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Canadian Builder, 15, 3, pp. 49-53, 1965-03
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New residential standards now cover both houses and apartments
Hansen, A. T.
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Ser
TH]-N2lt2
no. l-98
c . 2
BI,DG
NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL
CANADA
DIVISION OF BUILDING RESEARCH
NEW
RESIDENTIAT
STANDARDS
NOW
COVER
BOTH
HOUSES
AND
APARTTUIENTS
by
A. T. HANSEN
REPRINTED FROM
CANADIAN BUILDER, VOL. XV, NO.
MARCH 1965. P. 49.
TECHNICAL PAPER NO. 198
OF THE
DIVISION OF BUILDING RESEARCH
A N A t Y Z f i O
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NRC 8423
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H ] U V i l s f U g N l 0 ' l l n gPRICE 10 CENTS
OTTAWA, MARCH 1965
31,4673
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New Residential
Standards
now cover
both houses and apartments
With the publication of the Residen-tial Standards, the requirements for both houses and apartment buildings are, for the first time, combined into one book. These requirements form a supplement to the National Building Code and at the same time serve as minimum require-ments for houses and apartment build-ings built under the National Housing Act. They replace Housing Standards as Supplement No. 5 to the National Build-ing Code and supersede Apartment Stand-ards published by the National Research Council.
As in previous Housing Standards, the requirements in the Residential Stand-ards are printed in dark type where they apply to Building Code type regulations and in light type where the requirements are not of the type normally enforced by municipal officials.
Part 9 - "Housing" - of the National Building Code is again reproduced with these standards as was the case with Housing Standards. This Part has been considerably shortened, however, and is, in effect a performance code with all the necessary supplementary informa-tion contained in the Residential
Stand-ards. Since the Standards contain all the detailed technical requirements, they may be used independently of Part 9 if so desired.
The Residential Standards are subdi-vided into 37 sections in somewhat the same format as the Apartment Standards and use a simplified numbering system. To acquaint the users with the details of these new Standards, the following
review has been prepared. It lists the origin of the requirements, and attempts to spotlight the significant changes made in each section. The references in brackets relate to the paragraphs in the Residential Standards in which the changes appear.
Section l-"General Performancett Based on requirements in Housing Standards. A new definition for apart-ment buildings has been included which defines apartment buildings as contain-ing three or more dwellcontain-ing units with shared entrances and other essential fa-cilities and services, and with shared exit facilities above the first story. This would exclude such structures as back to back row housing with a common ground floor corridor or semidetached duplexes with common foyers which would be classified as houses.
In Table 1A, design floor loads have been incltrded for apartment buildings and garages based on requirements in
By A. T. HANSEN, Research Officer, Housing Section, D i v i s i o n o f B u i l d -i n g Research, NRC. Ottawa.
the National Building Code. The de-sign floor load for garage floors has been reduced to 50 psf which is in agreement with the revised loading that will appear in the 1965 National Build-ing Code.
Design roof snow loads for apartment buildings, three stories or less in height, are the same as for houses, so that these buildings can use the same roof joist and rafter span tables. Larger buildings must conform to the design load require-ments in Section 4.1 of the National Building Code.
Section 2-"Building Planningl'
Areas and heights of rooms and spaces within dwelling units are generally those in Housing Standards.
Kitchen areas in bachelor dwelling units may be reduced to 40 sq ft (2FIll). In addition, such kitchen areas are permitted to have only 5 ft of counter top and 16 sq ft of shelf area. Twelve sq ft of this shelf area must be at least 1l in. in depth with at least 9Vz in. clearance above the shelves (2F[6]).
Where a living area is combined with a kitchen, dining and bedroom area, the living area may be reduced to 120 sq ft (2D).
Requirements for public and janitors' toilet rooms and storage requirements for apartment buildings are the same as in Apartment Standards.
Section 3-(Exits and Means of Egress" Requirements affecting house exits are the same as in the Housing Standards. Requirements affecting apartment build-ings, however, are based on Part 3 of the National Building Code and have some important differences from Apartment Standards. It is recommended that this section be carefully studied by those concerned with apartment buildings.
