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FiRECAM Version 1.6.1 - FiRECAM Manual Appendices System Model
Description
Yung, D. T.; Bénichou, N.; Dutcher, C.; Su, W.; Soeharjono, G.
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Yung, D.T.; Bénichou, N.; Dutcher, C.; Su, W.;
Soeharjono, G.
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FiRECAM Manual Appendices
System Model Description
David Yung
Nouredine Benichou
Charles Dutcher
Wei Su
Gunawan Soeharjono
Fire Risk Management Program
Institute for Research in Construction
INDEX
1 INTRODUCTION ... 1-1 1.1 FIRECAM... 1-1
1.2 FIRECAM MODELING CONCEPTS... 1-2 1.2.1 Building Evaluation Model (BEVM)... 1-12 1.2.2 Fire Department Response Model (FDRM) ... 1-14 1.2.3 Economic Model (ECMD)... 1-16 1.2.4 Boundary Element Failure Model (BEFM) ... 1-18 1.2.5 Design Fire Model (DFMD) ... 1-19 1.2.6 Fire Growth Model (FGMD)... 1-21 1.2.7 Fire Department Action Model (FDAM) ... 1-23 1.2.8 Occupant Response Model (OCRM)... 1-24 1.2.9 Smoke Movement Model (SMMD) ... 1-26 1.2.10 Evacuation Model (EVMD) ... 1-28 1.2.11 Fire Department Effectiveness Model (FDEM) ... 1-30 1.2.12 Fire Spread Model (FSPM) ... 1-31 1.2.13 Expected Number of Deaths Model (ENDM)... 1-33 1.2.14 Expected Risk to Life Model (ERLM)... 1-34 1.2.15 Property Loss Model (PLMD) ... 1-36 1.2.16 Fire Cost Expectation Model (FCED) ... 1-38
1.3 FIRECAM KNOWN LIMITATIONS... 1-40
1.3.1 FiRECAM Program and Execution Limitations ... 1-40 1.3.2 Modelling Limitations... 1-42 1.3.2.1 Economic Model (ECMD) ... 1-42 1.3.2.2 Design Fire Model (DFMD)... 1-43 1.3.2.3 Fire Growth Model (FGMD) ... 1-44 1.3.2.4 Occupant Response Model (OCRM) ... 1-45 1.3.2.5 Smoke Movement Model (SMMD)... 1-46 1.3.2.6 Evacuation Model (EVMD) ... 1-47 1.3.2.7 Fire Spread Model (FSPM)... 1-47 1.3.2.8 Expected Risk to Life Model (ERLM) ... 1-48 1.3.2.9 Property Loss Model (PLMD) ... 1-48
2 FIRECAM FILES ... 2-1 2.1 FIRECAM INPUT FILES ... 2-1
2.1.1 FiRECAM Input File Data Structures... 2-3 2.1.1.1 Run Control Data... 2-3 2.1.1.2 Fire Growth Data ... 2-4 2.1.1.3 Geometry Data ... 2-5 2.1.1.4 Stair Geometry Data ... 2-7 2.1.1.5 Exit Door Data ... 2-8 2.1.1.6 Fire Protection Systems Data... 2-9 2.1.1.7 Fire Department Data ... 2-14 2.1.1.8 Occupancy Data ... 2-17 2.1.1.9 Building Evaluation Data ... 2-18 2.1.1.10 Building Economic Data ... 2-19 2.1.1.11 Climate Data... 2-20 2.1.1.12 Floor Geometric Data ... 2-21 2.1.1.13 Floor Compartment Data ... 2-24 2.1.1.14 Floor Corridor Data... 2-25 2.1.2 Input File – User Section Storage Order ... 2-26 2.1.2.1 Run Control Data Storage Order ... 2-27
ii
2.1.2.4 Fire Protection Data Storage Order ... 2-35 2.1.2.5 Fire Department Data Storage Order ... 2-41 2.1.2.6 Occupancy Data Storage Order ... 2-45 2.1.2.7 Building Evaluation Data Storage Order... 2-46 2.1.2.8 Building Economic Data Storage Order... 2-52 2.1.2.9 Climate Data Storage Order ... 2-53 2.1.2.10 Floor Geometric Data Storage Order... 2-54
2.2 FIRECAM EXPERT FILES... 2-61
2.2.1 FiRECAM Expert File Data Structures ... 2-63 2.2.1.1 Numerical and Iteration Control Data ... 2-63 2.2.1.2 Fire Department Statistics Data... 2-65 2.2.1.3 Occupant Statistics Data ... 2-69 2.2.1.4 Fire Rates and Statistics Data ... 2-70 2.2.1.5 General Statistics Data... 2-71 2.2.1.6 Cost Data... 2-73 2.2.1.7 Construction Cost Data ... 2-74 2.2.1.8 Passive Protection Cost Data... 2-76 2.2.2 Input File – Expert Section Storage Order... 2-77 2.2.2.1 Fire Department Statistics Data Storage Order ... 2-78 2.2.2.2 Fire Rates and Statistics Data Storage Order ... 2-85 2.2.2.3 Occupant Statistics Data Storage Order ... 2-86 2.2.2.4 General Statistics Data Storage Order ... 2-91 2.2.2.5 Numerical and Iteration Control Data Storage Order... 2-93 2.2.2.6 Cost Data Storage Order ... 2-94
2.3 FIRECAM INITIALIZATION FILES... 2-117 2.3.1 FiRECAM.INI - Private Initialization and Settings File... 2-117 2.3.2 FiRECAM.CLM - Master Climate and Fire Growth Database ... 2-120 2.3.3 FiRECAM.MBS - Master Expert Data... 2-123
2.4 FIRECAM OUTPUT FILES ... 2-124
2.4.1 OLE Structured Storage Output Files... 2-125 2.4.1.1 Building Evaluation Model Output (BEVM) ... 2-130 2.4.1.2 Fire Department Response Model Output (FDRM) ... 2-131 2.4.1.3 Economic Model Output (ECMD) ... 2-132 2.4.1.4 Fire Growth Model Output (FGMD)... 2-133 2.4.1.5 Fire Department Action Model Output (FDAM)... 2-136 2.4.1.6 Occupant Response Model Output (OCRM) ... 2-137 2.4.1.7 Smoke Movement Model Output (SMMD) ... 2-140 2.4.1.8 Evacuation Model Output (EVMD)... 2-144 2.4.1.9 Boundary Element Failure Model Output (BEFM) ... 2-147 2.4.1.10 Fire Spread Model Output (FSPM) ... 2-149 2.4.1.11 Expected Number of Deaths Model Output (ENDM) ... 2-150 2.4.1.12 Expected Risk to Life Model Output (ERLM) ... 2-153 2.4.1.13 Property Loss Model Output (PLMD)... 2-154 2.4.1.14 Fire Cost Expectation Model Output (FCED)... 2-156 2.4.2 MS Access Compatible Output Files ... 2-157 2.4.2.1 Building Evaluation Model Output (BEVM) ... 2-161 2.4.2.2 Fire Department Response Model Output (FDRM) ... 2-162 2.4.2.3 Economic Model Output (ECMD) ... 2-163 2.4.2.4 Fire Growth Model Output (FGMD)... 2-164 2.4.2.5 Fire Department Action Model Output (FDAM)... 2-167 2.4.2.6 Occupant Response Model Output (OCRM) ... 2-168 2.4.2.7 Smoke Movement Model Output (SMMD) ... 2-171 2.4.2.8 Evacuation Model Output (EVMD)... 2-174 2.4.2.9 Boundary Element Failure Model Output (BEFM) ... 2-177 2.4.2.10 Fire Spread Model Output (FSPM) ... 2-179 2.4.2.11 Expected Number of Deaths Model Output (ENDM) ... 2-180 2.4.2.12 Expected Risk to Life Model Output (ERLM) ... 2-183 2.4.2.13 Property Loss Model Output (PLMD)... 2-184 2.4.2.14 Fire Cost Expectation Model Output (FCED)... 2-186 2.4.3 FiRECAM Temporary Files ... 2-187
2.4.3.1 FiRECAM Temporary File Naming Convention ... 2-187 2.4.3.2 Temporary File Location... 2-192 2.4.3.3 Building Evaluation Model (BEVM)... 2-193 2.4.3.4 Fire Department Response Model (FDRM) ... 2-195 2.4.3.5 Economic Model (ECMD) ... 2-197 2.4.3.6 Boundary Failure Model (BEFM) ... 2-199 2.4.3.7 Design Fire Model (DFMD)... 2-202 2.4.3.8 Fire Growth Model (FGMD) ... 2-204 2.4.3.9 Fire Department Action Model (FDAM) ... 2-209 2.4.3.10 Occupant Response Model (OCRM) ... 2-213 2.4.3.11 Smoke Spread Model (SMMD) ... 2-222 2.4.3.12 Evacuation Model (EVMD) ... 2-225 2.4.3.13 Fire Department Effectiveness Model (FDEM) ... 2-227 2.4.3.14 Fire Spread Model (FSPM)... 2-229 2.4.3.15 Expected Number of Deaths Model (ENDM) ... 2-231 2.4.3.16 Expected Risk to Life Model (ERLM) ... 2-232 2.4.3.17 Property Loss and Fire Cost Expectation Models (PLMD,FCED)... 2-234
3 FIRECAM INPUT DIALOGS... 3-1 3.1 SPECIFYING BUILDING CONSTRUCTION, GEOMETRY AND LAYOUT... 3-1
