• Aucun résultat trouvé

Comparing User-assisted and Automatic Query Translation

N/A
N/A
Protected

Academic year: 2022

Partager "Comparing User-assisted and Automatic Query Translation"

Copied!
13
0
0

Texte intégral

(1)

% &'( (

)*,+(-/.1032547698;:<-/*,.;+(-/*,.10>= *?.;0<@?8A)CB<D10,EF*,GH=IKJ*,LNM1@?8;O-FPRQ;*?4SEUT5B<GNGN*?EV6

65WX.AGZYN-[YND\Y]4&^VB<L5_CM\`9*,.;Pa4bMcdB<egf1D\Y]4SLCh(Y]DAM\-i4bG

jC.1-i`<4kLRGl-iYZmnB,^oOp*,L]mEF*?.;MU81cdB<EiE/4k0<4&qr*?LNsK8Op)ut?v(w9x(tyjh\_

z<{(|}9~/\€;{;K‚?ƒ]ƒR|9„†…‡ˆ,‰Š~‹|ŒRƒSiˆ?‰Ž{Ab{;ˆ

@ycdB,E/E/4k0,4B?^oWX.\^VB<L]e3*9YN-iB<.‘hY]D;M\-/4SGC’“WX.;GlY]-iY]D\YN4&^VB,L5_M\`9*?.;Pk4SMcdB,egf1D\YN4kLhY]D;M\-/4SG

jC.1-i`<4kLRGl-iYZmnB,^oOp*,L]mEF*?.;MU81cdB<EiE/4k0<4&qr*?LNsK8Op)ut?v(w9x(tyjh\_

z<”r|91€a•S}[‚?|?–k{1…\‡d€<„—ˆ(9iˆ?‰Ž{Ab{;ˆ

˜™›šRœRaž(Ÿbœ

 1B,L¡YNQ145t?v,v(tcdLNB<GNGZ¢X£¤*,.10,DA*?0,4¥¦`9*?E/D;*9YN-iB<.> 1B<L]D;eWX.<YN4kLR*,PaY]-/`,4¨§¤LR*,PRs©87Y]Q;4¨jC.1-/`,4kLRG]-[YZm&B,^

Op*?LNmE/*,.;MŽY]4b*?eª^VB\PaD;G]4SM«B,.«+(D14SL]m¬^VB,LNeyD1EF*9YN-iB<.«*?.AML]4k^VB,LNeyD1EF*9YN-iB<.UI§¨­H4kE/`,4>fA4SB,f1E/4yfK4kL]¢

^VB,LNeŠ4bM>*YNB?YR*?E1B,^K^VB<LlYZmy4k-/0,Q(Y¦Gl4b*?LRPRQ14SG¡-/.gY]Q14®4kLNeg*,.ŠM1BPkD1eg4k.(YdPkB,E/Ei4bP¯Y]-/B,.ŠD;G]-i.;0¥.10<Ei-FGlQ

+<D;4kLN-i4bGkIC2*?Ei^B?^rYNQ14ŠG]4S*,LNPRQ;4SG°­H4kLN4­°-iY]Q«DAGl4SLl¢X*,GNGl-FGlY]4SM‘+(D14SL]m¬Y]LR*?.;G]EF*9Y]-/B,.¤8K*,.;MQ;*,E[^­°-iY]Q

^VD1EiE/m *,D\Y]B<e3*9Y]-FP3+(D14kLNmYNLN*,.;GlEF*9YN-iB<.UIn 1B<L&Y]Q;43D;Gl4SLl¢X*,GNG]-/GlY]4bM«+(D14kLNmpYNLN*,.;G]E/*?Y]-/B,. PaB,.AM\-[YN-iB<.U8

f;*?L]Y]-FPa-/f;*?.(YRG­H4kLN4Šf1L]B9`-FM\4SMpYZ­dBŽYZmfK4SGB?^¨PaD14bG&*?±KB,D\Y&YNQ14geg4S*?.;-i.10‘B,^d4S*<PRQ«YNLN*,.;G]E/*?Y]-/B,.U²

*nE/-/GlYB,^¦B?YNQ14kLYN4kLNegG­°-iY]Q«Y]Q143GN*?eg4YNLN*,.;GlEF*9YN-iB<.³VfKB?YN4k.(Y]-F*?ErG]m.1B,.me3GN´a8©*,.;M«*ŽG]4k.(Y]4S.;Pa4

-i.­°Q1-FPRQ‘Y]Q;4­dB<LNMŽ­¨*,GCD;Gl4bM‘-i.p*3Y]LR*?.;G]E/*?Y]-/B,.\¢X*?f;f1L]B<f1LN-/*?Y]4PaB,.(YN4aµYSI° 1B<D1LCG]4S*,LNPRQ14SLNG¨fK4kL]¢

^VB,LNeŠ4bM>Y]Q14°B,¶3Pk-/*,E1-VcH£¤¥¦ pYN*<Gls©8?YNQ145B,Y]Q14SLr4k-/0,Q(Y¦Gl4b*?LRPRQ14SMŠ*&G]eg*,EiE/4kLdPaB,E/E/4SP¯YN-iB<.UIrh4S*,LNPRQ14SLNG

fA4SLl^VB<L]eg-/.10Y]Q14CB?¶nPa-F*?E\YR*,G]sy­H4kLN45*?±1E/4°YNB&eg*,s,4°egB,LN4C*<PkPaD;LN*?Y]4¨L]4SEi4S`9*?.;Pk4o·ZD;M\0,eg4S.<YRG­°-iY]Q

D;Gl4SLl¢X*,GNG]-/GlY]4bM>+(D14SL]m>Y]LR*?.;G]EF*9Y]-/B,.Š^VB<LrY]Q1LN4k4B?^©Y]Q;45^VB,D;LrY]B<f1-/PSGkIo=4CB<±;Gl4SL]`<4SMyY]Q;*?Y¦YNQ14C.D1eŠ¢

±A4SL¦B?^U+(D14SL]mŠ-[YN4kLR*9YN-iB<.;GG]4k4ke3GY]B`9*?LNmgGlm\GlY]4ke3*?Y]-FPk*?E/E/my­°-iY]Q3YNB,f1-FP?8Glm\GlY]4SeŽ8*?.AM3PaB,E/E/4SP¯YN-iB<.U8

*?.;M ­d4n*,L]43*,.;*?E/m¸k-/.10Ž+(D14SL]m PaB,.(YN4k.(Yy*?.;M LR*?.1s<4SM L]4kY]LN-i4S`7*,Ereg4S*,G]D1LN4SGY]BB<±\YN*,-i.^VD1L]Y]Q;4kL

-i.;G]-/0,Q(Y°-i.(Y]BŠYNQ14SG]4&`9*?LN-/*?Y]-/B,.;GH-/.‘G]4S*,LNPRQ¬±A4SQ;*7`-iB<LSI

¹ ºU»g¼¡½r¾n¿pÀ‘ÁH¼rÂa¾>»

WX.(Y]4SLN*<P¯Y]-/`,4cdLNB<GNGr£¤*,.10,DA*?0,4°WX.1^VB,LNeg*?Y]-/B,.3ð4kY]LN-i4S`7*,EijÅcH£UWZÃC´o-FG¦*,.3-[YN4kLR*9YN-i`<4°f1L]B\Pk4SGNGr-i.3­°Q;-/PRQnG]4S*,LNPRQ14SL

*?.AMÆG]mGlY]4SeÇPaB<EiEF*?±KB,LR*9YN45YNByÈ;.AM¬M\B\PkD1eg4k.(YNGHYNQ;*9Y5GN*9Y]-FGl^Vmn*?.Æ-/.\^VB<L]e3*9YN-iB<.Æ.14S4SM›8\LN4k0(*?LRM\E/4SGNG¦B,^¤­°Q14aYNQ14kL

Y]Q;4km¬*,L]4­°LN-[Y]Y]4k.‘-/.ŽY]Q14&GN*?eg4E/*,.10,D;*,0,4*,GHYNQ14+(D14kLNm,Ir25D;eg*,.;G°*?.AM¬e3*<PRQ1-i.;4SGH±1LN-i.103PkB,egf1E/4keg4k.(YN*,L]m

GlY]LN4k.10,Y]Q;GYNB‘Y]Q1-FG&f1LNB\Pa4SGNGSInOp*,PRQ1-/.14bG&*?LN4Š4kµ1Pa4kE/E/4k.(Yy*9YLN4kfK4aYN-[YN-i`<4>YR*,G]s\GY]Q;*?Yy*?LN4g­d4SEiEG]fA4bPa-iÈ;4SMUÉ¡QD\¢

e3*?.;G±1L]-/.10pPkL]4b*9Y]-/`-[YZm*?.;M4kµ\Pk4kf\YN-iB<.;*?E¦f;*9Y]Y]4kLN. L]4bPaB<0,.1-iY]-/B,. Pk*,f;*?±1-/E/-[YN-i4bGkIŽqLNB,fK4kLNEim«PkB,D1f;Ei-/.10‘Y]Q;4SG]4

Pk*,f;*?±;-iE/-[YN-i4bG&Pk*,. LN4SG]D1EiY-/.Ê*‘Glm.14SL]0<m‘Y]Q;*?Y0,LN4S*9YNEim4kµ1Pa4k4bM1GY]Q;4n*?±1-/Ei-iYZm«B,^d4S-[YNQ14kL&QD1e3*?. B<L&eg*<PRQ1-/.14

*?E/B,.;4,I§¨Q14gM\4SG]-/0,.«B,^Y]Q;4>^VD;EiE/m«*?D1Y]B,e3*?Y]4SM«PaB,egfKB,.14S.(YNGY]B‘GlD;f1fAB<LlY&PaLNB<GNGl¢—EF*?.10<D;*?0<4Gl4b*?LRPRQ1-/.10«³V4<I0AIi8

GlY]LND;P¯YND1L]4bM +<D;4kLNmpY]LR*?.AGlEF*9YN-iB<. *,.;M LR*?.1s<4SM L]4kY]LN-i4S`7*,EF´QA*,G&±K4k4S.Ë­d4SEiE¦L]4bGl4b*?LRPRQ14SM›8¤±1D\YŠ*<PRQ1-/4k`-i.;0¬YNL]D;4

G]m(.;4kLN0,mgL]4b+(D1-iLN4SGY]Q;*?Y¨Y]Q14e3*,PRQ1-/.14*?EFGlB>f1L]B9`-FM\45YNBB,EFG¦YNQ;*9Y¨­°-/EiEU*,EiE/B9­Ì-[YRGHQ(D;eg*,.Æf;*,LlYN.14kLdY]BŠ4aµ\4SLNPk-/G]4

Y]Q;4k-/LŠG]s-iE/E/G>YNBpY]Q;4¬0<L]4b*9Y]4bGZY>fAB(G]G]-i±;Ei4ŽM\4k0<L]4S4,IÊhD;PRQÊYNB(B<E/GŠ*?LN4nYNQ14n^VB\PkD;GŠB?^5B,D;L>­HB,LNs -/.ËYNQ14pcdL]B(G]Gl¢

£¤*,.10,DA*?0,4¥`9*?E/D;*9YN-iB<.Æ 1B<L]D;eŽÍG³—cH£¤¥d r´-/.(Y]4kLR*,PaY]-/`,4CY]LR*,PRs³V-VcH£¤¥d o´aIWX.Žt?v<v1Î<8<­H4C±K4k0(*?.Ʊmg4aµ\f1E/B,LN-/.10

G]D1f1fKB,L]YH^VB<L5M\B\PaD1eg4S.<YCG]4kE/4SPaY]-/B,. ÏÐ?їI§¨Q;-/G°m<4S*,LS8B,D;L¨^VBPkD;G¨-FG°B,.‘+(D14kLNm3^VB,LNeyD;E/*?Y]-/B,.UI

cdLNB<GNGZ¢ÅE/*,.10,DA*?0,4°LN4aYNL]-/4k`9*,E©Y]4SPRQ;.1-/+(D14bG°Pk*,.¬0<4k.14SLN*,EiE/m3±A4PkE/*<G]G]-iÈ;4SMŽ*,G°+(D14SL]m(¢—Y]LR*?.;G]E/*?Y]-/B,.U8M\B\PaD;eŠ4S.(Y

Y]LR*?.AGlEF*9YN-iB<.U8°B,Ln-/.(Y]4SL]E/-i.;0,D;*,EM\4bGl-/0,.;G ÏÒ?їIÓ= 4*,M\B<f\Y]4bMÔY]Q14+(D14kLNmYNLN*,.;G]E/*?Y]-/B,.ÌM\4SG]-/0,.̱K4SPk*,D;G]4pY]Q;4

+(D14kLNmYNLN*,.;GlEF*9YN-iB<.GlYN*,0,4gf1LNB9`-/M\4bG&*?.Ê*,M;M\-[YN-iB<.;*?Er-/.(Y]4SLN*<P¯Y]-/B,.B,f;fAB<LlYND1.1-iYZm«.1B,Yf1L]4bGl4S.(Y-i.ÊM\B\PaD;eŠ4S.(Y

Y]LR*?.AGlEF*9YN-iB<.Õ±;*<Gl4bMÔGlm\GlY]4ke3GSIJD1L¬Gl4b*?LRPRQ14kLRG>È;LNGlYn^VB<L]e>D1E/*?Y]4*Ê+(D14kLNm-/.Ö¥.;0,E/-/G]QU8dY]Q14S.ÔY]Q14«G]m\GZYN4ke

(2)

B,D;LdPk*<Gl47´¡-/GHM\-FGlf;E/*7m<4SM›I¡§¨Q14G]4S*,LNPRQ14SLPk*,.34aµ1*?eg-/.145-/.;M\-/`(-FM\D;*,EKM1BPkD1eg4k.(YNGS8*?.;M3PS*?.3B,f1Y]-/B,.;*,EiE/myLN4kfK4S*?Y

Y]Q;4&f1L]B\Pk4SGNGd±mnLN4a^VB<L]e>D1EF*9Y]-/.10>Y]Q14+(D14SL]m<Ir_5EiY]Q1B<D10,Q¬Y]Q14SL]4&*,L]4B,.;Eim3YNQ1LN4k4fAB(G]G]-/±1Ei4-/.(Y]4kLR*,PaY]-/B,.¬fAB<-i.(YNG

³+(D14SL]m^VB,LNeyD1EF*9YN-iB<.U8,+(D14kLNmYNLN*,.;G]E/*?Y]-/B,.U8?*,.;MgM\B\PaD1eg4k.(Y¦G]4kE/4SPaY]-/B,.A´a8?Y]Q;4°-[YN4kLR*9Y]-/`,4°.A*9Y]D;L]4¨B?^KY]Q;4°f1L]B\Pk4SGNG

-/.<YNL]B\M\DAPa4SGCGl-/0,.1-iÈAPS*?.(YCPaB<eŠf;Ei4kµ-iYZm,I¨=4&Y]Q;4kLN4a^VB,LN4&fK4kL]^VB,LNeŠ4bMŽ4aµY]4S.;Gl-/`,4y4aµ\f1E/B,LR*9Y]B<L]mnM;*9YN*Æ*?.;*,Eim\G]-/GHYNB

D1.;M14kLRGZYR*?.;M¬Q1B9­ G]4S*,LNPRQ;4kLRG¦4SeŠf;EiB9m3YNQ14G]mGlY]4Se3GHY]Q;*?Y5­d4&f1LNB9`-/M14SM›I

JD1L°GlY]D;M\m¬­H*<G¨egB?Y]-/`9*9YN4SMޱm3Y]Q14^VB<EiE/B9­°-/.10Š+(D14bGZYN-iB<.;GS²

Î<I°=ÌQ;*9Y5GlY]LR*9Y]4S0,-/4SG¨M\B3G]4S*?LRPRQ14SLNGH*?f1f;Eim3­°Q14S.Ž^VB,LNeyD1EF*9YN-i.10>Y]Q;4k-/L°-i.1-iY]-F*?EÄ+<D;4kLNmn*?.;M¬­°Q14k.‘LN4a^VB<L]e>D\¢

E/*?Y]-/.10ÆYNQ;*9Y+(D14SL]m WX. ­°QA*9Y&­H*7m\GM\BŽY]Q14S-iL&GlY]LR*9YN4k0,-/4SGM\-©4kL^VLNB,e YNQ1B<G]4>DAGl4bM«-/. egB<.1B,E/-i.;0,D;*,E

*?f1f1E/-FPk*9YN-iB<.;G 2CB9­ M\B«-/.;M\-/`-/M1D;*?E°M\-K4SL]4S.;Pa4bGy-/.ÕG]D1±\·Z4bP¯YŠs(.;B9­°Ei4bM\0,4<8rE/*,.10,D;*,0,4nG]s-iE/E/GS8¦G]4S*,LNPRQ

4aµ\fA4SL]-/4k.APa4,81*,.;M¬B?Y]Q;4kL¨^*,PaY]B<LNG°*K4bP¯Y¨Y]Q1-FG°f1LNB\Pa4bG]G

t1I°=ÌQ;*9Yr-/.\^VB,LNe3*9Y]-/B,.ŠM\BGl4b*?LRPRQ14kLRGU.14S4SM>­°Q14k.ŠLN4a^VB,LNeyD;E/*?Y]-/.105YNQ14k-/L+(D14kLNm,8?*,.;MyQ;B9­M\BY]Q14SmB,±\YR*?-/.

Y]Q;*?Y¨-/.\^VB<L]e3*9YN-iB<.

