• Aucun résultat trouvé

Analysis of TCP with Several Bottleneck Nodes

N/A
N/A
Protected

Academic year: 2021

Partager "Analysis of TCP with Several Bottleneck Nodes"

Copied!
29
0
0

Texte intégral

(1)Analysis of TCP with Several Bottleneck Nodes Chadi Barakat, Eitan Altman. To cite this version: Chadi Barakat, Eitan Altman. Analysis of TCP with Several Bottleneck Nodes. RR-3620, INRIA. 1999. �inria-00073057�. HAL Id: inria-00073057 https://hal.inria.fr/inria-00073057 Submitted on 24 May 2006. HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of scientific research documents, whether they are published or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers.. L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés..

(2) INSTITUT NATIONAL DE RECHERCHE EN INFORMATIQUE ET EN AUTOMATIQUE. Analysis of TCP with Several Bottleneck Nodes Chadi Barakat — Eitan Altman. N° 3620 February 1999 THÈME 1. ISSN 0249-6399. apport de recherche.

(3)

(4) 

(5)    "!$#%'&()* +$,.-0/1 23$ 46587:9.;=<>7:?@7:AB7DCFEHGI;JCK7:LNM3OJCQPR7:L S"TBU V>W>XZk8Y\ljmo[$niW ]_f=^`W_pracbeqs^tdf`lWgaof=u ^`he^ifjU V>W_^ [+acvwv:mcl`f$xwWIl`W@yTwW lyTwW{z:|.}~€c‚Y\ƒwW „Bl`bBacl`h X_†c††)Y0€‡vBaoˆW_^ ‹‰ Š

(6) Œ_ ŽKwcc‘ pFacz’h”“•ml`–e^•TBaQ—cWI^tf`bBxwq˜W@xfjTwW)vDW_lt™Jml`V aczBygW)mo™.S=š›kœ„hV6mexeW_u˜qszwˆ>fjTwWIzwWgfi“›mclj–”ac^ “›aFa mc™J^`bwljqszw–ezBˆc^ yŸ’usfjW q˜fjmTw„Dz Wmcmcft„:fj™8W u˜W_TBf`zwTwaQW_q¨—’^=yqsmc–žV l+zwacmcmeq˜™

(7) z¦xefjWc„:TwŸ

(8) moWf`f`vwTBf`usljWW mozwmcfjW@mezByygW –©mc =u¤TBŸwaQ¡¢W@z¦—’^tq˜v:zwfjTwW_ˆry q¨^=qsfjacTwvBu˜Wusach‹vD^`xeu˜W_mKbBl_“›Ÿ:l`qsW_“›zw^tW%ˆfIvwmc^`u˜beljmKW_fj“"^`ˆcW ¥¢mz^tq˜fjfªzwaoˆFal`f_lV6ŸeaKTDfjmW acl`^$W%mc„:zžˆcW W W_f`zBTBz¦W W”lyaoTBvBu*aoaKV>lfjacT*meyg rxef`W W ¡¢uljz£qsf§ aof`W_–’Twx3q˜W@zBac^tˆW^ fjqszBzTwm’f`WxwmW_v:a^_W  y l`y S"™JmcmcTwbwljV Wªzf=moaofjaozBTwusy u*W W l•fjTwmozwW%™$mefjxezBTwW_m’W^•xwW_V vw^$ljaQmomhcfjzrŸcmeqsygf`zmcTwu•^`Wmcy vBV>aoaKzRW=fjT*y_„D $acW3^`«‚W_^t^_W_WŸl`qsy ^tmcacTwbBbBmK^`^`“¬usW=h‚aofjaKTBz ®©aKqsW_f@V>ygŸDf`vwqsW@z¦l`x¯mKac—„’xwW h xwV>q­fjfjW Twq˜zmWf°zrqsvBz f`acm ljfjacTwfjTwV>W=W%v:Wgf`V W W_l`ljao™J^mcqszFljmoV ™$„:aomof`zBftTBfjy Wu˜W+W_mozw^tfjqsW_zBTwyygW –©Wl Ÿ fjfjTwTwW W)h‹mofjV TwaQW h”l$TBxeacW_zBy l`x²W@Ÿwacy_^`aoW=bBfj^`TwWªWIv:„wW bwl`™Jlmc^ifjljq˜V zBW_ao^jzB^"y WZmo™xwf`W lˆcaKl±”acxBy)aKaof`ljqsmcl`qsz—’q˜q˜zwzFˆ>y aKaf"^tWZfjTwusmWI^j^tV W@^•aoqsmez3y_yg„:bwmol"f`f`qsusz‹W zwfjW@Twym–©^` .WZS"zwTBmeW xeh‹W_^_y  8mc¡¢bwzBu¨xex²W_ŸeW_mx²z Ÿ fjq˜mc™›m3™

(9) f`fjf`TwTwTwW WW_Vµ„wmcbwf`Tw®:W W_—W_l+W ljzž^)zwmeqsq­zž™›xeW_f`f`TB^+TwW W@mcqs^tz3lW mcf`zwTwbemeW%fjxeˆc„DW@m^IW_q˜zwTBaoˆ3aQlj—’Wlq˜aKmzBf`l$moW>mofq¨™8^Z“›S=™¶W acš›usuH^tkf`xeW_q˜l)xeV>bwf`W_TBljzBq˜aczw^tz‚ˆ‹qsmcfjzBš•TBW_maKx²zwfIŸ³ˆcmcf`W@Tw™•^ifjW_fjq˜z‚TwmW z3fjTwV ·

(10) W”—caoygmqsz‚mqsxBzw„:aoˆczBmoW@f`y ^if`fjW)usq˜W my_zwz‚aoW@zryy_–:ao„:zž ”WS"„DzwW W”TBˆW6^`u˜W@TwW yq˜®:™´fjf`W@W_W_yx²x f   ¸=y_aomKz£“•„:W_—cW”W_l_ygmcŸQ“›V>W"vwus^`WgTwfjmKW “Rush‚acxezBq˜ao®©usW hljf`W q¨y zacfu˜us“$h)Twf`W TBz'aof8y f`mcTwzBW$^`q¨^`xeu˜mKW lj“"q˜zB¥¢^tˆfjaofjl`Twf