The minimum width of public hall-way or the aggregate width of exit stairs must be at least 22 in. per fifteen bed-rooms or bedroom spaces on any floor area. but not less than 44 in. in the case
of public hallways and 36 in. for exit stairs (3G[3]). For example, if a floor area contains 45 bedrooms, the public hallway serving them would have to be at least 66 in. wide but each of the two exit stairs from the corridor could be 36 in. which would provide an aggregate width in excess of the required 66 in. Requirements for doorways in exits are treated in a separate section and will be discussed later.
The distance from a dwelling unit en-trance door to an exit from a floor area may now be 100 ft (3E[3]). A 20-ft dead end corridor is permitted provided there is not more than one entrance door serving a dwelling unit between the exit door and the end of the corridor (3Et2l).
Entrance doors to apartment units can now open into an exit stairway in build-ings up to three stories in height pro-vided the units have a second door to a separate stairway or corridor leading to a second exit (3D[2]).
Section 4-"Fire Protection"
Requirements for houses are essenti-ally the same as in Housing Standards. The requirements for apartment build-ings are generally based on requirements in Part 3 of the National Building Code, except for laundry and refuse chlrtes and incinerators which are based on the Apartment Standards. Those concerned with apartment buildings should care-fully examine this section.
Exterior walls of apartment buildings, three stories in height, must be of non-combustible construction or plank frame construction. In buildings, more than three stories high, the entire building must be of non-combustible construction (Table 4A). When non-combustible con-struction is required, however, certain combustible elements are permitted. These include nonloadbearing partitions within dwelling units, insulation, furring, finish flooring, interior wall and ceiling finishes and millwork (4C).
Requirements for the fire separation of attached or built-in garages for apart-ment buildings are from Apartapart-ment Standards (4Ftl4D.
A s/c-hr fire separation is now per-mitted between dwelfing units in houses (4Ht4D. Party walls, however, must still have a 1-hr fire separation (4KtlD.
The limiting distance of apartment buildings frorn the lot line is controlled by the percentage of window and door openings in the wall being considered.
A table showing the maximum percent-age of openings is provided for various wall areas for different distances from the lot line Cfable 4C).
Exterior walls of apartment buildings less than E ft from the lot line must have non-combustible exterior covering (4J-[6]); walls 4 ft or less from the lot line must be of non-combustible construction in addition to having a non-combustible covering (4Jt5D.
When walls are 3 ft or less from the lot line, the roof coverings of apartment buildings must meet the Underwriters' Laboratories requirement for a Class B roof (4J[9]).
Manually-operated fire-alarm systems are now required for all apartment buildings, four sto,ries or more in height, or where the building contains eight or more bedroom spaces above ground level. In addition. smoke detectors are to be provided in all exhaust systems serving sleeping areas (4 O[1] and [2]).
The flame-spread rating of wall and ceiling finishes in apartment buildings must not be greater than 150 (4PI1l). This would, in effect, prohibit the use of untreated fibreboard finishes in such locations. Additional restrictions are placed on the wall and ceiling finishes in exits and means of egress (4P[2] and
t3D.
Section S-"Sound Control"
Requirements are the same as in Apartment Standards and Housing Stand-ards except that the ASTM Sound Trans-mission Class ratings are used instead of the average sound transmission loss. This does not change any of the con-structions formerly listed as being ac-ceptable (these are now listed in Ap-pendix A).
Section 6-"Excavationd'
This is based on Housing Standards and has no significant changes.
Section f-"f,sn3L1arr
Based on Housing Standards. No sig-nificant changes except that heated con-crete must not exceed 80"F (7D). Section E-"Footings and Foundations"
Based on requirements in Housing Standards. When foundations support solid masonry walls, the first floor sys-tem is considered as providing adequate lateral support at the top of foundation walls (Note 4 to Table 8A). The foun-dations of buildings more than 3 stories in height must be designed in accordance with the requirements of Part 4 of the National Building Code.
Section !-'.C9lga1a5"
Based on requirements in Housing Standards except that the minimum size of circular concrete columns (9 in.) has been added. Where floors are not
lieht-Gomments invited
The foreword to the Residential Standards explains that because this is the first edition of the consolidated document, an early revised edition will probably be necessary. TentativelY, this is planned for publication on Jan-uary 1, 1966 after the pres-ent documpres-ent will have been in use a year. With this in view, comments upon the Residential Standards will be cordially wel-comed by the Associate Commit-tee on the National Building Code, together with notification of omissions and suggestions for its improvement. It will be help-ful if these could be submitted no later than September l, 1965. All comments should be submit-ted in writing to:
The Secretary,
Associate Committee on the National Building Code, National Research Council, Ottawa.