Ò;IcH*?.yG]4S*,LNPRQ14SLNG›È;.;MyM1BPkD1eg4k.(YNG¡egB,LN4¦4K4bP¯YN-i`<4kE/m-i^A­H4¦0<-i`<4YNQ14ke“G]B,eg4dM14k0,LN4k4dB?^;PkB,.(Y]LNB,E(B9`,4SLUY]Q;4

+<D;4kLNmyYNLN*,.;GlEF*9YN-iB<.3f1LNBPk4SGNG

)B>G]4S*,LNPRQ14SLNGof;L]4k^V4kLdY]By4kµ\4kLRPa-FGl4CPkB,.(Y]LNB,E;B9`,4kL¦Y]Q14+(D14kLNmyYNLN*,.;G]E/*?Y]-/B,.

f1L]B\Pk4SGNG

=ÌQ;*?Y5L]4b*,G]B,.;G¨M\BŠY]Q;4kmÆ0<-i`<4^VB,L¨Y]Q;4k-/L°f1L]4k^V4kLN4k.;Pk4

xAI°=ÌQ;*9Y¨eg4S*,G]D1LN4SGdPk*?.¬±A4bGZY¨-/EiE/D1eg-i.A*9Y]4YNQ144K4bP¯Y¨B?^¤-/.(Y]4SLN*<P¯Y]-/`,4+(D14kLNmgL]4k^VB,LNeyD1EF*9YN-iB<.3B,.ÆLN4aYNL]-/4k`9*,E

4©4SP¯YN-i`<4k.14bG]G

§¨Q14bGl4¦+(D14bGZYN-iB<.;GU*,L]4<8SB,^;PaB,D;LNG]4,8k^*?LUYNBC±1LNB<*<MY]B5±K4d*,.;Gl­H4kLN4SMPkB,egf1E/4aY]4SEim±m*,.mG]-i.10<Ei4¦4aµ\fA4SL]-/eg4k.(YSI

 1B<LY]Q14g4kµfK4kLN-/eŠ4S.(YNGLN4kfKB,L]Y]4SM«-i.YNQ1-/GfA*?fK4kL&­H4gPRQ;B<G]4yYNBŽf;L]B9`-FM\4>B<D1L&Gl4b*?LRPRQ14kLRG­°-[YNQ YZ­HBŽ`7*,L]-F*?.(YRG

B,.Ì* G]-i.10<Ei4‘LN4aYNL]-/4k`9*?E5G]m\GZYN4ke‘8HB,.14­°-iY]QÌG]D1f1fKB,L]Y3^VB,L3-/.<YN4kLR*,PaY]-/B,.ÔM\D1LN-i.10Ê+(D14SL]mÊYNLN*,.;G]E/*?Y]-/B,.³V­°Q1-FPRQ

­H4yPk*,EiEle3*?.D;*,E (´¯8K*?.;M‘YNQ14yB,Y]Q14SLC­°-iY]Q«^VD1EiE/m*?D\YNB,e3*9YN-/Py+<D;4kLNmÆYNLN*,.;GlEF*9YN-iB<.˳V­°Q1-FPRQp­H4>PS*?E/E]*,D\Y]B <´aI

§¨Q1-FGM14SG]-i0<.p*?E/EiB9­H4SM‘D;G5Y]BÆY]4SGlY*ÆQm(fKB?YNQ14SG]-FGCM\4SL]-/`,4bMŽ^VL]B<eªB<D1L5YNQ1-/LNMp+(D14bGZYN-iB<.p*?±KB9`,4<I5= 4>L]4SEi-/4SM‘B<.

B,±AGl4SL]`9*9YN-iB<.;GS8b+(D14bGZYN-iB<.1.;*?-/LN4SGS8bG]4keg-i¢ÅGlY]LND;P¯YND1LN4SM-/.<YN4kLN`-i4S­5Gk89*?.AM4aµ\f1E/B,LR*9Y]B<L]mM1*9YR*5*?.A*?E/mG]-FG›Y]B*?D10<eg4k.(Y

Y]Q;45-i.AGl-/0,Q(Y¦0(*?-/.14SM>Y]Q;L]B<D10,QgQmfAB,Y]Q14bGl-FGoY]4bGZYN-i.;0;8<*,.;MŠY]By±A4S0,-/.ŠB<D1L4kµf;EiB<LN*?Y]-/B,.gB?^KY]Q14CB?Y]Q;4kLd+(D14bGZYN-iB<.;GSI

WX.nYNQ14&.14kµ(Y°G]4SP¯YN-iB<.U8\­H4M\4bG]PkL]-/±K4YNQ14&M\4SG]-/0,.ÆB,^ÄB<D1L°Glm\GlY]4ke‘Ih4bP¯Y]-/B,.‘ÒŠM\4SGNPaLN-i±K4SGHB<D1L¨4aµ\fA4SL]-/eg4k.(YS8

*?.AMnh4SPaY]-/B,.3x&YNQ14k.nf;L]4bGl4S.<YRGrYNQ145LN4SG]D1E[YRGrYNQ;*9YH­d45B<±\YN*,-i.;4SM›Irh4SPaY]-/B,.YNQ14k.¬PaB,.APaE/D;M\4SGY]Q14f;*?fK4kLd­°-[YNQ

*5±;L]-/4a^AM1-/GNPaD;GNG]-iB<.B?^\^VD\YND1LN4H­HB,LNs©I¤§¨Q14H*?.;*,Eim\G]-/G¡M\4SGNPaLN-/±A4bM&-i.yY]Q1-FG¡­dB<L]s-/.105.1B,Y]4bG¤f;*,fA4SLo-/GÄf1LN4kE/-ieg-/.;*?LNm©É

­H4Q;B,fK4Y]BgQ;*7`,4egB,LN4&PaB<eŠf;Ei4kY]4L]4bGlD;E[YRG¨-i.ŽY]-/eg4^VB,L¨YNQ14È;.;*,EUf1LNBPk4k4bM\-i.;0<GHB?^¡Y]Q14&­HB,LNs\GlQ;B,fUI

U¼ oÂ>»

WX.‘Y]Q;-/G5G]4SPaY]-/B,.U8A­d4M14SGNPaLN-i±K4Y]Q14yL]4bGlB<D1LNPk4SGdY]QA*9YC­H4&D;G]4SM›8;Y]Q14yM14SG]-i0<.ŽB,^¡B<D1LCPkL]B(G]Gl¢—EF*?.;0,D;*,0,4CLN4aYNL]-/4k`9*,E

G]mGlY]4Se‘81*?.;MŽB,D;L°D;Gl4SL°-i.(YN4kL]^ *,Pa4&M\4bGl-/0,.¤I

!#"%$&(')+*,"%$

=4 PRQ1B(Gl4p¥¦.10,E/-/G]QÌ*,GnY]Q14«+(D14SL]m EF*?.10<D;*?0<4‘*,.;MÖ®4kLNe3*?.Ö*<G3Y]Q;4«M\B\PaD1eg4S.<YŽE/*,.10,DA*?0,4‘±K4SPS*?D;G]4pB,D;L

fKB,f1D1EF*9YN-iB<. B,^yfAB,Y]4S.<YN-/*,EGl4b*?LRPRQ14kLRGn­¨*,G¬0,4S.14kLR*?E/E/mÔG]s-iE/E/4SMÖ-/.¥.10<Ei-FGlQ ±1D\Y.1B?Yp®4kLNe3*?.UI §¨Q14«^VD;EiE

®4kLNe3*?.M\B\PaD1eg4k.(YPaB<EiE/4SPaY]-/B,.PaB,.(YR*?-/.14SM w\Î,8-(w<wg.14S­5GGlY]B<L]-/4SGC^VLNB,e Y]Q;43h\­°-/GNGT54k­5G&_C0,4S.;Pam˳—h\)5_´

*?.AMÎbÒ18.(w/.ŽM\B\PaD;eŠ4S.(YNG^VLNB,e )4kL]¢Xh\f1-i4S0,4SE†Ig=43D;Gl4bM Y]Q14Æ®4SL]e3*?.1¢†YNB?¢X¥.10<Ei-FGlQpY]LR*?.;G]E/*?Y]-/B,.;Gf1LNB9`-/M14SM

±m«YNQ14Æ-VcH£¤¥d B,LN0<*?.;-i¸S4kLRG^VB,L>PkB,.;GlY]LND;PaY]-/B,.ÊB?^CM1BPkD1eg4k.(Y>G]D1LNL]B<0<*9YN4SGn³V^VB,LŠM\-/G]f1EF*7m -/.*LR*?.;s,4SM E/-FGZY¯´

*?.AM^VB,LyM\-FG]f1E/*7mB?^¨^VD1E/E¨M\B\PaD1eg4k.(YYNLN*,.;G]E/*?Y]-/B,.;Gn³ ­°Q14k.ËG]4kE/4SPaY]4bM^VB,Ly`-/4k­°-/.10±m«YNQ14¬G]4S*,LNPRQ;4kL¯´¯I¬§¨Q;4

Y]LR*?.AGlEF*9YN-iB<.;GH­d4SL]4&PaLN4S*?Y]4bMÆD;G]-/.10nhm\GZYNLN*,.Žq¦L]B,^V4SGNGl-/B,.;*,EKÒ;Iv;I

=4yB,±1YN*?-/.14bMp*¬®4SL]e3*?.1¢Å¥¦.10,E/-/G]Q‘±1-/Ei-/.10,DA*?EÄY]4kLNe E/-/GlYC^VLNB,eªY]Q;43cdQ14Seg.1-[YN¸>jC.1-i`<4kLRGl-iYZm‘B?^¦§Ä4SPRQ1.;B,Ei¢

B,0<mÆÏ7ÑÅ8<*?.AM>DAGl4bMŠY]Q14C®4SL]e3*?.3GlY]4SeŠeg4SLr^VL]B<e“YNQ145B,fK4k.3G]B,D1LRPa40NGl.1B9­°±A*?E/E f1LNB?·Z4bP¯Y5Ïw7їIJD1L(14Sm­dB<LNM

-/.ÕcdB,.(Y]4kµ(YƳ21=ÌW]c¨´Y]4bPRQ1.1-F+(D14nLN4S+(D1-/L]4bGf;*?LR*?E/Ei4SEC³‹YNLN*,.;G]E/*?Y]-/B,.\¢Å4S+(D1-/`9*?E/4k.(YR´®4kLNe3*?.43?¥.10<Ei-FG]Q«YN4aµYNG¢

­H4B<±\YN*,-i.;4SM¬Y]Q1B(Gl4^VLNB,eÇ ;B,LN4k-/0,.65HL]B(*,M1PS*,GlYdWX.\^VB<L]e3*9YN-iB<.‘h\4kLN`(-FPa43³† 75HWlh1´¨M1-/G]s«Î<I

(3)

=4D;G]4SM¬Y]Q14&WX.D14kLNm3Y]4kµYCL]4kY]LN-i4S`9*?EUG]mGlY]4Se ³`,4kLRG]-iB<.ŽÒ;IiÎSfUÎb´¦^VLNB,e YNQ14yjC.1-i`<4kLRGl-iYZmnB,^oOp*<G]GN*,PRQD;G]4aY]YNGS8

*?E/B,.;0°­°-[YNQ&EiB\Pk*,EiE/mC-/egf1E/4keg4k.(Y]4bM4aµY]4S.;G]-iB<.;G©Y]BGlD1f;fAB<LlY¤PkL]B(G]Gl¢—EF*?.;0,D;*,0,4¡L]4kY]LN-i4S`7*,E9±A4kYZ­d4S4k.y®4SL]e3*?.&*,.;M

¥.;0,E/-/G]QUIo= 4D;G]4SM¬q-/L]s<B,EF*1ÍGGZYNL]DAP¯Y]D;L]4bMn+(D14kLNmŠY]4SPRQ;.1-/+(D14^VB,L°+(D14SL]mŠY]LR*?.AGlEF*9YN-iB<.pÏ-?ї8­°Q1-FPRQ¬*,0,0,LN4k0(*9YN4SG

®4kLNe3*?. Y]4SL]e ^VLN4S+(D14S.;Pa-/4SG&*,.;MM\B\PaD1eg4k.(Y&^VLN4S+(D14S.;Pa-/4SG&G]4kf;*,LN*?Y]4SEim±K4a^VB<L]43PaB<egf1D\Y]-/.10ŽY]Q;43­d4S-i0<Q<Y^VB<L

4S*<PRQ¬¥¦.10,E/-/G]Q¬+(D14SL]mŠYN4kLNeŽI§¨Q;-/GdY]4S.;M1GHYNBgG]D1f1f;L]4bG]G¦Y]Q14&PkB,.(Y]LN-i±;D\Y]-/B,.ÆY]BŠY]Q14LR*?.1s-/.10>PkB,egf1D\YR*9YN-iB<.;GHB?^

Y]Q;B<G]4¥.10<Ei-FGlQ¬Y]4SL]e3G¨YNQ;*9YQ;*7`,4&*9Y5E/4S*<GZY°B<.14Y]LR*?.;G]EF*9Y]-/B,.¬Y]QA*9YC-FG5*3PaB<egeŠB<.‘®4SL]e3*,.Ž­HB,LRM³V-—I4<Ii8;Y]Q;*?Y

B\PkPkD1LNG5-i.pe3*,.(mŽM\B\PaD1eg4S.<YRGN´aI5 1B<L5Y]Q;4y*?D\YNB,e3*9YN-/PyPaB,.AM\-[YN-iB<.U8©*?E/E¤s.1B9­°.ŽY]LR*?.;G]EF*9Y]-/B,.AG°­d4SL]4&DAGl4bM›I5 1B<L

Y]Q;4°eg*,.D;*?E\PaB<.;M\-iY]-/B,.U8<B,.1E/m&YNLN*,.;GlEF*9YN-iB<.;G¡Gl4SEi4bP¯Y]4bMб(mY]Q14°G]4S*?LRPRQ14SL¡­H4kLN4HD;Gl4bM›I¡= 4°4SeŠf;EiB9m<4SMy*±;*<PRs,B

Y]LR*?.AGlEF*9YN-iB<.‘GlY]LR*9YN4k0<m3Y]B3e3*9µ\-/eg-i¸S4&Y]Q14>PaB9`,4SLN*,0,4B?^¡Y]Q14y±1-iE/-/.10,D;*,EUYN4kLNeÇE/-/GlY>Ïx?ÑÅIdWÅ^r.1B3YNLN*,.;G]E/*?Y]-/B,.Ž­H*<G

^VB,D;.;MŽ^VB,L¨YNQ14yG]D1Ll^*<Pa4^VB,LNeÇB,^*?.¥.10<Ei-FG]QÆYN4kLNeŽ8;­d4GlY]4SeŠeg4bMŽY]Q14&YN4kLNe ³D;Gl-/.10gYNQ14yqoB,L]Y]4SL°GZYN4kegeg4kL¯´

*?.AM«YNL]-/4SM *,0<*?-/.UI3WÅ^¨Y]QA*9Y&^ *?-/E/4SM›8¡­d43*,E/G]BGZYN4kegeg4SMY]Q;4n¥.10<Ei-FGlQÊG]-/M143B?^HY]Q143±1-/E/-i.10<D;*?EY]4kLNe E/-FGZYy*,.;M

Y]LN-/4SMp*gYNQ1-/LNM‘YN-ieg4<IWÅ^rYNQ;*9YGZYN-iE/E¤^*,-iE/4SMU8K­H4&YNL]4b*9Y]4bM‘Y]Q;4yD1.(Y]LR*?.AGlEF*9YN4SMŽY]4SL]e *<G5-iYNGB9­°.‘Y]LR*?.;G]E/*?Y]-/B,.-/.

Y]Q;4&Q1B,fK4Y]Q;*?Y5-[Y5eg-/0,Q(Y°±A4*Šf1LNB,fK4kL°.A*?eg4,I

 ¡-i0<D1L]4gÎ<²ojGl4SL°-i.(YN4kL]^*,Pa4<81*?D\YNB,e3*9YN-/PPkB,.;M\-iY]-/B,.¤I

$" ) " ) *," "%$

 1B<L¦B<D1L¦*?D1Y]B,e3*?Y]-FP5PaB<.;M\-iY]-/B,.U8(­d4*,M\B<f\Y]4bMŠ*,.3-i.(YN4kL]^*,Pa4M\4SG]-i0<.nGl-/eg-iEF*?LY]B&YNQ;*9YHB?^›f1LN4SG]4k.(Y¦=4k±ÆG]4S*,LNPRQ

4k.;0,-/.14SGSIoh\4S*?LRPRQ14SLNGo4S.<YN4kLN4SMg¥.;0,E/-/G]Qn+(D14kLNmYN4kLNegG-i.Æ*B<.14a¢ÅE/-i.145Y]4aµYÈA4kEFM›8<±A*,G]4SMŠB,.gYNQ14k-/L¦D1.AM\4kLRGZYR*?.;M\¢

-/.10B?^°*Ž^VD1E/EHcH£¤¥d ÌY]B<f1-FP3M\4SGNPaLN-if1Y]-/B,.Ô³‹Y]-iY]E/4,8rM\4bG]PkL]-/f\YN-iB<.U8Ä*,.;M.;*?LNLN*?Y]-/`,47´¯Ig= 4Æf1L]B9`-FM\4SM«Y]QA*9Y&Y]B<f1-FP

M\4bG]PkL]-/f\Y]-/B,.‘B<.ŽfA*?fK4kL°-/.B,LRM\4kL¨YNB34k.;PkB,D1LR*?0<4*gegB,LN4.;*9YND1LR*?E¤+(D14SL]m3^VB<L]e>D1EF*9Y]-/B,.‘f1LNB\Pa4bG]GHYNQ;*?.‘eg-i0<Q(Y

Q;*7`<4>±K4k4S. YNQ143Pk*<Gl4g-i^¨PkD\Yl¢X*?.;M\¢—f;*<GZYN4y^VLNB,e Y]Q14ŠY]B<f1-FP3M\4SGNPaLN-if1Y]-/B,.«­H4kLN43*7`9*?-/E/*,±1Ei4<Iy=ÌQ14S.Y]Q14nG]4S*,LNPRQ

±1D\Y]Y]B<.n­H*<G¦PkEi-FPRs,4bM›8<*&LR*?.;s,4SMgE/-FGZY¦B,^¤M\B\PaD1eg4S.<Y¨GlD;L]LNB,0(*9Y]4bGo­H*<GM\-FGlf;E/*7m<4SMg±K4kE/B9­ÕYNQ14+(D14SL]m>È;4SE/M›8<Y]QD;G