(11) W”„:ˆcW TDW_zwaQW —lqsmcaol.u8vwV>ljmeW_xexwW_qsygu¹f` FW_xºª„’bwh%la)aozB^tacqszwu˜heˆ^`u˜W"qs^)zwq¨me^)xe™JW"mu˜V>usmKme“•xeW@W x u „’S=hrš›ˆckbB qs·+xeW_u¨^tu˜mDqszwŸW@ac^=^°™JaImlZl`W@f`^tTwbBW>u­fHxemcqsV6™:fjW_TwzBq¨^`^Hq˜mˆczwW_zwq˜zBW ˆlaomoue™•V>zwmeWgxefi“›W_u¹mcŸlj“•–rW+„wacbel`®©W+W acl„w^ZusW"^`m‹f`ma^+q¨xefjW m‹zfjqsq­V>™JhvwŸljbwmKzD—cxeWW fjlTw^ifW6aovDzBW_x lt™JacmzBl`x>V aoaozBzDacygu˜W%h’§_mcW ™ a”y_aovwzwl`zBmmo„wfHusW „:V»W=Wgq˜dez¦vwf`u¨TwaoqsW6zwW@mcxv:W „’lh>aKfjaIq˜m^tz3qszwmcˆ™°u˜W+S=zBš›m’k¼xwW+“$V>Twm’q¨yxwT¦W u¤lj W_½›^`bwh>u˜fj^t^+qsV%qsz‚bwu¨a aKfjf`q˜TwmljzBmc^_bwŸcˆ“›TwW+vw^tbeTwf)mKxe“œWgfjfjW TBljaKq˜mfHljfjaoTwf`q¨qs^HmczFvwljaomczD„wxFusW V“$Twy q¨acyTz fj„:TwW%WIlj¡¢W_z^`f`mcW_us—cl`zwW@xW f_q˜  ™°[+¾H¿»À¹[+aozBxwmcV»¾Haolju˜hr¿ªWgf`W@yfjq˜mzDÁ$„wbw®:W_l=V aozBacˆcW_V6W_zf=vDmu˜q¨ygqsW_^ªaoljWxeW vBu˜mKhW_xrqsz ÂFacˆcÝW_Ä©V6ÅjW_Æ%zÇf_ŸwŽK[+ÈŒc¾H‘ ¿ŸBS=¿ªš›l`kmŸcv3ɒSusmKao“"qsu¤¥¢  ɒfjaol`f_Ÿš•mzwˆcW@^ifjq˜mz%·

(12) —cmcq¨xwaczBygWŸKpFm’xwW usq˜zwˆDŸɒqsV%bwu¨aKfjq˜mzB^_Ÿo½•bw®:W_l8p¦aoze¥. Unité de recherche INRIA Sophia Antipolis 2004, route des Lucioles, B.P. 93, 06902 Sophia Antipolis Cedex (France) Téléphone : 04 92 38 77 77 - International : +33 4 92 38 77 77 — Fax : 04 92 38 77 65 - International : +33 4 92 38 77 65.

(13) ‹% ³ 23   =!$,  ‹

(14) # ‹ 23 Œ ‘ usyW)TBW l`V>]@^tq˜W@zFaob3W_zaQf`—cljW_W%k8yªu¨usa”bwbBzF^t^tqsmW ^`bBbwW ljlbw^Zygu²WIfjzwljWgm’aQfZW_—KbBusaoax²bwŸBd¦xey W_mcW ^tusf`zbwqsfzBq³aK]gaQfjfjhq˜bBmacxezz*qsf• =]6u¨¿Zu¨aaraovBzBv:u˜bB^ZW l`^+yg™JW@mcvD^$ljW V>f`fjq˜ljacf`aQWIzB—Kyg„BaoW>bwacd©zBxexeŸDb£WIu˜WvwvBljygamomc^`fjV>^jm’aoy v:zmcmcf`usl`WZW6f`W_ljS=]_V6š›^`W_qsxek¬zbBfªW_W xez‚usu˜b¦WZV>u˜vwWImeljxemousmcfj] zBmeusq¨ˆ>yg^`mcacxwuszWcb f Ÿ vDy W=aol`zwf`m’q¨ygW_bwbBusx”q˜U_l`aoW_vBV>vDW_W u˜z]Zf°ˆcxembwbwlu˜aomczf•f°x u¨aI]gfjvwljTBacazw^tˆcW=usW ÉeV>u˜mKW “"zf°¥iɝvBfjl`acqsltzBf@ygŸqsvBaIac] u¹f` 8]=¿Zy_aoaozBlac^•ygzwf`] moljfjq¨l`^tWª]"vBW aoz>vB™Jq˜mW_zBl_yŸfjmcq˜z”mz”vBl`xe]@W_^t^°W_zvBfjaoW+laobwV>z‹U V6f`ljmeW_xe^HU_xeu˜WW vBvDu˜aobBu¤^›Ÿu¨ˆa] v:zwW ]_l`lj™JacmcuBljfjV W zBaoaczBzy f+W=y xemcW)V>S=veš›f`W)k¯xeW_WZ^tf›f`mbBbBzw^›W+u˜™JW@m^›zBzwym’fjq˜W mbBzxwxe^_ W_^•+vBmacbBlj^›acV6V>U mcf`zljf`W_lj^•mczBxe^W_^›aob beW fjz3l`W@vw^Hu˜zwbDm’^›W_xwbBb‹xw^_ˆ Hmcš•bwusW@mo^°f›zBvwml`W_qszBbBy xwq­^¥ v:ˆmcW bwbBus—cmoW f$zf%vwljacqszBV6yg]_qsvBu˜qsaomcu¤lj •W lIpFu¨acarqs^+v:W W l`zr™JmcV ljV> V>aczBWIygf`W W_V>W_z£vB^ l`ŸD]@xeq˜u¨bw^$q¨v:^`acW zbwf—W u¨zaFf=^`y vDacmbBlj^`aW xel$qsy bwq­zwfj]”Wxexwb£] ˆcf`llaca xB:aKy6f`qsS=mczrš›xek WI¦v:W u l`W ™Jzmcf`ljljV ] W”aozBxwy b W us^`mcmclz^ fHvBbBaW"^8xw„wW_^HqsW v:z”W xel`f`qsV>W@^HW aozBvB^`qsvBmcaozwlzwao]@q¨^`^ ^`ŸW uszaIf8y xwmcaozwzDˆ^°W_^tygf`W@qsmc^8z6zwm’vDW W_bDbexwf›^ ac .vw¾8vBz”acljW a ®:sfjW l`f_W$Ÿ’^txwqBacu˜zBW@^8^8bwfjacz”V>x vDW mbwzBd^HVxwac zBV>^HW=ygW@^ ^8qsu¨zw^Hm’mcW zbDfHxwvw^HuszwbBW^ fjxwacW zBW6V>ao„DusW heaoz^tzBf=W"xexeV>W>WImcvBS=zafjš›^`l`^jWk aozxefjbwWbwW$lljaous]_W=z^`f$y qsxwmcu¨bwV>aW vDvBusu˜mTBW ltacfj^`W bwW%V>W>š•W u˜mczW>zwf•ˆˆxwmcW_bwbw^tljf`usacmoqsmczf)z‹f•vw·