Comments received on the Housing Standards were greatly appreciated and proved to be most helpful in steadily improv-ing their usefulness.
weight construction or where the build-ing is over three stories in height, the columns must be designed in accordance with Part 4 of the National Building Code.
Section l0-"Slabs on Ground"
Based on requirements in the Housing Standards. No significant changes. Section ll-"Crawl Spaces"
Based on requirements in the Housing Standards. No significant changes. Section 12-'T[aterproofing and Damp-proof,ing"
Based on requirements in Housing Standards. No significant changes. Section tJ-"fh4inagg"
Based on requirements in Housing Standards. No significant changes. Section 14 - "Masonry and Masonry Veneer Walls above Foundation Walls'
Based primarily on requirements in Housing Standards. For buildings higher than three stories, the requirements in Section 4.4 of. the National Buildins Code apply.
been established for cavity walls more than 25 ft high (l4Fl2l), in conformity with the National Building Code. Mor-tar mixes for concrete brick and sand lime are limited to the weaker mixes (Table 14A) and additional mortar mixes have been added which include the use of lime mortar. Soaking of quick lime has been reduced to 24 hr to conform to CSA A82.42 (14Ct3l). Requirements for glass block (14I[6]), and chases and recesses (14G) have been added based on requirements in the National Building Code except that the wall thickness re-maining in the chase or recess is per-mitted to be 6 in. Requirements for masonry veneer thinner than 37e-in. thick (1aF[5] and 14I[5]) are based on requirements in Part 4 of the National Building Code with supplementary in-formation from Apartment Standards.
Requirements have been added for the bonding and tying of intersection mas-onry or wood frame walls to masmas-onry walls when such lateral support is re-quired. The Standards require that where intersecting walls are required to provide lateral support, intersecting masonry walls shall be bonded by embedding 507a of the abutting units into the supported wall or tied with /+-in. by l/+-in. steel ties spaced 4 ft o.c. vertically. In the case of a wood supporting wall, 3/16-in.-diameter steel rods spaced 3 ft o.c., ver-tically extending across three stud spaces, are required. These requirements are bas-ed on Part 4 of the National Building Code except that 3/16-in.-diameter steel rods are permitted with wood frame walls (14Kt3D.
Anchorage of cornices, belt courses, and sills have been added (14K[5]), based on requirements in Section 4.4 of the National Building Code which are the same as in Apartment Standards. Section l5-"Chimneys and Flue Pipes"
Based on requirements in Housing Standards. Chimneys less than 40 ft high with less than 126 sq in. of flue area do not have to have the space be-tween liner and brick filled with mortar (15D[4D. Requirements for chimneys in buildings more than 3 stories in height must conform to requirements in Part 5 of the National Building Code.
Section 16-'Tireplaces"
Based on requirements in Housing Standards. No significant changes. Section l7-'Vood Frame Consfuuction'
Based on requirements in Housing Standards. Beams or joists framing into masonry or concrete walls at or below grade need not be treated with preserva-tives if a gap of Vz in. is left at the sides and end of the beam (178[2]). No. 4 white and red pine roof sheathing is now permitted if the pine is graded in ac-cordance with the CLA grading rules as thickness of 14 in. has
amended 22 September 1964 Cfable
r7A).
Lumber roof trusses are now to be tested in accordance with Technical Note No. 423 published by the Division of Building Research (17Nll4l).
Lumber roof sheathing on supports 16 in. o.c. and lumber wall sheathing is now required to be ll/16 in. thick (l7P[5] and Table l7F).
Section lE - "Post. Beam and Plank Construction"
Based on requirements in Housing Standards. Glue-laminated beams and posts must now be identified by a grade stamp of a certified manufacturer of glueJaminated wood ( 18B[2]).
Section l9-"Plank Frame Wall Con-structiontt
Based on Housing Standards. No sig-nificant changes.
