Studies by the Division of Building Research Related to Rain Penetration

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Studies by the Division of Building Research Related to Rain Penetration

N A T I O N A L R E S E A R C H C O U N C I L CANADA D I V I S I O N O F B U I L D I N G R E S E A R C H S T U D I E S BY THE D I V I S I O N O F B U I L D I N G R E S E A R C H R E L A T E D TO R A I N P E N E T R A T I O N by

N,B.

Hutcheon and

E,V,

G i b b o n s

R e p o r t No. 123

of the D i v i s i o n of B u f l d i n g Research

OTTAWA May

1957

P R E F A C E T h i s b r i e f review of t h e v a r i o u s a c t i v i t i e s and p r o j e c t s of t h e D i v i s i o n of B u i l d i n g Research which a r e r e l a t e d t o t h e s u b j e c t of r a i n p e n e t r a t i o n of b u i l d i n g e n c l o s u r e s , w a s p r e p a r e d i n t h e f i r s t i n s t a n c e t o s e r v e as a r e p o r t t o t h e forthcoming meeting i n P a r i s of t h e C I B Working Group on Rain

P e n e t r a t i o n , It i s b e l i e v e d , however, t h a t it may be of i n t e r e s t and perhaps of u s e t o o t h e r s , b o t h a s a review and a g u i d e t o t h e p u b l i c a t i o n s and r e p o r t s of t h e D i v i s i o n on t h i s s u b j e c t ,

Ottawa, Mas, 1957.

N e B , Hutcheon,

STUDIES BY THE DIVISION OF BUILDING RESEARCH RELATED TO

RAIN

PENETRATION

N.B. Hutcheon and

E,V,

Gibbons

The i n t e r e s t s of t h e D i v i s i o n of Building Research i n r a i n p e n e t r a t i o n can be s a i d t o d a t e from t h e day

i t

was e s t a b l i s h e d i n August, 1947, The incidence of s e r i o u s

d i f f i c u l t i e s w i t h leakage and d e t e r i o r a t i o n of b r i c k masonry i n t h e c i t y of H a l i f a x had a l r e a d y been e s t a b l i s h e d i n

p r e l i m i n a r y s t u d i e s made a s p a r t of t h e post-war s t u d y of housing r e s e a r c h needs by t h e Research and Development Branch of t h e Department of Reconstruction and Supply,

By 1950, t h e s t a f f and f a c i l i t i e s of t h e D i v i s i o n had developed s u f f i c i e n t l y s o t h a t i t was p o s s i b l e t o begin work through an e x t e n s i v e survey of masonry performance i n t h e A t l a n t i c Provinces, This was followed by v i s i t s t o

o t h e r c i t i e s , n o t a b l y Quebec C i t y , H o n t r e a l , and Toronto, a s o p p o r t u n i t i e s a r o s e , A s t h e work of t h e Division became known, r e q u e s t s f o r advice and a s s i s t a n c e i n connection w i t h masonry leakage and d e t e r i o r a t i o n began t o come i n , It soon became e v i d e n t t h a t problems w i t h r a i n p e n e t r a t i o n of

masonry were n o t confined t o t h e A t l a n t i c provinces, though t h e y appeared t o be most s e v e r e t h e r e , but were being

experienced i n c e n t r a l Canada a s w e l l ,

A s t h e work o f t h e D i v i s i o n developed, a p p r e c i a t i o n of t h e Important r o l e played by moisture i n t h e performance of b u i l d i n g s grew a l s o . Canadian experience w i t h c o l d

weather c o n d i t i o n s had been such a s t o emphasize t h e s p e c i a l moisture problems c r e a t e d by condensation w i t h i n b u f l d i n g s ,

but

i t

became apparent t h a t many more problems were r e l a t e d t o t h e moisture c o n d i t i o n s r e s u l t i n g from t h e e n t r y of r a i n i n t o b u i l d i n g c o n s t r u c t i o n s , Canadian experiences w i t h e f f l o r e s c e n c e , f a i l u r e s of e x t e r i o r c o a t i n g s of a l l kinds, d e t e r i o r a t i o n of m a t e r i a l s by w e t t i n g and d r y i n g and by

f r e e z i n g when wet, a s w e l l a s t h e i n f l u e n c e of moisture upon h e a t t r a n s m i s s i o n through b u i l d i n g m a t e r i a l s have confirmed t h e need f o r an adequate knowledge of t h e moisture

c o n d i t i o n s produced by t h e weather, This i n t e r e s t i n r a i n p e n e t r a t i o n i s shared by r e s e a r c h agencies i n many o t h e r c o u n t r i e s and information i s being exchanged, The e x p e r i - ences and a c t i v i t i e s of t h e Division o f Building Research, which may b e of sane i n t e r e s t i n t h i s connection, w i l l now be reviewed b r i e f l y . Reference w i l l be made t o work i n progress and t o work d e s c r i b e d o n l y i n i n t e r n a l r e p o r t s of t h e D i v i s i o n , a s w e l l a s t o t h a t a l r e a d y d e s c r i b e d i n p u b l i c a t i o n s ,

R a i n P e n e t r a t i o n of Unit Masonry

The r e s u l t s of t h e s u r v e y of masonry b u i l d i n g s i n t h e A t l a n t i c p r o v i n c e s a r e g i v e n i n DBR I n t e r n a l Report

No, 6 5 ( 2 8 ) , T h i s s u r v e y confirmed t h e s e r i o u s d i f f i c u l t i e s which had a l r e a d y been r e p o r t e d from t h e A t l a n t i c Coast

r e g i o n , and i n d i c a t e d t h a t t h e w e a t h e r c o n d i t i o n s a r e

u n u s u a l l y s e v e r e , It was s a i d t h a t r a i n p e n e t r a t i o n t h r o u g h masonry w a l l s f r e q u e n t l y o c c u r r e d when wind and r a i n

c o n d i t i o n s f o l l o w e d prolonged damp p e r i o d s of l i g h t r a i n and m i s t , F r e e z i n g o f t e n f o l l o w s c l o s e l y on wet c o n d i t i o n s and t h e r e was evidence of t h e d e s t r u c t i o n o f w a l l s by t h e f r e e z i n g of t r a p p e d w a t e r a s w e l l a s of d e t e r i o r a t i o n of t h e m o r t a r and t h e masonry u n i t s .

