta"f.en at elci.;" ne. i;in.. _- orrtion. * flo;.t si-oulci be timed

ovcr 10 ::icircc ir-, uir..eU. -'tie iite:il: oi' ilil- rcaciin-,s si:.oui.-r

be ^'ua,ien :nu ^-i;ire vul-ue rccoroed on tiie reco.ri. sheeb beiir,, useci i'or rccoli^i ^{.-r- f iel-cr-} c.a.iu.. .'.,, tirr: :iLJ.-e iir,re tny

o i;i:er ini'or-.:,uior ^{L.,.rotit -ule f i-or,; o.'i ui:-r} r'lvcr ^{si,ouiqr be}

recor'uecr., Uo.,e"bi-cr t;irLi ^{Jne liu-:e} rsion i,ine ^f or ine net3.

wHo

15-

.li.t the erio of clrifr net s&.ri!.1in, re, eiuber to talle rrp ^'utre rope briage if one ir:.r been u',ed..

It is a-'.rl'reci:teci. bhat at i,rcse r.rt (ipril L97r)

it is not ^possi'b1e to folLo',.r biie ioove insi;ructions fulIy clue to the si:orta,,e of stand.a.r,J equip',rent. It is

sug-ested- that until- such tine as full samplin6 ecjuipnent becomes available, f ive cir'if t net ,alri.rles be retlaraed. ^r.s

the ininimr:.m acceptable nunnber.

Ihe drift sa,'-rle.s are Lr very iu.,ortant part of

the noni-torino pr'ogril.Irrlc as they fori.l. 1)art of ^one of the few method.s utiich can be useri a.t all seasons. iirift

sampling shoul-cl" be givcn .-,riority in the ^sampling pro-

glam-lle ^o

b. Surber Sampling

Sfficient llurbcr sc:r*rli-n., can only take place wb.ere

there are stones anci ve:q.course -raveI in the river ^bed..

(The sibes of such locations ^L,.re shown in the d.etailed.

site d.escriptions in Jippendix 2). iligh water l-evels ^and flov;s may 1ei^ci io substantially altered. river bed. topo- Eraptly. 3a.l:.i-,1irr., l-ocll'[icns may si.,.ifi ^ii.nd. a ,Surber

saniplin6 polnt rnay airajear at lSaaboi; such changes should.

be clearly noted" on the record. sheet. _-len sa.:n*o1es should

be col-l-ecteG if ,.osr-ibl:-..

Iquipment

2 iurber sr,r..j.,,le r! ^con91.-: ce l:icli cc'l lection conts,iners.

12 bottles for collection:; (10 ^-F L spi;.res)

'l brush: ^e .;. colrrsc nc.il brusir o:i scrui;Lin; brush.

1 ^lrni-fe

1 botUl-e o-[ formalin.

-Lrorceps

I,abels ^{anC pencj-Ls.}

wHo

)a

i,iAY

i[o'i ?Ai;E

]uliBlil

S*.rL:'3 ;1T l,oJ-.rro1,T: .il-.fr1E sAI.,btrI{G I1'tr'r5iitr'fiiE,JIi.'I1 DrtI-a-T i.l-3ir,Ii.,iG.

until such tiue as the stand,ard. equi_pment _becomes avaj-l-able use tb.e s(luare rnou,,ired. d_rift. net as _a malce_

shift sarr:.p1er. rlease, nl..Jie a noie of ciran.,e of cecimique rvhen stanc.ard. aI:lraratus is available.

