Distr.: LIMITED
ECA/DISD/SNA.WS.2/00/INF.4 30 October 2000
UNITED NATIONS
Original: ENGLISH
Joint UNSD/ECA Workshop on the implementation
of the 1993 SNA with special emphasis on the Household Sector
20 - 24 November 2000 Addis-Ababa, Ethiopia
Agenda item 10: Current development in measuring the informal sector
Indirect approaches to measurement of the informal sector and the sector's integration into Economic Information Systems and National Accounts
Table of Contents
Paragraphs
INTRODUCTION 1-5
I. INDIRECT APPROACHES TO MEASUREMENT OF THE
INFORMAL SECTOR 6-17
1.1. Use of ratios derived from various sources 6-8
1.2. Comparing or bringing together various available sources 9-12 1.3. Use of partial information obtained from surveys
specifically relating to the informal sector 13-17
II. INTEGRATION OF THE INFORMAL SECTOR INTO ECONOMIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS AND NATIONAL
ACCOUNTS 18-30
2.1. The need for integration 18-20
2.2. Integration of informal sector statistics: some practical steps
21 -27
2.3. The 1993 System of National Accounts (SNA) as an integrating
framework for statistics on the informal sector 28 - 30
CONCLUSION 31-34
STATISTICAL ANNEX
Table 1. Gross Domestic Product of Kenya, 1993 - 1997
Table 2. Growth of Gross Domestic Product of Kenya, 1993 - 1997
Table 3. Estimation of the Production of the Formal and Informal Sectors in Mali Table 4. Gross Domestic Product of Niger by kind of economic activity at
current prices
Table 5. Gross Domestic Product of Uganda at 1991 constant factor cost, 1983 - 1992
Table 6. Gross Domestic Product of Uganda at 1991 constant prices:
Growth rates 1983 - 1992
ECA/DISD/SNA.WS.2/00/10.2
INTRODUCTION
1. In accordance with international recommendations, there exist three main tools for measuring the informal sector. These are:
• Household surveys;
• Establishment surveys, consisting of a complete field listing of establishments and a stratified and/or an area sampling of these units; and,
• "Mixed" surveys, carried out in two phases: the initial phase is a basic household survey that enables identification, within the household sector, of informal production units while the second phase consists of a census or a sample survey of these informal production units.
2. It is also recommended at the international level that the above-mentioned surveys be conducted at regular intervals (preferably, once every five years) and supplemented by permanent field operations carried out on an annual basis, as data on annual changes in the informal sector are not available in large a number of countries.
3. In view of the need for a comprehensive coverage of the informal sector for development planning, monitoring and evaluation purposes, "mixed" surveys are generally regarded as the best tool for measuring this sector. However, due to resource constraints, it is anticipated that a few countries in the region will be able to organise and conduct "mixed" surveys on a regular basis and also set up permanent data collection mechanisms in order to monitor the annual changes that take place in the informal sector.
4. One other important issue is the lack of co-ordination between the informal sector surveys and other socio-economic surveys that are conducted in a number of African countries. There is need to address and resolve this issue as soon as possible, to ensure that available data on the informal sector are properly and fully utilised by economists, Dlanners, national accountants and researchers.
5. The objective of this paper is therefore to review selected indirect approaches to measurement of the informal sector and also to recommend steps that African countries might take to integrate the informal sector into their economic information systems and national accounts.
I. INDIRECT APPROACHES TO MEASUREMENT OF THE INFORMAL
SECTOR
1.1. Use of ratios derived from various sources
6. In a number of countries where economic censuses and household income and expenditure surveys have been conducted, data may be compiled for the surveys reference period on the share of the informal sector in the production of various industries, and the income and employment generated therefrom. Later on, the ratios thus obtained serve as a basis for estimating the annual contribution of the informal sector to the gross domestic product, total employment and other economic and social
indicators.
7. However, it should be noted that the use of such ratios over a long period may introduce important biases in estimates compiled on an annual basis as they may not reflect the structural changes that have taken place in the national economy.
S. It is also worth mentioning that, in some countries, food processing and beverages manufacturing ratios are obtained by conducting light surveys of small scale and household industries. These ratios are often used to estimate the share of the informal sector in food processing and beverages industries, when detailed information is available on the supply and use of the agricultural products involved.
