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Structuration et mise en forme de matériaux moléculaires poreux au sein de membranes d'alumine

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(1)Structuration et mise en forme de matériaux moléculaires poreux au sein de membranes d’alumine Marion Gualino-Tamonino. To cite this version: Marion Gualino-Tamonino. Structuration et mise en forme de matériaux moléculaires poreux au sein de membranes d’alumine. Chimie de coordination. Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2015. Français. �NNT : 2015TOU30263�. �tel-01407251�. HAL Id: tel-01407251 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01407251 Submitted on 1 Dec 2016. HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of scientific research documents, whether they are published or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers.. L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés..

(2) 5)µ4& &OWVFEFMPCUFOUJPOEV. %0$503"5%&-6/*7&34*5²%&506-064& %ÏMJWSÏQBS Université Toulouse 3 Paul Sabatier (UT3 Paul Sabatier). 1SÏTFOUÏFFUTPVUFOVFQBS Marion GUALINO-TAMONINO le lundi 21 septembre 2015. 5JUSF. . Structuration et mise en forme de matériaux moléculaires poreux au sein de membranes d'alumine. ²DPMF EPDUPSBMF et discipline ou spécialité . . ED SDM : Chimie macromoléculaire et supramoléculaire - CO044. 6OJUÏEFSFDIFSDIF Institut Carnot CIRIMAT/LCC-CNRS. %JSFDUFVSUSJDF T EFʾÒTF Laurent ARURAULT (Professeur, UPS, Toulouse) Nans ROQUES (Maître de conférences, UPS, Toulouse) Jury : Dominique LUNEAU (Professeur, UCBL, Lyon) Guillaume ROGEZ (Chargé de recherche CNRS, IPCMS, Strasbourg) Christel CAUSSERAND (Professeur, UPS, Toulouse) Anne JULBE (Directeur de recherche CNRS, IEM, Montpellier) Stéphane BRANDES (Ingénieur de recherche CNRS, ICMUB, Dijon) Jean-Pascal SUTTER (Directeur de recherche CNRS, LCC, Toulouse) Laurent ARURAULT (Professeur, UPS, Toulouse) Nans ROQUES (Maître de conférences, UPS, Toulouse). Rapporteur Rapporteur Examinateur Examinateur Membre invité Membre invité Directeur de thèse Directeur de thèse.

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