3.1.1 Building Construction Materials ... 3-3 3.1.2 Building Floor Layout ... 3-4 3.1.3 Floor Compartments and Doors ... 3-6 3.1.4 Corridor Locations... 3-8 3.1.5 Occupant Load and Mix ... 3-9 3.1.6 Ground Floor Exit Locations... 3-12 3.1.7 Stairwell Locations ... 3-13
3.2 SPECIFYING PASSIVE FIRE PROTECTION... 3-15
3.3 SPECIFYING ACTIVE FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS... 3-16 3.3.1 Alarm System ... 3-16 3.3.2 Detector Locations ... 3-18 3.3.3 Manual Suppression ... 3-19 3.3.4 Smoke Control Systems... 3-21
3.4 SPRINKLER SYSTEMS... 3-23 3.5 SPECIFYING EMERGENCY PLANNING AND INSPECTION... 3-27 3.6 SPECIFYING BUILDING LOCATION... 3-30 3.7 SPECIFYING FIRE GROWTH OPTIONS... 3-31
3.7.1 Fire Origin Floors and Compartments ... 3-31 3.7.2 Fuel Loads and Ventilation... 3-32
3.8 SPECIFYING ECONOMIC OPTIONS... 3-33 3.8.1 Cost Calculation Options... 3-33 3.8.2 Building Contents Costs... 3-35 3.8.3 Inflation and Interest Rates ... 3-36 3.8.4 FiRECAM Detailed Cost Data ... 3-37 3.8.4.1 Basic Construction Costs ... 3-37 3.8.4.2 Passive Fire Protection Costs ... 3-41 3.8.4.3 Alarm System and Detection Costs ... 3-44 3.8.4.4 Automatic Suppression (Sprinkler) Costs... 3-47 3.8.4.5 Manual Suppression Costs... 3-48 3.8.4.6 Smoke Control Costs... 3-50 3.8.4.7 Emergency & Organization Costs... 3-51 3.8.4.8 Annual and Maintenance Costs... 3-53 3.8.4.9 Replacement Costs and Component Life... 3-56
iv
3.9.3 Fire Department Travel Information ... 3-62 3.9.4 Fire Department Setup Information ... 3-64
3.10 SPECIFYING BUILDING EVALUATION... 3-66
3.10.1 Compartment Characteristics... 3-66 3.10.2 Occupant Characteristics ... 3-68 3.10.3 Building Management Characteristics ... 3-70 3.10.4 Fire Suppression... 3-72
3.11 SPECIFYING BUILDING IGNITION POTENTIAL AND RISK... 3-74 3.11.1 Ignition / Energy Sources ... 3-74 3.11.2 Separations between Ignition / Energy Sources and Fuel ... 3-75 3.11.3 Occupant Risk Factors... 3-76 3.11.4 Special Risk Factors ... 3-77 3.11.5 Fuel Ignition Potential... 3-78 3.11.6 Fuel Quantity ... 3-79 3.11.7 Fuel Heat Release Potential... 3-80
4 FIRECAM INPUT DIALOGS - EXPERT... 4-1 4.1 FIRECAM CLIMATE AND LOCATION DATA... 4-1 4.2 FIRECAM OCCUPANT RESPONSE DATA... 4-2
4.2.1 Occupant Perception and Action Probabilities... 4-2 4.2.2 Occupant Interpretation and Travel Speeds... 4-6
4.3 FIRECAM FIRE AND ALARM SYSTEM COMPONENTS STATISTICS... 4-8
4.3.1 Smoke Control Statistics ... 4-8 4.3.2 System Reliability... 4-10 4.3.3 Barrier Failure Probabilities ... 4-12 4.3.4 Fire Scenario Probabilities and Occurrence Rates of Fires ... 4-14
4.4 FIRECAM FIRE DEPARTMENT CHARACTERISTICS AND STATISTICAL DATA... 4-16 4.4.1 Ideal Fire Department Action Times ... 4-16 4.4.2 Fire Crew and Resource Statistics ... 4-18 4.4.3 Site Preparation Statistics ... 4-21 4.4.4 Travel Statistics... 4-24 4.4.5 Setup Time Statistics ... 4-26
4.5 FIRECAM NUMERICAL CONTROL... 4-28 5 DEVELOPER’S NOTES ... 5-1 5.1 PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES... 5-1 5.2 MICROSOFT CUSTOM CONTROLS... 5-1 5.3 THIRD PARTY CUSTOM CONTROLS... 5-1 5.4 PRODUCTIVITY / HELPER APPLICATIONS USED FOR FIRECAM ... 5-2 6 REFERENCES ... 6-1
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1-1. FiRECAM Program Architecture... 1-2 Figure 1-2. FiRECAM Model Execution Control from Scenarios and Model List ... 1-8 Figure 1-3. FiRECAM Model Execution Sequence ... 1-9 Figure 1-4. FiRECAM Model Document Data and Temporary File Links Illustration... 1-10 Figure 1-5. FiRECAM Model Data Flow Paths... 1-11 Figure 1-6. Timeframes and Fire States... 1-25 Figure 2-1. Layout of a Firecam Input Document: User Input Data Sections ... 2-2 Figure 2-2. Layout of a Firecam Document: Expert Input Data Sections ... 2-62 Figure 2-3. FiRECAM.CLM Master Climate and Fire Growth Database Tables... 2-120 Figure 2-4. FiRECAM Files - Input and Generated Output Files... 2-124 Figure 2-5. FiRECAM Structured Storage Root Structure and Root Streams... 2-125 Figure 2-6. FiRECAM Structured Storage Model Structure ... 2-128 Figure 2-7. Layout of a FiRECAM Output Database - Primary and Secondary tables ... 2-160 Figure 2-8 FiRECAM Model Execution Sequence ... 2-188 Figure 2-9. FiRECAM Model Document Data and Temporary File Links Illustration... 2-189 Figure 2-10 FiRECAM Model Linkages ... 2-190 Figure 3-1. Building Layout and Geometry Input Dialog ... 3-1 Figure 3-2. Building Materials Input Dialog ... 3-3 Figure 3-3. Building Floor Layout Input Dialog Box – Floor Outline Tab ... 3-4 Figure 3-4. Building Floor Layout Input Dialog Box – Corridor Location Tab ... 3-6 Figure 3-5. Building Floor Layout Input Dialog Box – Compartments Tab ... 3-8 Figure 3-6. Building Floor Layout Input Dialog Box - Occupant Load Tab ... 3-9 Figure 3-7. Building Floor Layout Input Dialog Box - Floor Occupant Mix Tab... 3-10 Figure 3-8. Building Layout Input Dialog Box - Ground Floor Exit Locations Tab ... 3-12 Figure 3-9. Building Layout Input Dialog Box - Stairwell Locations Tab... 3-13 Figure 3-10. Stairwell Dimensions Input Dialog Box ... 3-14 Figure 3-11. Passive Fire Protection Options Input Dialog Box ... 3-15 Figure 3-12. Active Fire Protection Input Dialog Box - Alarm System Tab... 3-16 Figure 3-13. Active Fire Protection Input Dialog Box - Detector Location Tab ... 3-18 Figure 3-14. Active Fire Protection Input Dialog Box - Manual Suppression Tab... 3-19 Figure 3-15. Active Fire Protection Input Dialog Box - Smoke Control Systems Tab... 3-21 Figure 3-16. Sprinkler Systems Input Dialog Box - Sprinkler System Tab ... 3-23 Figure 3-17. Sprinkler Systems Input Dialog Box – Water Supply Systems Tab ... 3-25 Figure 3-18. Emergency Planning and Inspection Input Dialog – Planning & Training Tab ... 3-27 Figure 3-19. Emergency Planning and Inspection Input Dialog – Inspection Tab ... 3-28 Figure 3-20. Climate and Location Input Dialog Box – Location Selected ... 3-30 Figure 3-21. Fire Growth Input Dialog Box - Fire Origin Tab ... 3-31 Figure 3-22. Fire Growth Input Dialog Box - Fuel Load and Ventilation Tab ... 3-32 Figure 3-23. Cost Calculation Options Input Dialog Box - Calculation Options Tab ... 3-33 Figure 3-24. Cost Calculation Options Input Dialog Box - Contents Cost Tab ... 3-35 Figure 3-25. Interest and Inflation Rate Input Dialog Box ... 3-36 Figure 3-26. Basic Construction Costs Input Dialog Box - Average Cost... 3-37 Figure 3-27. Basic Construction Costs Input Dialog Box - Elemental Costs ... 3-38 Figure 3-28. Basic Construction Costs Input Dialog Box - Elemental Costs Continued ... 3-39
vi