"'H i—^ii— ii- r'it"-f-'-iyi—p—m—TrtTirrrr-vmTTOiili Jm ' ■ ._.i ' :. L .:..11111rt*WflU'CHH.i.iimrmii■ 111.11mmnrjiuWxtfUft .Mil!i iVn'JuTfUlluiMrHlu>JC_m.ftilfif'.liL'i"imi: ti.ii"). i -
ECA/DISD/SNA.WS.2/00/10.2 Page 3 1.2. Comparing or bringing together various available sources
9. The informal sector is sometimes measured by comparing or bringing together data collected from various surveys, which are not specific to this sector or do not identify it as such. These include, inter alia, population and housing censuses, agricultural surveys, household income and expenditure surveys, economic censuses, establishment surveys and labour force surveys.
10. For example, an indirect approach may be used to measure the informal sector's contribution so the total output of wholesale and retail trade, if reliable data are available on trade gross margins at the commodity level and also on the output of formal production units engaged in distributive-trade. The share of the informal sector in distributive-trade may be indirectly measured both at national and commodity levels in this particular case, as it would represent the difference between the total trade gross margins and the output of formal production units engaged in wholesale and retail trade. In this context, it should be noted that estimates on trade gross margins and output of the formal sector may be compiled by bringing together agricultural, business and price surveys results.
11. In other respects, employment in the Informal Sector and the income generated therefrom may be indirectly measured by comparing or bringing together data collected from population and housing censuses, household income and expenditure surveys and, labour force surveys.
12. Likewise, estimates of construction activity and housing services in the informal sector are often compiled on an annual basis by combining data on the total number of dwellings in rural areas collected from population and housing censuses, average annual growth rates of the population and current rental values of dwellings in rural
areas.
1.3. Use of partial information obtained from surveys specifically relating to the informal sector.
13. A number of African countries have conducted informal sector surveys, whose geographic and/or sectoral coverage was incomplete.
14. In view of the need for a comprehensive picture of the structure and activities the informal sector for development planning, monitoring and evaluation purposes, extrapolations of the partial information collected from these surveys are often made by statisticians, economists and planners. The extent to which such extrapolations are reliable generally depends on the quality of the additional information used to supplement the survey results.
15. In cases where available basic data on the informal sector have been collected from surveys whose geographic coverage was incomplete, reliable extrapolations can be made if the various informal production activities identified at the national level have been adequately covered during field operations either through area sampling or by other appropriate survey techniques. .
16. In cases where the coverage of informal activities was incomplete, extrapolations of the survey results can be made if detailed information on excluded activities is available from external sources such as household income and expenditure surveys, agricultural censuses, economic censuses or distributive-trade surveys.
17. It should be emphasised, however, that the information on excluded activities is very partial and out-dated in most cases and this explains why such extrapolations are generally considered to be unreliable.
ECA/DISD/SNA.WS.2/00/10.2 Page 5
II. INTEGRATION OF THE INFORMAL SECTOR INTO ECONOMIC
INFORMATION SYSTEMS AND NATIONAL ACCOUNTS
2.1. The need for integration
18. In view of its important contribution to their economies, the informal sector constitutes a key element in the development strategies of African countries. In sub-Saharan Africa for example, the informal sector represents between one quarter and two thirds of national economies, depending on whether or not agriculture is included. Moreover, its share in total employment in rural areas varies between 80 and 90 percent in many countries of the region.
19. It should also be emphasised that informal production units form an integral part of the household sector, which maintains close links with other institutional sectors of the
1993 System of National Accounts, namely:
• Non financial corporations;
• Financial corporations; and,
• General government
20. The informai sector should, therefore, be properly managed and this entails establishing appropriate data collection mechanisms for accurately measuring its activities and structure, the changes taking place within this sector and its relationships with other segments of African economies.
2.2. Integration of informal sector statistics: some practical steps
21. In Statistics, the term "integration" is used to refer to the ability to combine data available form different sources in order to provide an internally consistent account of a given situation.
22. An integrated system of statistics on the informal sector is therefore regarded as an essential tool not only for development planning, monitoring and evaluation, but also for management of national economies. Its main function is to generate timely, reliable and comprehensive data on all entities engaged in informal economic activities within the territorial boundaries of a country.