*?E/E/B9­°-i.10>Y]Q;4+(D14SL]mgYNB3Gl4SL]`<4*<G°PaB,.(YN4aµYH­°Q;4k.‘-i.(YN4kLNf1L]4kY]-/.10>Y]Q14LR*?.1s<4SMnE/-FGZYbI§¤4S.ŽG]D1LNL]B<0<*9YN4SGHPaB<D1E/M¬±K4

M\-FGlf;E/*7m<4SMŽGl-/eyD1EiYN*,.14kB<D;G]Eimn*<G°*gf;*?0<4,81*?.AMÆD1fŽYNBÎSvŠf;*?0<4SG³V-/.‘Y]B,YN*,ErÎSv,vŠG]D1L]LNB,0(*9YN4SGR´¦PkB,D1EFMƱK4`-/4k­H4SM

±m3PaE/-/PRs-/.10 l.;4aµY &±;D\YlYNB,.UIdJD1LHGlD;L]LNB,0(*9Y]4bGrPaB<.;Gl-FGlY]4SMnB?^›Y]Q;45È;LRGZYHx<v&­HB,LRM1Gr-/.3YNQ14§°¥ § È;4SE/MnB?^›Y]Q;4

Y]LR*?.AGlEF*9YN4SMÆM1BPkD1eg4k.(YSIr¥¦.10,E/-/G]QÆ­HB,LRM1Gd-i.¬Y]Q;4G]D1LNL]B<0<*9YN45YNQ;*9Y°GlQA*?LN4SMÆ*ŠPaB<egeŠB<.¬GlY]4Se ­°-[YNQŽ*,.(mn+(D14SL]m

Y]4SL]e ³D;G]-i.10ÆY]Q14gqoB,L]Y]4SLGlY]4SeŠeg4SLR´C­d4SL]4yQ1-i0<Q1E/-i0<Q<YN4SM«-i. L]4bM›Ih\4k4g Ä-/0,D;L]4¬Î^VB,L&*,.p-iE/E/D;GZYNLN*?Y]-/B,.pB,^Y]Q;4

*?D1Y]B,e3*?Y]-FPDAGl4SL°-i.(Y]4SLl^ *<Pa4<I

(4)

M\B\PaD;eŠ4S.(YSÍG&.D1eg4kLN-/PgLR*?.1sÕ³ZÎ,8rt\8¡Ò18dIkIkIR´¯8ÄY]Q14n^VD1EiE¦Y]4kµ(YB,^dYNQ;*9YŠM\B\PaD1eg4k.(Y­HB,D1EFM±A4¬M\-/G]f1EF*7m,4bM«-/.Ê*

G]4kf;*,LN*?Y]4­°-i.;M1B9­&8\­°-[YNQp+<D;4kLNmgY]4kLNe3G°Q1-/0,Q1E/-/0,Q(Y]4bMÆ-/.ŽY]Q14GN*?eg4e3*?.1.14SLSIoWX.‘B,LRM\4SLdYNB3f1LNB9`(-FM\4PaB<.<YN4aµYS8

­H4CLN4kfK4S*9YN4SMŠYNQ14.D1eg4SL]-FP°LR*?.1sg*?.;M3Y]Q14GlD1LNLNB,0<*?Y]45*?Y¦Y]Q;45Y]B<fnB?^›YNQ14M1BPkD1eg4k.(Yd4kµ1*?eg-i.A*9Y]-/B,.Æ­°-i.;M1B9­&I

h4S4 Ä-/0,D;L]4ty^VB,L5*,.¬-/EiE/D;GlY]LR*9YN-iB<.¬B,^o*gM\B\PaD;eŠ4S.(Y54aµ1*?eg-/.;*9YN-iB<.Æ­°-/.;M\B9­&I

=4pPaB,E/E/4SP¯YN4SMÕY]Q;L]4S4¬YZmfK4SG3B,^-/.\^VB<L]e3*9YN-iB<. *,±AB<D\YnLN4kE/4k`9*?.;Pk4Š·ZD;M\0,eg4S.<YRGkI  Ä-/LRGZYb8¨G]4S*,LNPRQ;4kLRG>PkB,D1EFM

-/.;M\-FPk*9YN4¦­°Q14kY]Q14SL¤YNQ14dM1BPkD1eg4k.(YÄ­¨*,G¤.1B?Y¡L]4SEi4S`9*?.(Yd³NT (´¯87GlB<eŠ4S­°Q;*9YÄL]4SEi4S`7*,.(Yd³Rh <´a8SB<L¤Q1-/0,Q1E/mL]4SEi4S`9*?.(Y

³N2 (´¯IU_ ^VB,D1L]Y]Q `9*?E/D14,8 ³V-/.;M\-FPk*9YN-i.;0ŽD;.9·ZD;M\0<4SM;´a8U­H*<G-i.1-iY]-F*?E/E/m«Gl4SEi4bP¯YN4SMp±m‘YNQ14nGlm\GlY]4SeŽIŠh4SPkB,.;M›8

G]4S*?LRPRQ14SLNGrPkB,D1EFMg-i.AM\-/PS*9YN4°Y]Q14S-iLHM\4k0<L]4S4°B?^UPaB<.\ÈAM\4S.;Pa4C-i.gYNQ14k-/LU·ZD;M10,eg4k.(YH*<GrE/B9­³]£ <´¯8,eŠ4bM\-/D1e ³]O <´¯8

B,LQ1-/0,QÔ³N2 (´¯8U­°-iY]Q *¬^VB,D1L]Y]Q`9*?E/D14p³ (´Ê±K4k-/.10‘-i.;-[YN-/*,EiE/m G]4kE/4SPaY]4SM ±mY]Q;4gG]m\GZYN4ke‘I 5HB?Y]QLN4kE/4k`9*?.;Pk4

·ZD;M\0<eg4k.(YNG°*,.;MÆPkB,.\ÈAM14k.;Pk4`9*?E/D14bGd­H4kLN4L]4bPaB,LRM\4bM3-i.APaLN4keg4k.(YN*,EiE/m3-/.¬*>EiB<0yÈ;E/4,I¦h\4S*?LRPRQ14SLNGdPaB,D;E/M¬L]4bPaB<LNM

LN4kE/4k`9*?.;Pk4&·ZD;M\0<eg4k.(YNG>*?.;MÊPkB,.\ÈAM14k.;Pk4n`9*?E/D14SG>-i.Ê4S-[YNQ14kL>Y]Q;4ne3*?-/.Gl4b*?LRPRQ ­°-i.;M1B9­uB<L-/.*pM\B\PaD;eŠ4S.(Y

4aµ1*,eŠ-/.;*?Y]-/B,.Ž­°-i.;M1B9­ ³V­°Q;4k.¬Y]Q;*?Y5­°-i.;M1B9­ ­¨*,G°M\-FGlf;E/*7m<4SM;´aIo ¡-/.;*?E/E/m,8\­H4LN4SPkB,LRM\4SMnY]Q14YN-ieg4bG5*9Y°­°Q1-FPRQ

M\B\PaD;eŠ4S.(YNG&­H4kLN43Gl4SEi4bP¯Y]4bMp^VB<L&4aµ1*?eg-/.;*9YN-iB<.*,.;M Y]Q14gYN-ieg4bG*9Y­°Q1-FPRQL]4SEi4S`7*,.;Pa4·ZD;M10,eg4k.(YNG&^VB,LY]Q;B<G]4

M\B\PaD;eŠ4S.(YNG°­H4kLN4L]4bPaB,LRM\4bM›Ir§¨Q1-/GC*?E/EiB9­H4SMÆD;G¨Y]B3EF*9YN4kL5PkB,egf1D\YN4Y]Q14n³†*?f1f1LNB7µ\-ie3*?Y]4b´d4kµ\*,eg-i.;*?Y]-/B,.¬Y]-/eg4

^VB,L4b*,PRQ«M\B\PkD1eg4k.(YSI ;B,L&M\B\PaD1eg4S.<YRGY]Q;*?Y­H4kLN4C·ZDAM\0,4bMp­°-iY]Q1B<D\Y4kµ1*?eg-i.A*9Y]-/B,. ³V4<I0AIi8›±;*<Gl4bMpG]B,E/4kE/mŽB<.

Y]Q;4GlD1LNLNB,0<*?Y]47´¯8­d4&*<G]G]-i0<.14SMƸk4SL]B3*,GHYNQ14&4aµ1*,eŠ-/.;*?Y]-/B,.nYN-ieg4<I

 ¡-/0,D1LN4t\²r)CB\PkD1eg4k.(Y54aµ1*?eg-/.;*9YN-iB<.¬­°-/.;M\B9­&I

 1B<L¡Y]Q14¨e3*?.D;*,E(-/.(Y]4SLl^*<Pa4,8,­d4HD;G]4SMŠ*C`9*?LN-F*?.(Y¡B,^;YNQ14°G]*,eŠ4¨-/.(Y]4kL]^*,Pk4d­°-iY]Q>YZ­HB*<M1M\-iY]-/B,.;*,E\-[YN4ke3Gk²H³ZÎ7´

Y]4SL]eТűm<¢—Y]4SL]e PkB,.(Y]LNB,EoB9`<4kLY]Q143+(D14kLNm‘Y]LR*?.AGlEF*9YN-iB<.«f1LNB\Pa4SGNGS8U*?.;M ³†t<´*‘G]D1ege3*?LNmB?^¦YNQ14gY]LR*?.AGlEF*9YN-iB<.;G

PRQ1B(Gl4S.^VB<LÆ*?E/EC+(D14kLNmËYN4kLNe3GkI = 4pDAGl4bM *YR*?±1±K4SMÔfA*?.14‘YNBË*?E/EiB9­ Y]Q14DAGl4SL3Y]BÊ4kµ\*,eg-i.14p*,E[YN4kLN.;*9YN-i`<4

®4kLNe3*?.‘YNLN*,.;GlEF*9YN-iB<.;G¨^VB<LCB,.;4>¥.;0,E/-/G]Q+<D;4kLNmÆYN4kLNe *?Y*3YN-ieg4<IC¥¦*<PRQfAB(G]G]-i±;Ei4&YNLN*,.;G]E/*?Y]-/B,.‘­H*<GCG]Q1B9­°.

B,.*nG]4kfA*?LR*9Y]4E/-i.;4y*?.;M‘*3PRQ14bPRs(¢—±KB7µnY]BgYNQ14E/4a^‹YB?^o4S*,PRQ‘E/-i.;4y*?E/EiB9­H4SMÆY]Q;4D;G]4kL°YNBÆM\4SG]4kE/4SPaY5B,L5LN4SG]4kE/4SPaY

Y]QA*9Y5YNLN*,.;GlEF*9YN-iB<.UI¦_CEiE¤Y]LR*?.;G]E/*?Y]-/B,.;G¨­H4kLN4-i.;-[YN-/*,EiE/mŽG]4kE/4SPaY]4bM›8;G]BgY]Q14e3*,.(DA*?EU*?.AM*?D\YNB,e3*9YN-/P&PkB,.;M\-iY]-/B,.AG

­HB,D1EFMƱK4&-FM\4k.(Y]-FPk*,EU-i^ÄYNQ14&D;G]4kL°4kE/4SPaY]4bMÆ.1B,Y°Y]B3M\4bGl4SEi4bP¯YC*?.m3YNLN*,.;G]E/*?Y]-/B,.;GSI

h-/.;Pa4d­d4HM\4SG]-/0,.14bM&B,D1LÄ-i.(YN4kL]^*,Pa4Y]BGlD1f;fAB<LlYoGl4b*?LRPRQ14kLRG©­°-[YNQy.1Bs.1B9­°Ei4bM\0,4¦B?^A®4kLNe3*?.U87­H4¦f1LNB9`-/M14SM

PaD;4SG°-/.¥.10<Ei-FGlQ*,±AB<D\Y°Y]Q14yeŠ4b*?.1-/.10gB?^r4b*,PRQ®4kLNeg*,.ŽY]LR*?.;G]E/*?Y]-/B,.UI ;B,L°YNQ14SG]4&4aµ\fK4kLN-ieg4S.<YRGk8AGl4b*?LRPRQ14kLRG

­H4kLN4*?±1E/4Y]B3`-/4k­ YZ­dBgYZmfK4SG°B,^rPkD14SGS²C³lÎb´¨±;*<PRsnYNLN*,.;GlEF*9YN-iB<.U81*?.AM³—t,´ 14Sm­dB<LNM¬WX.«cdB,.(Y]4kµ(Yг1=ÌW]c¨´¯I

¥¦*<PRQ­H*<G¤PaLN4S*?Y]4bM&*?D\YNB,e3*9YN-/PS*?E/Eim<8SD;G]-/.10°Y]4bPRQ1.1-F+(D14SG¡M\4SGNPaLN-/±A4bM±A4SEiB9­&Ioh4S*,LNPRQ14SLNGU­d4SL]4*,±1Ei4Y]B*,E[YN4kLN.;*9YN4

(5)

B,.;4°±;*,PRsyY]LR*?.;G]E/*?Y]-/B,.Š4S*<PRQA´¯I¡WX.3B,LRM\4kLoYNB4kegf1QA*,G]-i¸S4¨Y]Q;*?YYZ­dBGlY]4Sf;Gr­H4kLN4°-i.`<B,E/`,4SM޳+(D14SL]myY]LR*?.;G]EF*9Y]-/B,.¤8

^VB,E/E/B9­d4bMy±m>G]4S*,LNPRQK´¯89­H4°f1L]B9`-FM\4SM>±KB?Y]Q lY]LR*?.;G]EF*9Y]4¨+(D14kLNm *?.;M ]G]4S*,LNPRQ+ 5±1D\Y]Y]B<.;GkIr_CEiE1B,Y]Q14SLr^VD1.;PaY]-/B,.;G

­H4kLN4y-FM\4k.(Y]-FPk*,E¡Y]BŽY]Q14g*?D1Y]B,e3*?Y]-FP>PkB,.;M\-iY]-/B,.¤Iy ¡-i0<D1L]4gÒ¬-iE/EiDAGZYNLN*?Y]4SGCY]Q;4ŠDAGl4SL-/.(Y]4SLl^*<Pa4^VB<LY]Q14ge3*?.D;*,E

PaB<.;M\-iY]-/B,.UI

 Ä-/0,D;L]4&Ò1²jGl4SL°-i.(YN4kL]^*,Pa4<8\e3*?.D;*?EUPkB,.;M1-[YN-iB<.UI

WZM\4b*?E/Eim<8K­H4y­HB,D;E/Mf;L]4k^V4kL5YNB¬f;L]B9`-FM\4&Y]Q;4ŠG]4S*,LNPRQ14SL5­°-iY]Q ¥¦.10,E/-FGlQpM\4kÈ;.1-iY]-/B,.;G^VB<L4b*,PRQ«®4kLNe3*?.YNLN*,.;Gl¢

EF*9Y]-/B,.Ë*,E[YN4kLN.;*9YN-i`<4,IŽ)C-FP¯YN-iB<.;*?LN-i4bG&­°-iY]QÊYNQ14SG]43YZmfA4bGB,^¨M\4kÈ;.1-iY]-/B,.;GŠM\B4kµ-FGlY^VB,LyG]B,eg4nEF*?.;0,D;*,0,4gf;*?-/LRG

³*,E[YNQ1B,D;0,Q«LN-/0,Q(YNGe3*?.;*,0,4keg4S.<YPaB<.;Gl-FM\4SLN*?Y]-/B,.;GCeg*7m‘E/-ieg-iYY]Q14S-iL&*7`9*?-/E/*,±1-/Ei-iYZm¬-/.«4SEi4bP¯YNL]B<.1-/Py^VB,LNen´¯8©±1D\Y

±1-/Ei-/.10<D;*?E©YN4kLNeÇE/-/GlYNG°*,L]4eyDAPRQ¬egB,LN44S*<Gl-/Eimn*7`9*,-iEF*?±1E/4,Io=ÌQ;*?Y5­d4&PS*?E/E l±;*<PRsgY]LR*?.;G]E/*?Y]-/B,.;G y*,L]4&¥¦.10,E/-/G]Q

Y]4SL]e3GY]QA*9Y&GlQ;*,L]4Š*ÆG]fA4bPa-iÈAPg®4kLNeg*,.pYNLN*,.;GlEF*9YN-iB<.U8©GlB<eŠ4kY]Q1-/.10¬Y]Q;*?Y­H4>PS*?.M\4aYN4kLNeŠ-/.14Š­°-[YNQ *ŽGl-/egf1E/4

±1-/Ei-/.10<D;*?EKY]4SL]eÇEi-FGZYbI 1B<LH4kµ1*?egf1E/4,8Y]Q;4¥¦.10,E/-FGlQ¬­dB<LNM !"$#&%'#)(+*-,Q;*<G¨Gl4S`,4kLR*?E›®4kLNe3*?.¬Y]LR*?.;G]EF*9Y]-/B,.AG¦-/.