Section 20 - 'oThermal Insulation and Vapour Barriers"
Generally based on requirements in Housing Standards. Reflective surfaces of insulating materials are not to be considered in calculating the thermal re-sistances in areas where the mean an-nual total degree days exceed 8000 (204I1D. A new Table of Maximum "U" values for walls, floors, roofs and ceilings for various costs of fuels, includ-ing electricity, has been prepared for houses (Table 20A). In areas of cheap fuel (e.g., gas costing less than 0.08 cents per cu ft) the requirements are re-laxed. In areas where gas costs more than 0.08 cents per cu ft or where oil costs more than 73Vz cents per gallon, the requirements are generally up-graded. Even in the coldest areas, however, a wood-frame wall with 2 in. of mineral wool insulation or a ceiling with 3 in. would satisfy the new requirements. In the case of electrical heating, however, the "U" values are considerably up-graded.
A typical wood-frame wall. for ex-ample, in an area where the mean an-nual degree days are from 8,000 to 11,-000, would require about 3 in. of min-eral wool insulation while the ceiling would require between 4 to 5 in. It should be pointed out, however. that in-sulation requirements for apartment buildings are unchanged and a maxi-mum "U" value of 0.15 is permitted in all cases (20Dt2l).
The edges of slabs on ground within 12 in. of grade must be insulated with insulation providing a "U" value of not greater than 0.20 (20Dt3D. Such insula-tion must extend at least 12 in. below grade (20E[7]). Insulation of founda-tion walls enclosing habitable space or a crawl space used as a warm air plenum must also extend at least 12 in. below grade (20E[5D.
Section 2l-"Roofing"
Based on Housing Standards. Underlay is no longer required beneath low slope asphalt shingles. An additional Clause (2lll4l) has been added from Apart-ment Standards describing the applica-tion of built-up roofing and also a new clause (2lL) describing metal roofing.
When roof drains are provided they must be designed in accordance with Part 7 of the National Building Code ( 2 l M t 3 l ) .
Section 22-'.. lilling"
Based on Housing Standards. Lumber grades for wood siding have been re-vised (22G[1]) to refer to current grad-ing rules. Aluminum sidgrad-ing without a backer board must be at least 0.025 in. thick (22Ll2l). Steel siding must be made from at least 30-gauge galvanized steel sheet (22M).
Section 23-"lSfucco'
Based on Housing Standards. Dif-ferentiation has been made between ver-tical and horizontal application of stucco (Table 23B). Nails for horizontal ap-plication must be at least lVz in. long (23C). An additional stucco mix has been added using masonry cement (Table 23C). Requirements for moist curing stucco have been
deleted-Section 24-"Interior Wall and Ceiting Finish"
Based on Housing Standards. Nailing requirements for gypsum lath have been revised to conform with CSA A82. 30
res3 (24Dl4l).
Additional requirements have been added for the application of gypsum board finish with screws (24I[7]). Screws must penetrate at least 7a in. into the framing and be spaced not more than 12 in. o.c. along supports except that 16-in. spacings are permitted on walls with studs spaced not more than 16 in. o.c.
Section 25-'T'looring"
Based on Housing Standards. Spaces between sleepers supporting finish floor-ing over a concrete slab on ground need not be ventilated.
Section 26-'(Windows"
Based on Housing Standards with a few requirements regarding windows fac-ing courts (26D), and windows facfac-ing buifdings on the same property (26E) included from Apartment Standards.
This paper is a contribution from the Division of Building Research, National Research Council, and is published with the approval of the Director of the Division.
Factory-sealed double glazing with fused glass edges may be 5OVo larger (in terms of united inches) tban single glazed units (Note 2 to Table 268).
Casement windows are no longer re-quired to open outward.
Section 2]_..DoorsD
Requirements for doors within dwell-ing units in apartments or houses are based on Housing Standards. Require-ments for door sizes in public spaces or service areas are based on Apartment Standards. Doors located in exits or means of egress or in walls required to provide fire resistance are based on Part 3 of the National Building Code.
The thickness of entrance doors to apartment buildings has been reduced from 2/+ in. to l3/q in. (27E[3]). En-trance doors to apartment dwelling units are now permitted to have 20 minutes fire resistance (or be at least l3/+ in. solid wood core) (27Flll).
Doors in exits must be arranged so that when open they will not encroach on the required exit width more than 2 in. per each 22 in. of. required exit width (27Gt8D. The minimum clear width of opening for any swing type door is 30 in. and the maximum width - 48 in. ( 2 8 G l l 0 D .