Subsequent v i s i t s t o Quebec C i t y and Montreal

r e v e a l e d t h a t q u i t e s e r i o u s r a i n p e n e t r a t i o n and d e t e r i o r a t i o n of masonry o c c u r r e d i n t h e s e l o c a t i o n s a l s o . Requests f o r a s s i s t a n c e w i t h s p e c i f i c c a s e s of r a i n p e n e t r a t i o n have been r e c e i v e d from Toronto, and Hamilton, and t h e s o u t h e r n O n t a r i o r e g i o n g e n e r a l l y , I n most c a s e s t h e s e i n q u i r i e s were

i n c o n n e c t i o n w i t h new b u i l d i n g s , i n d i c a t i n g t h a t p r e s e n t p r a c t i c e s i n d e s i g n and c o n s t r u c t i o n a r e n o t a d e q u a t e l y

p r e v e n t i n g r a i n p e n e t r a t i o n and should be c a r e f u l l y reviewed. A thorough s t u d y of t h e l i t e r a t u r e i n E n g l i s h on r a i n p e n e t r a t i o n of u n i t masonry was begun i n 1948, A

r6sum6 of t h e s e s t u d i e s was p r e s e n t e d a s a p a p e r a t t h e Annual Meeting of t h e Royal A r c h i t e c t u r a l I n s t i t u t e o f

Canada i n H a l i f a x i n 1955; r e p r i n t c o p i e s have been i s s u e d a s T e c h n i c a l Paper No, 30 of t h e D i v i s i o n , NRC No.

3754

(15).

A more d e t a i l e d and e x t e n s i v e r e p o r t on t h e l i t e r a t u r e has been r e c e n t l y i s s u e d a s T e c h n i c a l Paper NO, 47, NRC No, 4336 ( 1 8 )

S p e c i a l a t t e n t i o n w a s given, p r i o r t o t h e d e s i g n of a masonry p a n e l l e a k a g e a p p a r a t u s , t o t h e l i t e r a t u r e

d e s c r i b i n g methods and a p p a r a t u s used by o t h e r s i n a s s e s s i n g t h e l e a k a g e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f w a l l p a n e l s , A summary of t h i s l i t e r a t u r e t o g e t h e r w i t h a d e s c r i p t i o n of t h e d e s i g n of t h e DBR a p p a r a t u s i s g i v e n i n DBR I n t e r n a l Report No,

85

( 2 5 ) , R e s u l t s of t e s t s on 27 masonry p a n e l s in t h e DBR a p p a r a t u s a r e d e s c r i b e d i n DBR I n t e r n a l Report No, 108 (291, Work w i t h t h e p a n e l l e a k a g e a p p a r a t u s has emphasized t h e importance of t h e q u a l i t y of t h e b r i c k - m o r t a r bond on t h e l e a k a g e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of p a n e l s , a n d has

g e n e r a l l y confirmed t h e c o n c l u s i o n s drawn from t h e l i t e r a t u r e s t u d y . The i n f l u e n c e of b r i c k and m o r t a r p r o p e r t i e s upon l e a k a g e of t h e b r i c k - m o r t a r assembly i s now under s t u d y a t

t h e l a b o r a t o r i e s i n Ottawa as w e l l as a t t h e A t l a n t i c

a t H a l i f a x , w i t h s p e c i a l i n t e r e s t s i n weather e f f e c t s on masonry. The l a r g e p a n e l s i z e of

3&

_by

4s

_{f t , (approx, 1}

by 1& m e t r e s ) used i n t h e DBR p a n e l a p p a r a t u s i s

c o n s i d e r e d d e s i r a b l e but i t i s cumbersome f o r extended work. S t u d i e s a r e c u r r e n t l y b e i n g c a r r i e d o u t on s m a l l e r

assemblages of f i v e b r i c k s ,

It i s proposed t h a t t h e l a r g e p a n e l s t e s t e d i n t h e p a n e l l e a k a g e a p p a r a t u s w i l l be s e t o u t f o r o u t d o o r exposure and r e - t e s t e d and examined a t i n t e r v a l s ,

P e r t i n e n t p r o p e r t i e s o f Canadian b r i c k s have been d e s c r i b e d i n Research Paper No, 8 , NRC No, 2966

(14),

Other ftems p e r t i n e n t t o u n i t masonry a r e d i s c u s s e d i n s e c t i o n s on e f f l o r e s c e n c e and t e s t h u t s , t o f o l l o w ,

T e s t Huts

The D i v i s i o n has made e x t e n s i v e u s e of s m a l l t e s t h u t s a s a means of examining m a t e r i a l s and c o n s t r u c t i o n s on a p i l o t s c a l e but under a c t u a l weather c o n d i t i o n s , These were p a r t i c u l a r l y u s e f u l a s a means of i n v e s t i g a t i o n b e f o r e t h e p r e s e n t l a b o r a t o r y f a c i l i t i e s became a v a i l a b l e i n 1953, These c o n s t r u c t i o n s a r e about

