Canadian J o u r n a l o f C o u n s e l l i n g / R e v u e canadienne de c o u n s e l i n g / 1 9 9 7 , V o l . 31:1 3
Introduction: Innovations in School Counselling /
Innovations dans le domaine du counseling en éducation
William E. Schulz
University of Manitoba
Frequently, d u r i n g my eight years as the M a n i t o b a D i r e c t o r o f the Cana-dian G u i d a n c e a n d C o u n s e l l i n g Association, I urged both the B o a r d o f Directors and the Editors o f the Canadian Journal of Counselling to place greater emphasis o n school c o u n s e l l i n g i n o u r Journal. W h e n o u r Editor, M a x U h l e m a n n , asked me to be the Guest E d i t o r for a special issue o n school counselling, I l o o k e d forward to seeing manuscripts d e a l i n g with this important segment o f counselling.
T h e people who submitted manuscripts d i d not disappoint me, and it was a difficult choice to l i m i t this edition to the seven articles i n this Journal. I believe this special edition will provide the reader with a wide variety o f conceptual, research, and practitioner issues o n school counselling.
J o h n S c h m i d t is well k n o w n to school counsellors a n d i n his article o n Invitational C o u n s e l l i n g he discussed the five " P " factors i n invitational counselling: people, places, policies, programs, a n d processes. These factors, c o u p l e d with four essential elements o f school counsellors, opti-mism, respect, trust, a n d intentionality were then a p p l i e d to school settings.
T h e next three articles deal with the concerns o f youth that school counsellors face o n a daily basis. K e n n e t h Rice a n d N a n c y Leffert dis-cussed the implications for school counsellors o f depression a m o n g y o u n g people. T h e y suggest ways i n w h i c h depression can be dealt with i n terms o f prevention, counselling, and referral. B r e n d a Freeman, i n a carefully designed research study, e x a m i n e d achievement motivation with troubled youth. O f particular note was the finding o f the importance of peer acceptance a n d affiliation i n p r o d u c i n g increased achievement. Sandra C o l l i n s a n d M a u r e e n A n g e n e x p l o r e d adolescents' self-perceived needs a n d f o u n d that c o u n s e l l i n g services, interpersonal relationships and services related to sexuality were of far greater importance to adoles-cence than educational a n d career needs.
C o n c e p t - m a p p i n g was chosen as a needs assessment tool by Barbara Paulson and M a r k Edwards. As these authors p o i n t e d out, concept-m a p p i n g allows for the "clustering o f qualitative data into u n d e r l y i n g themes" based o n actual reports o f participants rather than researchers. In this research study they reported o n parent expectations o f elemen-tary school counsellors.
4 W i l l i a m E . Schulz
In the last article i n this issue o n school counselling, C h r i s t o p h e r Bagley, Floyd B o l i t h o , a n d L o m e B e r t r a n d discussed uses for self-esteem measures i n school counselling, particularly with the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale.
T h e content o f this Special Issue will continue to the first article i n the next issue of the Journal, A p r i l , 1997. J o o h n Littrell's name will be familiar to many who have read the literature o n B r i e f C o u n s e l l i n g . In a very creative way, J o h n L i t t r e l l , K u r t Zinck, Diane Nesselhuf, a n d Charles Yorke e x a m i n e d the five h u m a n needs, as described by W i l l i a m Classer. They do this by p r o v i d i n g a well-known representative for each need: A l b e r t E i n s t e i n for survival; M o h a m d a s G a n d h i for love; Lawrence o f A r a b i a for power^Bob Dylan for freedom; a n d L a u r e l a n d H a r d y for fun. They then discuss meeting these needs i n B r i e f C o u n s e l l i n g .
I h o p e that these seven articles will be professionally thought-provoking, a n d that school counsellors, counsellor educators, a n d other readers will find worthwhile substance i n these articles to help them i n their professional a n d personal lives.
Souvent, au cours des huit a n n é e s pendant lesquelles j ' é t a i s D i r e c t e u r au M a n i t o b a de l'Association canadienne d'orientation et de counseling, j ' a i d e m a n d é au C o n s e i l d'administration et aux R é d a c t e u r s de l a Revue
canadienne de counseling de mettre plus d'accent sur le c o u n s e l i n g en
é d u c a t i o n . Q u a n d notre R é d a c t e u r en chef, M a x U h l e m a n n , m ' a invité à ê t r e R é d a c t e u r invité d ' u n n u m é r o spécial c o n s a c r é au c o u n s e l i n g en é d u c a t i o n , j ' a i attendu vivement les manuscrits traitant ce d o m a i n e important d u counseling.