23. As already indicated, household surveys, establishment surveys and "mixed" surveys are the main recommended tools for measuring the informal sector. Other sources that are currently used to collect data on the informal sector include, inter-alia, population and housing censuses, agricultural censuses, stock-farming surveys and labour force
surveys.
24. To ensure an optimal use of the data collected from these various surveys on the informal sector, African countries should set up appropriate co-ordination mechanisms that include institutional arrangements, and also promote the development and use of harmonised basic concepts, definitions and classifications.
25. Full integration of the informal sector into economic information systems also require other measures, which include:
• Standardisation of survey reference periods (the calendar year should, preferably, be adopted for annual surveys);
• Systematic processing and timely dissemination of survey results, in order to provide potential users with valuable information on the structure and activities of the informal sector; and,
• Centralisation of surveys results in a database accessible to all users.
26. With respect to institutional arrangements for integration of data on the informal sector, it should be noted that co-ordination can usefully be included in a statistical law through the establishment of statistical co-ordinating body such as a producer/producer committee. Membership of this committee should include the various entities involved
ECA/DISD/SNA.WS.2/00/10.2 Page 7 in the collection and compilation of data on the informal sector. Once in place, the producer / producer committee is expected to provide strong leadership and secure the full co-operation of its member in the improvement and development of statistics on the informal sector.
27. In countries where the national statistical service is decentralised, the establishment of a statistical co-ordinating body such as the Statistical Council/Committee may be envisaged. It should also be mentioned that a number of countries set up user/producer committees, whose main function is to assess data needs and co-ordinate statistical activities at the sectoral level.
2.3. The 1993 system of National Accounts (SNA) as an integrating framework for statistics on the informal sector
28. The conceptual framework of the 1993 system of National Accounts ensures the consistency of the definitions and classifications used in the various fields of statistics.
It is recommended therefore that the new SNA be adopted by all countries as a central framework for statistical data collection, compilation and analysis.
29. It is to be noted that major statistical systems have already been harmonised or are beins harmonised with the new System of National Accounts and that the harmonisation process has been very successful so far. As a matter of fact, the balance of payment statistics, government finance statistics and money and banking statistics are now consistent to the fullest extent possible with the new System of National Account:,, because of the active involvement of the International Monetary Fund in the revision of the 1968 SNA. Industrial statistics have also been fully harmonised with the 1993 SNA, while significant progress has been achieved in the area of environmental statistics, indicators and accounts.
30. With respect to informal sector statistics, it should be recalled that the 1993 SNA and the International Labour Organisation (HO) use the same production boundary and the same kev definitions. Moreover, the new System of National Accounts makes use of
the distinction between the informal and forxd sectors and the criteria for differentiating the two can be used in conjunction with other breakdowns in the 1993 SNA.
CONCLUSION
31. Due to lack of financial and human resources, it is likely that, over the next decade, a large number of countries in the region will continue to use indirect approaches mainly for measuring the informal sector despite its pivotal role in their development strategies.
32. It is most essential therefore that steps be taken by African governments to mobilise the resources needed for launching data collection and analysis programmes designed to fill the existing data gaps and promote development of basic as well as current statistical series on this sector.
33. In this context, African governments are advised to strengthen their partnerships with bilateral and multilateral donor agencies. In particular, they are urged to take full advantage of the new strategic orientations for UNDP and UNFPA funding that place much emphasis on country programmes and projects.
34. Steps should also be taken by African governments, through the establishment of appropriate co-ordination mechanisms, to optimise the use of the resources mobilised and minimise at the same time the statistical discrepancies that may exist between the data collected from various surveys on the informal sector.