5

by

5

by 8 f t , and a r e

provided w i t h h e a t i n g and h u m i d i f i c a t i o n i n s i d e i n w i n t e r , T e s t h u t s a r e normally m a i n t a i n e d a t t h e P r a i r i e Regional S t a t i o n of t h e D i v i s i o n a t Saskatoon, and a t Ottawa. One of t h e h u t s a t each of t h e s e l o c a t i o n s i s of * s t a n d a r d w wood frame c o n s t r u c t i o n and, w i t h metered h e a t and m o i s t u r e i n p u t , s e r v e s a s a "weather c a l o r i m e t e r , " S i m i l a r wood frame h u t s have been m a i n t a i n e d f o r s e v e r a l y e a r s a t a n o r t h e r n l o c a t i o n a t C h u r c h i l l , Manitoba and a t

Pennsylvania U n i v e r s i t y i n t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s t o p r o v i d e a comparison of t h e m a 1 performance under v a r i e d w e a t h e r c o n d i t i o n s , An a d d i t i o n a l s i x wood frame t e s t h u t s a t Saskatoon have provided a means of comparing s e v e r a l

d i f f e r e n t k i n d s of i n s u l a t e d wood f rame c o n s t r u c t f ons None of t h e s e h u t s w a s i n t e n d e d o r i g f n a l l y f o r r a i n p e n e t r a t i o n s t u d i e s , but r e c o r d s have been k e p t of t h e m o i s t u r e c o n t e n t s of s i d i n g and e x t e r i o r s h e a t h i n g which do r e f l e c t w e a t h e r changes. The t e s t hut a t Pennsylvania U n i v e r s i t y , which I s

o p e r a t e d t h e r e f o r t h e D i v i s i o n , has been used f o r s e v e r a l g e a r s f o r a s e r i e s o f s t u d i e s of t h e e f f e c t s of weather and v a r i o u s s i d i n g m o d i f i c a t i o n s upon t h e m o i s t u r e c o n t e n t s of t h e s i d i n g and s h e a t h i n g , These s t u d i e s have n o t , as y e t , been d e s c r i b e d i n D i v i s i o n a l r e p o r t s ,

The t e s t h u t s a t Ottawa, w i t h t h e e x c e p t i o n of t h e " s t a n d a r d U wood frame hut, have been of masonry c o n s t r u c t i o n . The f i r s t s e r i e s of h u t s was c o n s t r u c t e d i n 1950 and

m a i n t a i n e d u n t i l 1954 when t h e y had t o b e c l e a r e d f r o m t h e a r e a i n which t h e y were b u i l t , These h u t s , a l t h o u g h n o t p r i m a r i l y i n t e n d e d f o r r a i n p e n e t r a t i o n s t u d i e s , p r o v i d e d an o p p o r t u n i t y f o r o b s e r v i n g many of i t s e f f e c t s , and s t i m u l a t e d much i n t e r e s t , It was i n c o n n e c t i o n w i t h t h e s e h u t s t h a t t h e need f o r some means o f f o l l o w i n g m o i s t u r e changes w a s

f i r s t r e c o g n i z e d , They p r o v i d e d a l s o a n o p p o r t u n i t y f o r c o n t i n u o u s o b s e r v a t i o n o f e f f l o r e s c e n c e , and d e m o n s t r a t e d t h e v e r y s e r i o u s , inward m o i s t u r e movements which c o u l d b e produced i n summer by d i r e c t s u n s h i n e f o l l o w i n g w e t t i n g of t h e e x t e r i o r of a w a l l by r a i n , S i n c e no r e p o r t s have y e t been made on t h e s e h u t s , b r i e f r e f e r e n c e t o some of t h e r e s u l t s w i l l b e made.

M o i s t u r e gauges of t h e e l e c t r i c a l r e s i s t a n c e t y p e were i n c o r p o r a t e d i n t h e walls of one of t h e O t t a w a masonry h u t s . O b s e r v a t i o n s o f m o i s t u r e c o n t e n t were made a l s o by d i r e c t s a m p l i n g i n b o t h b r i c k s and m o r t a r , L a t e r a

s i l i c o n e w a t e r p r o o f era w a s a p p l i e d t o o n e - h a l f o f one o f t h e h u t s but, u n f o r t u n a t e l y , i t had t o be moved b e f o r e a

p r o l o n g e d t e s t o f t h e e f f e c t i v e n e s s of t h i s t r e a t m e n t c o u l d be made. More w i l l be s a i d i n a l a t e r s e c t i o n a b o u t m o i s t u r e gauges, which were m a i n l y u n s a t i s f a c t o r y ,

The d i r e c t s a m p l i n g o f m o i s t u r e c o n t e n t p r o v i d e d much i n t e r e s t i n g and s t i m u l a t i n g i n f o r m a t i o n , The p o r o u s b d c k s of t h e h u t were f o u n d t o a b s o r b l a r g e q u a n t i t i e s o f w a t e r ( a s much a s

5

p e r c e n t b y weight a t t h e s u r f a c e )

f o l l o w i n g a s i n g l e r a i n , M o i s t u r e c o n t e n t s v a r i e d m a r k e d l y from one b r i c k t o a n o t h e r a n d between b r i c k s a n d m o r t a r , These l a t t e r o b s e r v a t i o n s l e d t o a n e x t e n s i v e i n t e r e s t i n and s t u d y of t h e s u c t i o n c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f b r i c k s and

m o r t a r , The s i l i c o n e w a t e r p r o o f i n g t r e a t m e n t w a s g e n e r a l l y v e r y e f f e c t i v e i n r e d u c i n g t h e e n t r y o f w a t e r i n t o t h e

p o r o u s b r i c k s ,

Two o f t h e b r i c k masonry h u t s were p r o v i d e d w i t h i n t e r i o r s t r a p p i n g , i n s u l a t i o n , v a p o u r b a r r i e r s , and i n t e r i o r f i n i s h as i s f r e q u e n t l y u s e d i n Canada t o r e d u c e t h e h e a t t r a n s m i s s i o n i n b r i c k w a l l c o n s t r u c t i o n f o r h o u s e s , I n one of t h e s e , t h e masonry was p a r g e d on t h e i n s i d e and t h e n l i n e d w i t h a b u i l d i n g p a p e r b e f o r e t h e s t r a p p i n g w a s a p p l i e d ,