I'tethoo

the Surber salrpler is ^nel-d. firmlr. on the rocks

cur'ing sa:.:p1in- r.ri-th the _so.uze coverecl face d.irected.

upstream. _3ee fj-gure belorr:

frE'I UPENING GAUZE FACE

. ^FI,OW

\ z

\ FRAI"E

fhe collection is

mad.e by brushi-ng

the

surface

of the

substrate

startin6 at

the upstrearn end.

of

the sampler ano rvoricint d.ownstrea:u. lach

large

stone

is

brushed and. scrai-,ed. thorou,,hly lvitb. a

knife

So as to dislod.ge

all

organlsms. ^,i.he _{brushlng must} occur so

that all

organisms

:re ca,rieo

_inbc

the net

by the

current. l"fte::

i.11 lrrr'5s stor:es are cleaned. erny 5rave]

in

uhe srbstrr:ue siioulo be thorou;l:.ly _agitated.

to

remove

organisms and.

veg;etaiion. rf

the

net is

renovable, take

off

fra:ire and-

collcct

or,;ri.nistis usin.,

lhe

sa*rie rle.Uhocl as

for dril't

s3-d--'1es. lacii

lirber

sr..rrl,'l-c gLloul-cl be.!reLcrvec v;iuh

fornalin soluiion

ir1; Ehe

rate oi'

about ro-12 d.roi..,s

per

250

ni.

'-L'ire sair.;1es shour,r bc: kept eL.p;.rate un.uil

after

sor-[1n- and- counting.

c.

r Lrytoplankton lc,uipment

7

^{seuaple bottl_e s}

wHo

1?'

Iquip.ment cont ^I o

2

100

ml.

clip*.,ers.

100

nl. of cli-nical

ioctine soluiion

25O rl.t.

of

leepoI

or

ouher deter;ent 100 l-m.

of

forrie.Iin sol-utior:..

Labels sLrou:"r'-L

not

be

.;ut inli.le

bhe .;lrp.to^orar&-t on

bottles

a.s or5eini s.Lns m'r;, a.clheL:e

to

tLre ;,r!.per. rhe 'bottles shoulo, the:c'ore,

ei"h;r

be label-ieo or:. trre _outsicie or

nur.mbcrect and note ue^u,

in

che fle1d. recc;os

of the

loca-

tion of the

saroplin., poin'bs.

l.ethod.

If

^{posg j-bl-e, 'Lhe} 1.,iiytop1anl<i,on sainlrl_es shoulo be

ta".en a-t locations ec.,.uarly ,ll,.ced. across the frow

of

^the

river. rf 1t

can be avoided si,rir*)1Gs shoulcl not ^be

tal<en wj-ti:rin 1 netres or' ^uhe ban-l,;, ohus the rocation _of

the stations

si:oulcl a_-r_ear as:-

'rrIl i\

12

'1 a.r.rr. Irr1.,

.. ^.l-

-i- U-

-l ^L,:-

Uo

tJ Ll

D5

N K

.Li ,i

7. lLq

/

1oc a.t icns

B A N 1\

)uJ2^,

.-1

Oa.11

rca

; t'1

)n\

.!

fll

-_l

-{l

^r

i(l ^t -tl ^I

il'

_rll

--i _r

zoneI

ake

h ....

n !:c

]L, tr

.oi i-::.

lt wli

i ^_-1.

lc':

.-(-t f,

a ?a

wHo

l_n

in:tance ar.), lncrease in al;ae ;rol;iq. ^{on roclcs} or brid.6es.

d.. _-0ish samples.

lhere are ^n"o co:urercial fish returns for the three locations serectetr for monitorin;. the tecirnique

described b .Ioi,; irais becn o.eviseo to ;ive a fish ^catch related- to mani>o',ver input. rn ^'bhis IIBT'1 it is hoped. that the sa:,rirles for eacli rlver i,rill be comiJilrabLe from one

uonth to the next ano clurin-, i-rerioci-s of sirailar river floi.r.

rtshoul-ci, therefore, be .cossible to ^comperre oti June l9?5

with oti June L976, but noi; rritir for instance the BLack

volta at either cri.te L: 'uhe flshermen at the tuio rivers are d.ifferent ^cu:C. the biolo;ica] re,.,imes of the two

waters also d.i-ffer.

fquipment

Fish l{easurin{1 ro€,rcl Record. Sheets

Scissors.