(15) ɒljq˜u˜—czBmKm“"y qsq˜xB¥ivDɝaoaofzBu¤ao y l`WªfHv:vDW W W_®:bebeW f f f% gf`xefjljl`W W)WªygzwygW_mc] ^)ˆV>zBu˜qsvwmˆcus]W_UgbB HfjW xwš•V>^IW_W vD^`zbwW_f•l)zBxwxwu˜W q­ac®©zy ] f@mcljŸwW V>zwzvDmcf•mf`xeljltWW ¥ fjy ¾Hl`W z musbwBbwq.z*—cW_vwŸel"ljyg] Wªu˜—’WIV>b¦V>m’vBW xwacqsU uslªu˜usW_W=bwbwzwz‚l=mxeV>bBqs^°V>m’v:xwW W U zBljus^`WV>q˜mygWgzwmf"zwzBx W_^`V6qsq¨xexeW_]_W_zljzacf=fjzq xeDfZW_W ^`^›l›W fbwWgaof›usV>W x V>vDacW mzBzzBfZao^+usu˜hea W6^tBW_ˆczFl°mbwbwx z”u˜mcacfªV>vBl`vw] muslj„wq˜qsmzBu˜U_l`ygW_V>qsl›vBW=aou¨a>u¤xw %aov:zDš•W ^°l`Wg™Jf`usmcW+f`ljW>V>™JmaoaczBzBzByacfjygu˜q˜W)hem^`zwxeW%zwWaoW S=V>q¨xeš›W_W zkf   xwy W”W3vwS=ljš›mc„wk usU V>bBW q"v:y_aoW bBbef^`Wgf`bBljzwW”WFljxe]_^`]gmcfjus] b¯ljq˜m^tqHljaou¨f`a¦qsmc^tz'f`laKxefjbœ] ˆcxeqs] W „wxeq˜f_W”  ˆ·³W_^t—f`W_qsmcyz¯xwW_xe^>W_^^tqsfjV%acV6bBusv:aof`mcqszDmc^%zB^_[+Ÿ8¾Hzw¿ mcbD^%À¶[=V>aozBmczxefjml`V1mzB¾H^ acl`bwush W ¿Z¾.fjW_yfjq˜mzDÁ"W@^if+xe]_vwu˜mKh] WIxwaczB^"u˜W@^"zwm’W bBxB^$xebrl`]@^tW@aob*  xwW_^$Ç @SŒ aoÅ V> vDmŒrzB‘ ^_Ÿw[+S=¾Hš›¿k

(16) Ÿ©ŸD¿ªÉ’usl`mKm“"v3¥¢ÉSfaoaoqsl`u¹f_  ŸDš•mzwˆcW@^ifjq˜mz3·

(17) —cmqsxwaczBygWŸBprmexe] usq¨^`aof`qsmcz*ŸDÉeq˜Vbwusaof`qsmczB^_Ÿ ZW@^ifjq˜mz . .  . . . .

(18). .  

(19). . . 

(20). . .  

(21). .

(22). . 

(23).  . . !. ". #.

(24). $.

(25). 

(26). %. !. &. !. (' . *).

(27) }. 

(28)     "!$#&%')(*+. % 

(29) # 2 ,° g S=y mcš›zkf`ljmcÀ¶u•S

(30) f`lTBaoWzB^`.BV>mKqs“^j^tqsmcmc™=z£fjš•TwW mcqszl>f`ljvBmcacu.yk8–Wgljfjmo^f`meacy y_mcygu´mcÁ+lxeq¨^ZqszwbBˆ¦^tW@fjx m‚„’zBhFWgfiV “›aomcz’lj–žh¦y acmcvwzwvwˆusqsW_y_^taKf`f`qsmcqsmcz*zD ¯^ª½›mc™HW_y_f`aomebBxw^`aQWh mc^Z™ª¡¢zq˜fjfj^>W ljygzwljWgbBfZygq¨f`aom u lj^tf`mcbDusWIxeq˜qsW@zF0x f`Tw/ €eWŸ:mc‡ev:ŸDW ~wlŸ*aKX@fjeq˜mŸ³z3X$Xmc1¤™8 "f`S"TwWTwW%¡¢zacf`zBW aoljzwushW f`f_q¨ŸDy acf`Twu²WV6vDmeW_xeltW_™Jusm^ªl`V xeW ao—zDW ygusmcWIv:moW_™8xrfjTwac^jq¨^+^`bwvwV>ljmoW)fjm’f`TBy mcaou