ECA/DISD/SNA.WS.2/00/10.AnnePage
TABLE1.GROSSDOMESTICPRODUCTOFKENYA,1993-1997
^ON-MONETARYECONOMYForestry
BuildingandConstructionWaterCollectionOwnershipofDwellinqsTOTALNON-MONETARYECONOMY
MONETARYECONOMY1.EnterprisesandNon-ProfitInstitutions
MiningandQuarrying
BuildingandConstructionElectricityandWaterTrade,RestaurantsandHotelsTransport,StorageandCommunicationsFinance,Insurance,RealEstateandBusiness
OwnershipofDwellings
Less:ImputedBankServiceChargesTOTAL2.PrivateHouseholds(DomesticServices)3.ProducersofGovernmentServicesPublicAdministrationDefenceEducationHealthAgriculturalServicesOtherServicesTOTALTOTALMONETARYECONOMYTOTALNON-MONETARYANDMONETARYECONOMYESTIMATEDPOPULATION(millions)GDPPERCAPITA(KenyaShillings) CurrentPrices'1993
77.144.17103.1556.35281.64522.46
4,168.45168.0853.8935.221.419.68655.20126.901,920.65991.91
1,398.17716.69477.87-725.3711,407.34180.58
569.8041.70945.60215.6072.17230.172,075.0413,662.9t
14,185.4126.0C545.5< 1994
81.934.83104.9060.00309.20560.86
5,292.10190.4862.9835.681,807.76742.80164.062,400.811,262.95
2,015.65764.86578.11-1,410.0913,908.15211.13
651.8443.321,024.07210.4981.79211.592.223.1C16,342.3*
16,903.2426.78631.6t 1995'
81.405.09117.8063.72334.13602.14
5,777.63203.5461.9336.211,945.55799.18191.133,238.001,515.64
2,356.46814.00693.73-1,474.1716,158.8c247.21
637.5650.811,463.07239.1991.92215.672,698.2219,104.2b
19,706.4027.52716.08 199G1
84.405.56121.5767.72370.51649.76
6,233.00223.8568.3737.062,282.23879.16220.004,144.761,773.56
2,806.19936.10818.60-1,805.3618,617.52284.17
679.2364.771.596.20260.37100.54194.072.895.1821,796.87
22,446.6328.27794.01 1997"
86.216.18124.6069.68404.46691.13
7,005.99252.6971.7940.772,591.70938.55232.994.973.711.901.26
3,173.121.048.43998.69-1,964.8121.264.8f308.7-1
727.2571.182,045.84309.55113.30218.723,485.8425,059.46
25,750.5929.01887.65 33.901.2176.3725.51110.37247.361,088.4953.1112.6011.23599.21111.6145.52479.56265.71405.15239.46145.68-156.303,301.0294.58699.824,095.434,342.7926.00167.03 KenyaShillings;Constant(1982)Prices
34.471.2677.9026.55114.18254.36
1,119.2957.7813.1111.41610.59113.0646.50508.81273.68
429.87243.10149.41-169.173,407.45102.45
710.324.220.22
4,474.5826.76167.21 1995'
35.581.3178.9127.67119.59263.06"
1,173.3260.7513.6511.72634.40117.3747.26552.47285.17
459.53255.74158.82-180.163,590.04113.92
723.124.427.0U
4,690.1427.521/0.43 iyyb
36.131.4279.9128.69124.61270.76
1,225.3565.0014.2412.01657.68121.4748.72596.68296.58
492.15270.32168.35-191.333,777.22124.82
734.794,636.83
4,907.5928.27173.60 Millions
1997
36.641.4780.8729.41128.97
1,240.0567.0814.4712.17670.18123.78
620.19301.92
517.75279.69171.94-198.613,870.30132.06
742.86
50,222.5829.01
*=Revised,"=Provisional
Source:EconomicSurvey1998,MinistryofPlanningandNationalDevelopmentRepublicofKenya
TABLE2.GROWTHOFGROSSDOMESTICPRODUCTOFKENYA,1993-1997 ECA/DISD/SNA.WS.2/00/10Ann*Page
Percentages
ECONOMY
andConstruction
ofDwellinqsNON-MONETARYECONOMYECONOMYandNon-ProfitInstitutions
andQuarrying
andConstructionandWaterRestaurantsandHotelsStorageandCommunicationsInsurance,RealEstateandBusiness
ofDwellingsServicesImputedBankServiceCharges
Households(DomesticServices)ofGovernmentServicesAdministration