',./e i5hin; I'iac irine I olythene ba3s.

liethod..

lverl. month, ^et fisliennan of e;1;e,olished. abllity is to fish for cne noi:u1.l fishin_ c:ay usin; 'Uechniques

most suil;aDle i'or.-i;he r_el,rrcn:.nil tile conciiion of the

river. (it is sliu-e:tcd" l..i-,a.i; hc. bc r.rovid.ed. ',.;ith ^ne-bs by the rnsti'bute of _-Lvuatrc .jiolouy). *'irc fi:liennijn must

be no'bifieci irelL ln :.d-vc.nce oi' t.:c ^,_-ure of rLre a;.r.i_val

of tire lronitor';n., ^'becu:. rjo t,",;t fish i-.ie :r"vi^rl abl_e wlren

o--_

19'

th.e tea.u

aryives. Ihis is

uost liit.,ortant art tlr.e itiver

oti

^{ruirere r,he} ter::.r

lvil-l

on1} be on tLre si-te

for

^one

clay and. r,lhere ^'i;l-e clir:t;lnce from 'I;,.iir1e

is

too greu.t

to justify

a s;ceclal vehicle _;iour,ney

to collect fish

except

in

exceptionat ci-rci::nstances.

wHoI

.rI'3Ii .i.{iiU..U

C OUIi I',tI : ^GIl.*ir.ii

;fIWR! j3!,..-j,, _VUL-IA

Jri ( .l.I ^Xr..,, )

,-;'J0: ^{IQ . Li} .'i5

-l'I'i,,. I^i _".=it : -:, .

i,i-./l-ll liGirL'OH. : ^{J . 3,ir.- -.,1.}

',1i1-:.i'iJBA

SI,IOIES: AlEriIS'3 J-L,,.fr.L'lE

xl

\,'i'I .

45o WO 21o

t21 t24 t76

15a 400

*L

lI.

258 L26 : 208

tic

t25

128 22l- 2t|{

(Uypotnetic

al

^{vc.l-ue s} ₎

(l.esn sizes ^Lirc after C.iscusuion

"i,r. Lr'. ^,rt'f . LI.

a-rceci',;i ^{i;Li f} ishernen

: hr.'l rLLc+p a. \) .

b,., DC

and

*1 x2

'.ie i,,irt j-n rie L:iic _u-Ll:x ^.

J-,en..-bI- irr lii-:-,t i- .e'iir','L .

wHoI

2L.

-ll:.c ii-:i, ,---i - L* ^'u,., - cr'"t '")- i.n[', _- .ro,.-] .:::i

Lni;no'.,n ^i-, (jC1{j1.. 'L i., ^L_ ,lC-L("J :-l i.r;. .1.r.,. i,,,C.l "le in;-,eCteli.

rjepLrfiitel)r. -ll.ci- -Cill" ^{cri' P3.Ctr} ii-' ^{C j r.'-'::} s[ou]-<r be ',iel.,lled.

l,nc- ihe len.rti: tle i^i.ur'e ,r. _-rirr: s]l.oub oi ^-bhc f lli. sl-:ul; ^'Dc

;'rcs$€c. -.-it':r:1r' ^Lt,- 1,o ;.:e c1o;:t' j. _:'Ic:- o jl l,iilj ^,,1c i surin., boi-.rd i.nd tlir: ^I,o',,::1 1,.-:n.,t," oi t].:.r' fi,i .L;,u.l; b;:

rCcoroe i f r'otit i;ir,' ii,. ,)j ^LL.:- rjr-our, ^i-rr) iirt' cn<L of iLe lonrest ;,;:t.rit; o.r- i;hc cl:t1i:.1 f ir"r. *. s'd.,oc-tcci foI.n of rc-col'ii sccet is .rlvcrr ^o-.., ouit,c.