Figure 3-30. Alarm System Costs Input Dialog Box - Alarm System Tab ... 3-44 Figure 3-31. Alarm System Costs Input Dialog Box - Detectors Tab ... 3-45 Figure 3-32. Automatic Fire Suppression (Sprinkler) Costs Input Dialog Box... 3-47 Figure 3-33. Manual Fire Suppression Costs Input Dialog Box ... 3-48 Figure 3-34. Smoke Control Costs Input Dialog Box ... 3-50 Figure 3-35. Emergency and Organizational Costs Input Dialog Box ... 3-51 Figure 3-36. Annual Costs Input Dialog Box – Monitoring and Training... 3-53 Figure 3-37. Annual Costs Input Dialog Box - Maintenance Costs ... 3-54 Figure 3-38. Replacement Costs Input Dialog Box - Replacement Cost Tab ... 3-56 Figure 3-39. Fire Department Characteristics Input Dialog Box - Fire Department Tab... 3-59 Figure 3-40. Fire Department Characteristics Input Dialog Box - Firefighters Tab... 3-60 Figure 3-41. Fire Department Characteristics Input Dialog Box - Setup Information Tab ... 3-62 Figure 3-42. Fire Department Characteristics Input Dialog Box - Setup Information Tab ... 3-64 Figure 3-43. Building Evaluation Characteristics Input Dialog Box - Compartment Tab... 3-66 Figure 3-44. Building Evaluation Characteristics Input Dialog Box - Occupants Tab ... 3-68 Figure 3-45. Building Evaluation Characteristics Input Dialog Box - Management Tab ... 3-70 Figure 3-46. Building Evaluation Characteristics Input Dialog Box - Suppression Tab ... 3-72 Figure 3-47. Ignition Characteristics Input Dialog Box - Fuel Energy Tab... 3-74 Figure 3-48. Ignition Characteristics Input Dialog Box - Fuel Separation Tab... 3-75 Figure 3-49. Ignition Characteristics Input Dialog Box - Occupant Tab ... 3-76 Figure 3-50. Ignition Characteristics Input Dialog Box - Special Risk Tab ... 3-77 Figure 3-51. Ignition Characteristics Input Dialog Box - Fuel Ignition Tab ... 3-78 Figure 3-52. Ignition Characteristics Input Dialog Box - Fuel Quantity Tab... 3-79 Figure 3-53. Ignition Characteristics Input Dialog Box - Heat Release Tab ... 3-80 Figure 4-1. Climate and Location Input Dialog Box ... 4-1 Figure 4-2. Occupant Response Input Dialog Box - Perception and Action Tab... 4-2 Figure 4-3. Occupant Response Input Dialog Box - Interpretation and Travel Tab... 4-6 Figure 4-4. Fire and Alarm System Input Dialog Box - Smoke Control Tab ... 4-8 Figure 4-5. Fire and Alarm System Input Dialog Box – System Reliability Tab... 4-10 Figure 4-6. Fire and Alarm System Input Dialog Box – Barrier Failure Tab ... 4-12 Figure 4-7. Fire and Alarm System Input Dialog Box - Fire Occurrence Tab ... 4-14 Figure 4-8. Fire Department Input Dialog Box - Times Tab ... 4-16 Figure 4-9. Fire Department Input Dialog Box - Crew Information Tab... 4-18 Figure 4-10. Fire Department Input Dialog Box - Preparation Tab... 4-21 Figure 4-11. Fire Department Input Dialog Box - Travel Tab ... 4-24 Figure 4-12. Fire Department Input Dialog Box - Setup Tab... 4-26 Figure 4-13. Fire Spread Parameters Input Dialog Box ... 4-28 Figure 4-14. Fire Spread Parameters Input Dialog Box ... 4-30
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1-1. FiRECAM Scenario Execution... 1-3 Table 1-2. FiRECAM Model Description ... 1-4 Table 1-3. FiRECAM Model Scenario Execution List... 1-7 Table 1-4. BEVM Summary Sheet... 1-12 Table 1-5. FDRM Summary Sheet ... 1-14 Table 1-6. ECMD Summary Sheet ... 1-16 Table 1-7. BEFM Summary Sheet... 1-18 Table 1-8. FiRECAM Scenario Execution... 1-19 Table 1-9. DFMD Summary Sheet ... 1-20 Table 1-10. FGMD Summary Sheet ... 1-21 Table 1-11. FDAM Summary Sheet... 1-23 Table 1-12. OCRM Summary Sheet... 1-25 Table 1-13. SMMD Summary Sheet... 1-26 Table 1-14. EVMD Summary Sheet ... 1-28 Table 1-15. FDEM Summary Sheet... 1-30 Table 1-16. FSPM Summary Sheet... 1-31 Table 1-17. ENDM Summary Sheet ... 1-33 Table 1-18. ERLM Summary Sheet... 1-34 Table 1-19. PLMD Summary Sheet... 1-36 Table 1-20. FCED Summary Sheet ... 1-38 Table 1-21. FiRECAM Numerical Limitations ... 1-40 Table 1-22. Design Fire Model Limitations ... 1-43 Table 1-23. Fire Growth Model Limitations ... 1-44 Table 1-24. Occupant Response Model Limitations ... 1-45 Table 1-25. Smoke Movement Model Limitations ... 1-46 Table 1-26. Fire Spread Model Limitations ... 1-47 Table 2-1. Major Structural Elements of the Document::DOCUMENT_DATA_TYPE Data
Structure... 2-1 Table 2-2. Contents of the Runcontrol::RUN_TYPE Data Section ... 2-3 Table 2-3. Contents of the Firegrowth::FIREGROWTH_TYPE Data Section ... 2-4 Table 2-4. Contents of the Geometry::GEOMETRIC_TYPE Data Section ... 2-5 Table 2-5. Contents of the Geometry.Udt_Stair()::STAIRWELL_TYPE Data Section .. 2-7 Table 2-6. Contents of the Geometry.Udt_Egress()::EXITDOOR_TYPE Data Section .. 2-8 Table 2-7. Contents of the Protect::PROTECTION_TYPE Data Section ... 2-9 Table 2-8. Contents of the Firedept::FIREDEPT_TYPE Data Section... 2-14 Table 2-9. Contents of the Firedept.Routes::FDROUTE_TYPE Data Section ... 2-16 Table 2-10. Contents of the Occupants::OCCUPANT_TYPE Data Section... 2-17 Table 2-11. Contents of the Evaluation::EVALUATION_TYPE Data Section ... 2-18 Table 2-12. Contents of the Economic::ECONOMIC_TYPE Data Section... 2-19 Table 2-13. Contents of the Climate::CLIMATE_TYPE Data Section... 2-20 Table 2-14. Contents of the Floor()::FLOOR_TYPE Data Section ... 2-21 Table 2-15. Contents of the Floor().Udt_Unit()::COMPARTMENT_TYPE Data
viii
Section ... 2-25 Table 2-17. Storage Order of the Document::DOCUMENT_DATA_TYPE Data Structure
Elements ... 2-26 Table 2-18. Storage Order of the Runcontrol::RUN_TYPE Data Structure Elements ... 2-27 Table 2-19. Storage Order of the Firegrowth::FIREGROWTH_TYPE Data Structure
Elements ... 2-28 Table 2-20. Storage Order of the Geometry::GEOMETRIC_TYPE Data Structure
Elements ... 2-30 Table 2-21. Storage Order of the Protect::PROTECTION_TYPE Data Structure
Elements ... 2-35 Table 2-22. Storage Order of the Firedept::FIREDEPT_TYPE Data Structure Elements 2-41 Table 2-23. Storage Order of the Occupants::OCCUPANT_TYPE Data Structure
Elements ... 2-45 Table 2-24. Storage Order of the Evaluation::EVALUATION_TYPE Data Structure
Elements ... 2-46 Table 2-25. Storage Order of the Economic::ECONOMIC_TYPE Data Structure Elements 2-52 Table 2-26. Storage Order of the Climate::CLIMATE_TYPE Data Structure Elements .... 2-53 Table 2-27. Storage Order of the Floor()::FLOOR_TYPE Data Structure Elements... 2-54 Table 2-28. Major Structural Elements of the Stat::DOCUMENT_DBASEDATA_TYPE Data
Structure... 2-61 Table 2-29. Contents of the Numerical::NUMERICAL_TYPE Data Section... 2-63 Table 2-30. Contents of the Deptstatistics::FDSTATISTICS_TYPE Data Section... 2-65 Table 2-31. Contents of the Occptstatistics::OCCPTSTATISTICS_TYPE Data
Section ... 2-69 Table 2-32. Contents of the Firestatistics::FIRESTATISTICS_TYPE Data Section.. 2-70 Table 2-33. Contents of the Statistics::STATISTICS_TYPE Data Section ... 2-71 Table 2-34. Contents of the Costs::COST_TYPE Data Section... 2-73 Table 2-35. Contents of the Costs.Defaultcost_Constr()::COST_BASIC_TYPE Data
Section ... 2-74 Table 2-36. Contents of the Costs.Defaultcost_Passive()::COST_PASSIVE_TYPE
Data Section ... 2-76 Table 2-37. Storage Order Of The Document.Stat::DOCUMENT_DBASEDATA_TYPE Data
Structure Elements ... 2-77 Table 2-38. Storage Order of the Stat.DeptStatistics::FDSTATISTICS_TYPE Data