Y]Q;4CYN4kLNe Ei-FGZY¨YNQ;*9Y¨­d4D;G]4SM›8YZ­HByB,^¤­°Q1-FPRQ¬*?LN4/.0(&121Æ*,.;M3%!+45#6,2,+!+72890.0:©I›£UBB,s-/.10y-/.nYNQ14&G]*,eŠ4CY]4SL]e

E/-/GlYd^VB<LdPkD14SG¦Y]ByY]Q14eg4S*?.;-i.10>B?^.0(&101Ä8<­d4Gl4S45Y]QA*9Yd-iY°Pk*?.ƱA4Y]LR*?.;G]EF*9Y]4bMg-i.(YNB>¥.;0,E/-/G]QÆ*,G!2"$#&%-#)()*-,<;

%(0="+>;@?5#)()*-,<;@?5#)()*-,6"+>;ŠB,L %(0='#)"0!6©IÕ§¨QD;G .0(&101ÔG]4k4Se3GŠY]BËPaE/4S*,L]E/mËPaB<L]LN4SG]fKB,.;MËY]B Y]Q;4Ei-iY]4SLN*,E

D;G]4¬B,^A!"#&%-#)(+*',\I 5dmËPkB,.(Y]LR*,GlYS8B%!+45#0,0,+!+728$96.0:©ÍG±A*,PRsY]LR*?.;G]EF*9Y]-/B,.AG>*,L]4C!"$#&%-#(+*-,<;D,)!0=6*"0()*-,<;

?!E#0,+!B;FE+(+7-,2E2#)!+7:-#(+*-,<; .9#&:68.6*"G;HB,LHE)(+7-,2E#!+7:-#)()*-,&7$!,2,I¦§¨Q1-FGG]4k4Se3GC*,GC-[^-iYeg-/0,Q(YPkB,LNL]4k¢

G]fAB<.;Mp­°-iY]Q *negB,LN4>È;0,D1LR*9YN-i`<4D;G]4>B,^!"#&%-#)(+*',\8;*<G-i. lQ14ŠL]B\M\4>Q1-FG±;-is<4yYNB¬­HB,LNs‘L]4SEi-/0,-/B,D;G]E/m,I JC^

PaB<D1LRGl4<8¡e3*,.(mË®4SL]e3*?.ËY]LR*?.;G]E/*?Y]-/B,.;Gy­°-iE/EdY]Q14SegG]4kE/`,4bGyQA*7`,4ne>D1E[YN-if;Ei4‘Gl4S.;G]4SGS8GlB«M14aY]4bP¯YN-i.10 *pLN4kE/-F*?±1E/4

G]-i0<.;*?Er-/.Y]Q14n.;B,-FGlm«PkD14SGf1L]B9`-FM\4SM ±mp±;*<PRsY]LR*?.;G]EF*9Y]-/B,. G]B,eg4aYN-ieg4SGL]4b+<D;-iLN4SGPaB<egeŠB<.\¢XGl4S.;Gl4gLN4S*<GlB<.\¢

-/.10;I 1B,L]Y]D;.;*9YN4kE/m,8AY]Q;*?Y-FG*gYR*,G]sÆ^VB<L­°Q;-/PRQpQD1e3*,.;GC*,L]4D;.1-/+(D14SEim‘­H4kE/E¡G]D1-iY]4bM›I§¨Q14>B,LN-i0<-i.A*?E¤¥¦.10,E/-/G]Q

Y]4SL]e ­°-/EiE¨*?E/­H*7m\G±K4Æ-iYNG>B9­°. ±;*,PRs Y]LR*?.;G]EF*9Y]-/B,.¤8¡G]B­d4¬GlD1f;L]4bG]Gy-[YRGyM\-FGlf;E/*7m<I«hB,eg4aYN-ieg4bG&Y]Q;-/G>L]4bGlD;E[YRG

-/.p*?.4kegf\YZm ³*,.;MŽY]Q;4kLN4a^VB,LN4&D1.1-/.\^VB<L]e3*9YN-i`<4b´°G]4aYB?^r±;*,PRsÆY]LR*?.;G]EF*9Y]-/B,.AGkI¨ ¡-i0<D1L]4&x¬GlQ1B9­5G°Y]Q14&^VD;EiE¡±;*,PRs

Y]LR*?.AGlEF*9YN-iB<.¬M\-FGlf;E/*7m3^VB<L lLN4kE/-i0<-iB<D;G -/.ŽB<D1L°e3*?.D;*,EUPaB,.AM\-[YN-iB<.UI

I JFK0L5MHNOQPR-K0S5

J.14°­¨*7mYNBPaB,egfK4k.;GN*9YN4¨^VB,LrYNQ145­H4S*,s(.;4SGNGl4bGoB?^©±;*,PRsyY]LR*?.;G]E/*?Y]-/B,.g-FGoY]ByM1LN*7­ *,M1M\-iY]-/B,.A*?E14S`(-FM\4S.;Pa4¨^VLNB,e

4aµ1*,eŠf;Ei4bGB,^dD;GN*?0<4,IŠWX. s<4k4Sf1-i.;0¬­°-iY]QY]Q;4gPkB,egegB,.D;GN*?0,4Š-/. egB,.;B,E/-i.10<D;*?ErPkB,.(Y]4kµ(YRGgÏ[Îkї8U­H43Pk*,EiEoYNQ1-/G

(6)

Y]BpY]Q143YNLN*,.;G]E/*?Y]-/B,. -i.Ë+(D14bGZYN-iB<.UI‘§¤BpM\BpY]Q1-FGk8¡­H4ÆGZYR*?L]Y]4bM ­°-iY]QÕ*PaB,E/E/4SP¯YN-iB<. B?^5M\B\PaD1eg4S.<Y>f;*?-/LNG&Y]Q;*?Y

*?LN4Y]LR*?.AGlEF*9YN-iB<.;G¨B?^r4S*<PRQ‘B?Y]Q;4kLbIH=4D;G]4SMp®4SL]e3*,.Ž.;4k­5GCGlY]B<L]-/4SG°Y]Q;*?YCQ;*,M‘f;L]4S`(-/B,DAGlE/mƱK4k4S.eg*,.D;*?E/Eim

Y]LR*?.AGlEF*9YN4SM-/.(Y]B¬¥¦.10,E/-FGlQp±m‘YNQ14Š ;B,LN4k-/0,. 5HLNB<*<M1Pk*<GZY5WX.\^VB<L]e3*?Y]-/B,. h4SL]`-FPa4޳ 5HWlh1´*?.;M M\-/GlY]LN-/±1D\Y]4bM«*<G

*ŽGZYR*?.;M1*,LNMpL]4bGl4b*?LRPRQpPaB,LNf1D;GSI&=4gG]4k0<eg4k.(Y]4bM‘Y]Q143 5HWlh«M1BPkD1eg4k.(YNG-/.(Y]B‘Gl4S.<YN4k.;Pk4SGD;G]-i.10ŽLND1Ei4k¢—±A*,G]4SM

G]B?^‹YZ­¨*?LN4>±;*<Gl4bM«B<. f;D1.;P¯YND;*9YN-iB<.Ê*?.;M Pk*,f1-iYN*?E/-/¸S*9YN-iB<.«f;*?YlYN4kLN.;Gk8¡*?.;M«Y]Q;4k. f1LNBM1D;Pa4bM *,Ei-/0,.14bM G]4k.(YN4k.;Pk4

f;*,-iLRGoD;G]-i.10YNQ14C®&h\_Ö*,Ei0<B,LN-[YNQ1edz­°Q1-/PRQgD;G]4SG¦M\m.;*?eg-FP¨f1L]B<0,LR*?egeg-i.;0CYNBM\-/GNPaB9`<4kLr*f1EF*?D;G]-i±;Ei4°e3*?f;f1-i.;0

B?^Gl4S.(Y]4k.APa4SGg­°-iY]Q;-i.Ì*f;*?-/LN4SM M\B\PaD1eg4k.(YRGg±;*,G]4SMÕD1fKB,. s(.;B9­°.YNLN*,.;GlEF*9YN-iB<.LN4kEF*9YN-iB<.;GlQ;-if;G‘³V^VL]B<e Y]Q;4

±1-/Ei-/.10<D;*?EAY]4SL]e E/-/GlYR´a8\Gl4S.<YN4k.;Pk4CE/4k.10,Y]Q;G¨*,.;M3LN4kEF*9Y]-/`,4CfAB(Gl-iY]-/B,.;Gd-/.Æ4S*<PRQÆM\B\PaD;eŠ4S.(YNGR´¯Io= 4f1LN4SG]4k.(Y]4bMgY]Q;4

4k.(YN-iLN4n¥.10<Ei-FG]Q G]4k.(YN4k.;Pk4,8Ä^ *7`,B,LN-/.10ÆYNQ14ÆG]Q1B,L]Y]4bGZYB<.143-i^¨e>D1EiY]-/f1Ei4¬Gl4S.<YN4k.;Pk43f;*?-/LRGPaB<.<YR*?-/.14SM YNQ14ÆGN*?eg4

¥.;0,E/-/G]QÆYN4kLNe‘I6

 ¡-i0<D1LN4xA² 5¨*,PRsgY]LR*?.AGlEF*9YN-iB<.;GHB?^ lLN4kE/-i0<-iB<D;GkI

 1B<L]e3*,EiE/m,8AEi4kY±K4>*,.p¥.10<Ei-FGlQ‘YN4kLNeª^VB,LC­°Q;-/PRQp­H4yG]4k4Ss‘*,.4aµ1*?egf1E/4B,^D;G]*,0,4<8A*?.AMEi4kYg±K4Y]Q;4

®4kLNe3*?.¬Y]LR*?.;G]EF*9Y]-/B,.Æ^VL]B<e Y]Q;4±;-iE/-i.;0,D;*,E©Y]4kLNeÇE/-FGZY¨Y]QA*9Y5-FG¨B?^Ä-/.(Y]4SL]4bGZYbIo£¤4aY*?.AM y±A4Y]Q;4GlQ1B<LlYN4SGlY

f;*,-iL°B,^¡G]4k.(Y]4S.;Pa4bGHY]Q;*?Y°PkB,.(YN*,-i.*?.;MLN4SG]fA4bP¯Y]-/`,4SEim<Io= 4YNQ14k.‘f1LN4SG]4k.(Y*,GdY]Q14&4kµ1*?egf1E/4B,^ÄD;GN*?0<4

^VB,L¨YNLN*,.;G]E/*?Y]-/B,.I ¡-/0,D1LN4 y-/E/EiD;GlY]LR*9YN4SGHYNQ1-/G5f1L]B\Pk4SGNGkI

Bilingual Term List

Sentence aligned Corpus

English Word t e German Word t g

be translations

Passage containing t e Passage containing t g aligned with

give context information give context information

 ¡-i0<D1L]4 1²dcdB,.;GlY]LND;P¯YN-i.;0ŠPkL]B(G]Gl¢—EF*?.;0,D;*,0,41=ÌW]cÖD;G]-i.103*gG]4k.(Y]4S.;Pa4k¢Å*,Ei-/0,.14bMÆfA*?LR*?E/Ei4SE©PkB,LNf1D;GSI

!"# $&%"'()&%"*+(,&$%)%"& .-/&%)0"$1))*1%"&0""%32/5467"&%8*)29)(:;,&$%"%)&/

*<&*& )29"0;"=29>2?%):@&%A<20)032.*B2&'B0)&%"-/>$%7<$%)<C0)!?C""&%D0)*>,20"04

(7)

JD1L4aµ\fA4SL]-/eg4k.(YC-FGCM\4bGl-/0,.;4SMŽY]BÆY]4bGZYY]Q14D1Y]-/Ei-iYZm‘B?^D;G]4kL]¢Å*<G]G]-FGZYN4SMŽ+<D;4kLNmÆYNLN*,.;GlEF*9YN-iB<.‘-i.«*,.-i.(YN4kLR*,P¯YN-i`<4

PaLNB<GNGl¢—EF*?.10<D;*?0<4nLN4aY]LN-/4k`9*?E5G]m\GZYN4ke‘IÔ= 4­H4kLN4‘eŠB,Y]-/`9*9Y]4bMÕY]B 4aµ\f1E/B,LN4ŽY]Q1-FGn+(D14SGlY]-/B,. ±mÊYZ­HBfKB?YN4k.(Y]-F*?E

±K4k.14kÈ1YNG¨YNQ;*9Y5­H4^VB,LN4SGN*7­&²

§¨Q144©4SP¯YN-i`<4k.14bG]G¨B,^ÄLR*?.1s<4SMÆL]4kY]LN-i4S`7*,E›eg-i0<Q<Y°±K4&-iegf1LNB9`,4bMn-i^o*ŠegB,LN4L]4kÈ;.14bM¬G]4aY°B?^¡Y]LR*?.AGlEF*9YN-iB<.;G

^VB,L°s,4SmÆ+(D14kLNmgY]4SL]e3G°­H4kLN4s(.;B9­°.UI

§¨Q14°Gl4b*?LRPRQ14kLbÍGÄ*?±1-/E/-[YZm&YNB4kegf1E/B9m&Y]Q14¨LN4aYNL]-/4k`9*?E\G]m\GZYN4ke“eg-/0,Q(Yr±A4°-/egf1L]B9`<4SM&±mf;L]B9`-FM\-i.;00<L]4b*9Y]4SL

Y]LR*?.;G]f;*?LN4k.APamŠ^VB,L¨YNQ14+(D14kLNm3Y]LR*?.AGlEF*9YN-iB<.¬f1LNB\Pa4bG]GSI

 1B<L]e3*,EiE/m,85­H4 G]B,D;0,Q(YÆYNBÕLN4Z·Z4bP¯YŽY]Q14.D1EiEQmfAB,Y]Q14bGl4bGnYNQ;*9YŽY]Q;4kLN4 -FGŽ.1BÕM\-©4kLN4k.;Pk4 ±K4aYZ­H4k4S.ÖY]Q;4

5*<PRQ1-i4S`,4bMyD;G]-/.10Y]Q145*,D\Y]B<e3*9Y]-FP°*?.AM>e3*,.(DA*?E;G]m\GZYN4ke3GkIo§¨Q14 eg4S*,G]D1LN4¨-/G*,.gB,D\YRPaB,eg4°eg4S*<GlD;L]4<8

Q1B9­H4k`<4kLb8;*?.;M‘­H4­H4kLN4y*?EFG]B3-i.(Y]4SL]4bGZYN4SM‘-/.pD1.;M14kLRGZYR*?.;M\-/.103f1LNB\Pa4bG]GC-/GNGlD;4SGSIH=4yDAGl4bM4aµ\f1E/B,LR*9YNB,LNmÆM1*9YR*

*?.A*?E/mG]-FG¦YNB3-iegf1LNB9`,4B,D;L°D1.;M\4SLNGlYN*,.;M\-/.10gQ1B9­ÖYNQ14Gl4b*?LRPRQ14kLRGdD;Gl4bMnYNQ14PaD;4SG°­H4f1L]B9`-FM\4SMUI

) &*,"') "

=4°^VB,E/EiB9­H4SMyY]Q;4CGZYR*?.;M;*?LRMyf1LNB?YNB\PaB,E1^VB,L-VcH£¤¥d  t?v<v<tC4aµ\fK4kLN-ieg4k.(YRGkIrh4S*,LNPRQ;4kLRGo­d4SL]4°G]4S+(D14k.(YN-/*,EiE/my0<-i`<4k.

^VB,D;LgY]B,f;-/PSG³GlYN*9YN4SMÕ-i.Ô¥.;0,E/-/G]QA´¯8¦YZ­dB^VB<LŠDAGl-/.10 ­°-[YNQ Y]Q14‘e3*?.D;*,E5Glm\GlY]4ke *?.;MYZ­dB ^VB,L3DAGl-/.10 ­°-[YNQ

Y]Q;4y*?D\YNB,e3*9YN-/P&G]m\GZYN4ke‘Idq¦L]4bGl4S.(YN*9YN-iB<.¬B<LNM14kL¨^VB,L5Y]B,f;-/PSG5*?.;M‘G]m\GZYN4keÇ­¨*,G5`7*,L]-/4SM‘G]m\GZYN4ke3*9YN-/PS*?E/EimÆ*<PaLNB<GNG

G]4S*?LRPRQ14SLNG¨*,G°G]fK4SPa-iÈ;4bM¬-/.ŽY]Q14YNLN*<PRsn0,D;-/M\4SEi-/.14bGkI¦_5^‹Y]4SLC*?.‘-/.1-[YN-/*,E›Y]LR*?-/.1-/.103Gl4bG]G]-/B,.U8YNQ14km¬­d4SL]40,-/`,4S.‘t,v

eg-i.D\YN4SG5^VB,L54b*,PRQGl4b*?LRPRQÆYNBn-FM\4k.(Y]-i^VmŽL]4SEi4S`7*,.(YCM\B\PaD1eg4k.(YRG5D;G]-i.;0gY]Q14LR*,M1-iB3±1D1YlY]B<.;G5f;L]B9`-FM\4SM¬^VB,L5Y]Q;*?Y

f1D1LNfKB<G]4n-i.B,D1L>D;Gl4SL>-/.(Y]4SLl^ *<Pa4,Ip§¨Q;4¬G]4S*?LRPRQ14SLNG&­H4kLN4Æ*<Gls<4SM Y]B 4kegf1Q;*<Gl-/¸k4nf;L]4bPa-FGl-/B,.ÊB9`<4kLLN4SPS*?E/E³V±m

Y]4SEiE/-/.10ÆYNQ14ke Y]Q;*?Y-iY­¨*,GegB,LN4y-/egfAB<LlYR*?.(YYNQ;*9YY]Q;4ŠM\B\PkD1eg4k.(YYNQ;*9YYNQ14kmpG]4kE/4SPaY]4SM«±A4>Y]LND1E/mL]4SEi4S`9*?.(Y

Y]QA*?.Y]Q;*?YY]Q;4kmpÈA.;M 4k`<4kLNmpfAB(G]G]-/±1Ei43LN4kE/4k`9*,.<YM\B\PkD1eg4k.(YR´aIÆ=4Æ*,G]s,4bM«4b*,PRQ Gl4b*?LRPRQ14kLY]B‘ÈAEiEdB,D\Y±1LN-/4a^

+(D14SGlY]-/B,.;.;*?-/L]4bG±A4k^VB,LN4>YNQ14gÈ;LRGZYyG]4S*,LNPRQ ³‹^VB<LM\4kegB,0<LN*,f1Q1-FP>M;*9YN*(´¯8¡*9^‹Y]4SL&4S*<PRQG]4S*,LNPRQU8Ä*?.;M*9^‹YN4kL&D;G]-i.;0

4S*<PRQGlm\GlY]4ke‘IH¥¦*,PRQ‘G]4S*?LRPRQ14SLHDAGl4bMŽY]Q14GN*?eg4G]mGlY]4Se *?Y*3M\-K4SL]4S.<Y°YN-ieg4<8AG]B3­d4&­H4kLN4&*?±1E/4&Y]B3B<±;G]4kLN`,4