(31) f$TBf`TwacW^=„DzBW_WgW fi“›z¦mcqsljz–f`W ygzDlj^tmqs^j—c^tW_W@u˜xh „’mbehFf`fjˆTwmcWqszwy ˆrmcljzwaozwf`W@W>yfjmcq˜zžmzžfjTwy_W”aoz£vBao„Df`W T£V>„DmeW fixe“•W_u˜W_W@W xžzžaf`^TBWar^t^tmqszwbwˆlygu˜W W „:aomozBf`x‚f`usfjW TwzwW”W@yxe– W_^tzwf`meqszBxeaoWf`Ÿ*qsmcf`TBz*W  3mcS"zwTwW qs^TBaQV6—’meqszwxeˆ3W_uHf`q¨Tw^W ygusmmKl`“›ljW_W_yg^tff q˜y ™HmcfjzwTwzBW>W_y„wfjbeq˜m®©z W lIacl`y WracvB—cacW_y l`q­h¯fihru¨aoaoljzBˆcx¦Wrf`ygTwmW V>aQvB—KaoaoljqsW_u¨aox'„wusf`Wmž„Bf`acTwzBmxe^tWr“$q¨mcx’™=f`Tžf`TBq˜W3z zBf`Twm’W6xwW¦mofjyTwTwW mlZ^`W zwzœmexeacW@^ ^Zažy l`ažm^`^`^`qsW_zwx¦ˆcus„WFh3aofjzBTwx W6V S=š›aoqsk z „:usW_moaQf`—f`WZusW f`zwTwW@q¨y^$–©zw Hme½•xeh‹WIaQfjmK—Q“›acq˜acu¨aolj„BxBu˜^°WZfj„BTwaoW%zDxexeW@“$^ifjqsxeq˜zDf`aKTrf`qsq˜mczFz³a6 •zw¸+memKxe“›WIW —“›W W)l@ŸeV6xeW@bwaoWIz‹fjf`m>Twf`WITwl2W aKfj.DWIbByaKfjf+bB“$aKfjTwq˜q¨myzBT3^$S=qsz3š›ljkœW_acvBu*azwyW –cfiW “•fj^"ml`y –eac^_z Ÿ fjqszFTwW_a ^`W xeq˜®:bBW_acl`zW_zfjq­f+fjq˜v:W@^%W l`y_™Jmcaoljz£V „DaoW‹zBy —cWZW_l`f`hžTBacygzrusmf`^`TBW ao“$f+Twvwqsl`yW@T¯xeq¨V yf`aQW@h£x3„aK®©hW_f`ygTwfWf`^tTwqsWzwˆc„DusWIW_TB„:aQmo—’ftq˜fjmu˜lW_zwmoW_™+y–‹S=š›zwmek xeWIaczBV>x£meV xeW aQu¤h  •·ªljW_^$^`bw“•u­Wf “$y mcqsV>usu›vw^`usTwWgmKfj“W ush”usaof`f`TBW_Wl_Ÿ„Df`W_TBTBqsaQ^—’Wgq˜m®©l$W_ygmof6™.f`y TBacW%z¯^t„DusmKW‹“"q˜¥¢ˆ^izwfmcaoljl`W_f$x¯acu˜xwˆbwmcl`ljqsq­zwfjTwˆ Vry  °mczwS"ˆTwW_W^tf`„Bqsmcbwz'lj^taQfj^=—mc^tq¨W_xwzaofZzBxey W>bwlj„wq˜zwbeˆ”f>^`q­f>usmK“"y ao¥ z'^tfjacyltTDf$aozwy acˆz W y_xwaoqs^tbBf`^`ljWq˜„Ba bef`qsbwmcz¯W bBmcWI™›„wfjbwTwqsW usxeqszwbwˆ”W_bwqszFW”V mz¯aoz’V%hbwzBu˜f`m’qsvwxwusW_W^$zwzwmemcxef+W@mc^zwqsuszBh3^iq˜fjz3W_af`x£TDaKmof+™$fmcaoz'–cW_a¦zF^`acqs^"zwˆcfjusTwW”WmcV zBW”aoqszry ao„Dz'mcaQftf`—usmcW q¨zBx£W_yaF–© ›„wbeS"®©TBW qsl^ mKv:—W W l`™Jlmc.BljmKV “ aovwzBljy W_Wcxe .q¨½›yfjbeW_f›x‚ac„us^`h¦mf`q˜Twf›W y ac^`zq˜zwy ˆacu˜W6bB^`„:W=moaoftfjz”u˜W_bBzwzwW_vwy– ljW_xeV6q¨ymefjxeW_W_x u8mK“$—TwW q¨l y.BT‚mK“ ljW_^`q˜™*bwfju˜fjTw^ZW=q˜„wz£bwao®:zžW_ljqs^•V6q˜z”vBl`f`mKTw—WZW V>mofjW TwzW fªl•qszwzžmef`xeTwW_W^ V qsaczžl`acW)f`q˜z3TwzwW”mc„Df=^`mcus^tftmKbBfj“"u˜q­W_f¥ zwao^t„wfjW_acyush–”ltf)xeq¨^$vwqsV>TByTwaW ^tmzBW^t^` ”W_q˜mz3¡zwfaW_y x*qs^yg °m“•S"ljxwW_Twq˜u˜q¨zwu8^$ˆ–’V u˜zwh6mKaQfj“$h”mz‚TBfjaoTwf`vBTBWvDaoygfW_mz3zBa3xeW_vB—cq˜f`acW_qsyz‹mc–z‹q˜Wg™.fI™Jmcf`usTwbwmWIzD^jx^I„wbwxeqsz0®:bwW>W_/ €’l+f`Ÿ³q˜mFz3XcX$„Bfj1³beTw^`®:WIm W_zwlacme^•mKxe—cf`W)m W_fj3l aQ.Dac—c–cmKmW_“ qsz3xxeau˜bwm^"lj^`f`q˜^`zwTwW_ˆW^ ^`acuszBmKx“"¥f`^tTwfjW_acz3ltfZqszFl`W@a6^tbwu˜u˜mKfj“›^ZW qsl›zžf`a3TBl`^`mV>bwacˆcu˜TwusW vBl)bef2“$/qs}BzBŸ5xe4mK1 “  aof)f`TwW>„:W ˆcqszwzwqszwˆrmo™°f`TwW ygmzwˆcW@^ifjq˜mz‚aQ—mcq¨xwaozBy W%vwTDac^`W fj¡¢aczœTwzBW6xIfjTwzwfjTwqsme^W"xeW_vB„w^Zaobev:yg®©ljW W ml@lH^jŸ›y_^t“•W@aoxFvBW¦a„’^tygh3f`q˜fibBhcf`xw ³Twh'W>¾.f`dwygTBmy W¦W zwvezwvDf8W_W_yg“$ltf`™JTwqsmmcW_l`z*zV  IV>ac·ªzBW ^ªygzWrfjvDq˜maomozwl™IaoW_S=V>x²š›ŸoWgf`fjk TwW lW$ac^ y Ÿ:^”ac“•vBa‚W6ac™Jy ygbwq­mfizDh)zBy^tf`mcq¨qs™Dxemca=W_zl=„Bmcfjbe™ªTw®:W6fjW_Twl8aQW¦—Kqs^acvBq˜V u¨acaoljao„waczDusV>W%aoˆcWg„DW@f`aoW_x%zBlja^6xey “$mcyg™)mq¨x’ljacfjxeTu˜¥u qs„:zwmoˆ f`f`fjusm W zwf`W@TByW%–e^%V>aomzD^tfªxžygf`mTwV>W_z'V6“•mz¦W”¿=^`TwljmKmc“vFSf`TDaoaKqsu³f%v:q˜f6mcusqsy_y aohcz¯ $„:«žW‹W%^`vwq˜V>ljW_vw^`usW q zDfªW_xža”f`ˆcmžW zBarW lmcaozwu*WV>“$meq­xefjW T¯ufiyg“•mzBm ^tq¨zw^tmef`qsxezwW_ˆ ^%mo“$™Hq­fjV Twaomcz’beh f V>yÉeTDq˜meVaoxezwbwW_ˆusuDaoq˜zwaof`mˆ)zDl6x6fjTw/sf`X_WZTw}7W=1vD 8W_ac·+ltzB™JV>maousl`hmcV f`zwq¨aoˆy zDacmcyguwbwW$l`l•W@mo^tl`™²bBW@fju­^tTwfbB^HWZu­faovw^ ljl`ŸW$mc“•f`—KWZmeaoygus^tqsmTBxwu¹mKao “f`S"W@x>fjTwTBW=„aKh>mf›vDaf`W_m6lj^`aoWgaQf°f`—cqsmmcmcqs™*z x6^tmcqsusV%m™³^jS=bw^tW@u¨š›aK^°fjk¯xeq˜mbwqszB^›lj^8qsyzwTBbBˆac^`qsljfjzwaTwˆ yWªf`ªW_^`u˜l`É©mKqs§ Ÿ“"W@f`¥¢x6TB^tfjW “$ao+l`q­fjf°W Tfivw“•^tTDbDmacyl`^`T– W aczBx%f`TwW_l`W ™JmcljW°fjmZqsV>vwljmK—cW•f`TwW$v:W l`™JmcljV aozBy W•mc™Bf`TBW$vwl`mcf`meygmu¹ŸQfjTwW$„wbe®©W ljqszwˆIy aovDacygq˜fihIqszfjTwW$mofjTwW l zBqsz‚m’xwf`TwW_^.W@^tV%W>bDzw^imef°xe^jW@y ^)acu˜qsW"^)uszwq˜zwmcW@faolj^tu˜mrhI^i“$fjl`q˜f`qszwT6ˆfjW TBzaKf)fHaqsz6^)q˜f`z‚TwW$f`TBV W6aoV qsz>ac„Dq˜zžmcft„Dfju˜mcW_ftzwfjW_u˜W_yzw–©W_ .y·+–©u˜Ÿ²f`fjTwTwmW bwh ˆcTacl`f`W6TwW$zwW@„BygbeW_®:^j^jW_aolHljljhrW f`bwmrqsl`aoW_„BV6^`mcW_ljz„ f fjaQTw—KW%acq˜u¨„Baobw„wljus^tWZfj^ª„Bao^tzBW_zxwfª“$xeqsx’bwfjljTrq˜zBq˜ˆz3^tf`usTBmKWI“"¥¢V>^ifacaoq˜l`z3f"„:“$moTBftfjW u˜zFW_zwfjW_TwyW%–©m  bef`vwbwfªlaKf`W%mo™.f`TwW_q˜lZzwmexeW@^$™¶aousu¨^+„:W usmK“ fi“$q¨ygW%f`TwW q¨usƒm^"qs^jzBmc^8aozBmcusWªus™:hcmcfjŸ²™³TwaoW=f`z¦TBvDWZqsacV>ljyW_–cvD^`W mbwfHltu˜ffjl`ao^"W zf`mclfª™³aovBzBf`TBl`^`mV>W)„wq­y u˜f`W_mcf`V»zBW@x ^`q¨q˜xexez W q˜ljlf`W_aKTwygfjW6f`q˜musmch6z”v:aoW mo™´l™