Structure Elements ... 2-78 Table 2-39. Storage Order of the Stat.Firestatistics::FIRESTATISTICS_TYPE Data
Structure Elements ... 2-85 Table 2-40. Storage Order of the Stat.Occptstatistics::OCCPTSTATISTICS_TYPE Data Structure Elements ... 2-86 Table 2-41. Storage Order of the Stat.Statistics::STATISTICS_TYPE Data Structure
Elements ... 2-91 Table 2-42. Storage Order of the Stat.Numerical::NUMERICAL_TYPE Data Structure
Elements ... 2-93 Table 2-43. Storage Order of the Stat.Costs::COST_TYPE Data Structure Elements .... 2-94 Table 2-44. Major Sections of the FiRECAM.INI FIle... 2-117 Table 2-45. FiRECAM.CLM Database Table Descriptions ... 2-120 Table 2-46. FiRECAM.CLM Climate Table Field Descriptions ... 2-121
Table 2-47. FiRECAM.CLM Fire Growth Cue and Detector Activation Time Primary Table Field Descriptions... 2-121 Table 2-48. FiRECAM.CLM Fire Growth Fire Growth Data Secondary Table Field
Descriptions... 2-122 Table 2-49. Major Contents of the FiRECAM.MBS Master Expert Data File... 2-123 Table 2-50. Contents of Root Storage - Streams and Storages ... 2-126 Table 2-51. Model ID Number and Corresponding Model Name ... 2-127 Table 2-52. Contents of Individual Model Storages ... 2-128 Table 2-53. Contents of Individual Model Data Storages... 2-129 Table 2-54. Created Model Storages... 2-129 Table 2-55. Contents of BEVM Primary Storage ... 2-130 Table 2-56. Description of Row Entries for BEVM Primary Storage ... 2-130 Table 2-57. Contents of FDRM Primary Storage ... 2-131 Table 2-58. Description of Row Entries for FDRM Primary Storage ... 2-131 Table 2-59. Contents of ECMD Primary and Secondary Storages ... 2-132 Table 2-60. Description of Row Entries for ECMD Primary Storage ... 2-132 Table 2-61. Contents of FGMD Primary Storage... 2-134 Table 2-62. Contents of FGMD Primary Column Data Storage ... 2-135 Table 2-63. Contents of FDAM Primary Storage ... 2-136 Table 2-64. Contents of OCRM Primary Storage ... 2-138 Table 2-65. Contents of OCRM Secondary Storage... 2-139 Table 2-66. Contents of SMMD Primary Storage ... 2-141 Table 2-67. Contents of SMMD Secondary Storage... 2-142 Table 2-68. Contents of SMMD Primary Column Data Storage... 2-143 Table 2-69. Contents of EVMD Primary Table... 2-145 Table 2-70. Contents of EVMD Secondary Table... 2-146 Table 2-71. Contents of BEFM Primary Storage ... 2-147 Table 2-72. Contents of FSPM Primary Storage ... 2-149 Table 2-73. Contents of ENDM Primary Storage... 2-151 Table 2-74. Contents of ENDM Secondary Storage ... 2-152 Table 2-75. Contents of ERLM Primary Storage ... 2-153 Table 2-76. Contents of PLMD Primary Storage ... 2-154 Table 2-77. Contents of PLMD Secondary Storage... 2-155 Table 2-78. Contents of FCED Primary Storage... 2-156 Table 2-79. Description of Row Entries for FCED Primary Storage... 2-156 Table 2-80. Model ID Number and Corresponding Model Name ... 2-158 Table 2-81. FiRECAM Output Database - Primary and Secondary Tables... 2-159 Table 2-82. Contents of BEVM Primary Table... 2-161 Table 2-83. Description of Row Entries for BEVM Primary Table ... 2-161 Table 2-84. Contents of FDRM Primary Table... 2-162 Table 2-85. Description of Row Entries for FDRM Primary Table... 2-162 Table 2-86. Contents of ECMD Primary Table ... 2-163 Table 2-87. Description of Row Entries for ECMD Primary Table... 2-163 Table 2-88. Contents of FGMD Primary Table ... 2-165 Table 2-89. Contents of FGMD Secondary Table... 2-166 Table 2-90. Contents of FDAM Primary Table... 2-167
x
Table 2-92. Contents of OCRM Secondary Table ... 2-170 Table 2-93. Contents of SMMD Primary Table ... 2-172 Table 2-94. Contents of SMMD Secondary Table ... 2-173 Table 2-95. Contents of EVMD Primary Table... 2-175 Table 2-96. Contents of EVMD Secondary Table... 2-176 Table 2-97. Contents of BEFM Primary Table ... 2-177 Table 2-98. Contents of FSPM Primary Table ... 2-179 Table 2-99. Contents of ENDM Primary Table ... 2-181 Table 2-100. Contents of ENDM Secondary Table... 2-182 Table 2-101. Contents of ERLM Primary Table ... 2-183 Table 2-102. Contents of PLMD Primary Table ... 2-184 Table 2-103. Contents of PLMD Secondary Table ... 2-185 Table 2-104. Contents of FCED Primary Table ... 2-186 Table 2-105. Description of Row Entries for FCED Primary Table ... 2-186 Table 2-106. Model Temporary File Linkage and Dependency Matrix ... 2-191 Table 2-107. Model Execution Sequence Dependency Matrix... 2-192 Table 2-108. Contents of Building Evaluation Model (BEVM) File #0 ... 2-194 Table 2-109. Contents of Fire Department Response Model (FDRM) File #0 ... 2-196 Table 2-110. Contents of Economic Model (ECMD) File #0 ... 2-198 Table 2-111. Contents of Boundary Failure Model (BEFM) File #0 ... 2-200 Table 2-112. FiRECAM Scenario Execution ... 2-202 Table 2-113. Contents of Design Fire Model (DFMD) File #0... 2-203 Table 2-114. Contents of Fire Growth Model (FGMD) File #0 ... 2-205 Table 2-115. Contents of Fire Growth Model (FGMD) Files #1 and #3... 2-207 Table 2-116. Contents of Fire Growth Model (FGMD) Files #2 and #4... 2-207 Table 2-117. Contents of Fire Department Action Model (FDAM) File #0... 2-209 Table 2-118. Contents of Fire Department Action Model (FDAM) File #1... 2-210 Table 2-119. Contents of Occupant Response Model (OCRM) File #0... 2-214 Table 2-120. Contents of Occupant Response Model (OCRM) File #1... 2-217 Table 2-121. Contents of Smoke Spread Model (SMMD) File #0 ... 2-223 Table 2-122. Contents of Smoke Spread Model (SMMD) File #1 ... 2-223 Table 2-123. Contents of Evacuation Model (EVMD) File #0 ... 2-225 Table 2-124. Contents of Fire Department Action Model (FDAM) File #0... 2-227 Table 2-125. Contents of Fire Spread Model (FSPM) File #0 ... 2-230 Table 2-126. Contents of Expected Number of Deaths Model (ENDM) File #0 ... 2-231 Table 2-127. Contents of Expected Risk to Life Model (ERLM) File #0... 2-232 Table 2-128. Contents of Property Loss Model (PLMD) File #0 ... 2-235 Table 3-1. Building Layout and Geometry ... 3-1 Table 3-2. Building Materials ... 3-3 Table 3-3. Building Layout – Building Geometry... 3-4 Table 3-4. Building Floor Layout – Floor Compartments ... 3-6 Table 3-5. Corridor Choices ... 3-8 Table 3-6. Building Floor Layout – Occupant Load... 3-9 Table 3-7. Building Floor Layout – Occupant Mix ... 3-10 Table 3-8. Exit Location Icons ... 3-12 Table 3-9. Exit Door Locations ... 3-12