Unknoi.'n fisir" slioul-i be -ol:ted iuto ^p;'ob3.ble Species !ro ^{ur1,rs o.l}ti Llc} -.-'L^.r.' '., -:i ^ue Llcrir-;-l ci. abor,'c . In a;uiti-ori, reyTol,ci,.L. Uj-vi: iil-L si:.ouIe b': i,rreseiveC ior later iclentifici'Ui.orr in ^-Ll:.e lr..borirtory. upen a ^gap into the abd-ominil cl.vit, iiocl _1;0111' in lonie formalin

then place f isir intr, i-)o..lr.h.reile bi^,,s (or' if not evall,ab1e, jars) containini

";eal< for"ilii-n soluticn.

( It is ^: bro:':.,ly .jt''ooi.l-.-(;n 1,,-' tnl. b a srnaIl

refel:ence colrectio.r"r oi ^i''i --h br' ^e .'i;aLLi-li:ecl- at !aroale).

itrb.en cLenic:.I i:touitut'i-n., - b...riJ,'-, f ish ti-ssue shouLcl ttr'e*. bc cclltlc ^lJ..L. L..rcor,:-ir;- uo tlie inl:lructions issued- :rt 'i;lie ^,,:-i.,e.

3urplus f i:i: ct--l ^i-,(- 'ji-r-t1'otl?i o:. i:,fter invest- igrrr;ion.

-Iicman ilu, ^{1e s}

it il no. ^el:. cct ;';. t-;-il'i.; 'i;L:"e S.t:i: .ll _-,*'' i. ',iltl ^be

r-i-;eii i c _1i-,::t o:' ^L. l;.-. ^{r.'Jr-r i;-11-+ i:} otti. l/ ^t.,cil : Uol.itt- a,r'o.tr:', :L'e .

It ^{r'Li.r' br-:} ,;o,-;-j-J1,-:' to ^'i;:-.,c -ll:lrin _{^-,.:-* l-}

'- ; i; ^r-',Lr-ii - o-' ^-bi,.) :-.,;_;.itiOn;l *-' ^,) :,-, Vil-i-;. _: g1r-s--i r.r.O ;iiu _,lC-,i'_*..-c ^; l].J. t,-C.,e

wHo

instructions

should then be used..

Equipnent

Grab ilope

I'iessenger and. spare messen6er Bucket

Si-eve

Forceps

12 sanple container.; (ZrC m1.) 25O

nt. of

fomralin solution.

Method.

If

the r,iater

is

shal-lolr

it

may be possible

to

operate the ^g;rab by hand-.

In

rvhicb. case

the

open

grab shoul-d. be ^pushec

finriy iuto the

substraturn. and.

the

release mechanisu then op€l.r.t€d. d-irectly by band

pressure.

If

the ^grab

is to

be usect from a rope, check that

it is

^attached.

to

tb.e .irope anci

that

tb.e rope i-s also

firnly

^attached.

to

^i;he

boat,

brid.ge

or

other structure.

',Jhen tire

jrad

ha.s rea'.ched- the bottom

of

the

river

attach messender

to

lope ^anC release, thus operati-ng grab.

I,url

_6rab

to

surfa.ce anci insl:,ect contents through

flap

j-n the

toi.. ff'

l-es: ti:an hi:.lf

fu1l,

discard.

if

^{"bhe sam;ie}

is

satisferctory, dil-rcbriree the c.-,n'i,enr,: inco a 'huc.lie-b 'bhen ge-,ar-.e

fauni

^r'rom mud by ',;as'tring rnuo i;hrou;ir a

sleve.

_-:. sieve

of the

recoruiencled-

nesii should be

half fii-ieci

_'','itir- ^{r,iur;- a.nd} _;ent}Jr roe-lcec and. rotatea

at

^i,tre wait.:r sulface u-rr.tj-J-

all

the mud" hiasb.es

through the

neshes.

