HAL Id: hal-01688180
https://hal-univ-tlse2.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01688180
Submitted on 19 Jan 2018
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Land, rain and sweat: Building a database of what we need for building a temporally dynamic and a
spatially-explicit agent-based model of Neolithic occupation in Languedoc-Roussillon, France
Mehdi Saqalli, Marie-Alexandrine Sicre, Odile Peyron, Pierre Sabatier, Nathalie Combourieu-Nebout, Laurent Dezileau, Matthieu Ghilardi, Catherine Kuzucuoglu, Maria-Angela Bassetti, Boris Vannière, et al.
To cite this version:
Mehdi Saqalli, Marie-Alexandrine Sicre, Odile Peyron, Pierre Sabatier, Nathalie Combourieu-Nebout, et al.. Land, rain and sweat: Building a database of what we need for building a temporally dynamic and a spatially-explicit agent-based model of Neolithic occupation in Languedoc-Roussillon, France.
Atelier MISTRALS ”Impacts des changements climatiques en Méditerranée”, Oct 2017, Montpellier,
France. 2017. �hal-01688180�
Objectives and challenges
Þ for such a model, we need to collect accurate data, meaning:
Þ Precise enough, exhaustive both temporally and spatially
Þ relevant, meaning having a defined impact on simulated dynamics
Land, rain and sweat: Building a database of what we need for building a temporally dynamic and a spatially-explicit agent-based model of Neolithic
occupation in Languedoc-Roussillon, France.
Mehdi Saqalli
1, Marie-Alexandrine Sicre
2, Odile Peyron
3, Pierre Sabatier
4, Nathalie Combourieu-Nebout, Laurent Dezileau
5, Matthieu Ghilardi
6, Catherine Kuzucuoglu
7, Maria-Angela Bassetti
8, Boris Vannière
9, Laurent Carozza
1, Jean-Michel Carozza
10, Laurent Lespez
11and Paleomex team
References:
Carozza, Berger, Burens-Carozza, Marcigny. 2015. Society & environment in Southern France from the 3rd millennium BC to the beginning of the 2ndmillennium BC: 2200 BC a tipping point? 2200BC-A climatic breakdown as a cause for the collapse of the old world? In Tagungen des Landesmuseum für vorgeschichte, Halle, Band 12, 333-362.
Saqalli, Baum. 2015. Pathways for scale reconciliation: Building ecological sociomodelling methodologies for a reconstitution of human past dynamics over a landscape. in: Chap. 9. Barceló J. A., Del Castillo F. (eds.) Simulating prehistoric and ancient worlds. Springer Computational Social Sciences. 233-255.
Saqalli. 2014. Simple is beautiful? Building a simple climate model for modelling archaeological issues. Ateliers de Modélisation de l'Atmosphère, CNRM, Toulouse, France
Saqalli, Salavert, Bréhard, Bendrey, Vigne, Tresset. 2014. Revisiting & modelling the woodland farming system of the early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture (LBK), 5600–4900 B.C. Vegetation History and Archaeobotany 23, 1: 37-50.
Lespez, Carozza, Berger, Kuzucuoglu, Ghilardi, Carozza, Vannière & the ArcheoMed team. 2016. Rapid climatic change and social transformations: Uncertainties, Adaptability and Resilience. In Allenvi (ed.) The Mediterranean region under climate change- A scientific Update, 10 p.
Peyron, Combourieu-Nebout, Brayshaw, Goring, Andrieu-Ponel, Desprat, ... & Kotthoff. 2017. Precipitation changes in the Mediterranean basin during the Holocene from terrestrial and marine pollen records: a model-data comparison. Climate of the Past, 13, 3, 249.
Vannière, Blarquez, Rius, Doyen, Brücher, Colombaroli, Connor, Feurdean, Hickler, Lemmen, Leys, Massa, Olofsson. 2016. 7000-year human legacy of elevation-dependent European fire regimes. Quaternary Science Reviews 132, 206–212.
Hijmans, Cameron, Parra, Jones, Jarvis. 2005. Very high resolution interpolated climate surfaces for global land areas. International Journal of Climatology 25: 1965-1978
1. GEODE-UMR 5602 CNRS Université Toulouse 2 Jean Jaurès ; 2. LOCEAN, Sorbonne universités ; 3, ISEM Montpellier; 4. Laboratoire EDYTEM - UMR CNRS 5204, Université Savoie Mont Blanc; 5. Géosciences Montpellier UMR CNRS 5243; 6. CEREGE-UMR CNRS 7330 – Université d’Aix-Marseille; 7. LGP-UMR CNRS 8591 - Université de Paris Est- Créteil et Université de Paris 1; 8. CEFREM-UMR CNRS 5110; 9. Chrono-Environnement-UMR CNRS 6249, Université de Franche-Comté, Besançon; 10. LIENSS, UMR 7266, CNRS – Université de La Rochelle; 11. LETG-Caen-UMR CNRS 6554-Université de Caen-Normandie.