T h i s t r e a t m e n t was o m i t t e d i n t h e s e c o n d h u t , w i t h t h e r e s u l t t h a t w i t h i n two y e a r s t h e u n t r e a t e d wood s t r a p p i n g had r o t t e d v e r y b a d l y , While t h e i n t e r i o r o f t h i s hut was b e i n g

r e f i t t e d i n t h e suromer, i t was d i s c o v e r e d t h a t s e r i o u s w e t t i n g by c o n d e n s a t i o n w a s o c c u r r i n g on t h e back ( o u t s i d e ) o f t h e vapour b a r r i e r , T h i s w a s f o u n d t o b e c a u s e d by t h e a c t i o n of t h e s u n on t h e e x t e r i o r s u r f a c e o f t h e b r i c k f o l l o w i n g w e t t i n g by r a i n , A _{r i s e i n t e m p e r a t u r e of t h e o u t s i d e} s u r f a c e was d r i v i n g t h e w a t e r i n t h e b r i c k i n w a r d s t o condense on t h e c o o l e r i n n e r p o r t i o n s of t h e w a l l , A s a

r e s u l t of t h i s experience, i t was concluded t n s t t h e p a r g i n g and paper were d e s i r a b l e behind i n t e r i o r s t r a p p i n g o r

f u r r i n g a s a p r o t e c t i o n a g a i n s t w e t t i n g o f t h e i n t e r f o r p o r t i o n s of t h e w a l l .

Before t h e b r i c k masonry t e s t h u t s a t Ottawa were demolished i n 1954 t h e y were w e t t e d on t h e o u t s i d e w i t h a

w a t e r - s o l u b l e dye, T e s t p o r t i o n s of t h e w a l l s were t h e n c a r e f u l l y broken down and t h e p a t h s of w a t e r p e n e t r a t i o n , a s shown by t h e dye, were c a r e f u l l y noted, Very e x t e n s i v e

p a t h s a l o n g t h e brick-moratar i ~ t e r f a c e s were shown up by t h i s met tiod.

Two new b r i c k t e s t h u t s were e r e c t e d i n 1954 on a

new permanent s i t e , The masonry w a l l s were made of SCH

b r i c k s , These b r i c k s a r e a r e c e n t development f n t e n d e d t o p r o v i d e cheaper b r i c k masonry w a l l s f o r house c o n s t r u c t i o n and form a w a l l

52-

i n , t h i c k i n a s i n g l e w i t h e . One of t h e t e s t h u t s was l e f t u n i n s u l a t o d and t h e o t h e r was provided on t h e i n s i d e w i t h b u i l d i n g paper, s t r a p p l n ~ , in s u l a t i o n ,

vapour b a r r i e r and i n t e r i o r f i n i s h , Both h u t s have been h e a t e d and h u m i d i f i e d i n w i n t e r , Two b r i c k s on each w a l l of each hut were s p e c i a l l y c u t t o p r o v i d e f o r t h e removal of a s m a l l t e s t prism which i s weighed a t i n t e r v a l s t o determine

i t s m o i s t u r e c o n t e n t , Rain cups, p r o v i d i n g v e r t i c a l

openings, were p l a c e d a t two e l e v a t i o n s on each of t h e f o u r w a l l s of each h u t and weekly r e c o r d s have been k e p t , t o g e t h e r w i t h r e c o r d s of h e a t and w a t e r i n p u t t o t h e h u t s i n w i n t e r and of r e l a t i v e humidity m a i n t a i n e d i n summer. Thermocouple s t r i n g s were a l s o i n c o r p o r a t e d i n t h e w a l l s a t v a r f o u s

d i s t a n c e s from t h e o u t e r f a c e and continuous r e c o r d s have been k e p t , These r e c o r d s a r e now being a n a l y s e d , They w i l l p r o v i d e i n f o r m a t i o n on t h e t e m p e r a t u r e and m o f s t u r e c y c l e s o c c u r r i n g w i t h i n t h e w a l l s of both i n s u l a t e d and

u n i n s u l a t e d b r i c k masonry c o n s t r u c t f o n , The d i r e ~ t ~ i o n a l r a i n d a t a w i l l be compared t o the u s u a l weather d a t a which have been r e c o r d e d on t h e s i t e , U n f o r t u n a t e l y , no

d i r e c t i o n a l r a i n gauge was I n o p e r a t i o n o r i g f n a l l y , b u t one has now been i n s t a l l e d s o t h a t it w i l l be p o s s i b l e t o

compare t h e s e r e a d i n g s w i t h t h o s e of t h e r a i n cups a t two e l e v a t i o n s on e a c h w a l l , Some d i f f i c u l t y was experienced i n o b t a i n i n g t r u e r e a d i n g s of r a i n c o l l e c t e d by t h e cups a3 o r i g i n a l l y designed, s i n c e i n s e c t s were belng caught i n t h e o i l f i l m used t o c o n t r o l e v a p o r a t i o n , T h i s problem has s i n c e been overcome.