4S*<PRQ«-/.;M\-/`-/M\DA*?E/Eimp*,.;M«e3*,s,4y4kµY]4k.AGl-/`,4ŠB,±;G]4kLN`9*9YN-iB<.;*?E¡.1B?YN4SGSI=4g*,E/G]B¬PkB,.;M1D;P¯YN4SM*¬G]4keg-i¢ÅGlY]LND;P¯YND1LN4SM

-/.<YN4kLN`-i4S­Ç³V-/. ­°Q1-/PRQ­H4>YR*?-/EiB<L]4bMpB<D1L&+<D;4SGlY]-/B,.;G±;*<Gl4bMpB<. B<D1L&B,±;G]4kLN`9*9YN-iB<.;GN´C*9^‹YN4kL*?E/EG]4S*?LRPRQ14bGC­H4kLN4

PaB<egf1Ei4kY]4bM›I

=4yPaB<.;M\D;PaY]4SM«*nGle3*,EiEÄf1-iE/B?YGZYND;M\m‘­°-iY]Q«*nG]-/.10,E/4yG]4S*?LRPRQ14SL³VD1e3M1v;Îb´¨YNBÆ4kµ4SLNPk-/G]4&B,D;LC.14S­G]m\GZYN4ke

*?.AM L]4kÈ;.14ÆB<D1L>M;*9YN*«PaB,E/E/4SP¯YN-iB<.Êf1LNBPk4SM\D;L]4bGkI¥-/0,Q(Y>G]4S*,LNPRQ;4kLRGn³VD1e3M1v(t7¢ÅD1e3M1v .(´Y]Q14S.fK4kL]^VB,LNeg4SMY]Q;4

4aµ\fK4kLN-ieg4S.<YrD;G]-/.10Y]Q14¨4k-/0,Q(Y]¢ÅG]D1±\·Z4bP¯YrM\4SG]-i0<.ŠG]fK4SPa-iÈ;4bMy-/.yYNQ14¨Y]LR*,PRs0<D1-/M14kE/-i.14bG°Ït9їI¡=ÌQ1-/Ei4¨f1LN4kfA*?LN-i.10B,D;L

LN4SG]D1E[YRGo^VB,LG]D1±1eg-FG]G]-/B,.U8<­d4¨.1B,Y]-FPa4SM>YNQ;*9Y¦.;B&h1)5_Ö*?f;fA4b*?LN4SM>-i.3*?.m>LN*,.1s,4bMyE/-/GlYSI¡WX.`,4bGZYN-i0(*9Y]-/B,.ŠLN4k`,4b*?E/4SM

Y]QA*9YnWX. D14SL]mQ;*,M^*?-/Ei4bMÕY]BÊ-/.;M\4aµÕY]Q14‘YN4aµYnB?^Y]Q1B(Gl4pM1BPkD1eg4k.(YNGg±K4SPS*?D;G]4­H4ŽQA*,MÕ.1B?YÆPkB,.\È;0<D1LN4SM

Y]Q;4Æh1®Op£Ôf;*,LNG]-i.;0ŽPkB,LNL]4bP¯Y]E/m‘^VB,LYNQ;*9YyPkB,E/Ei4bP¯YN-iB<.UIg= 4gYNQ14kLN4a^VB<L]4gPaB<L]LN4SPaY]4SM«Y]QA*9Y&f1LNB,±1E/4ke‘8¤LN4SPkL]D;-[YN4SM

^VB,D;L.14k­ÔG]4S*?LRPRQ14SLNG¨³VD;egMUÎSv9¢ÅD1e3M›ÎbÒ<´¯8(*?.;MŠLN4kfK4S*?Y]4SM>YNQ1454aµ\fK4kLN-ieg4S.<Yb8?YNQ1-/GY]-/eg45D;G]-i.10YNQ14°^VB<D1Ll¢XG]D1±\·Z4SPaY

M\4bGl-/0,.‘GlfK4SPk-[ÈA4SMŽ-i.ŽYNQ14Y]LR*,PRs30<D1-/M14kE/-i.14bGkI

=4ÆGlD;±1eg-[Y]Y]4SM*?E/EYZ­H4kE/`,43LND1.;G^VB<LyD;G]4n-/. ^VB,LNeŠ-/.10pLN4kE/4k`9*,.;Pa43fKBB,EFGk8¡±1D\YgM\4SG]-i0<.;*9YN4SM Y]Q;4¬G]4SPaB<.;M

4aµ\fK4kLN-ieg4S.<Yr*,GÄB,D;LÄB,¶3Pk-/*,E\GlD1±;eŠ-FGNGl-/B,.±K4SPS*?D;G]4dY]Q14dÈ;LRGZYo4aµ\fK4kLN-ieg4k.(YrM\-FM.1B,YoPkB,egf1E/m­°-iY]QŠB,.;4¦LN4S+(D1-/L]4k¢

eg4k.(Y¦B,^AYNQ14°Y]LR*,PRsy0,D1-FM\4kE/-/.14SG³‹Y]Q;4CPaB<EiE/4SPaY]-/B,.;G¡YNB±A4Gl4b*?LRPRQ14SM;´aIoJD1L¦L]4bGlD1EiYNGr^VL]B<e“Y]Q;4°È;LRGZY4kµfK4kLN-/eŠ4S.(Y

*?LN4,8rQ;B9­d4S`,4kLb8o-i.(YN4kLN4SGlY]-/.10p^VB<LŠG]4k`<4kLR*?E¦LN4S*<GlB<.;GSI ¡-/LNGlYS8r-iYgY]D1LN.14SMB,D\Y>Y]Q;*?YgY]B,f;-/P¬Ò«Q;*<MÊ.1BL]4SEi4S`9*?.(Y

M\B\PaD;eŠ4S.(YNG5-/.‘Y]Q;4>PaB<EiE/4SPaY]-/B,.G]4S*?LRPRQ14bM¬-/.‘Y]Q;4È;LRGZY4aµ\fA4SL]-/eg4k.(YSI@§¨Q1-/GCQ;*?f;fA4S.;G5-/.pLN4S*?EÄ*?f1f1E/-FPk*9YN-iB<.;GS8

B?^UPkB,D1LRGl4<8?±1D\YdY]Q14Gl-iY]D;*?Y]-/B,.gLR*?LN4kE/myGZYND;M\-/4SM3-/.3-/.\^VB,LNe3*9Y]-/B,.gLN4aYNL]-/4k`9*?E;4aµ\fA4SL]-/eg4k.(YNG±A4bPk*?DAGl4¨YNQ145YZmf1-FPk*,E

4k`9*,EiD;*?Y]-/B,.¬eŠ4b*,G]D1LN4SG¨*?LN4CD1.A*?±1E/4Y]B3M\-FG]PkL]-/eg-i.;*?Y]4±A4kYZ­d4S4k.‘Glm\GlY]4SegGH­°Q14S.¬.;B>LN4kE/4k`9*?.(Y°M\B\PaD1eg4S.<YRG°*?LN4

4aµ\-FGZYbIh4SPkB,.;M›8,Y]Q14.D1ey±K4kLdB?^ULN4kE/4k`9*?.(Y¦M\B\PaD;eŠ4S.(YNGr^VB<LYNQ14CLN4ke3*?-/.1-/.10Y]Q;L]4S4°Y]B<f1-/PSG­¨*,GdGle3*?E/E/4kL-/.3Y]Q;4

È;LRGZY4aµ\fK4kLN-ieg4S.<YY]Q;*,.pYNQ14ŠG]4SPkB,.;MUI§¨Q;-/Gf1LNB9`-/M\4bMp*?.«B,f1fKB,L]Y]D1.;-[YZm‘YNB¬GlY]D;M\m‘YNQ14g4©4SPaYB,^dPaB<EiE/4SPaY]-/B,.

PRQ;*,LN*<P¯Y]4SL]-FGlY]-FPkGdB,.Gl4b*?LRPRQ14kLH±K4kQ;*7`-/B,LbI

 1B<LPkB,.`,4S.1-/4k.;Pk4,8©­d4ŠLN4a^V4kLY]B¬Y]Q;4yÈ;LRGlY4kµfK4kLN-/eŠ4S.(Y*<GCYNQ14 !#"%$'&( )4kµfK4kLN-/eŠ4S.(YS8U*?.AMY]Q;4

EF*,GlY°G]4SPkB,.;MŽ*,GHYNQ14#!*,+-". /"01$'&( )n4kµfK4kLN-/eŠ4S.(YSI

203

)07<=2<C&%5476;. $*8?C%;"!)<,0894!:74!;74C2=<1?>&&<@6A" "!)%)2,A>$&&054CB!,&%"0)0,D%):&%",!:

"&* "1)ECFHGJI )<,! $*8?C%A2%"%K ,ML9N9;74=,ML9O9N74,ML9N9OB2 ,ML9P9L74C%)&0"< &,"-/'/4

(8)

=4pPaB,egf1D1Y]4SMÕYNQ14Ž^VB,E/EiB9­°-/.10 eg4S*,G]D1LN4SGŠ-/. B<LNM14kLŠY]B 0<*,-i. -/.;Gl-/0,Q(Y3-/.<YNBÊGl4b*?LRPRQ±K4kQ;*7`-/B,L3*?.;MÔG]4S*,LNPRQ

LN4SG]D1E[YRGk²

-?8o*,GM\4kÈ;.14bM -i. YNQ14gY]LR*,PRs 0,D1-FM\4kE/-/.14SGn³­°-[YNQ ]G]B,eg4k­¨*9Y&LN4kE/4k`9*?.(Y ŽM1BPkD1eg4k.(YNGY]LN4S*?Y]4SM *<G

.1B?YLN4kE/4k`9*?.(Y¯´¯IÆ=4nLN4a^V4SLY]BYNQ1-/GyPaB,.AM\-[YN-iB<.Ê*,G NGZYNL]-FP¯Y ¬LN4kE/4k`9*,.;Pa4·ZD;M10,eg4k.(YNGSI¬§¨Q;-/Gy`7*,EiD;43­H*<G

PaB,egf1D1Y]4SMŽ*9Y°YNQ14&4k.AM¬B,^Ä4b*,PRQ‘Gl4b*?LRPRQ¬G]4SGNGl-/B,.UI

-?8\±1D\Y¨­°-iY]Q ]G]B,eg4k­¨*9YHL]4SEi4S`7*,.(Y M\B\PkD1eg4k.(YNGHYNL]4b*9Y]4bMn*,GHLN4kE/4k`9*?.(YbIÄ=4L]4k^V4kLdY]B>Y]Q1-FG°PaB<.;M\-i¢

Y]-/B,.‘*,G0lE/BB<G]4 >L]4SEi4S`9*?.;Pk4d·ZDAM\0,eg4k.(YRGkI§¨Q1-FG¨`9*?E/4&­H*<G¨*?EFGlB3PaB<egf1D\Y]4bMn^VB<L°4S*<PRQŽG]4SGNGl-/B,.¤I

O4S*,.>D1.;-i.(Y]4SL]fKB,EF*9YN4SMŠ_5`<4kLR*?0,4HqLN4SPk-/G]-iB<.¬³†Op_CqH´U^VB<LoY]Q14°LR*?.;s,4SMyEi-FGlYoLN4aYND1LN.14SM>±m4S*<PRQ>-iY]4SLN*?Y]-/B,.

B?^¡*gG]4S*,LNPRQ¬f1L]B\Pk4SGNGkI

_ `9*,L]-F*?.(Y&B?^°Op_Cq-/. ­°Q1-/PRQ M\B\PaD;eŠ4S.(YNG*,EiLN4S*<M\me3*?LNs,4SM *,G6]Q1-i0<Q1E/mpL]4SEi4S`9*?.(Y Ž*?LN4gf1E/*<Pa4bM *?Y

Y]Q14CY]B,f¬B?^›YNQ14LR*?.;s,4SMgE/-FGZY³V-/.¬*?.¬*?LN±1-[YNLN*,L]mŠB,LRM\4SLR´aIÄ=4LN4a^V4SLYNBY]Q;-/GHeg4S*<GlD1LN4C*<G NOp_Cq¢Xh Ƴ‹^VB,L

]GlY]LN-/PaY <´aI

_ G]4SPkB,.;My`9*?LN-/*,.<YoB?^©Op_Cq-/.>­°Q;-/PRQgM\B\PaD1eg4S.<YRGr*?E/L]4b*,M\me3*?LNs,4bMy*<G ]Q1-/0,Q1E/mLN4kE/4k`9*?.(Y CB,L ]G]B,eg4k¢

­°Q;*9YCLN4kE/4k`9*,.<Y g*?LN4f1EF*,Pa4bM‘*9Y5YNQ14YNB,fB?^oYNQ14LR*?.1s<4SMŽEi-FGlYгV-/.p*?.p*,L]±;-[YNLN*,L]mnB<LNM14kL¯´¯IH= 4>L]4k^V4kL°YNB

Y]Q1-FG¨eg4S*,G]D1LN4&*,G0]O«_Cqr¢X£% ޳‹^VB<L lE/BB<G]4 <´aI

§¨Q14ŠY]B?YR*?Er4kµ\*,eg-i.;*?Y]-/B,.«Y]-/eŠ4p³-i. G]4SPaB<.;M1GR´C^VB,L&4S*<PRQ M\B\PkD1eg4k.(YS8¡GlD1egeg4SM B9`,4SL&*?E/E¡-/.;GlYN*,.;Pa4bGB?^

4aµ1*?eg-/.;*9YN-iB<.n^VB,L¨YNQ14GN*?eg4&M\B\PaD1eg4k.(YbIrWÅ^ÄYNQ14^VD1EiEUY]4aµY5B,^o*gM\B\PaD;eŠ4S.(Y¨­¨*,G¨.;4k`,4SL¨4aµ1*?eg-/.14SM›81*,.

4aµ1*?eg-/.;*9YN-iB<.nY]-/eg4&B?^o¸k4SL]BŠ­H*<G¨L]4bPaB<LNM\4bM›I

§¨Q14Y]B?YR*?EU.D1e>±A4SL°B?^o+<D;4kLNmn-[YN4kLR*9YN-iB<.;GH^VB,L°4b*,PRQ‘Gl4b*?LRPRQUI

§¨Q14È;LRGlY°È;`,4eg4S*<GlD1LN4SG¨4b*,PRQM\4kÈ;.14Y]LR*9·Z4bP¯YNB,LN-i4bGk8\`9*?LNm-i.;0Š­°-iY]Q‘4b*,PRQGl4b*?LRPRQÆ-iY]4SLN*?Y]-/B,.UI¦§¨Q;4&LN*,.1s(¢

B,LN-/4k.(Y]4bMeg4S*<GlD;L]4bG³Op_qo8dOp_qr¢Zh©8¦*?.AM O«_Cqr¢X£Ä´g*,L]4pM14SG]-i0<.14SMÕY]BÊB K4SL3-i.AM\-iLN4SPaYÆ-/.;Gl-/0,Q(Yn-/.(Y]B Y]Q;4

+(D14kLNm3^VB<L]e>D1E/*?Y]-/B,.¬f1L]B\Pk4SGNGd±mÆPRQA*?LR*,P¯YN4kLN-i¸S-i.;0Y]Q;4&4©4SP¯Y°B,^o*Š+(D14kLNmn±;*<Gl4bMÆB<.ÆYNQ14&M\4k.;G]-iYZmÆB?^¡L]4SEi4S`9*?.(Y

M\B\PaD;eŠ4S.(YNGŠ.14S*,LŠY]Q14¬Y]B<fB?^Y]Q14ŽLR*?.1s<4SMÊE/-/GlY3f1LNBM1D;Pa4bMÊ^VB,L>Y]QA*9Yn+(D14kLNm̳VB,LŠ^VB<Lg+(D14SL]-/4SG>D1fÕY]Q1LNB,D;0,Q

Y]QA*9Y¨-[YN4kLR*9Y]-/B,.¤8<-/.nYNQ14PS*,G]4CB,^¤Op_Cq¢XhÆ*?.;MnO«_Cqr¢X£Ä´aI\§¨Q14G]4aY¨B,LN-i4S.(Y]4SMneŠ4b*,G]D1LN4SGC³†GZYNL]-FP¯Y°*?.AM3EiBB(Gl4?´

*?LN4M\4S-i0<.14SM‘YNBnf1LNB9`-/M\4PRQA*?LR*,P¯YN4kLN-i¸S4&4k.;M\¢†YNB?¢Å4k.;MŽYR*,G]s¬fK4kL]^VB,LNe3*?.;Pk4&D;Gl-/.103YNQ14>G]m\GZYN4ke‘I5¥rµ1*,eŠ-/.;*?Y]-/B,.