Building a dynamic and spatially-explicit model is an interesting way for combining altogether:
• At the operational scale, meaning the Neolithic family level, i.e. one hectare and one season
• All the biophysical and socio-economical constraints and assets this family face
• Along the period and the site we considered, meaning the Languedoc Roussillon during the Neolithic era
Simulate the biophysical environment
❽ 3-months Seasonal Neolithic Temperature variability
(PALEOMEX data)
❿ 3-months Seasonal Neolithic rainfall variability
(PALEOMEX data Temporal variability Spatial variability
⑦ 1-km² Neolithic Europe Temperature map
(Worldclim.org)
⑨ 1-km² Neolithic Europe Rainfall map (Worldclim.org)
Reconstitute the season-level climate along the Neolithic era
① present-time Elevation at the ha scale
② present-time Hydrography at the ha scale
③ present-time Pedology at the ha scale
www.worldclim.org Hijmans, Cameron, Parra, Jones, Jarvis, 2005.
Reconstitute the 1-ha territory during the Neolithic era
http://paysages.languedoc-roussillon.developpement-durable.gouv.fr Rivertoolswww.rivix.com
“Erosion reverse engineering”
Neolithic elevation
map ❹ Neolithic watershed
reconstitution ❺
Neolithic soil map modelisation ❻
A cellular automata Each cell is charaterized by its reactivity and sensitivity regarding
the climate but also the human uses (agriculture, livestock)
1 pixel = 1 parcel of the local territory Plain
Valley Plateaus, hills
http://www.europeanpollendatabase.net/
Among all data and groups of data needed for building a socially-defined multi-agent model, few are available or not-so-hard to prepare :
• The white numbers (from ① to ⑰ ) are the data or metadata available in the PALEOMEX team or that can be constructed by one PALEOMEX member;
• The black numbers (from ❹ to ⓴ ) are the ones not available for now. Their constructions need the building of a consensual agreement of several working hypotheses on their values and organizations
A long-term project to build within the PALEOMEX research group Social functioning rules
Rules from archaeology ⑰
• Size of the house remnants
• Hamlets ‘ spatial distribution & size Rules from socio-anthropology ⓲
• Marriages, inheritances, food redistribution, manpower allocation
• Family organization (nuclear, enlarged, communitarian …)
Simon (1955); Chayanov (1966); Bocquet-Appel & Dubouloz (2003); Todd (2011)Colonization & segmentation rules
Pushing factors ⓳
• Local demography
• Intra-family rules: ultimogeniture vs.
primogeniture
Attracting factors ⓴
• Local dissemination according to amenities (soil, water, resources…)
• Presence of a long distance colonization?
Dubouloz (2008; 2012); Bocquet-Appel (2008; 2011);
Simulating the social systems and dynamics
• Seasonally-defined activities;
• Declining over time with human long-term presence
Hunting ⑮
• Focus on large game: Boars & wild ruminants(deers, aurochs)
Gathering ⑯
• Mushrooms & fruits, dry (hazelnuts…) or not (apple, wood fruits …) Rasmussen (1990); Hachem (1999, 2001); Arbogast et al. (2001);
Tresset & Vigne (2001); Thiebault (2005); Bréhard (2011); Berhe (2008)
Hunting & Gathering
Technical capital:
No evidence of kart, plough or ard Land: High land availability Land fertility: important issue Manpower: important issue
Méthologie et Résultats
Formalize the Neolithic manpower conditioned cropping system
Simulate the farming system
Cattle, sheep, goats, pigs ⑬
Livestock-keeping practices ⓮
• Collective management of herds, family use of by-products
• Ruminants pastures: meadows, forest foddering by pruning , fields refuse
• Pigs feeding: house wastes & refuses, oak acorns…
Dahl & Hjort (1976); Gregg (1988); Hachem (1995, 2011); Arbogast et al. (2001); Ebersbach
& Schade (2004); Bedault & Hachem (2008); Bréhard (2008); Tresset & Vigne (2011);
Goude (2007)
Formalize the Neolithic livestock-keeping system
A farming system based on a crop-livestock association
Mixed cereals-pulses cropping > rotation:
Nitrogen direct supply => ++ field fertility Archaeology: no infirmation (Lüning, 2000)
Sowing seasonality:
Spring sowing => crop securization Archaeology: no infirmation (Bogaard, 2004; Kreuz et al., 2005; Bakels, 2009)
Intensive Pruning More winter fodder => more livestock =>
more manure => + field fertility Archaeology: no infirmation (Kreuz, 1992; Burrel & Baudry, 1995;
Thiébaud, 2005; Liagre, 2006) Pulses => less manure needs
Nitrogen supply => + field fertility Archaeology : confirmation (Knörzer, 1971; Bakels, 1978; Kreuz, 1990, 2007; Salavert, 2011)
Cereals, legumes & flax
⑪
Farming practices
• Permanent vs. itinerant farming ⓬
• Both autumn & spring sowings
• Systematic associated crops: legumes + cereals
• Systematic livestock manure-fertilized fields
• Field expansion based on the Chayanov ratio MO/Pop.
Bakels (1978); Gregg (1988); Fechner et al. (1995); Knörzer (1997);
Kreuz et al (2005); Rösch et al. (2002); Bogaard (2004); Salavert (2010; 2011)