Sliding glass doors with aluminum frames must now conform to CGSB Specification 82-GP-1 (z7Elll).
Section 2E - "Stairs, Handrails and Guardstt
Requirements for stairs within dwell-ing units for both houses and apartment buildings are based on Housing Stand-ards. Requirements for service stairs are based on Apartment Standards. Require-ments for exit stairs and ramps are based on Part 3 of the National Building Code. Balcony railings must be at least 3 ft 6 in. high and must contain no openings in or beneath the railings greater than 4 in. (28G[5]). Treads and landings in exits must have non-skid finish or have non-skid strips (28H[8]). Nosings are not required on stairs if the treads have at least a 10-in. run (28C[4]).
Section 29-'?ainting'
Requirements are based on Housing Standards and contain no significant changes.
Section 30-'Plumbingo
Based on requirements in Housing Standards. Where an individual well de-livers less than 4 g.p.m. over a l-hr period, 200-gallon cold water storage must be provided per dwelling unit
(30B-t 2 1 ) .
A new table has been prepared for electric service water heaters for indi-vidual dwelling units regarding storage
tank size and wattage of heating ele-ments (Table 30A).
In addition, a new table of recovery and storage capacities for service water heaters serving more than one dwelling unit has been prepared (Table 30D). This table represents a considerable re-laxation of former requirements in the Apartment Standards and should be carefully studied.
Section 31-"Ventilation"
Requirements for ventilation within dwelling units in houses or apartments are based on Housing Standards. Re-quirements for ventilation of public rooms or spaces within apartment build-ings and for air wells are based on re-quirements from Apartment Standards. Several additional clauses have been added from Part 6 of the National Building Code. These provide: regulations to prevent exhaust air from rooms con-taining water closets, urinals, showers, slop sinks or kitchens in apartment buildings from contaminating other dwelling units in the event the fan stops operating (31D[3]); drainage and inspec-tion of underground ducts (31D[11]); and dampers and fire doors for ducts with a capacity of more than 4,000 c.f.m. ( 3 1 D t 1 2 1 ) .
Section 32-"Heating,'
Generally based on requirements in Housing Standards. Various reference manuals are listed as meeting the re-quirements for accepted good practice.
The following additional requirements are provided to cover areas which were not formerly directly controlled by the Housing Standards. When warm air heating is used, at least one outlet must be provided in each room or space in habitable areas, Iocated so as to bathe the exterior wall with warm air where this is practicable (32C[1]). At least one outlet per 400 sq ft of unfinished base-ment or heated crawl space must be provided (32CI2l). At least four supply ducts at least 6 ft long must be provided in crawl spaces used as warm air ple-nums (32C[3]). A supply outlet must be provided near the main entrance of a house and at any secondary entrance where the entrance is not heated by warm air from the basement (3ZCt4l). The capacity of each outlet must not ex-ceed 10,000 Btu/hr (32ct5l) and the temperature at the outlet must not ex-ceed 160'F, except for pipeless and floor furnaces (32cl7l).
Except when located in areas with outdoor design temperatures of 20oF or morc (2VzVo basis) heating ducts for slabs on ground must be installed in
the slab if the slab is less than 3 ft below grade (32C[8]). Supply outlets on ple-nums or extended pleple-nums or in habit-able areas must be fitted with diffusers with adjustable openings. All branch supply ducts must have adjustable damp-srs (32D[3]). Return air inlets in habit-able areas must be fitted with a grill (32Dt5l).
Supply and return ducts in exterior walls must be insulated on the three cold sides with at least t/z in. mineral wool (32E[1]), and in unheated attic or crawl spaces these ducts should be in-sulated with at least 2 in. mineral wool insulation (32Bl2l).
Vertical return air ducts must have inlet openings on not more than one floor (32F[5]) and each return duct must serve an area with a heat loss not ex-ceeding 60,000 Btu/hr (32F[1 1]). Pro-vision must be made for the return ol air from all rooms (such as gaps be-neath doors) (32Ftl2l). Return air ve-locity must not exceed 350 ftlmin 32F-t I 3l).