ServicesServices
MONETARYECONOMYNON-MONETARYANDMONETARY
CAPITA 1993-94
6.2115.831.706.489.797.35
26.9613.3316.871.3027.3413.3729.2825.0027.33
44.166.7220.9894.4021.9216.92
14.403.888.30-2.3713.33-8.077.1419.61
19.1615.76 1994-95'
-0.655.3812.306.208.067.36
9.176.86-1.671.497.627.5916.5034.8720.01
16.916.4220.004.5416.1E17.09
-2.1917.2942.8713.6312.391.9221.371b.9C
16.5813.3G CurrentPrices1995'-95'
3.699.233.206.2810.897.91
7.889.9810.402.3517.3110.0115.1028.0017.02
19.0815.0018.0022.4715.2214.95
6.5427.479.108.859.38-10.027.3C14.09
13.9110.88 1996*-9/*"
2.1411.152.492.899.166.37
12.4012.885.0010.0113.566.765.9020.007.20
13.0812.0022.008.8314.228.65
7.079.9028.1718.8912.6912.7C20.4C14.97
14.7211.79 1993-9/""
2.8210.334.845.459.477.25
13.8610.737.437.7316.249.4016.4026.8617.66
22.749.9820.2328.2E16.8E14.35
6.2914.3021.289.4611.94-1.2713.8*16.37
16.0712.94 1993-94
1.74.12.04.13.52\8
2.88.84.01.61.91.32.26.13.0
6.11.52.68.23.28.3
1.E3.0
3.00.1 Constant(1982)Prices1994-9b"
3.24.01.34.24.73.4
4.85.14.12.73.93.81.68.64.2
6.95.26.36.55.411
.84.9
4.8i.y 1995-96"
1.68.41.33.74.22.9
4.47.04.32.53.73.53.18.04.0
7.15.7■6.06.25.29.6
1.6A.I
4.6.y isab-y/
1.43.51.22.53.52.4
1.23.21.61.31.91.92.03.91.8
5.23.52.13.82.55.5
1.12.3
2.3 25134^3632223646AL
■■
"=Provisional,"*=Cummulative
EconomicSurvey1998,MinistryofPlanningandNalionalDevelopment,RepublicofKenya
Table3.EstimationoftheproductionoftheFormalandInformalSectorsbykindofeconomicactivityinMali(currentprices) ECA/DISD/SNA.WS.2/00/1C
Ann
Page
Unit;MillionsolCFAFrancs
FormalsectorInformalsectorAgriculturalfoodproduction(excludingrice)FormalsectorInformalsectorTotalriceproductionFormalsectorInformalsectorProductionofagriculturalrawmaterials(excludingcotton)FormalsectorInformalsectorTotalcottonproductionFormalsectorInformalsectorLivestockproductionandfishingFormalsectorInformalsectorForestryandfruitgatheringFormalsectorInformalsectorMiningandquarryingFormalsectorInformalsectorBakingFormalsectorInformalsectorOtherfoodindustriesFormalsectorInformalsectorTextileindustries 1980037,05337,0532,2735,5337,20606,3406,34012,0788,75820,836096,52296,522
020,31220,3127085,2928,0002,3963,4785,5718,1858239,0085.89S34,599157 1981040,87640,876
1,3813,3614,74205,8865,886
10,3747,52317,896096,05996,059
023,36223,3629298,9497,8782,7944,1286,9238,0547258,7794,7213,9908,711 1982060,55060,5502,0414,9687,01006,4246,42410,3687,51817,886080,12480,124
024,27024,2701,1828,84410,0263,1444,7297,8729,33783410,1715,3424,1579,499 1983072,82172,8214,1264,8078,73405,0565,05614,52914,47527,005
070,82670,826
025,79825,7981,85513,67416,7294,4425,1209,56213,34690614,2517,1664,43211,598 1984085,96985,9693,6822,6196,30204,9864,98621,44819,09140,539087,00587,005
030,11130,1111,95314,61016,5637,8005,21213,01512,8511,30014,1517,1835,18912,372 1985078,04178,0413,5643,8347,39804,6434,64319,72413,17832,900085,11985,119
031,52731,5271,87214,00215,8758,7715,48614,23614,7731,72016,5128,7825,45114,232 19860104,432104,432
5,09110,48215,57306,8046,804
12,95011,77524,725086,60086,600
032,01532,0151,70115,05316,7547,6936,04813,74120,0641,80621,8729,3755,34514,722 1987095,77295,7724,63616,21020,54607,8607,86018,35518,27736,632096,37496,374