E f f l o r e s c e n c e

E f f l o r e s c e n c e , p a r t i c u l a r l y on new b r i c h ~ ~ o r k , is

a f r e q u e n t c a u s e of complaints i n Canada, S t u d i e s of

i t

NRC Nos. 3773 and

3774

( l b s 1 7 ) It i s i n t e r e s t i n g t o n o t e

t h a t i t u s u a l l y a p p e a r s i n i t s most s e v e r e f o r m i n s p r i n g a n d f a l l , p r o b a b l y due t o t h e p r e v a l e n c e o f a c o m b i n a t i o n of n o i s t u r e a n d d r y i n g c o n d i t i o n s whfch l e a d t o s u r f a c e e v a p o r a t i a n i n t h e s e s e a s o n s .

S e v e r a l b r i c k masonry p i e r s have been m a i n t a i n e d u n d e r o u t d o o r e x p o s u r e f o r s e v e r a l y e a r s , They have been u n d e r o b s e r v a t i o n i n t h e e f f l o r e s c e n c e s t u d i e s , but a r e

a l s o b e i n g s t u d i e d f o r s i g n s of d e t e r i o r a t i o n , Measurements have been made from t h e t o t i m e of t h e e x t e n t o f t h e

s e p a r a t i o n c r a c k s between b r i c k s and m o r t a r ,

A l s o i n c l u d e d i n t h i s o u t d o o r e x p o s u r e program a r e s e v e r a l specimens of d i f f e r e n t t y p e s of Canadian b r i c k s and a r a n g e o f masonry m o r t a r s , The specimens a r e p l a c e d

i n t r a y s o f m o i s t s a n d t o o b t a i n a comparison o f t h e i r w e a t h e r i n g p r o p e r t i e s under s e v e r e c o n d i t i o n s o f exposure.

A _{number of t h e specimens have been c o a t e d w i t h s i l i c o n e ,}

waxes, and cement washes t o o b t a i n a n i n d i c a t i o n o f t h e e f f e c t of s u r f a c e t r e a t m e n t s on d u r a b i l i t y . W a t e r p r o o f e r s The D i v i s i o n p a r t i c i p a t e s i n t h e work o f commit t e e s o f t h e American S o c i e t y f o r T e s t i n g M a t e r i a l s c o n c e r n e d w i t h t h e p r e p a r a t i o n of s p e c i f i c a t i o n s f o r masonry b r i c k s , t i l e s , b l o c k s , and m o r t a r s , Of p a r t i c u l a r i n t e r e s t

i s t h e work of Subcommittee V of ASTM Committee

C - 1 5

which

i s c u r r e n t l y s t u d y i n g methods f o r e v a l u a t i n g t h e u s e f u l n e s s of s u r f a c e t r e a t m e n t s i n overcoming r a i n p e n e t r a t i o n , The p r o g r e s s t o d a t e i n d e v e l o p i n g a method o f t e s t h a s been l i m i t e d b e c a u s e o f t h e i n a d e q u a c y o f i n f o r m a t i o n on t h e c o m p l i c a t e d r o l e p l a y e d b y w a t e r i n t h e p e r f o r m a n c e of masonry w a l l s , Recent work u n d e r t a k e n by t h e D i v i s i o n on t h e development o f methods f o r t e s t i n g t h e e f f e c t of b o t h i n t e g r a l and s u r f a c e w a t e r p r o o f i n g a r e d e s c r i b e d i n

DBR

I n t e r n a l Report No, 1 1 2 (24), I n f o r m a t i o n was o b t a i n e d o n t h e m o i s t u r e movement t h r o u g h c o n c r e t e specimens t o which a number of w a t e r p r o o f i n g a g e n t s had b e e n added,

S e v e r a l t e s t s were a p p l i e d , c o v e r i n g v a p o u r p e r m e a b i l i t y , s a t u r a t e d p e r m e a b i l i t y u n d e r a s m a l l head,

c a p i l l a r y a b s o r p t i o n , and e v a p o r a t i o n , The r e s u l t s i n d i c a t e t h a t a w a t e r p r o o f e r c a n n o t be judged f a i r l y by a s i n g l e t e s t ,

S t u d i e s o f a f u n d a m e n t a l n a t u r e on m o i s t u r e

m i g r a t i o n i n porous m a t e r i a l s have been i n p r o g r e s s f o r some t i m e . The e f f e c t of changes i n m o i s t u r e c o n t e n t a n d t h e

c o r r e s p o n d i n g changes i n dimension a r e of s p e c i a l i n t e r e s t . Measurements a r e r e g u l a r l y c a r r i e d o u t on e q u i l i b r i u m

m o i s t u r e c o n t e n t s a t v a r i o u s m o i s t u r e p o t e n t i a l s f o r

m a t e r i a l s under s t u d y , Fundamental s t u d i e s a r e b e i n g made o f t h e mechanism o f m o i s t u r e m i g l a a t i o n i n p o r o u s m a t e r i a l s , Some of t h e e a r l y work i s r e p o r t e d i n

DBR

B u l l e t i n 1,

NRC No, 3568 ( 1 2 ) @ More r e c e n t s t u d i e s a r e d e s c r i b e d i n two p a p e r s which have been a c c e p t e d f o r p u b l i c a t i o n i n t h e

O c t o b e r i s s u e of S o i l S c i e n c e , ( l o ) , P a i n t

The b l i s t e d n g and p e e l i n g o f o i l - t y p e p a i n t s on t h e wood s i d i n g of houses h a s been a s e r i o u s problem i n

Canada. T h i s p r e m a t u r e f a i l u r e of t h e p a i n t h a s been c a u s e d by h i g h m o i s t u r e c o n d i t i o n s i n t h e e x t e r i o r w a l l s , F i e l d s t u d i e s have- i n d i c a t e d t h a t t h e p e n e t r a t i o n of r a i n t h r o u g h j o i n t s i n s i d i n g s h a s been a m a j o r f a c t o r i n i n c r e a s i n g t h e m o i s t u r e c o n t e n t o f t h e w a l l s , The r e s u l t s o f t h e s e f i e l d o b s e r v a t i o n s a n d l a b o r a t o r y s t u d i e s a r e d e s c r i b e d i n DBR R e p o r t s R 1 , R 8 , a n d ~ e s e a r c h P a p e r No,