*.epeit i;his

until all of the

sar"rple

wHo

I

II

i,

t^

l I

I

hi-s been trcal-;ec-. -^-t -biiu erlal oi'eacii nr-Ld. por,tion transfer tlr.e fauna ^-uo a 22cr lr1. coLl"cc'bing bottLe ^"by

thc-' carefr.tr uue oi' fo::ceps. jlcc fr.ori ', to l-u cir.ops of

4c',- forrna-l-in sofu'L'ioo,: ro each 2uo rrr1. of saa.,re. Ad.d

a 1a-Ue1 to thc seJri-,]e .'.no se c]-lre f or tra.irsi)ort.

rf it is .-oss,ibl-e ^'bo ta&e ^'rkmarr jr..b sainples then

it is sLj;L,esti:cL thu.t lt) se:.rr-,J-es be ta,.!:en and. tl-rat these

sa.r^rples be .L;e1rt uepari,te r"r"ntil_ ifter sortin6 and. countir4g.

-\n ^L'kmcrn Grab ful-l of muc] acis iis e very _i5ood. anchor and great care must be tal:e:r if one is useci from a

village fishin; canoe!

J. Ll,.tsO.LtIO.tt. r ^*1.t 0'ljiii,l t3

1. on the rcturn frorn ihe field";tLl sa,nrj-,les must be

fully l-aibelled ancr .,,iaced" 1n 1ar:oratory jars. _r-,he labels

shoul-d shol';: - place, ^{,:rar,e ano roe u j-r.oci} of collection, the name of the coJ-rector iinci" if used" che laboratory cod.e.

labels sho;Icr be on or in the j;irs, preferably _both.

fhey slioulcL rrcver bc on ^-bhe lids.

2. It is si;rongl;r :,ecol.-.-eric.ec birlii e_lt iaateriaL from one r'1ver is fini.,1..er..L Lci'ole the next one i-s s'L'a::'bed..

wnly iac.-ccri-o-1 1r'o,,i orlc r'lrrer :,.rlc oae raetiroo si,ould" be

on a l-lrborir bc::1' bcncu ^:.-u' i-"rd, ou.c tine.

,. -.t the ccnplc;ion oi ^bl:.o so::'bln. _.nd counting _of the mi.rber -lrl i'or c:,cLr lil,cr i.ri :.e-re'',,i-nt rc;corc. siler:tsr

siroulii bc cor:tpI':'i.;cu. --ir3r,e :i*c;i1l,* ^-oe, onc sirc:. b f o.r:

ei',-cil me t,irou Ul,Oer i,I.r,.. iirG ;*.i.l-''b reC,or.d slre,:. r; siioulci. elsO

cor:.tai:i ^::.1-1 iL.i: ;.:-re i-rr-[or,:.li.uion.

23.

b:.cli ^c i..eck I fully stor;',-:.

month a.no

4. It uiIl ;..1r,ro;,'t cer.taintJ, be ncc?::-L.!,) some sr.rtiles. _'-,he,' :rusu, uhereiol,<:, be

Lt is s.u...Jc:-tcc tirr-,-b L;hi-s be Cone ilontt:, ^'n-...

'do

wHo

river

by

river. _the

cond.iti\.,1r.

of

storecr materi-al

shouLd. be checkecl every three months and. preservative

top1.red. up

if

necessal.Jr.

5.

^{Regular ehecks} must be mad.e by

the

teain Lead.er

to

insure

that all-

organisms are bcin6 removed. d.urlng

soriin6. thls is of

great importance.

6.

^',Jhen

not in

use

arl

nicroscopes shoul<l be covered.,

they shoulcl also be

carefully

cleanecr"

at

the ^end_ of

each _month.

7. rt

^{1s most} imi,'ortant

tirat

d.uring sorti-ng and- counting, material

is not

allot.eo. uo ciry

out. If petri

d.ishes

containin8 _orLanisus are

l-eft

ti,ey must be

carefully covered.