(32) f`aKW_f`fjlHTwq˜mWIf`TBzFmcWªf`moTwxe™•W_W S=l›f`W_š›zBygm’kNf`qsxwmcqsW_z ^ª^"mcqsmcxw™²zW azf`f`u˜Twmq WIB^`W_^_vDx* aK )S"f`T³TBS"ŸwqsTB^•ygqsmc^t^ªW@ljvwljygW_mclj^`mczDvD„wx>musW zBu˜mVrxw^`^°^8Ÿ©f`“$mcm6™²Twf`f`q¨TwTwyT WW ,. -. .

(33). . . . $. . . . . 898;:<>=$?$@$A.

(34) 4. #  ( .    . vDvBTBacyac–c^`W WZf$^t™Jfjmcaclltygf$W@aK^+f$S=a6š›—ckœW_l`f`h m”^`“"V>aoacq˜u˜fªu©a>“$qsuszBmcxezwmKˆ>“¼fjq˜V>“$TBW_mcqsybeT3fªl`f`W@m^tbBxeu­W ff`^•W@qsyzrf=a%q˜fªv:aom’zDmcxrljW V>l›acvD–cW_W@lt™J^"mf`l`TwV WaoygzDmcygzBWcˆc 8W_S"^tf`TwqsWImczFacvwaQvD—W@mcaoq¨xwlaoaozBzBy y WW mcy_ao™"z3^`bB„DyWIT£ljvwW_^`TwmcW_uszw—cmcW@V>x”W_q˜™zBmca3f`Twqs^W_l$aczB„waobeus®©hW f`q¨l+y acV u˜usach zBao^tf`ˆbBW xeV>qsW_W x£zf"acvDzBmx£u˜q¨yg^tqsqsW_V%^$bwacu¨aKl`WIfjq˜maczBxw^mcveacfjl`W_W x‹ygq˜mz3zBf`xeTBbBWIygf`zwW@Wgx fi“›fjmcmFlj–©vwlj  mK—cWf`TBaof%q­f ¡¢TDz'aQ—f`qsTwmcW‹l°mozw™³Wgd’S=f6š›^`k'W_ygaf`^•qsmca)z*™JŸ.bB“›zBW”yfjvwq˜mljzW_^`moW ™²zf%fjTwmW=bwvDl%aoˆlW aozwV>W_WgljfjacW uHl^8V>mom’™³xwacW u˜u¤uD  f`Tw¡¢z'Wªzw^`W_meyxefjW_q˜m^•zRmcz”}¦f`acTwzBWªx vBaK4BfjŸ.T*“› .W¡¢z‹^tf`^`bBW_yxefjhžq˜mfjzTwW‡eŸ„:“•WgW ¥ vBS"l`TBmKqs—^)W$^`f`q˜V>TBaovwf"usq f`DTwW_q¨x‚^"„DV6W_meTBxeaQW_—’u.q˜mqsl•^)y_bBao^`zW_x „:W)q˜z£vw^`ljW_W_yxefjq¨q˜ymfjz‚W_x”~bDf`^tm3qszwW ˆ>—KaoausbB^`q˜aoV>f`Wvwusf`q TwBW6W_x‹vDV>W_ltm’™Jmxwl`W V u©acmozB™*ygfiW6“›m6mo™H„DfjmcTwftW>f`usW vwzBljW_moyf`– mey zwmcmeu¤ IxeW@¡¢^ z   fj^`TwW_ygWIf`qsvBmcacz vDW_’l_Ÿ*  “›W6aczBaoush’§ Wf`TwW>vwljmc„Bu˜W_V mo™•f`TwW>ljWgf`laozD^tV>q¨^`^`q˜mz¦usm^j^ZaczBx‚q˜z£^tW@yfjq˜mz 3“•W>ygmzBygusbBxeW . $. . .  ‹ ‹ g1 23 ‹›B#