A new table of metal thickness for ducts has been provided (Table 32A). Section 33-"Electrical"
Based on requirements in the Hous-ing Standards for lightHous-ing and service outlets within dwelling units. Lighting of public areas and garages for apart-ment buildings is based on requireapart-ments in Apartment Standards. Public halls or stairs in apartment buildings must have at least one receptacle per 35-ft length (33Dt8l). Requirements for exit light-ing, including emergency lightlight-ing, are based on requirements of Part 3 of the National Building Code (33E).
Section 34-"Elevatonst'
Based on requirements in the Apart-ment Standards. The maximum time in-terval for a single elevator installation has been increased to 150 sec (34Dt1l). Section 35-"Walkways, Driveways and Parking Areas"
Requirements are based on Housing Standards with several additional require-ments for walkways, driveways and park-ing areas from the Apartment Standards where these are appropriate.
At least one parking area is now re-quired per dwelling unit in apartment buildings (35A[2D. Parking areas have to be at least 20 ft by 8 ft (35A[3D. Driveways for apartment buildings may now be 8 ft wide for one-way driveways or if the apartment does not contain more than four dwelling units. Two-way driveTwo-ways must be at least 18 ft wide (358[3]). Portland cement concrete
driveways must be made from at least 3,000 p.s.i concrete (35Bll0D.
When steps occur in walkways, there must be at least two risers at any loca-tion. Risers must be 4 in. to 7 in. high with a minimum run of 12 in. The product of the run and rise must not exceed 84. Handrails must be provided on all open sides when there are more
than three risers (35C[5]). Section 36-"Site Improvement"
Based on Housing Standards. A new clause (364[5]) has been added limiting the grade within 10 ft of the house (or to the lot line) to not less than 3 in. and not more than 7 in. in 10 ft except where the ground is covered by existing trees, shrubs or rock outcropping. The minimum thickness of sod has been re-duced to 3/+ in (36D13D.
Section 37-"Garages and Carports" Based on Housing Standards. On mul-tiple car garages the space allowance for additional cars has been reduced from 8 ft 6 in. to 8 ft (37B[2]). Appendix [-"fi1s and Sound Resist-ance"
Based on the constructions listed in Housing Standards but with some addi-tional information provided. Construc-tions are rated as being Type I (Sound Transmission class rating of 50 or more), Type II (Sound Transmission class rat-ing of 45 to 50), and Type III (Sound Transmission class rating of less than 45 which is not acceptable). Information on impact noise transmission of floor-ceil-ing combinations is also given although no minimum requirement is provided in the Standards for impact sound resist-ance. Type I signifies good impact sound resistance, Type II signifies ac. ceptable impact sound resistance, and Type III indicates poor impact sound resistance.
Wood joists 16 in. o.c. with nominal f -in. T and G lumber or s/e-in. phenolic bonded plywood subfloor with 2-in. min-eral w_ool between joists and wilh s/s-in. fire-retardant gypsum board is listed as providing l-hr fire resistance (Appendix A-3, No. 15). Nominal l-in. T. and G lumber or s/e-in. phenolic bonded ply-wood subfloor on ply-wood joists, space 16 in. o.c., with separate ceiling joists at least I in. below the bottom of the floor joists with 2-in. insulation between floor or ceiling joists and with several different ceiling finishes, is shown to provide a sound transmission class rat-ing of 45 or over in addition to provid-ing a l-hr fire resistance (Appendix A-3, N o . 1 8 ) .
Appendix B-"Span Tables for JoiSs, Rafters and Beams'
Based on the Span Tables in Housing Standards. These have been considerably shortened by including only the more common grades of lumber (i.e., No. I or Construction, No. 2 or Standard, and No. 3 or Utility). Span tables for 20 psf design snow loads are also included. It should be noted that the table based on
the 30 psf design floor load for joists in bedrooms applies only to houses, and not to apartments.
Appendix C - "Nailing and Stapling Tables"
The Nailing Table is based on require-ments in the Housing Standards. These have been removed from the body of the Standards and listed separately for the first time. The Stapling Table is new
and provides a listing of staple sizes and spacings to provide an acceptable alter-native to nailing for various applications. Appendix p-'3Q1x{s Marking of Cana' dian Lumber"
This section is based on requirements in the Housing Standards but in addi-tion includes facsimile grade marks for glue-laminated timber.