Table 3-10. Stairwell Locations ... 3-13 Table 3-11. Exit Door and Stairwell Dimensions... 3-14 Table 3-12. Passive Fire Protection Systems ... 3-15 Table 3-13. Active Fire Protection Systems – Alarm Systems ... 3-16 Table 3-14. Active Fire Protection Systems – Detectors... 3-18 Table 3-15. Active Fire Protection Systems – Manual Suppression... 3-19 Table 3-16. Active Fire Protection Systems – Smoke Control Systems... 3-21 Table 3-17. Sprinkler Systems – Sprinkler Systems... 3-23 Table 3-18. Sprinkler Systems – Water Supply Systems ... 3-25 Table 3-19. Emergency Planning & Inspection – Planning & Training ... 3-27 Table 3-20. Emergency Planning & Inspection – Inspection... 3-29 Table 3-21. Building Climate and Indoor Temperature ... 3-30 Table 3-22. Fire Growth –Fire Origins ... 3-31 Table 3-23. Fire Growth – Fuel Load and Ventilation ... 3-32 Table 3-24. Economic Options –Cost Calculation ... 3-33 Table 3-25. Economic Options – Building Contents ... 3-35 Table 3-26. Interest and Inflation Rate Data... 3-36 Table 3-27. Basic Construction Costs - Basic Cost Data... 3-37 Table 3-28. Basic Construction Costs - Elemental Cost Data... 3-38 Table 3-29. Basic Construction Costs - Elemental Cost Data Continued... 3-40 Table 3-30. Passive Fire Protection Cost Data... 3-41 Table 3-31. Alarm System Costs – Alarm System Cost Data ... 3-44 Table 3-32. Alarm System Costs – Detector Cost Data... 3-45 Table 3-33. Automatic Fire Suppression (Sprinkler) Cost Data ... 3-47 Table 3-34. Manual Fire Suppression Cost Data ... 3-48 Table 3-35. Smoke Control Cost Data... 3-50 Table 3-36 Emergency and Organizational Cost Data... 3-51 Table 3-37. Monitoring and Training Costs Data ... 3-53 Table 3-38. Annual and Maintenance Costs Data ... 3-54 Table 3-39. Replacement Costs Data – Replacement Costs and Component Life... 3-56 Table 3-40. Fire Department Characteristics –Fire Department Information... 3-59 Table 3-41. Fire Department Characteristics –Firefighter Information ... 3-60 Table 3-42. Fire Department Characteristics –Route Information... 3-63 Table 3-43. Fire Department Characteristics – Other Information ... 3-64 Table 3-44. Building Evaluation – Building Compartments ... 3-66 Table 3-45. Building Evaluation - Occupants... 3-68 Table 3-46. Building Evaluation – Building Management... 3-70 Table 3-47. Building Evaluation – Fire Suppression ... 3-72 Table 3-48. Ignition Characteristics Energy Sources... 3-74 Table 3-49. Ignition Characteristics – Fuel Separation ... 3-75 Table 3-50. Ignition Characteristics - Occupants ... 3-76 Table 3-51. Ignition Characteristics – Special Risk... 3-77 Table 3-52. Ignition Characteristics – Fuel Sources ... 3-78 Table 3-53. Ignition Characteristics – Fuel Quantity ... 3-79 Table 3-54. Ignition Characteristics – Heat Release... 3-80 Table 4-1. Climate and Location Database Contents ... 4-1
xii
Table 4-3. Occupant Response Interpretation and Travel Speed Data... 4-6 Table 4-4. Statistical Data - Smoke Control Data ... 4-8 Table 4-5. Statistical Data – System Reliability Data ... 4-10 Table 4-6. Fire and Alarm System Statistical Data –Barrier Failure Probabilities... 4-12 Table 4-7. Fire and Alarm System Data - Fire Occurrence Statistics... 4-14 Table 4-8. Fire Department – Time Data ... 4-16 Table 4-9. Fire Department – Crew Data... 4-19 Table 4-10. Fire Department – Preparation Data... 4-21 Table 4-11. Fire Department – Travel Data ... 4-24 Table 4-12. Fire Department – Crew Setup Data ... 4-26 Table 4-13. Fire Spread Parameter Data ... 4-28 Table 4-14. Evacuation Parameter Data ... 4-30 Table 5-1. Microsoft Supplied Custom Controls Used in FiRECAM... 5-1 Table 5-2. Third Party Custom Controls Used in FiRECAM... 5-1 Table 5-3. Helper Applications Used in Developing and Running FiRECAM ... 5-2
LIST OF FILE LISTINGS
Listing 2-1. Listing of a Typical Firecam Input File – User Section... 2-58 Listing 2-2. Listing of a Typical Firecam Input File – Expert Section... 2-110 Listing 2-3. Listing of a Typical FiRECAM.INI File ... 2-118 Listing 2-4. Example Output File: BEVM.0... 2-194 Listing 2-5. Example Output File: FDRM.0 ... 2-196 Listing 2-6. Example Output File: ECMD.0 ... 2-198 Listing 2-7. Example Output File: BEFM.0... 2-201 Listing 2-8. Example Output File: DFMD.0 ... 2-203 Listing 2-9. Example Output File: FGMD.0 ... 2-208 Listing 2-10. Example Output File: FGMD.1 ... 2-208 Listing 2-11. Example Output File: FGMD.2 ... 2-208 Listing 2-12. Example Output File: FDAM.0... 2-211 Listing 2-13. Example Output File: FDAM.1... 2-212 Listing 2-14. Example Output File: OCRM.0... 2-220 Listing 2-15. Example Output File: OCRM.1... 2-221 Listing 2-16. Example Output File: SMMD.0... 2-223 Listing 2-17. Example Output File: SMMD.1... 2-224 Listing 2-18. Example Output File: EVMD.0 ... 2-226 Listing 2-19. Example Output File: FSPM.0... 2-230 Listing 2-20. Example Output File: ENDM.0 ... 2-231 Listing 2-21. Example Output File: ERLM.0... 2-233 Listing 2-22. Example Output File: PLMD.0... 2-235
1-1
1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 FiRECAM
The Fire Risk Management Program, Institute for Research in Construction of the NRC, in partnership with Public Works and Government Services Canada (PWGSC) and the
Department of National Defense (DND) has developed a computer program called FiRECAM (Fire Risk, Evaluation and Cost Assessment Model). FiRECAM can be used for the
rehabilitation and refurbishment of apartment and office buildings. It can be used to assess the expected risk to life and fire costs of fire safety designs for apartment and office buildings. Thus the computer software can be used to identify cost-effective fire safety designs that provide the intended safety level that meets the requirements of the National Building Code of Canada.
In its current implementation, FiRECAM is a standard Microsoft Windows compatible graphical user interface (GUI) software package making use of a mouse, pull-down menus and dialogue boxes. The software was developed using standard commercial program development tools and language libraries.
FiRECAM is a Windows Multiple Document Interface (MDI) program that allows the user to open and run multiple case files at once. The main screen is responsible for:
• Managing an opened file's individual screens,
• Managing the proper allocation and reallocation of opened/closed files,
• Presenting the data input screens when requested by the user.
When the user opens a case file, a copy of the file's data is loaded into a dedicated memory structure that describes the entire contents of the case file, building geometry, fire department and associated data. Once the data is loaded, a file-input screen is created to allow the user to interact with the file's contents. This user-input screen (as opposed to the FiRECAM main screen) is responsible for:
• Loading and validating the data from the selected file,
• Managing the individual data input screens and passing the changed data back and forth between the input screens,
• Validating and saving data into the selected file after it is modified,
• Dispatching the data to the FiRECAM system model when the user runs a file,
• Displaying the final results from the output files after a run is done.
When a file is run, the data is validated, and then the FiRECAM System Model is invoked. This System Model controls the order of execution of
• Fire scenarios,
• FiRECAM models.