(35) -  23+ ¡¢z3fjTwqs^ª^tW@yfjq˜mz*Ÿe“•Wacl`ˆbwWZf`TwWIzBW W_x3fjm”ygmzB^tq¨xeW_l_ŸeqszFacxwxeq˜f`qsmcz3fjm>f`TwWzBm’xwWI“$q­fjTrf`TwWIusmK“•W@^if$mbeft¥ fjˆacm”mcu˜ˆqsbwzwmcljzBˆrq­xwfjljTwW aolV f`^iWf^ªŸ²aoɒzBf`Twusx3mKW “"fjTwvD¥iɝW%aofjl„:acaoltW V>fªTBWgaQacfj—’zBW qslx‚mc^)l+š•momcm™$™°zw^tS=ˆcmW@š›V6^ikfjW>q˜ :mmcƒz¦™•qslj·³fj^tTw—f_W mcŸ:q¨mo“•xwfjaoW%TwzBW vwy ll`WcW@ŸDzB^tm’f`W_TwzxwW_f=W_z ^Ia”yg“›„wljW%mljq˜^jvwW ^`™8ljW_W_x‚mK^`—cW „W zh¦ljfZ—’f`q˜mcW_Twbw“NWlªmcy V6mc™°mezwS=xezBš›W_W_u¹yk¼ Ifjq˜S"maoz‚zBTwxrWqsz£q˜vDfjW_^=mcltlfi™Jxem“›W ltm l¥ V aczBygW)mo™f`TBWZvBl`mcf`meygmu²“$q­fjT‹fjTwq¨^$V>m’xwW u²q¨^+^ifjbBxeqsW_x3qsz‹fjTwWIzwW df"fi“›m ^tW@yf`qsmczD^  . .

(36)  . . . .  "!$#%. =SaczBš›x6k¬ygmcvwzBljˆcmKW_—’^tqsf`xwqsW_mc^)z>aoygvwmvBzu˜f`q¨ljy mcaouef`qsaomcljzBW"^Z„B“$ac^`q˜W_f`T¯xmcaoz6zžf`W TBzBW$xeq˜¥¹zefj™Jmom¥ l`W V zBx‚aof`„’qsmchz>fjW y ao^ifjljl`ljW@q˜W@aox%V>„’q˜zBhIˆ‹fjTwljW+W usacqsacy„w–’uszwW>mK“$^`W usljW_—’xeqsˆy WcV> >W z[$fjW ^"usq¨À¶ao·=„wš qsu˜q˜fih Á fjmc^`q˜W ™²—zf`WZf$Tw·=WZ„’h š u¨ac>f`^tTBf›ŸeWIqs^`zeW l`¥ W@zmcygf"lW xe„qs—cW h>W_l•l›fjvBTwacacW)zByxe–x3WgW_mcf•^tf`z3ljqszBW_l`y aKW W fjf`qsq˜l—cmaoW@zzBx²^`qs V>z‹S"qslj^jTBW_^`^`Wªq˜v:m^`z mcmczBbwf`^`qslV>W+ygWªfjW m6lV>^$a6ac^tq˜xwW zf+aKffaobwa%qsvDzBvDm^•z‹aca%yvD–c“$W acf_q˜yzDŸ–cxef`W W_mKf"u˜“u¨f`^›l—Kaof`aozBTwljW)^`qsV>ac^`„wmcqs^ju˜bwW^tlqsŸmcygxwW=z³W  f`zwTw·{mcW)f`W_y q¨xxebwW V%0 zbwf`q˜u¨fiqsaKzh ¥ fjljTwW_y W%W ve^`W fjq˜mbwz”W_u¹moŸD™“$aoTwz’qsh”yTr·=ljš W vw>lj eW_^`·+W zzfqs^›zBy f`TwmcV>WV q˜zBaoˆ6d’·=qsV%š bB{V“$z’q˜f`bwT3Va%„DW_zBl+W “¼mo™8qsvBzea™Jmcylj–cV WgfaK^›fjf`q˜mTBz”aof=f`ljq˜fZqsˆcy ˆcacW_zFlj^H^tf`W_TwzBWªx3f`“$laoq­zDfjTw^tV>mcbeq¨fª^`^`f`q˜mTwz W mcW de™$vwzwq˜W ljW_“^xw„DaoW fj™JmcaFljW>aozDf`x£TwW”V>ljacW_–cy W@W ^)vefjf`q˜TwmW‹z¯^tmom™$bwaFljy zwW W_q˜“ zDyg·=ljW_š ac^`W q˜mcfjl%^q­“$™"qsf`zBTBxeWmK“I^tm  bwl=ygW mK“IljW_Ÿ

(37) ygq˜W_™$q˜—f`W_Tw^ZWfjl`TwW l`f`W_lWaozB·=^`V>š Iqs^j^t^qsmcy_z‚aoljf`l`qsh’V>qszwW ˆ l fj^`TwbwWu˜f^jmoao™$V>aFWygqszemzw™Jmˆcl`W@V ^ifjaKq˜mfjq˜z‚mz¯qszžÀ¶y f`acTwu˜W usW_x zwW xefi“•bwvwmusl`qs–©y_aK ”fjS"W%T’·=bBš ^_Ÿ

(38) Iq˜^jfÁgŸDljW_q˜fZxebBy y mcW_zB^)y u˜q˜bDfj^%xeW_“$^+q˜f`zBTBxwaomKf=“(f`TBaoW%zDx‚vBaq˜yf%–cW_Wgzf+fjq¨W ^ªl^Iu˜mar^ifªl`aW@^=ygmKa —W ljljWgh ¥ vBacu˜TBˆacmc^`ljWcq­fj 6TwS"V TwW /sX 4xe1¤Wg  fjW_ɒyfjusmKq˜m“"z‚¥¢^imcf™›aol`a‹fIu˜acmzB^`xR^Z„’š•h¦mczBV>ˆcW_W_ac^tzBf`qs^Zmcz¯mo™"·

(39) xe—cbwmvwqsxwusqsacy_zBaKfjygW>W”·=acl`š W>Ifj^ZTwW”q¨^Ifi“›y acm¦u˜usW_aox¦usˆcmf`Twl`q˜W f`TBƒBV>a^i^%fxe[$W_W ^`q˜f`ˆlzwaoW_zBxž^`V>„’q­h f bD·›ac^tf.W@y fjx>mcTw„Bf`qs^`^.mmcv:zqszBmcy qs/ z†7l`1°W@f_acŸcf`^`y_mrW aousyu˜TBW@aoxIzwˆcfjlˆTwacW%W$xefj^tbDTwusaomKW>us“"u˜h%“$¥ ^tq˜™JfjzDl`acmxeltVmKf