13,

NRC

No,

3453,

(229 23, 910 A n a l y s i s of Weather D a t a

The c l o s e c o n n e c t i o n between c l i m a t e and b u i l d i n g problems h a s been r e c o g n i z e d from t h e b e g i n n i n g of t h e work of t h e D i v i s i o n , A _{most s a t i s f a c t o r y working a r r a n g e m e n t} was made w i t h t h e M e t e o r o l o g i c a l D i v i s i o n which i n Canada i s m a i n t a i n e d by t h e Department o f T r a n s p o r t and has

h e a d q u a r t e r s i n T o r o n t o , A c l i m a t o l o g i s t f r o m t h e s t a f f of t h e M e t e o r o l o g i c a l D i v i s i o n h a s been a s s i g n e d t o work f u l l - t i m e on b u i l d i n g problems and pays m o n t h l y v i s i t s t o O t t a w a f o r c o n s u l t a t i o n , ,

The f i r s t c l i m a t e s t u d i e s were made t o s a t i s f y t h e needs o f t h e C l i m a t e S e c t i o n of t h e N a t i o n a l B u i l d i n g Code, I n t h e c o u r s e of t h i s work f a r more d a t a were d e v e l o p e d t h a n c o u l d be u s e d i n t h e Code and p r o v i d e d a b a s i s f o r a

C l i m a t o l o g i c a l A t l a s o f Canada which w a s p u b l i s h e d j o i n t l y b y t h e M e t e o r o l o g i c a l D i v i s i o n and t h e D i v i s i o n of B u i l d i n g R e s e a r c h as NRC

3151

( 1 9 ) ,

Following t h e s u r v e y s of masonry problems i n E a s t e r n Canadian c i t i e s , a n a t t e m p t w a s made t o d e v e l o p s i m p l e i n d i c e s from t h e r e g u l a r w e a t h e r r e c o r d s w h i c h would d e s c r i b e t h e s e v e r i t y o f t h e w e a t h e r a t t h e s e l o c a t i o n s i n t e r n s o f w e t t i n g and o f f r e e z i n g f o l l o w i n g w e t t i n g . These i n d i c e s a r e d e s c r i b e d i n T e c h n i c a l P a p e r No, 32, NRC 3794 ( 3 ) . A l t h o u g h no c o r r e l a t i o n c o u l d be made b e c a u s e o f t h e

d i f f i c u l t y o f a s s i g n i n g q u a n t i t a t i v e v a l u e s t o t h e i n c i d e n c e of w e t t i n g and d e t e r i o r a t i o n i n p r a c t i c e , t h e r e were some u s e f u l c o i n c i d e n c e s between t h e i n d i c e s developed and t h e f i e l d o b s e r v a t i o n s .

The d a t a being o b t a i n e d from t h e d i r e c t i o n a l r a i n gauge, and from t h e measurements made on t h e two b r i c k t e s t

h u t s a t Ottawa may p r o v i d e a b a s i s f o r f ' u r t h e r e v a l u a t i o n of t h e s e r e l a t i v e l y c r u d e i n d i c e s ,

S t u d i e s a r e being made of t h e v a r i a t i o n s i n l o c a l c l i m a t e , The r e s u l t s t h u s f a r o b t a i n e d f o r t h e c i t i e s of Ottawa and Vancouver a r e covered i n DBR I n t e r n a l Reports Nos, 7 0 _{and 1 0 3 (20, 211,}

The m o i s t u r e c o n t e n t of a n exposed m a t e d a l o r c o n s t r u c t i o n which i s o f t e n of importance r e p r e s e n t s a l e v e l of m o i s t u r e s t o r a g e which may r e s u l t l a r g e l y from t h e i n t e r - p l a y of w e t t i n g and d r y i n g c o n d i t i o n s . E v a p o r a t i o n

measurements, t h e r e f o r e , a r e of i n t e r e s t , These a r e made i n Canada a t c e r t a i n s e l e c t e d s t a t i o n s , l a r g e l y i n t h e i n t e r e s t s of a g r i c u l t u r e , They a r e b e l i e v e d t o be l i m i t e d t o

measurements o f e v a p o r a t i o n from f r e e water s u r f a c e s , A more complete s t a t e m e n t of the measurements made and t h e

r e c o r d s a v a i l a b l e i n Canada i s being p r e p a r e d , Measurement o f Moisture Content

S t u d i e s of r a i n p e n e t r a t i o n would be g r e a t l y

f a c i l i t a t e d i f t h e changing m o i s t u r e c o n t e n t o f t h e exposed m a t e r i a l o r c o n s t r u c t i o n c o u l d be measured n o n - d e s t r u c t i v e l y . Means f o r measuring m o i s t u r e c o n t e n t s r e a d i l y would be a l s o

of g r e a t a s s i s t a n c e i n many o t h e r c a s e s , The D i v i s i o n of B u i l d i n g Research, l i k e o t h e r b u i l d i n g r e s e a r c h a g e n c i e s , has t r i e d many methods and has h o p e f u l l y i n v e s t i g a t e d any new d e v i c e s when t h e y have been proposed,

The f i r s t m o i s t u r e gauges i n v e s t i g a t e d were t h o s e of t h e e l e c t r i c a l r e s i s t a n c e t y p e proposed f o r u s e i n s o i l a . Many f r u s t r a t i n g e x p e r i e n c e s f o l l o w e d i n t h e a t t e m p t t o

c a l i b r h t e t h e s e gauges by u s i n g s o i l samples i n t h e

l a b o r a t o r y , These e a r l i e r e x p e r i e n c e s , and d e s c r i p t i o n s o f v a r i o u s o t h e r methods which have been proposed have been

d e s c r i b e d i n a p a p e r "The Measurement of Moisture Content" c o n t a i n e d i n DBR B u l l e t i n NO, 1, NRC N O , 3568 ( 1 2 ) .