Figure 1-1. FiRECAM Program Architecture
MDI Document Collection FiRECAM Main Screen
Manages MDI Documents and Displays Opened Document Screens
Opened Document Screens One per Opened Document File
Opened Document Data Memory Structures One Structure per Opened
Document File
Intermediate Output Data Document Output File
Data on Disk Document User Input
File Data on Disk
Report Generation Module Spreadsheet Generator Visualization FiRECAM Models System Model and Scenario/Model Sequencer
Common Shared User Input and Data Editing Screens
1.2 FiRECAM Modeling Concepts
FiRECAM consists of approximately fifteen submodels that simulate the dynamic interaction of fire growth, smoke spread, occupant response and fire department intervention during the occurrence of a fire. Each of these models calculates a different set of simulations for fire growth, occupant behaviour, fire department response and fire hazards. The results of each model are then stored in temporary files, which are then used by other models to compute their respective outputs.
FiRECAM also uses six design fires in the compartment of fire origin, and the subsequent fire and smoke spread, to evaluate life risks and protection costs for apartment and office buildings.
1-3 Table 1-1. FiRECAM Scenario Execution
Scenario Fire Type Fire Compartment Door
1 FL/DO Flashover Open
2 FL/DC Flashover Closed
3 NF/DO Flaming (non-flashover) Open
4 NF/DC Flaming (non-flashover) Closed
5 SM/DO Smouldering Open
6 SM/DC Smouldering Closed
The probability of occurrence of each design fire, given that a fire has occurred, is based on statistical data. For example, in Canada, statistics show that 24% of all office fires reach flashover and become fully developed fires, 54% are flaming fires that do not reach flashover and the remaining 22% are smouldering fires that do not reach the flaming stage [2]. If
sprinklers are installed, the model assumes that some of the flashover and non-flashover fires, depending on the reliability and effectiveness of the sprinkler system, are rendered non-lethal [3].
FiRECAM evaluates the cumulative effect of all probable fire scenarios that could occur in the building during the life of the building. For example, in an office building, a fire scenario could be one resulting from one design fire in any one of the floors in the building. The number of fire scenarios, therefore, is the product of the number of design fires and the number of floors in the building.
In the case of an apartment building, the scenarios with occupants awake and occupants asleep are treated separately.
For each fire scenario enumerated above, FiRECAM calculates the expected number of deaths and fire losses. These per scenario values are then combined at the end with the probabilities of occurrence for each fire scenario to obtain the following two decision-making parameters: 1. Expected Risk to Life (ERL) defined as the expected number of deaths over the design life
of a building, divided by the population of the building and the design life of the building.
fe
BuildingLi
Population
Deaths
BuildingLife×
=
ERL
Equation 1-12. Fire Cost Expectation (FCE) defined as the expected total fire cost which is the sum of:
• Capital costs of the passive and active fire protection systems
• Maintenance cost of the active fire protection systems
• Expected losses as a result of all probable fire spread in the building divided by:
• Cost of the building and its contents.
) ( ) ( FCE
å
å
+ + + = Contents Building Fire e Maintenanc Protection Costs Costs Losses Costs Costs Equation 1-2In this document, frequent references will be made to the abbreviated names of the individual FiRECAM models. Table 1-2 lists the models used in FiRECAM, a brief description, its
abbreviated name, and its purposes. The model short names are used to derive the base names of any temporary files produced by each model, and any sections of the final output files.
Table 1-2. FiRECAM Model Description
Model Name Short
Name
Purpose
Building Evaluation Model BEVM Evaluates the fire characteristics of a building, and computes correction factors for ignition potential, risk and other fire characteristics. Fire Department Response
Model
FDRM Evaluates the fire department response characteristics to a design building if the fire department is not considered to be a typical one where normal response statistics can be applied. The model calculates the response time to the design building based on the characteristics of the fire department and the distance to the building.
Economic Model ECMD Calculates the capital costs of structural building components and fire protection systems. In addition, it also calculates the annual costs of replacement, maintenance, and organizational activities.
Boundary Element Failure Model
BEFM Computes probabilities of failure of a wall or floor element.
Design Fire Model DFMD Computes the rates of fire occurrences, and the
probabilities of the fire types being one of the following:
• Flashover fire
• Nonflashover flaming fire
• Smoldering fire
Fire Growth Model FGMD Models the growth of a fire in a compartment and
calculates temperature and toxic gas concentrations as a function of time.
Fire Department Action Model FDAM Calculates the probability of fire department intervention at the fire site and the expected time of fire department intervention.
1-5 Table 1-2 Continued
Model Name Short
Name
Purpose
Occupant Response Model OCRM Calculates the probability that building occupants will decide to evacuate the building and the time delay to make that decision, as well as
probabilities of no occupant response.
Smoke Movement Model SMMD Computes the smoke hazard based on the
temperature and concentration of toxic gases throughout the building as a function of time. In addition, this model computes the critical time that the stairs cannot be used by the occupants to evacuate.
Evacuation Model EVMD Simulates the evacuation of a building, given a
floor of fire origin, building population and evacuation destinations.
Fire Department Effectiveness (part of FDAM)
FDEM Calculates the extinguishment effectiveness of the fire department, and the rescue effectiveness of the crew at the fire site.
Fire Spread Model FSPM Calculates the probabilities of fire spread from any compartment in a building to compartments, corridors, and stairwells on all floors of the building, by considering all possible paths of fire spread.
The fire-spread probabilities are based on the probabilities of barrier failures for each possible barrier and location from the Boundary Element Failure Model.
Expected Number Of Deaths Model
ENDM Computes the expected number of deaths in a building given the number of trapped occupants and fire and smoke hazards.
Expected Risk To Life Model ERLM Computes the total expected risk to life of a building, based on the expected deaths from all given fire scenarios.
Property Loss Model PLMD This model calculates the costs of heat, smoke, and water damage for a building structure and its contents. These costs are calculated for a specific scenario occurring on each floor of the specified building.
Table 1-2 Continued
Model Name Short
Name
Purpose
Fire Cost Expectation Model FCED Computes the total fire cost expectation of a building, based on the property losses from all given fire scenarios for a specified building design.
FiRECAM executes its models, in a predetermined order, so models requiring results from previously executed models will have all their data available as needed. The order in which the FiRECAM models execute during a run is dictated by the following conditions:
• Some models are fire scenario (and fire origin floor) independent1. Therefore, they may be executed once per FiRECAM run to reduce computation time. If such models are also independent of other models’ output, they can also run at the beginning of FiRECAM and create a single copy of their respective temporary files. Examples of such models are BEVM, FDRM, and ECMD.
• Some models execute on a per fire scenario basis only. For example, FGMD runs once per fire scenario only. The results of this model are then stored in its temporary files.
• Some models execute on a per fire scenario basis, but may internally generate calculations for a fire occurring on each floor of the building. For example, SMMD will compute the smoke hazard data throughout the building for a fire occurring on the first floor, then the second floor, and so forth. These results are then stored in temporary files on a per floor basis based for each fire origin floor.
Table 1-3 lists the scenarios and occupant states for which each FiRECAM run executes. Figure 1-2 shows the general control of FiRECAM's models from the System Model, while Figure 1-3 shows the actual order of model execution. Independent models are run only once at the beginning to conserve computation time, and the Design Fire Model (DFMD) executes as the first of the scenario dependent models. DFMD then produces the fire occurrence
probability results used by other models whose calculations are then used by following models. Two small models (ERLM and FCED) calculate the final results of the run after all the fire scenarios' calculations.
Figure 1-5 shows the order in which FiRECAM executes each of its models, but also shows the order of the linkages created by each model. The arrows represent the data linkages and flow between the models. In general, the models at the end of the execution order use intermediate results of previous models. For example, the Expected Risk to Life Model (ERLM) requires data from the Expected Number of Deaths Model (ENDM) and the Design Fire Model (DFMD). It then produces a final expected risk to life report.