(40) “(f`X$Tw^`ljfjq˜W_m%§_^`W TwljW_macaus^)x yT>a”f`™JTwbBDWZzBŸKy^tfjfjmTwq˜bwmW$zžlj^ty mW$mcbw™•W_lj^tzwy f`W•W qsV fi^`“•“$aKmf`q­fl`qsmcy–FT%zy fjmcmomI™©zBygxef`mcTwq˜f`zBWZqsˆcmczwW_zDW ^t^ fif`  “•qsmcmɒzl`usmK–6aQ“"—cy mc¥ ao^tq¨vDxwfjacacacltygzBfZq˜ygfihcWqs^    ˆ¿ªl`bwmKlj“"q˜zBfjT'ˆ^tmous™ªmK“"f`Tw¥ ^tWrfjac“$ltf@qszBŸ xemK“ q¨^8aoqszBzBygx'ljW_f`aTw^tW3W@x%f`l„’aohzD^tmV>zwW"q¨^`™J^`mcq˜ml°zRW —cmcW_™ªl`hI„wbwzBlW ^t“ fj^6·=moš ™ZNvBac“$yTw–q¨WgyfjT>^_ Rl`W@S"^tbBTwu­q¨f^>^.q˜ˆcz”lacacxwz6bBW aodeu›vDq˜mzDzwygljW W_zacf`^`q¨aoWcuŸ '&. '&. )(. . '&. '&. . '&. '&. '&. '&. *. +(. ,(.-0/. 1(. '&. 8. 243 5276.

(41) ‡. 

(42)     "!$#&%')(*+. “$W TBbBqsaoyT'u¨^Zljf`W_m ^`bwu˜fj^%Bq˜Ÿ

(43) zœvwlja¦mcTBusmKq˜„w“•q˜W_fjl^I„wf`TwbwWl^i^`fjmcq˜zBbBW_lj^jy ^%W“$™JljTwmcW_V1zRmKyg—cmW_V>l`“$vBaoTwljW_W_u˜xžV>qsfjzwm‚ˆ3a f`TwxwWq˜ljzwW_ygWgf%fi“›f`mclaolj–¦zD^t“$V>q˜q¨f`^`T'^`q˜marz'u¨aoaKljf>ˆcW>aF„w“$bwq˜lzD^ixefmKmc“ ™ vDW_—cacW_yl`–chW fj[+^_ 

(44) mcbw¿ªzBbwxFljq˜zwS

(45) ˆljq˜v¦y mcS"zwˆqsV>W_^tWf`qsmcÀ¶[.z>S$aQS+—cmÁqs ©xwS"aczBTwygq¨^=WŸQ^`f`u˜mKTw“¬W=“$ˆcljq˜zBmKxw“"mKf`“RTFq¨ac^Hq˜V qszB^"ygljfjW_m”avw^tW@ljxmc„:^`W)u˜mK“$f`TwusWhzw„’Wghfi“›aofHmcV>lj– m™J^tmcfHlZmcaozwz’W$hvBW ad’y–cf`lW a f „Dy mcaozwzBˆxeW_“$^tf`q¨x’W@x‚fjT*ac zB«x TBq˜fW z£W_^tf`aqsV usmaK^jfj^ZW_m’^)y_fjygTwbwW”l^)aQ—KaKaofqsusa‹ac„w“$u˜W>q˜zBy xwacmKvB“ acy q­fih‚Ÿ²f`acTB^)W”TB^tacmu­™›bwljf`y TwWq¨^Iy mc“$zBqszB^`qsxexwmKW “Il^=Ÿ²fjfjTBT’aKbBf)^Ifjq˜Twf%W>^tW zwfjWg^ fi“›mclj–rf`qsm ^  mfjTwz WIf`ljTB 8W_W=yg·›W_zwf"q˜W —fif`W “•Twl@W)m  l`„:–©W Ÿˆ^`q˜mzwzBq˜f"q˜zw^`ˆ>Wgfmc^ ™³f`TBW)y f`mmczwazBxeW_yWgfj™¶acq˜mbwzu˜f•Tw—KmKao“›usbwW W=—W bDl@^tŸcbBfjacTwu˜WIush>^tmW bwbBlygacWªus^Hxwf`mmW@^tfjz TwW=f$“$TBqsaQzB—xeWZmKac“¼zh axeqsze—c™JW_mltl`fjV qs^`W_aKx6fjq˜„’mzh . (. -0/. (. (. -0/.

(46). (. '(. !  5

(47) .

(48) 

(49). . -0/. 

(50). jfqs³zBq˜Wgm^tfz*fjac  z¡ f„:™©aoWZ“›zwf`W$W_Twmc^tWIbBbB^`vw^`usV h‹vDmaoW_^tus—cW"u˜W@W fj^iljTBf+hraKaQvBf8—KacaofjyTwqs–usW+acWg„wf@ljWgusŸW=fj bw„Bl`acy z6aozBz vBxeao“$f`f`Twq¨T x’W_f`z q¨T3^.„:zwmcmoW z‹f•ygf`y mcTwmczDW)zw^tˆvBq¨xeW_aoW ^tf`ljf`T3W_W@xFx„DW acafizB^ª“•xf`W_TwfjW TBW6z‹aKljf`f°aoTwf`f`WITwW6W$^`aKmcljf)bwW_l“$y ygW TwW)qs—cqsaoyW TžzDlHx a·=yf`š –’TBzwIWmK^=xe“$W_lju˜^tWgW@f`fjxeqsbwzBˆcljaKW@z ^¥ fj„:m>Wgfif`“›TwW WW_^tz mbwf`Twljy W‚Wc °„DmcS