Les auteurs q u i ont soumis des manuscrits ne m ' o n t pas d é ç u et c ' é t a i t u n c h o i x difficile de l i m i t e r ce n u m é r o aux sept articles q u i y paraissent. A m o n avis, ce n u m é r o s pé c ia l offre au lecteur une grande v a r i é t é de questions conceptuelles, de recherche et de pratique portant sur le c o u n s e l i n g en é d u c a t i o n .
J o h n S c h m i d t est b i e n c o n n u p a r m i les conseillers d'orientation et dans son article sur le C o n s e i l invitationnel, i l discute des c i n q facteurs "P" en conseil invitationnel: les personnes, les places, les politiques, les programmes et les processus. Il applique ensuite aux é c o l e s ces facteurs, joints aux quatre é l é m e n t s essentiels des conseillers d'orientation,
c'est-à-dire, l'optimisme, le respect, l a confiance et l ' i n t e n t i o n n a l i t é .
Les trois prochains articles traitent les questions se rapportant aux jeunes auxquelles doivent faire face tous les j o u r s les conseillers. K e n n e t h
Rice et N a n c y Leffert discutent des implications p o u r les conseillers d'orientation de l a d é p r e s s i o n chez les jeunes. Ils proposent certaines f a ç o n s d'aborder l a d é p r e s s i o n en ce q u i a trait à l a p r é v e n t i o n , au c o u n s e l i n g et à l ' e n v o i . B r e n d a F r e e m a n a c o n ç u soigneusement u n
Introduction 5
travail de recherche q u i é t u d i e la motivation de succès. Sandra C o l l i n s et M a u r e e n A n g e n explorent les besoins des adolescents tels qu'ils les p e r ç o i v e n t e u x - m ê m e s , et elles trouvent que les services de counseling, les relations interpersonnelles et les services liés à l a s e x u a l i t é sont beaucoup plus importants p o u r les adolescents que les besoins r a t t a c h é s à leur é d u c a t i o n o u à leur c a r r i è r e .
Barbara Paulson et M a r k Edwards ont choisi c o m m e m é t h o d e d'éval-uation le r é s e a u cognitif des concepts. C o m m e ils indiquent, le r é s e a u cognitif des concepts permet de "grouper des d o n n é e s qualitatives selon les t h è m e s sous-jacents," en se fondant sur les rapports véritables des participants p l u t ô t que des chercheurs. Dans cette é t u d e , les auteurs signalent les attentes q u ' o n t les parents des conseillers d'orientation au niveau é l é m e n t a i r e .
Dans le dernier article de ce n u m é r o portant sur le c o u n s e l i n g en é d u c a t i o n , C h r i s t o p h e r Bagley, F l o y d B o l i t h o et L o r n e B e r t r a n d é t u d i e n t diverses utilisations en orientation des mesures de respect de soi, en particulier de l ' É c h e l l e de respect de soi de Rosenberg.
L e c o n t e n u de ce N u m é r o spécial se poursuivra j u s q ' a u p r e m i e r article d u p r o c h a i n n u m é r o de l a Revue, en avril 1997. C e u x q u i ont l u l a b i b l i o g r a p h i e de l a t h é r a p i e b r è v e c o n n a î t r o n t le n o m de J o h n L i t t r e l l . Avec beaucoup d ' i m a g i n a t i o n , J o h n Littrell, K u r t Z i n c h , Diane Nesselhuf et Charles Yorke examinent les c i n q besoins humains, tels que d é c r i t s par W i l l i a m Glasser. P o u r ce faire, ils offrent u n r e p r é s e n t a n t b i e n c o n n u correspondant à chaque besoin: A l b e r t Einstein p o u r l a survie; M o h a m d a s G a n d h i p o u r l'amour; L a u r e n c e d ' A r a b i e p o u r le pouvoir; B o b Dylan p o u r l a l i b e r t é ; et L a u r e l et H a r d y p o u r le plaisir. Les auteurs é t u d i e n t ensuite c o m m e n t satisfaire à ces besoins en se servant de l a T h é r a p i e b r è v e .
J ' e s p è r e que les sept articles cités pousseront à une r é f l e x i o n profes-sionnelle et que les conseillers d'orientation, les é d u c a t e u r s de con-seillers et d'autres lecteurs puiseront dans ces articles u n f o n d utile q u i les aidera dans leur vie professionnelle et personnelle.
About the Guest Editor
Dr. Schulz is a Professor i n the Department o f Educational Psychology. His research and teaching interests focus o n career a n d school counselling. In recent years he has been involved in career development and career counselling both i n Germany as well as Canada. Since 1992 he has worked with secondary school counsellors i n Zimbabwe, h e l p i n g them establish gui-dance and counselling programs i n their h i g h schools.
Address correspondence to: Dr. W i l l i a m Schulz, Department o f Educational Psychology, Faculty of Education, University o f Manitoba, W i n n i p e g , Manitoba R 3 T 2 N 2 .