031,79331,7931,47813,89515,3747,7166,15713,87522,2281,65324,0619,7165,00014,716 1988090,30690,3064,69215,24419,93507,7947,79418,11915,84531,964099,02199,021
035,06735,0671,76911,41813,2078,7928,25415,04619,5391,89621,4379,3725,31714,689 19890102,006102,006
5,14416,71321,857012,97612,976
21,29220,93042,2220106,228106,228
038,28838,2883,1625,3218,4829,6826,36116,04326,0742,10426,17811,0215,40818,489 1990098,95698,9566,94522,56329,507012,27312,27323,39522,99746,3930100,141100,141
040,19440,1946,6326,05612,6899,3986,47715,87528,1132,27930,39212,0055,62117,626 19910102,522102,522
6,01519,54225,557013,80013,800
24,70924,28948,9980100,714100,714
043,04443,0448,5407,81514,3559,9936,60416,59731,675255,1344266,5705,89312,464 19920124,009124,009
6,23020,24126,470014,21014,210
24,57224,15548,7270100,712100,712
044,66744,6676,6929,34118,03311,0788,74417,82031,9022,64334,5456,5765,91112,487 19930107,387107,387
8,533036,258010,28410,284
22,87122,48245,3520104,913104,913
048,96048,9607,8489,19217,04012,0438,88918,93234,6852,87037,5557,1508,14613,296 1994117,81117,81
9,3639,77
11.2E11,2f
31,8/31,1:62.8C
109,8f109,8f
55,255.2.7,316,223,513,07,020,137,73,140,87.78,314,1
Source:NationalAccountsofMali,RevisedStatisticalScries1990-1991;ProvisionalData1992;Forecasts1993-1994;DirectionnationalcdclaslalistiqucctdcI'lnformatiquc
ECA/D1SD/SNA.WS.2/00/KJAnnPag(
Table3.EstimationoftheproductionoftheFormalandInformalSectorsbykindofeconomicactivityinMali(currentprices)(continued)
sectorsector
sectorsectorandwatersectorsector
sectorsectortradesectorsectorandcommunicationsectorsectornonfinancialmarket
sectorsectorservicesformalsectorinformalsectoratcountrylevel 198014,56918,50933,0774,95304,95326,61313,83340,45125,66551,33076,99521,33213,15534,48687,669175,378263,067
4,69988150,50863051,235268,343459,526727,889 198118,26621,35139,6175,03205,03220,51123,88344,39429,31458,62787,94121,46314,48535,94766,666137,332206,997
5,32499655,54674556,292253,373448,263701,636 198212,00722,24634,2535,636053620,57224,62645,19834,69969,198100,79721,96914,59136,55946,94793,894140,842
6,4171,02359,75179760,547240,534426,746667,280 198311,71623,17835,4345,73205,73226,64728,01554,68239,98579,969119,95422,25026,94149,19133,71257,424101,136
7,2491,51171,13167272,002206,396441,341706,739 198414,04827,76941,6156,26906,26925,96732,71558,68242,36984,738127,10823,09938,07261,17114,47128,94243,4137,2991,43571,0911,04772,138260,679728,600467,921 198516,75629.16845,9247,22907,22931,99337,62169,81446,48292,963139,44524,66038,70163,3619,90019,80129,7018,2981,69081,8121,12782,939286,504450,487746,991 198619,79328,60548,3999,33509,33541,57237,76479,33645,22090,441135,66123,78638,76362,54912,50525,01237,5178,9081,95791,2211,13492,355311,174500,124811,298 198721,54126,75748,29711,508011,50838,41536,98975,40439,34578,690110,03621,41839,99861,41612,91825,83736,7559,5162,02391,8781,03792,985312,695500,526813,221 198820,81328,45549,26011,576011,57636,38235,90772,28939,63879,877119,51519,41045,56564,97815,00330,00645,0099,9812,10095,3211,18596,506310,728506,880817,607 198924,19529,26153,45612,313012,31337,70543,34881,05444,44668,892133,33820,65247,29767,94919,53839,07658,61411,2802,150101,9091,249103,158360,563562,428912,992 