Y]-/eg4&-/G¨-/.(Y]4S.;M\4SM¬^VB<L°D;Gl4-/.PaB,.?·ZD1.;P¯YN-iB<.‘­°-[YNQŽLN4kE/4k`9*,.;Pa4d·ZD;M\0<eŠ4S.(YCPk*9YN4k0<B,LN-i4bGk8-/.¬B<LNM\4SL¨Y]Bg0<*,-i.‘G]B,eg4

-/.;Gl-/0,Q(Y-i.(Y]B¬Y]Q;4>LN4kE/4k`9*?.APa4°·ZD;M10,eg4k.(Yf1L]B\Pk4SGNGkI= 4ŠQ;*7`<4.1B?Ym,4kYCÈ;.;-/G]Q14SM«B,D1LY]LR*9·Z4bP¯YNB,LNmŽ*,.;*?E/m\Gl-FG5B<L

Y]Q;4Š*,.;*?E/m\Gl-FGCB,^¦4aµ1*,eŠ-/.;*?Y]-/B,.«M\D;LN*?Y]-/B,.U8›G]BÆ-/.«YNQ1-/Gf;*,fA4SL­H4ŠL]4SfAB<LlYL]4bGlD1EiYNGB,.;Eim‘^VB<LCYNQ14ŠÈ;.;*?E¡`9*?E/D14SG

B?^ &*?.AMn^VB<L¨Y]Q14&.D1e>±A4SL5B?^¡-[YN4kLR*9Y]-/B,.AGkI

¡À¯¼7

"7)+*"%) $

JD1L5G]4S*,LNPRQ14SLdfKB,f;D1E/*?Y]-/B,.‘­¨*,GHL]4SE/*?Y]-/`,4SEimnQ;B,egB,0<4k.14SB,D;GSIoh\fA4bPa-iÈAPk*,EiE/m,8\B<D1L5Gl4b*?LRPRQ14kLRGH­d4SL]4<²

K2N M <'K6 L$ ¥`<4kLNmB,.;4°B?^©B,D1LG]4S*,LNPRQ14SLNG¡­¨*,Gr*&GlY]D;M14k.(YS8GZYR*/Æeg4Sey±K4kLB<Lo^*,PaD;E[YZm

eŠ4Sey±K4kL5*?Y°Y]Q14&j5.;-i`<4kLRGl-iYZmnB?^rOp*,L]mEF*?.;M›I

L K2N<6 K2N §Ä4k.ËB,^°Y]Q14 ÎbtG]4S*,LNPRQ;4kLRG&4k-iY]Q14SLy-/.*pe3*<GZYN4kL>PkB,D1LRG]43B,LyQA*,MÊ4b*?LN.14SMÊ*e3*<GZYN4kLRG

M\4k0<L]4S4°B,L¦Q;-i0<Q14kLbI¡§¨Q;4CLN4ke3*?-/.1-/.10&YZ­HB&­d4SL]45D;.;M\4kLN0,LR*,M1D;*9YN45GZYND;M\4k.(YRGk8\*?.AMŠY]Q14Smg*,L]4C±AB,Y]Qn-/.3Y]Q;4

Gle3*?E/EUPaB<EiE/4SPaY]-/B,.Ž4aµ\fK4kLN-ieg4k.(YbI

K'

§¨Q14&*7`,4kLR*?0<4C*?0<4CB9`<4kL¨*?E/ErÎbtG]4S*,LNPRQ;4kLRG¦­¨*,GHÒ1Î<8(­°-iY]Q¬Y]Q;4m<B,D1.;0,4SGlY¨B?^dÎ .y*,.;MnYNQ14B,EFM\4SGlY¨B?^

x<Ò1Ir§¨Q14&*7`<4kLR*?0,4*?0<4B,^¤YNQ14^VB,D1L5G]4S*,LNPRQ;4kLRG¦-/.ŽY]Q14&EF*?LN0,4PaB<EiE/4SPaY]-/B,.Ž4aµ\fA4SL]-/eg4k.(Y5­¨*,G°Ò<t1I

' LK K'

§¨Q14kLN4&­H4kLN4ҊYN-ieg4bG5*,G°e3*,.(mÆ^V4ke3*?E/4G]4S*?LRPRQ14SLNG¨*,G¨e3*,Ei4bGk81±KB?YNQB9`,4SLN*,EiE›*?.AM¬-/.‘Y]Q;4

(9)

L]4SfAB<LlYN4SM‘*?.«*7`<4kLR*?0<4B,^*?±KB,D\Y -3m,4b*?LRG°B?^rB,.1¢—E/-i.;4>G]4S*?LRPRQ1-/.10g4aµ\fK4kLN-i4S.;Pa4<8A­°-iY]Q«*Æeg-i.1-/eyD;eªB,^rx

m,4S*,LNG&*,.;M e3*9µ\-/eyD1e B?^&ÎSv‘m<4S*,LNGSIŽOpB<GlY>Gl4b*?LRPRQ14kLRGL]4SfAB<LlYN4SM 4kµ(YN4k.;G]-/`,434aµ\fK4kLN-i4S.;Pa4Æ­°-[YNQË= 4S±

Gl4b*?LRPRQGl4SL]`-FPa4bGk8*,.;M*,EiE°LN4kfKB,L]Y]4bMË*9Y3E/4S*,GlY3GlB<eŠ4Ž4aµ\fK4kLN-i4S.;Pa4‘G]4S*?LRPRQ1-/.10«PkB,egf1D\YN4kLN-i¸S4SMËE/-/±1LN*,L]m

Pk*9YR*?E/B,0(G³VLR*?.10<-i.10^VLNB,e ,G]B,eg4 YNB ,* 0<L]4b*9YÆM\4b*?E <´¯I¥¦Ei4S`,4k.ÔB,^YNQ14ËÎ7tL]4SfAB<LlYN4SM Y]QA*9YnYNQ14km

Gl4b*?LRPRQŽ*?YCEi4b*,GlY5B,.;Pk4B,L¨YZ­°-FPa4>*nM1*7m,I¨§¨Q14yG]4S*,LNPRQŽ4aµ\fK4kLN-i4S.;Pa4M;*9YN*3^VB,L°YNQ14&^VB,D;LCf;*,LlYN-/Pk-if;*,.(YNG°-/.

Y]Q14&EF*?LN0,4PaB<EiE/4SPaY]-/B,.Ž4aµ\fA4SL]-/eg4k.(Y°­H*<G°GlE/-/0,Q(Y]E/mn0,LN4S*?Y]4SLdYNQ;*?.¬^VB,L¨YNQ143ÎbtŠG]4S*,LNPRQ14SLNGH*,G°*Š­°Q1B<Ei4<I

K NL &+ $-6

TCB,.14ŽB?^CY]Q14Îbt«GlD1±1·Z4SP¯YRGŠQ;*,Mf1L]4S`-iB<D;GlE/m f;*?L]Y]-FPa-/f;*?Y]4SMË-i. *

§°Ã5¥HcÌB,L¨B,L°-VcH£¤¥d ËGZYND;M\m<I

K0SK0&K2<6K0NM K

TC-i.;4&B?^¤YNQ143Îbtyf;*,LlYN-/Pk-if;*,.(YNGHL]4SfAB<LlYN4SM¬.14k`<4kL¨Q;*7`-/.10

D;Gl4bMÆ*,.(mge3*,PRQ;-i.14Y]LR*?.AGlEF*9YN-iB<.ÆGlB,^‹YZ­H*,L]4CB,LH^VL]4S4­H4k±ÆY]LR*?.;G]EF*9Y]-/B,.¬Gl4SL]`-FPa4,Io§¨Q14B?YNQ14kL°Ò>L]4SfAB<LlYN4SM

l`,4SL]m>Ei-iYlYNEi44aµ\fK4kLN-i4S.;Pa4 &­°-iY]Qne3*,PRQ;-i.14CY]LR*?.;G]EF*9Y]-/B,.nG]B?^‹YZ­¨*?LN4°B,L¨G]4kLN`(-FPa4bGkI¡§¨Q145^VB<D1LHf;*?L]Y]-FPa-/f;*?.(YRG

-i.¬Y]Q14&EF*?LN0,4&PkB,E/Ei4bP¯Y]-/B,.Ž4aµ\fK4kLN-ieg4S.<Y°LN4kfKB,L]Y]4bMnYNQ14G]*,eg4LR*9YN-iBAI

K K2 'K66 _CEiE¦ÎbtŠGl4b*?LRPRQ14kLRGd­d4SL]4.;*?Y]-/`,4&GlfK4S*,s,4SLNGHB?^o¥.10<Ei-FG]QUI

K2N K0 ¥-/0,Q(Y5B?^oYNQ14nÎbtgG]4S*,LNPRQ;4kLRGdLN4kfKB,L]Y]4bMŽ.1BnLN4S*,M1-i.103G]s-iE/E/GC-i.«®4SL]e3*,.‘*?YC*?E/E†I

_5.1B,Y]Q14SLÒ3LN4kfKB,L]Y]4bM‘fABB,LL]4b*,M\-/.10ÆG]s-iE/EFG5-/. ®4kLNe3*?.U8©*?.;MpB,.14ƳD1e3M›Îbt<´°LN4kfKB,L]Y]4bM›I5_5egB,.;0nY]Q;4

^VB,D1L¡Gl4b*?LRPRQ14kLRG›-/.Y]Q;4¦EF*?LN0,4¦PkB,E/Ei4bP¯Y]-/B,.y4aµ\fA4SL]-/eg4k.(YS89ÒCL]4SfAB<LlYN4SM&.1B®4kLNe3*?.G]s(-/E/E/GS89­°-[YNQ&Y]Q;4¦^VB<D1LlYNQ

L]4SfAB<LlYN-i.10Š0,BB\M¬L]4b*,M\-/.10gGls-/EiEFG°-/.‘®4SL]e3*?.¤I

2 )(" & "%* & " ) "

JD1L&B,¶3Pk-/*,EoL]4bGlD1EiYNGB<.«YNQ14gE/*,L]0<4ŠPkB,E/Ei4bP¯YN-iB<. 4kµfK4kLN-/eŠ4S.(Y^VB<D1.;M Y]QA*9YY]Q143e3*,.(DA*?ErGlm\GlY]4Se *,PRQ1-/4k`<4SM *

x<Ð E/*,L]0<4kLÄ`7*,EiD;4d^VB<L -¦YNQ;*?.>Y]Q;4¨*,D\Y]B<e3*9Y]-FPHGlm\GlY]4ke ³†v1Ix . . ¨`\GSI¡v;IÒ<Ò(wÎ7´¯IU=4¨Q;*7`,4d.1B?Yom,4kYoY]4SGlY]4bM

Y]Q;-/G&LN4SG]D1EiY^VB,LGlYN*9YN-/GlY]-FPk*,EGl-/0,.;-[ÈAPS*?.;Pk4,8¤G]B‘­d4n*,L]4Š.1B,Yf1L]4bGl4S.(Y]E/m«*?±1E/4ŠY]BLN4Z·Z4bP¯Y&B,D\Y.D1E/ErQmfAB,Y]Q14bGl-FGkI

§¨Q14Hf1LN4SG]4k.;Pk4dB,^A*G]4S*,LNPRQ;4kL¤­°-iY]Q>0,BB\MLN4S*<M\-i.;0G]s(-/E/E/G¡-/.Š®4kLNe3*?.>-/Go*?EFG]BCfKB?Y]4S.(Y]-F*?E/EimYNL]B<D1±1E/4SG]B,eg4¦0<-i`<4k.

Y]Q;45Qm(fKB?YNQ14SG]-FG¡Y]Q;*?Y¦­d4°­°-FG]Q14SM>Y]BYN4SGlYSIo=4°Q;*7`,4¨.1B,Ym,4aY¦PkB,.;M1D;P¯YN4SMgGl4b*?LRPRQ14kL]¢Å±(m(¢XGl4b*?LRPRQ14kLÄ*?.;*,Eim\G]-/G¡YNB

M\4kY]4kLNeg-i.;4y­°Q14kY]Q14SLG]4S*?LRPRQ14SL°D1e3M›Îbtg4kµ\Q1-i±;-[YN4SMpG]4S*,LNPRQ‘±K4kQ;*7`-/B,LRG°e3*?LNs,4SM1EimŽM\-©4kLN4k.(Y^VL]B<eÇYNQ14yB,Y]Q14SL

Î,ÎGl4b*?LRPRQ14kLRGkIÄ 1B,L¨PaB<.(Y]LR*,GlYS8,­H45LN4SPkB,egf1D\YN4SMŠY]Q;4GN*?eg45LN4SG]D1EiYNG­°-iY]QÆEiBB<G]45LN4kE/4k`9*?.APa4,I¡WX.3YNQ;*9Y¨Pk*,G]4,8<Y]Q;4

G]4S*?LRPRQ14SLNG¦-i.¬B,D1LHE/*,L]0<4PkB,E/Ei4bP¯Y]-/B,.Æ4aµ\fA4SL]-/eg4k.(Y°*,PRQ1-/4k`<4SMn*Št,tÓ-/.;PaLN4S*<Gl4-i. -B9`,4kL¦Y]Q14&*,D\Y]B<eg*?Y]-FP

G]mGlY]4Se ³v;I,v .`\GSIov;IxAÎ7w-<´¯I

F-Measure in official results

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9

1 2 3 4 Average

Topics

F -m e a s u re s AUTO-STRICT

MANU-STRICT AUTO-LOOSE MANU-LOOSE

 ¡-/0,D1LN4 -1² ÖvÐ;8\E/*,L]0<4PkB,E/Ei4bP¯YN-iB<.U8\±mÆPaB<.;M\-iY]-/B,.*?.;MÆY]B<f1-FP?I

_CGd ¡-i0<D1L]4 -GlQ;B9­5Gk8<­°-[YNQÆGZYNL]-FP¯YHL]4SEi4S`9*?.;Pk4¨Y]Q14eg*,.D;*?EKGlm\GlY]4ke *,PRQ;-i4S`,4SMŠYNQ145EF*?LN0,4bGZY¦-/egf1LNB9`,4keg4S.<YRG

^VB,LnY]B,f;-/PSGÎ˳†®4S.14SG¬*?.;MÔ)-/G]4S*<Gl4bGN´g*,.;M xÖ³25D;.10,4SL¬h(Y]LN-/s,4SGR´¯8¨±1D1YnY]Q14 *?D\YNB,e3*9YN-/PG]m\GZYN4ke *<P¯YND;*?E/Eim

B,D1Y]fK4kL]^VB,LNeŠ4bMÌYNQ14 eg*,.D;*?EGlm\GlY]4Se B,.ÖYNB,f1-FPÊt ³†§¤LN4S*<GlD;L]425D1.(Y]-/.10´¯IÇ£¤B(B(Gl4LN4kE/4k`9*?.;Pk4n·ZD;M10,eg4k.(YNG

(10)

^VB,LHYNB,f1-FPt&Y]Q;*,.Æ^VB<LH*,.m3B?Y]Q;4kLdY]B,f;-/P,81*?.;M¬Gl4b*?LRPRQ14kLRGr0,4S.14kLR*?E/E/mŠ-/.;M\-FPk*?Y]4bM3Y]QA*9Y¨Y]Q14Sm3­d4SL]4Ei4bG]Gd^*,eŠ-/E/-/*,L

­°-iY]QËYNB,f1-FP‘t‘Y]QA*?.­°-iY]QÕB?YNQ14kL>Y]B<f1-/PSGkI =4¬QA*7`,4n.1B,YŠm<4aYgPaB,egf1E/4aYN4SMB,D1Lg*?.;*,Eim\G]-/GyB?^CB<±;G]4kLN`7*?Y]-/B,.;*,E

.1B,Y]4SGS8©GlBn­H4>*,L]4y.1B?Y*?±1E/4&Y]BŽG]*7mŽ­°Q14kY]Q14SL5Y]Q;-/GLN4SG]D1E[YN4SM‘-/.«*?.m‘M\-K4SL]4S.;Pa4bGC-/.«G]4S*?LRPRQ‘±A4SQ;*7`-iB<LSI 5dD1Y

-iY>Gl4S4ke3GE/-/s,4kE/mpYNQ;*9Y>­°-[YNQ1B,D\YŠD;G]4a^VD1EHPaD14bGk8rG]4S*?LRPRQ14SLNGM\4bGl4SEi4bP¯Y]4bMY]LR*?.;G]EF*9Y]-/B,.AGY]Q;*?YyY]Q;4km­dB<D1E/MQ;*7`<4

±K4k4k.ƱA4kYlY]4SLdB Žs<4k4Sf1-i.;0;I¡WÅ^¤PaB,.1È;L]eg4bMgY]Q1LNB,D;0,Qg^VD1L]Y]Q14SLd*,.;*?E/m\Gl-FGk8,Y]Q1-FGdeg*7mŠQ;*7`<45-iegf1E/-FPk*9YN-iB<.;Gr^VB<LdDAGl4SL

Y]LR*?-/.1-/.10;I

& "%* & " ) "

§¨Q14LN4SG]D1EiYNG¤B?^\Y]Q;4¦Gle3*,EiE(PaB,E/E/4SP¯YN-iB<.&4aµ\fK4kLN-ieg4k.(YÄG]Q1B9­°.&-/.y ¡-i0<D1LN4dw¨*?LN4¦+(D1-iY]4¦M\-©4kLN4k.(YSIo§¨Q14¦G]-[YND;*9YN-iB<.&-/G

LN4k`,4SLNG]4SMC^VB,LUY]B,f;-/P°Î<8S­°-iY]Q>*?D\YNB,e3*9YN-/Po.1B9­B,D1Y]fK4kL]^VB,LNeŠ-/.10°e3*?.D;*,E†87*?.AMY]B,f;-/Pox5.;B°EiB<.10,4SL¤M\-FG]PkL]-/eg-i.;*?Y]4bG

±K4aYZ­H4k4k.gYNQ145YZ­HBG]mGlY]4Se3GkI

J`<4kLR*?E/E†89YNQ14Ce3*,.(DA*?E;*,.;M3*?D\YNB,e3*9YN-/PCGlm\GlY]4ke3GPkB,D1EFMg.1B,Y¦±A4M\-FGZYN-i.10<D1-FGlQ14bM

D;G]-i.;0&EiBB<G]4°LN4kE/4k`9*?.;Pk4³v;It,Ð,Ð .`\G¦v;It .,Ò;Îb´¯89±;D\Y¦YNQ14C*?D1Y]B,e3*?Y]-FP°Glm\GlY]4ke G]4k4keg4bMyYNByM\B±K4aY]Y]4SL¦­°-iY]QnGlY]LN-/PaY

LN4kE/4k`9*?.;Pk4³ v1It,t -,Ў`\Gv1IÒ<t,v -(´¯In_50(*?-/.U8¤­H43Q;*7`<43.1B?Ym<4aYyPaB<.;M\D;PaY]4bMÊGZYR*9Y]-FGlY]-FPk*?EdGl-/0,.1-iÈAPS*?.;Pk4>YN4SGlYNG&B<.