I n l a t e r work, s e v e r a l commercially a v a i l a b l e

m e t e r s of t h e e l e c t r i c a l r e s i s t a n c e t y p e have been c a l i b r a t e d i n c o n t a c t w i t h ceramic p l a t e s and membranes h e l d a t known m o i s t u r e t e n s i o n s , A l l have shown h y s t e r e s i s , a g r e a t l a g

r e p r o d u c i b i l i t y i n t h e w e t t i n g c y c l e . They a r e c u r r e n t l y undergoing e v a l u a t i o n i n t h e f i e l d ,

S i m i l a r r e s u l t s were o b t a i n e d e a r l i e r i n work done w i t h ' s m a l l m e t e r s of t h e e l e c t r i c a l r e s i s t a n c e t y p e which were d e s i g n e d and c o n s t r u c t e d i n t h e l a b o r a t o r y f o r u s e i n t h e masonry t e s t hut s t u d i e s , Very s u b s t a n t i a l h y s t e r e s i s e f f e c t s and l a c k of r e s p o n s e o v e r c e r t a i n p o r t i o n s of t h e range o f m o i s t u r e c o n t e n t s were found,

Attempts by o t h e r s t o develop n e u t r o n methods have been f o l l o w e d w i t h i n t e r e s t , A s o i l m o i s t u r e probe o f t h e n e u t r o n s o u r c e , indium f o i l , and c o u n t e r t y p e has been c o n s t r u c t e d and c a l i b r a t e d , T h i s shows some promise f o r c e r t a i n s t u d i e s i n s o i l s , b u t i s much more cumbersome i n u s e t h a n a r e t h e c o n t i n u o u s r e a d i n g d e v i c e s employing BF3 t u b e s which a r e b e i n g developed by o t h e r s ,

Pawliw and Spinks a t t h e U n i v e r s i t y of Saskatchewan have r e c e n t l y r e p o r t e d on a n e u t r o n c o n t a c t m e t e r f o r

c o n c r e t e , Torchinsky, a t t h e same U n i v e r s i t y , i s u s i n g a s u r f a c e t y p e meter f o r s o i l s i n which t h e n e u t r o n s o u r c e i s

c o n t a i n e d i n a s p i k e which i s d r i v e n i n a f i x e d d i s t a n c e from t h e s o i l s u r f a c e , Both of t h e s e d e v i c e s may have some

a p p l i c a t i o n t o masonry w a l l s , p r o v i d e d t h a t m o i s t u r e c o n t e n t g r a d i e n t s a r e n o t a c o m p l i c a t i n g f a c t o r .

F u t u r e Work

It i s planned t h a t much of t h e c u r r e n t work

r e l a t e d t o r a i n p e n e t r a t i o n w i l l be c o n t i n u e d and, i n some c a s e s , extended, D i r e c t i o n a l r a i n gauge and w a l l cup

measurements w i l l be c o n t i n u e d , f o r comparison w i t h normal. m e t e o r o l o g i c a l o b s e r v a t i o n s of weather f a c t o r s , It may be p o s s i b l e t o make s u c h measurements a t s e v e r a l s t a t i o n s I n Canada, Measurements of t h e c y c l i c a l v a r i a t i o n s of t e m p e r a t u r e and m o i s t u r e c o n t e n t i n masonry w a l l s w f l l be c o n t i n u e d , The s t u d i e s of t h e r e s i s t a n c e of u n i t masonry t o r a i n p e n e t r a t i o n w i l l be c a r r i e d on a s a major p r o j e c t , The l a r g e p a n e l a p p a r a t u s w i l l be used as t h e s t a n d a r d method of t e s t . P a n e l s made f o r t e s t i n g w i l l be s e t o u t f o r o u t d o o r exposure, The s m a l l p a n e l t e s t w i l l b e s t u d i e d

f u r t h e r , and i f found t o be u s e f u l w i l l be used e x t e n s i v e l y i n t h e c o n t i n u a t i o n of the s t u d i e s of b r i c k - m o r t a r bond,

i n

c o n j u n c t i o n w i t h t h e l a r g e p a n e l t e s t ,

S t u d i e s of t h e p r o p e r t i e s and performance of m a t e r i a l s and of t h e a c t i o n and e f f e c t s of m o i s t u r e i n m a t e r i a l s w i l l c o n t i n u e a s p a r t of t h e r e g u l a r work of t h e

B u i l d i n g . M a t e r i a l s S e c t i o n , The measurement of m o i s t u r e c o n t e n t i s of s u c h importance i n a l l t h i s work t h a t efforx :, t o develop and t o e v a l u a t e new t e c h n i q u e s must b e

-

11

-

LIST OF DBR PUBLICATIONS, REPORTS AND TRANSLATIONS RELATED TO

R A I N PENETRATION PUBLICATIONS

P u b l i c a t i o n s of t h e D i v i s i o n of B u i l d i n g Research cover a wide range and a r e d e s c r i b e d i n t h e l i s t of p u b l i c a t i o n s which i s r e v i s e d y e a r l y w i t h i n t e r i m addenda. This l i s t i s a v a i l a b l e upon r e q u e s t , w i t h o u t c h a r g e , The Na t i o n a l Research Counoil f o l l o w s t h e p o l i c y a p p l i c a b l e t o a l l Government departments w i t h r e g a r d t o t h e p r i c i n g of p u b l i c a t i o n s ,

1, Boyd,

D.W.,

R a i n f a l l i n t e n s i t i e s a t seven Canadian c i t i e s . N a t i o n a l Research Council, D i v i s i o n of B u i l d i n g Research, BN

15,

February

1955,

2 p.