199025,37630,07855,53413,490013,49035,07944,60679,68549,47098,941148,41120,79547,82168,616112;3i ,941J,8835.82411,6002,20099,1471,315100,462355,597561,999917,586 199122.865315,07854,40214,980014,98037,31046,32281,09843,45386,906130,3592151T ,295),970',2653,7977,59411,39112,0502,250120,5341,413121,947364,272551,697915,969 199222,88531,63054,51514,993014,99337,31046,32783,63744,39788,794133,19220,79557,20777,99617,59735,19352,79011,8362,210133,5701,451136,022392,481611,0181,003,889 199324,8513,28057,77318,403016,49239,35147,39686,74945,81191,623173,43421,29554,30075,5958,91117,22125,83212,2352,284113,4071,564114,971377,497589,561967,058 199427,0534,1761,2218,1418,1440,8£49.0S89,9749,5£99,1£148,7$257 7,U8.9Fb;y,12,719,0flo2,4f11b,9l1,6,117.6389,3614,71,004,0
NationalAccountsofMali,RevisedStatisticalScries1990-1991;ProvisionalData1992;Forecasts1993-1994;DirectionRationaledclastatistiqucctdcI'lnformatiquc
ECA/DISD/SNA.WS.2/00/10.2 Annex Page 5
Table 4. GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT OF NIGER BY KIND OF ECONOMIC ACTIVITY AT CURRENT PRICES
Percentage Kind of economic activity
MARKETED GDP
Formal Sector
Agriculture, Hunting and Fishing Mining
Manufacturing
Electricity, Gas and Water Construction
Trade, Restaurants and Hotels
Transport, Storage and Communication Banking, Insurance, Real Estate and services provided to businesses
Banks Insurance Real Estate
Community and Personal Services minus imputed Bank charges Informal Sector
Agriculture, Hunting and Fishing; of which:
Agriculture
Livestock production Fishing and Forestry Mining
Manufacturing Construction
Trade, Restaurants and Hotels
Transport, Storage and Communication Banking, Insurance, Reai Estate and services provided to businesses Communitv and Personal Services UNMARKETED GDP
General Government (Internal Transactions) General Government (External Transactions)
Domestic Services Import Duties and Taxes TOTAL GDP
1987 84.8
17.9 0.0 6.6 1.4 2.5 2.0 1.9 2.4
1.5 1.0 0.1 0.4
0.3 -0.6 66.9
35.2 19.2 12.5 3.5 0.5 4.8 0.9 15.6 2.6
3.1 4.1 12.0
6.7 4.7
0.6 3.1 100.0
1988 84.6
15.8 0.0 5.9 1.0 2.3 1.8 1.8 2.1
1.1 0.7 0.1 0.3
0.2 -0.3 68.7
35.3 19.4 12.4 3.6 0.6 4.9 0.9 17.2 2.6
3.4 3.8 12.6
7.1 4.9
0.7 2.8 100.0
1989 85.1
15.0 0.0 5.4 1.2 2.5 1.7 1.6 1.8
1.0 0.5 0.2 0.3
0.3 -0.4 70.0
34.1 17.7 12.6 3.7 0.7 5.1 1.0 19.2 2.5
3.6 3.9 12.1
7.9 3.6
0.7 2.8 100.0
1990 85.0
13.7 0.0 4.5 1.2 1.8 1.5 2.1 2.0
0.7 0.4 0.1 0.2
0.3 -0.4 71.2
35.2 18.5 12.9 3.9 0.8 5.4 1.0 18.2 2.4
4.0 4.2 12.4
8.1 3.5
0.7 2.7 100.0
1991 85.0
12.9 0.0 4.4 1.0 2.3 1.3 1.7 1.7
0.5 0.1 0.1 0.3
0.3 -0.2 72.1
37.5 19.9 13.1 4.5 0.9 5.7 1.0 15.9 2.4
4.2 4.4 12.8
8.6 3.4
0.8 2.2 100.0 Source: Les Comptes economiques de la Nation; Comptes provisoires 1991. Septembre 1992;
Direction de !a statistique et des Comptes nationaux, Republique du Niger
Table 5. GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT OF UGANDA AT 1991 CONSTANT FACTOR COSTS, 1983 -1992 (Millions of Shillings) Economic Activity
FORMAL Agriculture Cash Crops Food Crops Livestock production Forestry
Fishing Mining
Manufacturing Industries Coffee, Cotton, Sugar Food Industreis Miscellaneous items Electricity and Water Construction Distributive Trade