Y]Q;4SG]4ŠLN4SG]D1EiYNGSIЧ¨Q;4gM;*9YN*ÆY]QA*9Y­H4>Q;*7`<4Š*,.;*?E/m¸k4bM«M\B4SGS8UQ1B9­H4k`<4kLb8›Gl4S4ke YNB‘G]D10<0,4SGlYY]Q;*?YB,D1Le3*?.D;*,E

G]mGlY]4Se -FG±A4kYlY]4SLGlD;-[YN4SM«Y]BPk*<Gl4bG-/.­°Q1-/PRQ Y]Q;4kLN4g*,L]4Š*‘GlD1±AGZYR*?.(Y]-F*?Eo.D1ey±K4kL&B,^dLN4kE/4k`9*?.(Y&M\B\PaD1eg4S.<YRGkI

=4&f1E/*,.ÆYNB3D;G]4YNQ1-FG5+(D14SGlY]-/B,.ŽY]Bg0<D1-/M14G]B,eg4B?^oB,D;L¨^VD1LlYNQ14kL5M;*9YN*g*,.;*?E/m\Gl-FGkI

F-measure in small collection

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6

1 2 4 Average

Topics

F -m e a s u re AUTO-STRICT

MANU-STRICT AUTO-LOOSE MANU-LOOSE

 ¡-/0,D1LN4yw² ÖvÐ;8\Gle3*?E/E¤PkB,E/Ei4bP¯Y]-/B,.Ž0,LNB,D;fU8±(m¬PaB,.AM\-[YN-iB<.UI

'"%* (" $$"%$ $ "

=4 *?.A*?E/m(¸S4SMÌ+(D14bGZYN-iB<.1.;*?-/LN4«M1*9YR**,.;MÌ-/.<YN4kLN`-i4S­ªLN4SG]fKB,.;G]4SGÆ-i. *,.Ö4©B,L]YnYNBD1.;M14kLRGZYR*?.;MÌQ;B9­ªfA*?L]¢

Y]-FPa-/f;*,.<YRGŠ4kegf1E/B9m,4SMYNQ14‘Glm\GlY]4ke3GŠ*?.;MËY]B ±A4kYlY]4SL3D1.;M\4SLNGlYN*,.;M YNQ14k-/L>-/egf1LN4SGNGl-/B,.;GŠ*?±KB,D1YyY]Q;4‘G]m\GZYN4ke3GSI

D14bGZYN-iB<.1.;*?-/LN4«LN4SG]fAB<.;Gl4bGÆ*,L]4 B,. * Îa¢ ËGNPk*,Ei4 ³V­°-iY]QuÎ ±K4k-/.10 l.1B,YŽ*9Y*?E/E *?.AM ±A4S-i.10 ]GlY]LNB,.;0,E/m

*?0<L]4S4 (´¯I

h4b*?LRPRQ14kLRGH-i.ŽY]Q;4&E/*,L]0<4PkB,E/Ei4bP¯YN-iB<.¬4kµfK4kLN-/eŠ4S.(Y5L]4SfAB<LlYN4SMÆY]Q;*?Y5Y]Q14&e3*,.(DA*?EU*?.AMŽ*,D\Y]B<e3*9Y]-FP&G]mGlY]4Se3G

­H4kLN4>4b+<DA*?E/Eimp4b*,G]m‘Y]BG]4S*?LRPRQ«­°-iY]Q̳†*7`,4kLR*?0<4>Ò;I<´¯8U±1D1Y&G]4S*,LNPRQ;4kLRGC-/.Y]Q14nG]e3*?E/EPaB,E/E/4SP¯YN-iB<.«4kµfK4kLN-/eŠ4S.(Y

LN4kfKB,L]Y]4SMÆY]QA*9Y°Y]Q;4*?D\YNB,e3*9YN-/PG]mGlY]4Se ­¨*,G¨4S*<Gl-/4kLHYNBŠDAGl4YNQ;*?.ŽY]Q;4&eg*,.D;*?EUG]m\GZYN4ke ³†Ò1IxŠ`\GSIt\Iw,´aI

h4b*?LRPRQ14kLRGr-/.nY]Q;4CEF*?LN0,4CPkB,E/Ei4bP¯Y]-/B,.Æ4aµ\fA4SL]-/eg4k.(YdLN4kfKB,L]Y]4bMn*?.Æ4S+(D;*?EK.14S4SMgYNByLN4a^VB,LNeyD;E/*?Y]45YNQ14k-/LH-i.1-iY]-F*?E

+(D14kLN-/4SG¡­°-[YNQy±KB?YNQŠG]m\GZYN4ke3G¨³*7`,4SLN*,0,4¦Ò;It ,´a8b±;D\YGl4b*?LRPRQ14kLRGU-/.yYNQ14°Gle3*,EiE\PaB<EiE/4SPaY]-/B,.>4aµ\fA4SL]-/eg4k.(YoL]4SfAB<LlYN4SM

Y]QA*9Y¡Y]Q1-FG¤­¨*,GÄE/4SGNG¤.14bPa4bG]GN*?LNmC­°-iY]QyY]Q14¨*?D\YNB,e3*9YN-/PdGlm\GlY]4Se ³†Ò1I.5`\GSI¤x;I/Îb´aIoJ.14HGl4b*?LRPRQ14kLb8bD1e3M1v(w°L]4SfAB<LlYN4SM

Y]QA*9YÆ-iYÆ­¨*,G ?4kµY]LN4keg4kE/mË.14bPa4SGNGN*?LNm YNBÊL]4k^VB,LNeyD1EF*9YN4‘+(D14SL]-/4SGn­°-[YNQ̱AB,Y]QÌGlm\GlY]4SegGSI =4p.1B,Y]-FPa4‘^VLNB,e

Q1-FG 39Q14kL*?.AGl­H4kLRG°YNB¬B<D1LB<fA4S. +(D14bGZYN-iB<.;G5YNQ;*9YQ14/39G]Q14YNQ1B,D10<Q(YYNQ14Š+(D14SL]mŽYNLN*,.;GlEF*9YN-iB<.;G5­H4kLN4 ,D;G]D;*?E/Eim

`,4SL]myfABB,Lb8 &*?.;MŠQ14/39G]Q14°­dB<D1EFM>E/-/s,4°±KB?Y]QnG]m\GZYN4ke3GG]D1f1fKB,L]Y(5HB(B<Ei4b*?.g+(D14kLN-i4bGk8<f1LNB7µ-/eg-[YZmyB,fK4kLR*9Y]B<LNGo*,.;M

Y]LND1.;PS*9YN-iB<.;G°GlBŠYNQ;*9Y ,.1B,-FGl4 >PkB,D1EFM¬±A4&LN4kegB9`,4bM›I

B <, ;74 6A)1%"&&-2 7 ,&$*& "07B".0)*B2 ,&," 4=0A0)M6A 4

(11)

M\B\PaD;eŠ4S.(YNG>eŠB<L]4¬4S*<Gl-/EimD;G]-i.;0pY]Q;4¬e3*?.D;*,EdG]m\GZYN4ke Y]Q;*,.ÊY]Q;4Ž*,D\Y]B<eg*?Y]-FPÆG]m\GZYN4ke ³VxAIv`\GSIÒ;I<´¯8o±1D\Y

G]4S*?LRPRQ14SLNGd-i.ŽYNQ14Gle3*,EiEUPkB,E/Ei4bP¯Y]-/B,.Ž4aµ\fK4kLN-ieg4S.<Y5QA*,MÆY]Q14&B<f1fAB(Gl-iY]4B<f1-i.;-iB<. ³—t\I-Š`GSIrÒ1Iv<´aI

 1B<LC+(D14SGlY]-/B,.AG°D1.1-F+(D14&Y]BgYNQ14e3*?.D;*,E¤G]mGlY]4Se‘81Y]Q;4E/*,L]0<4PaB<EiE/4SPaY]-/B,.‘0,LNB,D1fŽLN4kfKB,L]Y]4SMŽfKB<G]-[YN-i`<4LN4S*,Pa¢

Y]-/B,.AG&Y]B‘YNQ14ÆDAGl4k^VD1Ei.;4SGNG&B?^°D;G]4kL]¢Å*<G]G]-FGZYN4SM+<D;4kLNmpY]LR*?.AGlEF*9YN-iB<.Ô³­°-[YNQË4k`<4kLNm,B<.143PRQ1BB<G]-i.10*`9*,EiD143B,^°x(´¯I

§¨Q14Sm 0<4k.14SLN*,EiE/m^V4kEiYyYNQ;*9Y>-[Yy­¨*,GfAB(G]G]-i±;Ei43YNB-/M14k.(Y]-i^Vm D1.1-/.<YN4k.;M14SMY]LR*?.AGlEF*9YN-iB<.;Gn³*,.Ë*7`,4SLN*,0,4ŠB?^5Ò1I,´a8

*?.AMnYNQ;*9YC*,.;MŽeŠB(GZY°B,^ÄYNQ14Y]-/eg4Y]Q14G]m\GZYN4ke f1LNB9`-/M14SMŽ*?f1f1LNB,f;L]-F*9YN4CYNLN*,.;GlEF*9YN-iB<.;G³*7`<4kLR*?0,4B?^oÒ1I.<´¯I

OB(GZYrf;*,LlYN-/Pk-if;*,.(YNGrLN4kfKB,L]Y]4bMYNQ;*9YYNQ14km>­d4SL]4¨.1B,Y^*?eg-/Ei-F*?Lr­°-iY]QgYNQ14°YNB,f1-FPkGS8?­°-iY]QgY]B<f1-FP°Ò3³¥D;L]B<fA4b*?.

cH*?egf;*,-i0<.;GC*,0<*,-i.;GlYCÃ5*<Pa-FGlen´°QA*7`(-/.103YNQ14yegB(GZYL]4SfAB<LlYN4SMŽ^*?eg-/Ei-F*?LN-iYZm,8A*,.;M‘YNB,f1-FPkGyÎ>*?.AM«tgQ;*7`-/.103Y]Q;4

E/4S*,GlYSI

'" ) " ) & $ $

=4¬M\4kY]4kLNeg-i.;4SM YNQ14¬.D1e>±A4SLyB,^5-[YN4kLR*9Y]-/B,.AG&^VB,LŠ4S*<PRQËGl4b*?LRPRQY]Q1LNB,D10<QÊEiB<0È;E/4Ž*,.;*?E/m\Gl-FGSIWX.ÊY]Q14¬E/*,L]0<4

PaB<EiE/4SPaY]-/B,.Š4aµ\fK4kLN-ieg4k.(Yb8<G]4S*?LRPRQ14SLNG¡*7`,4SLN*,0,4SM .+(D14SL]my-[YN4kLR*9Y]-/B,.AGofA4SLGl4b*?LRPRQŠ*<PaLNB<GNGÄ*,EiE;PkB,.;M1-[YN-iB<.;GkI¡§¤B<f1-FP

t°QA*,M&YNQ14HE/*,L]0<4SGlY¤.D1ey±K4kLoB?^A-[YN4kLR*9Y]-/B,.AG¦³*7`<4kLR*?0<-i.10&Î -<´a87Y]B,f;-/PdxCQ;*<GUYNQ14d^V4k­H4SGlY¨³†*7`,4kLR*?0<-i.;0-<´¯I¡§¤B<f1-FPkGdÎ

*?.AMyt°4kµQ;-i±1-iY]4bME/-[Y]Y]E/4HM1-©4kLN4k.;Pk4¦-/.YNQ14H*7`<4kLR*?0<4¡.D1e>±A4SLoB?^1-iY]4kLR*9YN-iB<.;G¤*<PaLNB<GNG¤G]m\GZYN4ke3Gk87±1D1YÄYNB,f1-FPkG¡ÒC*,.;M

xnQ;*<MGlD;±;GZYR*?.(Y]-F*?E/E/mÆ^V4S­d4SL5-[YN4kLR*9YN-iB<.;G5­°-iY]Q‘YNQ14ye3*?.D;*,EÄG]m\GZYN4ke‘I¨WX.Y]Q14ŠGle3*,EiE¤PkB,E/Ei4bP¯YN-iB<.4aµ\fA4SL]-/eg4k.(YS8

G]4S*?LRPRQ14SLNG3fK4kL]^VB,LNeg4SMÌG]D1±;GlYN*,.<YN-/*,EiE/mÔegB,LN4p-[YN4kLR*9YN-iB<.;GnfK4kLG]4S*?LRPRQ Y]Q;*,.ÖYNQ;*9YŽ-i.ÌYNQ14E/*,L]0<4«PaB<EiE/4SPaY]-/B,.

4aµ\fK4kLN-ieg4S.<Yb8<*7`<4kLR*?0,-/.10ÎbÒ-[YN4kLR*9Y]-/B,.AGÄfK4kLdGl4b*?LRPRQ>*,PkL]B(G]G¡*?E/E;PkB,.;M\-iY]-/B,.AGkIo§¤B<f1-FP¨t*,0<*?-/.yQA*,G¡Y]Q;4°0,LN4S*9YN4SGlY

.D1ey±K4kL&B,^d-iY]4SLN*?Y]-/B,.;Gg³ *7`<4kLR*?0<-i.10 Î -(´¯8U­°Q1-/E/4>YNB,f1-FPŠQ;*,M«Y]Q;4g^V4k­H4SGlY3³†*7`,4SLN*,0,-/.10¬Ð(´¯IŠ= 43Q;*7`<4>.;B?Y&m,4kY

PaB<egf1Ei4kY]4bM¬B<D1L°*?.;*,Eim\G]-/G¨B,^¤YNQ1-/GCM1*9YR*181G]BŠ­H4*?LN4.1B?Y5LN4S*<M\mgY]BnM\LR*7­ *,.(m¬PaB,.APaE/D;Gl-/B,.AGkI

" " "%* & "' " )#& ) " " & * ' " $

§¨Q14&D1.;4aµ\fA4bP¯YN4SM‘f1LNB,±1E/4keÇ­°-[YNQ-i.;M14aµ\-i.;0>YNQ14>h\)C_PaB,E/E/4SP¯YN-iB<.‘L]4bM\D;Pa4bMnYNQ14.D1e>±A4SL°B?^rGl4b*?LRPRQ14kLRGdY]Q;*?Y

PaB<.(Y]LN-i±1D1Y]4SMYNBpB,D;LyB?¶nPk-/*,E¦LN4SG]D1E[YRGk8¡±1D\YŠ-[YŠf1LNB9`(-FM\4bM DAG­°-iY]Q*,.Ê4aµY]LR*pM\-/eg4k.;G]-iB<. ^VB,L>B,D1Ly*,.;*?E/m\Gl-FGSI

h4b*?LRPRQ14kLRG°-/.‘Y]Q14>E/*,L]0<4yPaB<EiE/4SPaY]-/B,.*?.;M«Gle3*?E/EÄPkB,E/Ei4bP¯YN-iB<.4aµ\fA4SL]-/eg4k.(YNGC­d4SL]4y0,4k.;4kLR*?E/EimŽM\LN*7­°.Ž^VLNB,eªY]Q;4

GN*?eg4nfKB,f1D1EF*9YN-iB<.U8o­d4SL]430<-i`<4k. YNQ14¬GN*?eg4gY]B<f1-FPkGS8¡DAGl4bM Y]Q14¬G]*,eŠ4¬Glm\GlY]4ke3GS8r*?.;M fK4kL]^VB,LNeg4SMY]Q;4¬GN*?eg4

YN*<Gls\GSIr§¨Q14B<.1E/mnM\-©4kLN4k.APa4-/GdY]Q;4.A*9Y]D;L]4B?^UYNQ14PaB,E/E/4SP¯YN-iB<.nYNQ;*9Y¨Y]Q;4kmnG]4S*?LRPRQ14bM›8(*,.;Mn-/.Žf;*?L]Y]-FPaD1EF*?LdY]Q;4

.D1ey±K4kLyB?^°L]4SEi4S`9*?.(YM\B\PaD1eg4k.(YRG&Y]QA*9Yy­H4kLN43*7`7*,-iEF*?±;Ei4gYNB±A43^VB<D1.;M›IhD1ege3*?LN-/¸k-/.10‘Y]Q143LN4SG]D1EiYNG*,±AB9`<4

^VLNB,e YNQ1-/G5fA4SLNG]fA4bP¯YN-i`<4,8\­H4&B,±;G]4kLN`,4bM3Y]Q;4^VB,E/EiB9­°-/.10gM\-©4kLN4k.APa4SG¨±K4aYZ­H4k4S.ŽY]Q14YZ­HBg4aµ\fA4SL]-/eg4k.(YNGS²

J±\·Z4SPaY]-/`,4kE/m,8G]4S*?LRPRQ14SLNGdGl4S4keg4SMnY]B>*<PRQ1-/4k`,4*y±K4aY]Y]4SLHB<D\YNPkB,eg4Ceg4b*,G]D1L]4­°-[YNQ¬DAGl4SLl¢X*,GNGl-FGlY]4SM3+(D14SL]m

Y]LR*?.;G]E/*?Y]-/B,.n-/.nYNQ14E/*,L]0<4PkB,E/Ei4bP¯Y]-/B,.¬4aµ\fK4kLN-ieg4k.(Yb8\±1D\Y¨^VD1E/EimÆ*,D\Y]B<e3*9Y]-FPC+(D14SL]mgYNLN*,.;G]E/*?Y]-/B,.ÆG]4k4SeŠ4bM

Y]B3M\Bg±A4kYlYN4kL5-/.ŽY]Q14G]e3*?E/EUPaB,E/E/4SP¯YN-iB<.¬4kµ\fA4SL]-/eg4k.(YSI

hD1±\·Z4bP¯Y]-/`,4SEim<8<h4b*?LRPRQ14kLRG¤f;L]4k^V4kLNL]4bMD;G]-i.;0YNQ14°e3*?.D;*,EG]m\GZYN4ke“-/.ŠY]Q14°EF*?LN0,4HPaB<EiE/4SPaY]-/B,.Š4aµ\fA4SL]-/eg4k.(YS8

±1D\Y°Y]Q;4kmÆf;L]4k^V4kLNL]4bM3Y]Q;4*?D\YNB,e3*9YN-/PG]mGlY]4Se -/.¬YNQ14G]eg*,EiEÄPaB,E/E/4SP¯YN-iB<.¬4kµ\fA4SL]-/eg4k.(YSI

¥rµ1*?eg-/.1-i.;0G]4S*?LRPRQ±K4kQ;*7`-/B,Lb89­d4d^VB,D;.;MYNQ;*9YoYNQ145*7`,4SLN*,0,4r.D1ey±K4kLrB,^A+(D14kLNm&LN4aÈ;.14Seg4k.(Yr-[YN4kLR*9Y]-/B,.AG

fA4SL5Gl4b*?LRPRQÆ­¨*,G¨-/.(`<4kLRGl4SEimnPkB,LNL]4SE/*?Y]4bMn­°-iY]QPaB<EiE/4SPaY]-/B,.‘Gl-/¸k4<I

=4Q;*7`<4C.1B,YHm<4aYHÈ;.1-FGlQ;4SMnB<D1L¨*?.;*,Eim\G]-/GS8<±;D\Y¨Y]Q14f1LN4kfKB,.;M14kLR*?.;Pk45B?^UYNQ144k`-FM\4k.;Pk4CYNQ;*9Y¨-FGdf;L]4bGl4S.<YNEim

*7`9*?-/E/*,±1E/4ÆGlD;0,0,4bGZYRGY]QA*9YŠPkB,E/Ei4bP¯YN-iB<.ËPRQ;*?LR*,PaY]4kLN-FGZYN-/PSG&e3*7m ±K4¬*,.Ë-iegfKB,L]YN*,.<YŠ`9*?LN-/*,±1Ei43-/.ÊYNQ14ŽM14SG]-i0<.ÊB?^

-/.<YN4kLR*,PaY]-/`,4>cH£UWZÃG]m\GZYN4ke3GSId=4±K4kE/-i4S`,4&YNQ;*9Y5YNQ1-FG°^*,PaY]B<LCGlQ;B,D1EFM‘L]4bPa4S-i`<4*9YlYN4k.(Y]-/B,.‘-/.^VD\YND1L]4y­dB<L]snB<.