1-7
Table 1-3. FiRECAM Model Scenario Execution List
Scenario BEVM FDRM ECM
D BEFM DFM D FG M D FDAM O CRM SMMD EVM D
FDEM FSPM ENDM ERLM PLM
D
FCED
Run Once Only2 llll llll ll lll lll llll
FL/DO - Flashover fire, fire origin
compartment door open l llll lll lll ll ll ll lll ll lll lll llll lll ll lll llll FL/DC - Flashover fire, fire origin
compartment door closed l llll lll lll ll ll ll lll ll lll lll llll lll ll lll llll NF/DO - Non-flashover fire, fire origin
compartment door open l llll lll lll ll ll ll lll ll lll lll llll lll ll lll llll NF/DC - Non-flashover fire, fire origin
compartment door closed l llll lll lll ll ll ll lll ll lll lll llll lll ll lll llll SM/DO - Smouldering fire, fire origin
compartment door open l llll lll lll ll ll ll lll ll lll lll llll lll ll lll llll SM/DC - Smouldering fire, fire origin
compartment door closed l llll lll lll ll ll ll lll ll lll lll llll lll ll lll llll Occupants Awake3 ll lll lll llll lll ll l lll ll ll lll l llll lll llll Occupants Asleep llll llll llll l llll lll ll lll lll Each Fire Origin Floor4 llll llll ll lll lll llll llll
2
Some models are scenario independent, therefore their output is computed once only.
3
For office occupancy buildings, occupants are always assumed to be awake; scenario for occupants asleep is not run.
4
Figure 1-2. FiRECAM Model Execution Control from Scenarios and Model List
FiRECAM Models Expert User Options
Scenario Selection Model Selection
Model Execution List
Building Evaluation Model Fire Department Response Model Economic Model
Boundary Element Failure Model Design Fire Model
Fire Growth Model
Fire Department Action Model Occupant Response Model Smoke Movement Model Evacuation Model Fire Spread Model
Expected Number Of Deaths Model Expected Risk To Life Model Property Loss Model Fire Cost Expectation Model
MDI Document Collection Opened Document
Screens One per Opened Document File
Opened Document Data Memory Structures
One Structure per Opened Document File
Intermediate Output Data Document Output File
Data on Disk Document User Input
File Data on Disk
System Model and Scenario/Model
Sequencer Fire Scenario Execution List
Flashover Fire Nonflashover Fire Smouldering Fire
1-9 Figure 1-3. FiRECAM Model Execution Sequence
Economic ECMD
Legend
Models Run Once at Beginning Models Run for each Scenario
Data Flow Direction Design
Fire DFMD Building Evaluation BEVM Fire Department Response FDRM Fire Growth FGMD Fire Department Effectiveness FDEM (Part of FDAM) Boundary Failure BEFM Fire Spread FSPM Expected Number of Deaths ENDM OPTIONAL SUBMODELS Occupant Response OCRM Smoke Spread SMMD Occupant Evacuation EVMD Property Loss PLMD Finished all Fire Scenarios? No Yes FINAL REPORTS Expected Risk to Life ERLM Fire Cost Expectation FCED 1 2 3 4 5 6 14 15 7 8 9 10b 11 13 12 Fire Department Action FDAM 10a
Figure 1-4. FiRECAM Model Document Data and Temporary File Links Illustration FiRECAM Document Data File FiRECAM Model O I Read File
FiRECAM Internal File Data Stucture (Read from File)
FiRECAM Model I
FiRECAM Model I
Model Temp File(s)
O
O
Model Temp File(s)
Model Temp File(s)
FiRECAM Model O
Model Temp File(s)
I O Legend
Input to Model from Other Models Output from Model
Data Flow Direction
I
I Input to Model from Input File Structure
I
I I
1-11 Figure 1-5. FiRECAM Model Data Flow Paths
Design Fire DFMD Building Evaluation BEVM Fire Department Response FDRM Fire Growth FGMD Occupant Response OCRM Smoke Movement SMMD Fire Department Action FDAM Occupant Evacuation EVMD Boundary Failure BEFM Fire Spread FSPM Expected Number of Deaths ENDM Expected Risk to Life ERLM Economic ECMD Property Loss PLMD I O O O I O I I O I O I ENDM.0 Expected Number of Deaths FSPM.0 Flame Spread Probabilities BEFM.0 Barrier Failure Probabilities EVMD.0 Building Residual Populations FDRM.0 FD Setup and Response Times
FGMD.1 and 3 Temperature + Gas Concentrations vs. Time
FGMD.0 Fire Cue and Sensor
Activation Times O I I O O I I O ECMD.0 Structural, Protection and
Maintenance Costs
BEVM.0 Building Evaluation
and Risk Factors
O
DFMD.0 Fire Scenario Probabilities and
Fire Occurence Rates
FDAM.0 FD Effectiveness FDAM.1 FD Intervention Probabilities I O I SSMD.1 Stair Critical Times
O I OCRM.0 Conditional Probabilities O SSMD.0 Smoke Spread I O ERLM.0 Scenario Risk to Life O PLMD.0 Losses I O Legend Input to Model Output from Model Models Run Once at Beginning
Models Run for each Scenario
Data Flow Direction
Final Risk ERLM Fire Cost Expectation FCED I I O OCRM.0 Fire Suppression OCRM.1 Independent Response I FGMD.2 and 4 Gas Volume Fire Department Effectiveness
FDEM (Part of FDAM) O
I FDAM.0 FD Rescue 1 2 3 4 5 6 10a 7 8 9 10b 11 12 14 13 15 14 Models Run Once at End
I Input to Model from Input File Data Structure
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I O I
1.2.1 Building Evaluation Model (BEVM)
Building Evaluation
BEVM O
1 I
This is an optional model that can be run to evaluate the fire characteristics of a building, especially if the building is not a typical building where normal fire statistics can be applied. Based on the types and quantity of combustibles in the building and the separation of the combustibles from potential ignition sources and the maintenance of fire suppression systems (if they are installed), the model calculates the factors that can be used to correct:
• Statistical values of the probability of fire starts,
• Probability of various design fires that may develop,
• Reliability of the fire suppression systems.
These factors are used later in the Design Fire Model (DFMD) to correct the normal statistical values.
Table 1-4. BEVM Summary Sheet
Objectives This model evaluates the fire characteristics of a building. Main input Building layout
Installed protection systems
Building management and occupant characteristics
Building fuel sources, quantities and flammability information Building risk of explosion and risk of collapse factors
Construction materials Contents characteristics
Main output Factors, which are used to adjust the following probabilities, computed by the Design Fire Model (DFMD).
• Rate of fire occurrence
• Probability of flashover fire occurrence
• Probability of non-flashover fire occurrence
• Probability of smouldering fire occurrence
• Probability of manual suppression
• Probability of automatic suppression
1-13 Table 1-4 Continued
Comments This model is executed once at the beginning of FiRECAM.
The temporary output files for this model are created once, and used throughout the execution of FiRECAM. The files are then deleted at the end of a FiRECAM run.
1.2.2 Fire Department Response Model (FDRM) Fire Department Response FDRM O 2 I
This is an optional model that evaluates the fire department response characteristics to a building where normal fire department response statistics can not be applied. This model considers the characteristics of the fire department and the distance to the building to calculate the response time to the building. The computed response time is used later in the Fire
Department Action Model (FDAM) instead of the normal statistical value. Table 1-5. FDRM Summary Sheet
Objectives Evaluate the fire department response characteristics to a design building if the fire department is not considered to be a typical one where normal response statistics can be applied.
Based on the characteristics of the fire department and the distance to the design building, the model calculates the response time to the design building.
The response time is used later in the Fire Department Effectiveness Model instead of the normal statistical value.
Methodology The model computes the following computed time intervals:
• The response time, which is the sum of the dispatch, preparation and travel times, and
• The setup time. Main input The main inputs are.
• Communication system and firefighter notification method
• Number of calls and concurrent calls per day
• Firefighter experience and fitness
• Firefighter equipment
• Firefighter knowledge
• Route distance and layout
• Route availability
• Quantity and availability of water supply
• Potential for explosion, collapse and hazardous materials exposure
• Basic response times and notification times from statistical studies
1-15 Table 1-5 Continued
Main output The main outputs are::
• Dispatch time,
• Preparation time,
• Travel time, and
• Setup time.
The Response time is taken as the sum of the dispatch, preparation and travel times, respectively.
Comments This model is executed once at the beginning of FiRECAM.
The temporary output file(s) for this model are created once, and used throughout the execution of FiRECAM. The files are then deleted at the end of a FiRECAM run.
1.2.3 Economic Model (ECMD) Economic ECMD O 3 I
This model calculates the building construction cost and the capital and maintenance costs of the fire protection systems. It also calculates the replacement costs of building contents and the restoration costs of building elements as a result of smoke, fire and water damage. These costs are used later in the Property Loss Model (PLMD) to calculate the expected fire losses for each fire scenario, and in the Fire Cost Expectation Model (FCED) to calculate the total fire cost expectation.