Transport and Communication
Road Railway Air Transport Communications
Community Services Federal Government Education
Health Housing Miscellaneous
TOTAL FORMAL SECTOR
INFORMAL SECTOR Agriculture
Cash Crops Livestock production Forestry
Fishing Construction
Dwellings occupied by their owners
TOTAL INFORMAL SECTOR
TOTAL GDP (Shillings)
PER CAPITA GDP (Shillings)
1983
406,828 59,286 190,983 114,340 12,047 30,169 2,947
59,616 4,650 8,525 46,441 8,216 62,702 204,641
57,086 36,418 4,187 5,645
iO,836
204.144 59,816 51,487 20,385 42,253 30,203
1,006,180
506,919 438,046 48,467 16,601 3,805 7,090
52.008
566,017 1,572.197
113,757
1984
383.125 61,038 161,009 112,104 11,801 37,173 2,600
65,079 4,533 7,488 44,058 8,828 50,706 192,634
59,717 40,834 3,937 3,635 11,311
203,679 67,997 54,573 20,724 39,534 31,031
957.368
467,002 398,622 46,648 17,043 4,689 7,210
52,872
527,084 1,484,452
105,653
1985
389,041 63,744 171,577 107,635 11,101 34,984
2,039
48,970 4,137 7,655 37,178 8,009 48,141 185,043
62,952 43,753 3,184 4,252 11,763
204,177 56,234 53,609 21,086 41,354 31.894
948.372
485,348 417.726 45,717 17.493 4,412 7,339
53,798
546,485 1,494.857
104,563
1986
379,852 55,505 175,424 102,865 10,881 35,177
2,004
46,288 4,230 6,840 35,218 9,719 54,207 181,455
67,568 46,760 3,435 4,613 12,760
211,849 56,230 55,270 21,666 45,215 33,468
952,942
495,447 128,021 44,928 18.861 4,437 7,546
55,276
558,269 1,511,211
202,881
1987
390,968 54,478 186,463 101,107 12,307 36,613 1.661
53,888 4,404 9,151 40,333 10,755 81,723 196,456
27,361 49,393 3,649 6,227 13,092
218,588 57,160 53.587 22,261 49,914 35,666
1,026.400
518,601 448,330 46,999 18,654 4,618 7,799
56,794
583,194 1,609,594
106,649
1988
423,071 55,676 200,581 115,657
13,634 34,523 1,570
64,184 5,067 11,782 47,333 9,508 89,129 220,549
76,395 53,887 3,392 5,860 13,256
231,725 58,462 56,245 22,872 56,143 38,003
1,116.131
550,962 476,540 50,392 19,297 4.733 8,103
58.355
617.420 1,733,551
111,791
1989
449,005 58,676 220,150 119,417 13,379 37,383 1,811
73,387 6,596 11,731 55,060 10,301 99,659 238,933
80,355 57,841 3,522 6,247 12.745
246,408 60,136 59,734 23,501 62.551 40,486
1,199.859
586,055 508,969 52,399 19,972 4,715 8,551
59,958
654.564 1,854,423
116,388
1990
469,318 61,857 226,671 123,868 13,988 42,934 4,851
76,908 6,906 12,430 57,572 11,574 104,948 250,487
83,841 60,213 4,109 6,381 13,138
262,965 62,137 65,091 24,146 68,465 43,126
1,264,892
602,525 521,782 54,687 20,642 5,451 9,111
61,605
673,242 1,938,134
118.390
1991
475,779 64,216 223,749 128,490 14,692 44,632 6,372
84,963 9,400 13,300 62,263 13.770 110,615 260,145
87,919 62,195 5,124 6.817 13,473
275,390 64,464 66,699 24,810 73,488 45,929
1.314,678
616,171 532,218 57,080 21,244 5,629 9,908
63,297
689,376 2,004,054
119,144
1992
485,779 65,297 227.585 130,890 15,624 46,383 6,817
90,850 9,841 13,327 67,982 14,299 115,155 270,572
89,557 63,764 4.459 7,074 14,260
288,055 67,173 67,599 25,491 78,885 48,907
1,361,137
631,540 545,524 58,332 21.834 5,850 10,975
65,036
707,551 2,068,688
119,698
Source: Background to the Budget 1993 -1994, Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning. Uganda