Y]Q;-/G5G]D1±\·Z4bP¯YbI

¾>»‘Á SÀ6¡Âk¾>» »‘¿,À¬¼rÀ‘½ u¾>½

=4«Q;*7`<4pM\4SGNPaLN-i±K4SMÖB,D1Ln4kµ\fA4SL]-/eg4k.(YŽM\4bGl-/0,.Ö*,.;MÔf1LN4SG]4k.(Y]4bM Y]Q14 f1LN4SG]4k.(Y¬GlYN*9YN4SGÆB?^&B,D1LŽ*?.;*,Eim\G]-/GnB?^

Y]Q;4ÆLN4SG]D1E[YRGkI=4n^VB\PkD;Gl4bMÊB,.ËG]D1f1fKB,L]Y]-/.10pDAGl4SLyf;*,LlYN-/Pk-if;*?Y]-/B,.Ê-/.ÊY]Q;4¬+(D14kLNm Y]LR*?.;G]E/*?Y]-/B,. f1LNB\Pa4SGNGS8¡*,.;M

Y]4bGZYN4SM Y]Q;434©4SP¯YN-i`<4k.14bG]GB,^dYZ­HBŽYZmfA4bGB?^°PaD14bG $'*5) 9#$'&( ) *?.AM-" !* &) )J$A"-$! #"%$'&(*)

-/.Ë*?.Ê-/.<YN4kLR*,PaY]-/`,4ÆcH£UWZÃ *,f1f1E/-/PS*9Y]-/B,.¤IJD1Lyf1L]4SEi-/eg-i.A*?LNm *?.A*?E/mG]-FG&GlD10<0,4bGZYRGY]Q;*?YY]B<0,4kY]Q14SL&Y]Q14bGl4nPkD14SG

(12)

PRQ;*,LN*<P¯Y]4SL]-FGlY]-FPkGdB?^¡Y]Q14YNB,f1-FP?8YNQ14PaB<EiE/4SPaY]-/B,.U8;*,.;MÆY]Q14*7`9*?-/EF*?±1E/4CYNLN*,.;G]E/*?Y]-/B,.ŽL]4bGlB<D1LNPk4SGSI

JD1L¡4aµ\fK4kLN-ieg4k.(YRGÄG]D10,0<4SGlY¡*.D1ey±K4kL¡B?^;f;L]B<eŠ-FG]-i.10M\-/L]4bP¯Y]-/B,.AGU^VB<LÄ^VD1Y]D1LN4d­HB,LNs©I¤ ¡-iLRGlYS89eg4S*,.>*7`,4SLN*,0,4

f1LN4SPk-/G]-iB<.&-/Go*PaB,egegB,.;EimL]4SfAB<LlYN4SM&eg4b*,G]D1L]4^VB,LÄY]Q14¨+(D;*?E/-[YZmB,^;*5LR*?.1s<4SME/-/GlYH³†*?.;M›89±m4aµYN4k.;G]-iB<.U87^VB,LÄY]Q;4

+(D;*?E/-iYZmŠB,^›Y]Q14+(D14kLNmŠY]Q;*?YdE/4SMnY]BYNQ14PaLN4S*9YN-iB<.nB?^›YNQ;*9Y¨LR*?.1s<4SMgE/-/GlYR´aIr= 4Q;*7`,4C^VB,D1.;M3Y]Q;*?YH-iYH-FGHM\-[¶nPkD1E[Y

Y]BŠM\LR*7­Ì-i.;G]-/0,Q(YNG^VL]B<e O«_CqY]LR*9·Z4SPaY]B<L]-/4SG5³`9*?LN-/*?Y]-/B,.;GH*,PkL]B(G]GG]4S+(D14S.(Y]-F*?E©+<D;4kLNm>LN4aÈ;.;4keg4k.(Y¨-[YN4kLR*9Y]-/B,.AGN´a8

-/. f;*,LlY±K4SPk*,D;G]4>­H4ŠM1B¬.1B,Ym<4aY&Q;*7`<4>*¬0,BB\Mp­¨*7m¬YNBŽM14SGNPaLN-i±K4yYNQ143GZYNLN*?Y]4S0,-/4SGCY]Q;*?Y&*ŽG]4S*?LRPRQ14SLCeg-i0<Q(Y

4kegf1E/B9m,Io=4*?LN4f;L]4bGl4S.<YNEimÆ­dB<L]s-/.10YNBgPRQA*?LR*,P¯YN4kLN-i¸S45YNQ14SG]4GZYNLN*?Y]4S0,-/4SGd-i.*ŠD;G]4a^VD1E›­¨*7m,81*,.;MnYNB3M\4k`<4kE/B,f

`9*?LN-/*,.(YNG3B,^&Y]Q14Op_Cq eg4b*,G]D1L]4Õ³‹YZ­HBËB?^­°Q1-FPRQÌ­H4kLN4«M\4SGNPaLN-/±A4bMÌ*?±KB9`,4b´gY]Q;*?Y¬e3*7mÕB K4SL¬*<M1M\-iY]-/B,.;*,E

-/.;Gl-/0,Q(YbIoh4bPaB<.;M›8(B,D1Lr-/.1-iY]-F*?E;4kµ\fA4SL]-/eg4k.(YNG¦­°-[YNQ3D;Gl-/.10 1=ÌW]cË^VB,L¦D;Gl4SLl¢X*,GNG]-/GlY]4bM>+(D14SL]myY]LR*?.;G]E/*?Y]-/B,.gGl4S4ke

f1LNB,eg-FGl-/.10;8K±1D\YY]Q;4kLN4>*?LN4>G]4k`<4kLR*?E¤Y]Q1-/.10<GCY]QA*9Y­d4>eŠ-/0,Q(Y-iegf1LNB9`,4<I 1B<L4kµ1*?egf1E/4,8©-[Y­HB,D1EFM±K4>±K4aY]Y]4kL

-i^d­H4ŠPkB,D1EFMpÈA.;MpYNQ14g4aµ1*?egf1E/4SGB,^¦D;GN*?0,4Š-/.*ŽPaB<eŠfA*?LR*?±1E/4>PkB,LNf1D;Gg³VB<L4S`,4S.pY]Q;4Š=4k±K´CLR*9YNQ14kLYNQ;*?.*

f;*,LN*,EiE/4kEUPkB,LNf1D;GSI¦ ¡-i.;*,EiE/m,8;­d4&B<±;Gl4SL]`<4SMÆ^*?L°egB,LN4+(D14kLNmnLN4a^VB<L]e>D1E/*?Y]-/B,.‘*,PaY]-/`(-iYZmÆ-/.ŽY]Q1-FGCGlY]DAM\mnYNQ;*?.‘­H4

Q;*<MÊ4aµ\fK4SP¯YN4SMËY]B G]4k4<I JD1L>f1LN4SG]4k.(YŠG]m\GZYN4ke f1LNB9`(-FM\4bGyG]B,eg4ÆG]D1f1fKB,L]Yy^VB,LŠLN4a^VB,LNeyD;E/*?Y]-/B,.ʱmÊ*?E/EiB9­°-/.10

Y]Q;4nD;G]4kLY]BpG]4k43­°Q;-/PRQË+(D14SL]mYN4kLNe YNLN*,.;GlEF*9YN-iB<.;G&*?LN4g±A4S-i.;0pD;G]4SM-i. YNQ14nG]4S*?LRPRQUI5HD\Y­H4nM\B.1B,Ym,4kY

f1LNB9`-/M\4YNQ14yG]4S*,LNPRQ14SL°­°-[YNQ«*?.m¬-i.;G]-/0,Q(Y5-i.(YNB3Y]Q14ŠGl4bPaB<.;MŽQ;*?Ei^rB?^oY]Q;*?YCf1LNB\Pa4SGNG Ô­°Q1-FPRQp®4kLNe3*?.‘­dB<LNM;G

PaB<L]LN4SG]fKB,.;MgYNBgfAB,Y]4k.(YN-/*,EiE/mnD;G]4a^VD1EÄ¥.10<Ei-FGlQÆY]4SL]e3GHY]QA*9Y5*?LN4E/4S*,L].;4SM¬±(m34kµ1*?eg-i.;-i.10ŠYNQ14Y]LR*?.;G]E/*?Y]-/B,.;G

WÅ^

­H4CD;G]4SMnY]Q14G]*,eg4CLN4SG]B,D1LRPa4bGr^VB,L¨M\B\PaD;eŠ4S.(YdYNLN*,.;GlEF*9YN-iB<.Æ*,G¦^VB,L¨+(D14kLNmŠY]LR*?.;G]EF*9Y]-/B,.¤8,YNQ1-/GHeg-/0,Q(YH.;B?Yd±K4*

G]4kLN-iB<D;GHf1L]B<±1E/4ke‘I 5HD\Y5­d4&M\B<.UÍYS8;G]Bg-[Y5-FG°*?.Ž-/GNG]D14Y]Q;*?Y5­d4.14S4SMÆY]BgYNQ1-i.;s¬*?±KB,D1Y5Q1B9­ÖYNBgG]D1f1fKB,L]YSI

§¨Q14ŠcH£Ä¥¦ Õ-i.(YN4kLR*,P¯YN-i`<4Y]LR*,PRs¬Q;*,M‘f1LNB9`,4S.ŽY]Bn±K4y*?.4kµ1Pa4kE/E/4k.(YG]B,D1LRPa4&B,^-i.;G]-/0,Q(YC-/.<YNBn±KB?Y]QpG]m\GZYN4ke

M\4bGl-/0,. *?.;M 4aµ\fK4kLN-ieg4S.<YM\4bGl-/0,.¤I>=4gEiBB,sp^VB,LN­H*,LNM‘YNB‘B,D1LM\-FGNPaD;GNGl-/B,.AG-/. ðB,eg4,8Ä*?.;M«Y]B‘.14kµ(Ym<4S*,LSÍG

4aµ\fK4kLN-ieg4S.<YRG

Á Æ»‘¾ 5¿ C»g¼7

§¨Q14Ž*?D\YNQ1B,LRG­HB,D1EFM E/-is<4nY]B«Y]Q;*,.1sÊ:,D;Ei-/B ®B,.;¸S*?E/B«*,.;MË 14SL].A*?.;M\B £B,fK4k¸k¢ZJGlY]4S.14kLNBŽ^VB,L>Y]Q14S-iL>Y]-/LN4kE/4SGNG

4©B,L]YNGY]BŠPaBB,LRM\-/.;*9YN45-‹cH£Ä¥¦  §¨Q1-/Gd­HB,LNsyQ;*<G¦±K4k4S.ÆGlD;f1fAB<LlYN4SM3-/.nf;*,LlYH±mŠ)5_Ã5q›_PaBB,fK4kLR*9YN-i`<45*?0,LN4k4k¢

eg4k.(YCT- -,v<v1ÎSv<v<t,Ð .1Îbv1I

C½ C»‘Á

ÏiÎaÑð-FPk*?LRM\B 5¨*,4k¸S*?¢¦*?Y]4bGÆ*?.AM 5H4kL]Y]Q1-/4kL‘ð-/±A4S-iLNB?¢XT54kY]B;I -"%*9) &%) % *9$'&( ) "%$'*9&("[I _M1M\-FGlB<.

= 4bGlE/4km<8UÎ . . .;I

Ït7Ñ>cH£¤¥d Ê-i.(YN4kLR*,Pa-iY]`<4Y]LR*,PRs©IÄQ(Y]Y]fU²3 37Y]4kLNLR*?E—IEFGl-—ID1.14SMUI4bG 39-/PkEi4k^3?t?v<v<t39M\4bGl-/0,.UIQ(Y]egE—I

ÏÒ9Ñ)CB<D10,EF*,GH=IAJ*,LNMn*,.;MŽ_5.1.14&)-i4Ss,4Seg*;IrcdLNB<GNGl¢Å£Ä*?.10<D;*?0<4°WX.\^VB,LNe3*9Y]-/B,.ŽÃ°4aYNL]-/4k`9*,E†I ) ) "&("

&%) % !*9.!$,&( !)%&("1) " )* "H)C # 0+ 98KÒ,Ò;²t<t?Ò1t -18;Î . .<Ð1I

Ïx?Ñ)CB<D10,EF*,G¦=I;J*?LRM›8(®-/.;*9¢X_5.;.14£¤4k`,B9­&8(*?.;MŽcdE/*,LN*&W¯I1cH*?±K4k¸b*,GSI¤cH£¤¥¦  ¥µfK4kLN-/eŠ4S.(YNG¦*?YHOp*,L]mEF*?.;MU²

h(YN*?Y]-FGZYN-/PS*?E1h(YN4kegeg-i.10*?.AM&±;*,PRs<BŠY]LR*?.;G]EF*9Y]-/B,.¤I,WX.gcI9qo4kY]4kLRGS8S4bM\-[YNB,Lb8( *5 !) +! 1+ " &%) % *9$'&( )

"1$,*9&(")*#"$% !$,&( !)'& $ !* ( *) ( *5 !) +! 1+ "+"$ !% $'&( )-, * /. (0 0"1,325464!498f;*,0,4bG

Î7w-KÎbÐ(w\8<£U-FG]±AB<.U8;qoB,L]Y]D;0<*?E—8\t?v,v<v1I

Ï7Ñ>cdQ14keg.1-iY]¸jC.1-/`,4kLRG]-[YZmnB,^o§Ä4SPRQ;.1B,E/B,0<m,I¡Q<Y]Y]fU²3 39­°­°­&IYND\¢XPRQ14keg.1-iY]¸<IM\4/39M\-FP¯YbI

Ï-9Ñ_5LN-Aq¦-iLNs,B<E/*;I;§¨Q14C¥ K4bP¯YNG¦B?^ D14SL]m>hY]LND;P¯YND1L]4*?.;M3)-/PaY]-/B,.;*,L]mgh4aYND1f;G¦-i.n)-/PaY]-/B,.;*,L]m(¢5¨*,G]4SM3cdL]B(G]Gl¢

£¤*,.10,D;*,0,4°WX.\^VB<L]e3*?Y]-/B,.3ð4aYNL]-/4k`9*,E†I›WX.87 *0 ""&) +!= 9 $: ";2=< 9$> ) ) &9) $"1*9) $'&( )C? (@A &CB &9

( ) %"1*5"1) " ) "91"*5 )*ED ""1# *)C."1) $.&) &9)F % *9$'&( ) "1$,*9&("8O4kE/±AB<D1LN.14,8C_CD;GlY]LR*?E/-/*;8

Î . .,Ð1I\_CcHOÊI

ϐwbÑyh.1B9­°±;*,EiEÄJfK4k.phB<D1LRPa4qLNB?·Z4SPaYSIoQ(YlYNfU²3 39G].1B9­°±;*,EiE—IG]B,D;LNPk4a^VB,LN0,4<I.;4aYSI

ÏÐ9Ñ:,-F*?.A+<-F*?.;0&=*,.10y*?.AM3)CB<D10,EF*,Gr=I1J*?LRM›IK-‹cH£Ä¥¦  t?v<v1Î5*9YHOp*?LNmE/*,.;M›²ocdB<egf;*?LN-i.;0&= B<LNM¢—^VB,L]¢Å= B<LNM

(13)

"$% !$,&( !) , * /. (0 0", 2=4!4!<?8;f;*,0,4bG°Ò,Ò - Ò9x;8()*,L]e3GlYN*<MYS8;®4SL]e3*?.m<8;t?v,v;Î,I

Références

Documents relatifs

Task and text order were counterbalanced across participants. The language pair involved was English into Spanish and the text domain was tourism, the domain for which the ASR

First ten candidate associations proposed by our translation mirror approach for the target term groundwork and synonyms according to WordNet as well as a sample of related

As presented in Table 6.1, the post hoc analysis indicates that only the results of the ran- dom method are statistically different from the most adequate trivergence, AIRP and,

Columns include Query (the user query), Queries (number of times that the query has been run), Sessions (number of different sessions), Resources (number of

each document and all queries of the imageCLEF collection are annotated by our automatic text categoriser, which contains MeSH in French, English, and German;.. each query is

This experiment utilises a simple and effective approach to using distributional statistics over parallellized bilingual corpora – text collections of material translated from

[r]

[r]