2, Dickens, .HOB., Good p r a c t i c e i n masonry w a l l c o n s t r u c t i o n , N a t i o n a l Resegrah Council, D i v i s i o n of B u i l d i n g Researoh, BN 22, June

1956,

8

p.

3,

Dorey, D.B., Weather a s a f a c t o r i n masonry problems, R e p r i n t from J o u r n a l , Royal A r c h i t e c t u r a l I n s t i t u t e of Canada, Vol. 32, No. 10, October

1955,

p.

394-397.

N a t i o n a l Research Council, D i v i s i o n of B u i l d i n g Research, Tech. Paper No. 32, NRC No. 3794.

4.

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p. R l t c h f e ,

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18. R i t c h i e , T. and W o G o Plewes, A review o f l i t e r a t u r e on r a i n

p e n e t r a t i o n of u n i t masonryo N a t i o n a l Research Council, D i v i s i o n of B u i l d i n g Research, Tech0 Paper NO, 47, NRC No.

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5

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19.

Thomas, Morley

K.,

~ l i m a t o l o ~ i c a l a t l a s of Canada ( a j o i n t p u b l i c a t i o n of t h e M e t e o r o l o g i c a l D i v i s i o n , Department o f T r a n s p o r t and t h e D i v i s i o n of B u i l d i n g Research, N a t i o n a l Research Council, ~ a n a d a ) , NRC No.

3151,

December

1953,

253 P. REPORTS Note: R e p o r t s a r e p r e p a r e d f o r i n t e r n a l u s e o n l y and a r e n o t i n c l u d e d i n t h e l i s t of D i v i s i o n a l p u b l i c a t i o n s . I n t e r n a l r e p o r t s a r e n o t t o be c i t e d a s a r e f e r e n c e i n any p u b l i c a t i o n b u t may be made a v a i l a b l e t o t h o s e s p e c i a l l y i n t e r e s t e d i n t h e s u b j e c t s w i t h which t h e y d e a l , A l l t e c h n i c a l i n f o r m a t i o n of v a l u e

i n

t h e s e r e p o r t s w i l l e v e n t u a l l y be p r e s e n t e d i n r e g u l a r p u b l i c a t i o n s o f t h e D i v i s i o n ,

20, Boyd, D,W,, Local c l i m a t e i n t h e Ottawa r e g i o n :

1954.

Na t i o n a 1 Re s e a r c h Council, D i v i s i o n o f B u i l d i n g Research, DBR I n t e r n a l Report Noo 70, J u l y

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21. Boyd, D.W., Local c l f m a t e i n t h e Vancouver r e g i o n :

1954.

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1956,

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p a i n t on e x t e r i o r of h o u s e s f n Vancouver, N a t i o n a l Research Council, D i v i s i o n of B u i l d i n g Research, DBR Research Report R. 1, October

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23. Hopkfns, C O Y o and E,V, Gibbons, Report on t h e performance of e x t e r i o r p a i n t s on houses: (second p r o g r e s s r e p o r t ) ,

N a t i o n a l Research Councfl, D i v i $ i o n of B u i l d i n g Research, DBR Research Report R ,

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1953,

29 P O

24. Kocataskin, F, and E , G , Swenson, Methods f o r r a t i n g c o n c r e t e w a t e r p r o o f e r s , N a t i o n a l Research Council, D i v i s i o n of

B u i l d i n g Research, DBR I n t e r n a l Report NO, 112, January

25, Plewes, W.G,, Design of a masonry leakage t e s t apparatus. Natiorial Research Council, D i v i s i o n of B u i l d i n g Research, DBR I n t e r n a l Report No0 85, August

1956,

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26. R i t c h i e ,

To,

P r o p e r t i e s of b r i c k s r e c e i v e d from Elmsdale, Nova S c o t i a N a t i o n a l Research Council, D i v i s i o n of Building Researeh,

TN

156,

September

1953

27, R i t c h i e , T,, Report on the m a t e r i a l s and methods of

c o n s t r u c t i o n of some brickwork p i e r s e r e c t e d i n Ottawa f o r experimental purposes, National Research Council, D i v i s i o n of Building Research, DBR Study 'Report S

43,

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1953,

8 p o

28. R i t c h i e , T,, A _{survey of the performance of marsomy}

s t r u c t u r e s i n the MarJtirne Provinces, N a t i o n a l Research Council, D i v i s i o n of Building Research, DBR I n t e r n a l Report No,

65,

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1955,

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29. R i t c h i e , To and W o G e Plewes, Preliminary t e s t s of the r a i n r e s i s t a n c e of brickwork p a n e l s ,, N a t i o n a l Research Council, D i v i s i o n of Building Research, DBR I n t e r n a l Report No, 108, September

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'IECHNI CAL TRANSLATIONS

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30. Edenholm, H,, Moisture movement and moisture d i s t r i b u t i o n on the w a l l s of b u i l d i n g s , From Meddelanden frGm S t a t e n s Forakningskommfttee f 0 r Lantmannabyggnader No,

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Moisture t r a n s m i s s i o n and moisture d i s t r i b u t i o n i n b u l l d i n m a t e r i a l s , Transla t i o n of ~ u k t ~ e n o r n g a n g och Fuktf

%

r d e l n i n g I Byggnadsmaterigl T i d s k r i f t

fb

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33 p, National Research Council, Tech, Trans.

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