Table 1-6. ECMD Summary Sheet
Objectives This model calculates the capital costs of structural building
components and fire protection systems. In addition, it also calculates the annual costs of replacement, maintenance, and organizational activities
Methodology This model retrieves cost data from the costs database by using the building layout and types of fire protection systems installed. It then sums the costs of components in the building (including structural components, fire protection systems, and organizational systems), as well as maintenance and organizational activities
Main input Building layout
Itemized capital and annual costs of components and activities Alarm and detection system characteristics
Fire suppression system characteristics Passive system characteristics
Smoke control system characteristics
Emergency & organizational system characteristics Economic factors
1-17 Table 1-6 Continued
Main output Total capital cost per floor Total annual cost per floor Basic construction cost per floor FRR incremental cost per floor Construction cost per floor Annual maintenance costs Annual organizational costs Annual replacement costs
Present worth of total annual costs Active protection systems capital costs Detection and alarm system capital costs Automatic suppression system capital costs Manual suppression system capital costs Smoke control system capital costs Emergency system capital costs Organizational system capital costs Capital cost of compartment of fire origin Capital cost of floor of fire origin
Capital cost of each of the other floors
Comments This model is executed once at the beginning of FiRECAM.
The temporary output files for this model are created once, and used throughout the execution of FiRECAM. The files are then deleted at the end of a FiRECAM run.
1.2.4 Boundary Element Failure Model (BEFM) Boundary Failure BEFM O 4 I
This model calculates the probability of failure of the boundary elements (such as walls, floors and doors) in the building when exposed to a design flashover fire that could occur in the building. The characteristics of the design flashover fire are obtained from the Fire Growth Model (FGMD). The failure probability values are used later in the Fire Spread Model (FSPM) to calculate the probability of fire spread from the compartment of fire origin to every location in the building.
Table 1-7. BEFM Summary Sheet
Objectives This model calculates the probability of failure of boundary elements of construction when these boundaries are subjected to fully developed fires.
Methodology This model is based on the normalized heat load concept.
It compares the heat attack in the fire resistance-rating test on the boundary element with the heat attack in a real fire to estimate the probability of failure of the element.
The heat attack in real fires is computed based on the fire load, the area of the compartment and the ventilation openings.
Main input Fire Resistance rating of the boundary elements Type of construction
Fire load in building Building geometry
Main output Probability of failure of boundary elements.
Comments This model is executed once at the beginning of FiRECAM.
The temporary output files for this model are created once, and used throughout the execution of FiRECAM. The files are then deleted at the end of a FiRECAM run.
1-19 1.2.5 Design Fire Model (DFMD)
Design Fire
DFMD I
O
5 I
This model calculates the probability of a fire scenario occurrence. FiRECAM uses six design fires in the compartment of fire origin, and the subsequent fire and smoke spread, to evaluate life risks and protection costs for apartment and office buildings. The six design fires,
representing the wide spectrum of possible fire types, are: Table 1-8. FiRECAM Scenario Execution
Scenario Fire Type Fire Compartment Door
1 FL/DO Flashover Open
2 FL/DC Flashover Closed
3 NF/DO Flaming (non-flashover) Open
4 NF/DC Flaming (non-flashover) Closed
5 SM/DO Smouldering Open
6 SM/DC Smouldering Closed
The probability of occurrence of each design fire, given that a fire has occurred, is based on statistical data. For example, in Canada, statistics show that 24% of all office fires reach flashover and become fully developed fires, 54% are flaming fires that do not reach flashover and the remaining 22% are smouldering fires that do not reach the flaming stage [2]. If
sprinklers are installed, the model assumes that some of the flashover and non-flashover fires, depending on the reliability and effectiveness of the sprinkler system, are rendered non-lethal [3].
FiRECAM evaluates the cumulative effect of all probable fire scenarios that could occur in the building during the life of the building. For example, in an office building, a fire scenario could be one resulting from one design fire in any one of the floors in the building. The number of fire scenarios, therefore, is the product of the number of design fires and the number of floors in the building.
In the case of an apartment building, the scenarios with occupants awake and occupants asleep are treated separately.
The probability of occurrence of each design fire, given that a fire has occurred, is based on statistical data. If sprinklers are installed, the model assumes that some of the flashover and non-flashover fires, depending on the reliability and effectiveness of the sprinkler system, are rendered non-lethal.
Table 1-9. DFMD Summary Sheet
Objectives Computes the rates of fire occurrences, and the probabilities of the fire types being one of the following:
• Flashover fire
• Nonflashover flaming fire
• Smoldering fire
Methodology Fire occurrence and type probabilities are read from the Statistics section of the Expert Database, which are obtained from statistical studies.
Fire occurrence and probabilities are adjusted by the output of the Building Evaluation Model (BEVM).
If sprinklers are installed, flashover and nonflashover flaming occurrence probabilities are adjusted downward to reflect the probability of suppression by the sprinklers.
Main input Statistical values for fire rate occurrences and fire type occurrence probabilities.
Fire rate and occurrence probability multiplication factors obtained from the Building Evaluation Model (BEVM)
Presence of installed sprinkler systems in building.
Main output Adjusted rates of fire occurrences and fire type occurrence probabilities:
• Rate of fire occurrence.
• Probability of flashover fire occurrence
• Probability of nonflashover fire occurrence
• Probability of smoldering fire occurrence
Comments This model is executed for each fire scenario in FiRECAM.
The temporary output file(s) for this model are created at the beginning of this model’s execution. Files existing from previous scenarios are overwritten.
1-21 1.2.6 Fire Growth Model (FGMD)
Fire Growth
FGMD O
O
6 I
The fire growth model predicts the development of the six design fires in the compartment of fire origin. Details of the fire growth model for apartment buildings are described in a previous paper [4]. The model calculates the burning rate, room temperature and the production and concentration of toxic gases as a function of time. With these calculations, the model determines the time of occurrence of five important events:
• Time of fire cue,
• Time of smoke detector activation,
• Time of heat detector or sprinkler activation,
• Time of fire flashover,
• Time of fire burnout.
The first three detection times are used later in the Occupant Response Model (OCRM) and Evacuation Model (EVMD) to calculate the response and evacuation of the occupants from the building. The flashover time is used in the Fire Department Action Model (FDAM) to calculate the effectiveness of fire fighting and rescue efforts. The burnout time is used in the Smoke Movement Model (SMMD) to calculate the maximum smoke hazard that the occupants could be subjected to. The model also calculates the mass flow rate, the temperature and the
concentrations of CO and CO2 in the hot gases leaving the fire compartment. This latter
information is used in the Smoke Movement Model to calculate the spread of smoke throughout the building as a function of time.
Table 1-10. FGMD Summary Sheet
Objectives This model calculates the fire development in the compartment of fire origin. The model then computes the temperature, CO and CO2
concentration with time in that compartment as well as the flow of hot gases out of the compartment.
Determines the timing occurrence of the different states of the fire development process.
Methodology This model is a one-zone model.
Fire growth is computed based on the combustion of a representative fuel:
Polyurethane foam for residential buildings Wood cribs for office buildings
Table 1-10 Continued
Main input Compartment dimensions Fire fuel load
Presence of openings due to compartment doors and windows Type of design fire
Main output Temperature, CO, CO2 and mass flow rate of hot gases leaving the
compartment of fire.
Times of occurrence of a number of states of fire growth Comments This model is executed for each fire scenario in FiRECAM.
The temporary output files for this model are created at the beginning of this model's execution. Files existing from previous scenarios are overwritten.
1-23 1.2.7 Fire Department Action Model (FDAM)
Fire Department Action FDAM O I 10a I O I
This model calculates the probability that the fire department will arrive at the fire scene, and when, based on:
• The time of arrival of the fire department
• The time of flashover from the Fire Growth Model (FGMD)
• The fire fighting resources that have arrived at the scene.
The time of arrival is used later in the Smoke Movement Model (SMMD) to evaluate the smoke hazard conditions to the occupants at the time of arrival of the fire department.
Table 1-11. FDAM Summary Sheet
Objectives This model calculates the probability of fire department arrival at the fire site and the expected time of fire department action.
Methodology Uses the probabilities of fire detection at the different states of fire development and probabilities of calling the fire department at those states to find the overall probability of notification. The probability of notification is assumed to be equal to the probability of arrival.
The expected time of action (intervention time) is computed by adding the notification time, the travel time, the response time and the set-up time.
The models consider the availability of installed equipment at the fire site, water supplies, crew size and occupants.
Main input Notification, travel and set-up times of the fire department Probability of calling fire department by building occupants Direct connection to fire department
Main output Probability of fire department arrival Expected time of arrival
Comments This model is executed for each fire scenario in FiRECAM.
The temporary output files for this model are created at the beginning of this model's execution. Files existing from previous scenarios are overwritten.