_Every

effort,

ho,,,ever, should. be mad.e to

complete

eitner

countin6

or

sorti-n.-

of

material i_n

petri

d.ishes without a brealc.

B.

As soon as the progr€-i.,r-le

is l,erl

estabfished.

it is.

recomlnendeo 'bhat tire more eible technicians be tau6ht hovr

to

count organisms. !b.is

r,iirl

give the team Lead.er a

greater

flexibility in

the use

of his

tj.:me.

9.

^{As ihe}

nonltorin;

proceecls the ilroUrariue

will

be

ted-ious. rt is

uost imr-.ortant 'uirab borec"om croes not encoLlraoe siaci\-_ness e.ncL riista_:es.

L0. iorti-ng

^e.nd. 0ounting i:ethocls.

a. ,.,rift ssir)l-eg ₎ 3urber s€J.ii)le s ₎) l--]xnan Grao se:;1,1es )₎

the sori;in,, ;.nd_ countiql, rroced.urcg for the ^.Uhr.ee collectrn., teclnic.ries r.re the saJ?e and. the laboratory proceciure: d.escripeci a1,_.1;, 1;o alI three .

wHoI

25'

,i or-Linr I

I-t is

suo.,es'b':cr

ti,.:'t

'circ

lorti-n-

-)1'occLtire

is

^also

use,i

for the renovll of nltteriiil-

froi.i

fielcl

containers

to

li.boratorX, cor:.l,aincr:.

'i,.,r-ripqc-nt

(for

^z+ so;'.Lels) .

zl _{l-ow po',.ie} r blnociLl--'r -:ri-croscoi'eIi ^{c.rti.' 1i.'-ltps.}

8 tetri Cis"res i.i-th cellri-me-br(' ;r:.;it !i'.per ^stuck fin.^1y on ^"bb.e L-,o't,rou. ttrc s,-au..r'es nutbcr-ed. in ^a consecutive fclsirion. ^'Ihe pe1;ri tiisi-'cs i.iust fit co:ifortabl;" on'oo btre sta-es oi ^'ube microscopes.

4 coarse forcel-rs B moun-bed. neeCles

el fine.f ^orceps

A reserve of forualin soluction A supply of liboratory ^ja.rs.

l{ethod.

Take s,rri:.ll porticns of ^'bi,e collected. material ^and place in a calibr:-.tecr petri C-isir. 'lover materj-al- l'rith rDreservative solutlon. )eparerte the or5anisms from ^the

<Lebris by pusnin; ^'r,iic *'etri ^{ciislr uocier} the field. of the microscope and. ex'brl.:c ui-rr- al-f ihe organisns ^f rom one square

centimet-e ^{:.1u c! ul-liie} . (lhe na;ni-fici.tion shoul-<i be such

as to al-loiv bbe invcs-ci.-iicol' to 5':.;e tire ';,'hole of a square

at a 1;ii-re). _- I:-,c,: ;itl orU€,.itltl,; j.rr 1;.'i:oratorX' jars reerd-y

f'or counl,in.r. I-,-' ci.e siu^-1e cont:^ins il;n,'* siti:1I organisns Si.Ch 3.s il-i, i.occ.ia or Jcpc-,or"r:^ iisc'.rss iiith ^tea.:it lcader ^:-S to lrl:re'bho:: ;[c^.c. :iiol.1; ^{be; ]-e} ii, ^j-tr i;irc dc:uris for furbher

ej.e]],lincitiofl or' :o::tcc. ia;o l:-,borabor;' ji rs.

'..Ii:en ^{i^l} i- uiie sQ'Jir:-'e u h;ve becil e:<a:.,iit''-:ti, rluiolliy

cirecle i;he sa.lple 'i;o scL' Li::.t no or--e'niLil.s [i.ve becl

rni-c sed.

HO