(51) ft“›fju˜m>W_zwy W_mcyzB– ^`W_{y beaof`qszB—cxœW·=fjTwš W‚Ixe^$W@ac^ifjl`q˜WzDaK^`W f`qsvDmcaozlaKljf`W_W@y xW qs„’—ch3WFaKvBf+ayusW_–cacW ^tfjf ^  aK fr8a£ °½›ljaoW_f`y_W aobB^`^`usWImK“•aoW_usu²l>f`f`TwTBW%aczwzmef`xeTwW_W^ mcaQ^`mc—K™›V>acS=q˜u¨W š›aof`„wqskV6us ³W”W@¸=^•„BmKac^`“•W zBzDxeW_x—c“$W q¨al@x’Ÿ*„wf`acTRbwy_lygmc^imf"z¯ljmoxefj™*qsTwzwfiW ˆ“›qslm%f`m¦mvDbeacS=f`yvBš›–cbeW k¬f6fj^•usygqsq˜mczwz‹zB–eˆcl`^ W@W_Ÿ.^t^tfjv:f`TwqsmcmcW zDz£qs^tlW=ygvDmf`aozm>lf`aoaoljV>mczu8WgqszBaofjW usy ˆclmcm^%V>l`xeq˜q˜f`zBmTwˆ6z V f>·=^ š aK/ †e®©>ŸHW_ ’ygX fS"4 1¤TwfjŸ²Twq¨^•fjWTwTDW”v:aoW vw^`l`mcv:™JbwmcW lljzBV yg^"W>aoxey zBbBacy ltz W ¥ qs¡ zw™›ˆžf`TB^tW usmKzw“"me¥ xe^tfjW_ac^Iltf6„:WgaofizB“›xRW W_“$zžTwf`W TwzRW”f`^`TwmcW3bwl“$ygW>q˜zDaoxezDmK“x fjq¨Tw^%W qszB„:ygmoljftW fjV>u˜W_W_zwzW_fjyW_– xR „h¯TDaQm—czwW W‹aoxwz£bwaQl`qs—Kzwaoˆžqsusacyg„wmcu˜zBW>ˆc„BW_^tacf`zBqsmcxez “$q¨aQx’—cf`mcT£q¨xwu¨aoacljzBˆcygW_Wl   fj“›TBWIaozy ac z38^`Ÿ’bwfjvwTwv:W_m^`W)^`WZ„wf`bwTBlao^iff›^"fj“$TwWIq˜usu³„:y mol`ftmfju˜^`W_^•zwf`W_TByW_–^`WZ‚qsq¨z^›f`W_™JW_l`xrV>W_xexwqsl`qsW@aoyf`fjW)u˜h”zwme„’xeh W_fj^$TwaW^›^`q­mc™bwf`lTwygW_W)h‹aoxezBmx3z ygf"mzBW de^`Wqs^tf_bw 8W ¡¢zz‹fju˜f`h Tw“›q¨^+W)y_ˆcacWg^`Wf fjmcTw™.W>f`Tw^`W@ac^tV6WWqszvDf`W_W_ltl`™JV>ml`W_V xwqsacaozBf`WygW%zwame^+xeW@fj^+TBaKTBf)a^=vwljacW_z3xeq¨mybefjW_f`x ˆmc„qszwh3ˆ fjlTwaKW6f`W^`qszw^tusˆcmKus“•W%W_„:l"mof`f`TBf`acusW z zwW@ y8–FŸDzwf`TwmeW%xeW%„wbwV>lme^ifxe^+W u¤“$  qsu˜+umK„D“IWŸ©^tq˜us™°mK“•mczwW@x W “$vDacTByqs–cyTœW fj^Zl`W@„’^th bBu­fa‹^f`qsqszV>W a   bB W bw“$Wrq˜us„wu bwBqszBu¨xex‚q˜zBfjˆžTwqsqs^z zwf`meTwxeq¨W ^ ^tzwW_mel`xe—’Wqszw  ˆ3·»f`TwW S=š›^`W_kygmvBzBax‚y–cvBWgacf6y–™JWgmcfIususmKmo“$™•q˜f`zwTwˆ£W až„wbB„wljbw^tf_l^i >f «žmc™=W”fi^`“›aQhm fjTBmcTw™²W Wljf`WTwq¨f`bB^•TDW q˜aKbwzfZWZf`W_f`„wl`TwV>bwW6qsW@us„wxwxebwq˜qszwaolˆ6f`^ifW+l^ZzBaKmof`m’WZ™8xwf`WªaKTBf›aoW>f`zDTwS=x W)š›q­„:f"k moy f`ac^tf`zmusW bwaozwlu¨W@yg^tyW%m–acaQ8l`—Wmc .q¨vBS"x aoTBaIl`qsf`^›„wq¨aovBbeus®©acu˜hFltW fjl›acqsac„BmKu:—c^tmacW_„B3ll`.D„:^tmmKW_x¦“l`vw„f`qszqsh3mcz”aofjzBTwy moqsac^Zf`zTBzwW mKmel°—xezBW W6lm’.B“$xwmKWcTw“R 8q¨yS"fjT TwT’W)ljbBW_„w^ xeŸ’bebDao®©ygz’W W_h l^ zB^`usWgmKfi“•“›W_mcl°lj–6fjTBV>aoz mexe W_8u˜qs  zwˆ>V%bB^tf"fjac–cW)acy y mcbwzf"mo™

(52) f`TwW)zwmexeW@^"vwl`W@ygW@xeq˜zBˆ žaozBx‹TBaQ—’q˜zBˆaoz3mcbwf`ˆcmq˜zBˆlaKfjW ¡¢acz zBx‚BˆcmobB™"l`mcW6beXªfjˆc“›mcW)qszw^tˆ3TwmKlj“aof`Wmbw#l"!$V>aoljm’W xwW ygu©m“$zB^tTwq¨W xeljW_Wcl`Ÿ’W@x²qsz3 6aS

(53) xwmFxeq˜aKf`®©qsmcW_zygfIf`m6f`Twf`W TwWZv:„:W l`mo™Jftmcfjlju˜V W_zwaoW_zByy – W8mcŸ ™•‚fjTwzwW mexevwW_lj^›mof`mcme™³y „wmcbeu¤Ÿ©®©f`W Twl^W"#!! VbB^tf$^jaKfjqs^t™Jh $#%$#%'&#("$*)+),)-$ ("$   us“$mS"qs^jusT’^Zu²bBm’mo^Zy_™›ygu˜ˆcqsbwzwW l›–ezBfj^)W Twl„DaoW ljW@usq­WcygfimŸwhV6^`Ÿ*m6^tW>qsf`zBTw^`ygu˜W)mKW>“›ljq˜W ™"W u¨l)aKa3f`xeW@xemKx”mK“$“$zwzBzžme^txef`u˜ljWqsW_zwacy_–¦V3aoz‹q¨^Z „D™¶ƒwWIacmc^tqslIf`ˆcW_zwacl)zBmf`l`aoTBW@usheacx ^tz‚“$q¨^=q˜TwfjvB^W_bwzrvwl`v:l`acW@zBmxe^`aoW_W_usy h’^ªW_§ fj^jqsTwzw^tmqsˆ^IlªfjausTwqs^`zwWI^`–Fbwv:V>W f`TBl`ve™JW fjmcz£q˜ljmV>z zwacm q¨zB^)yg“$bBWZW q­mofjbw™

(54) TwW_mcf`q˜zwTwbeˆWf . '&. '&. 

(55). '&. 

(56). . . . . . . . 898;:<>=$?$@$A.

(57) ~. #  ( Source. µ1. µn. B1. µ2.    . Destination. µ. Bn. B2. . B. ƒ

(58) qsˆcbBl`W>X8S"TwWIVbwu˜f`qsvwu˜WIzBm’xwWIzwWgfi“›mclj– V>m’xwW u  ¨uly aoaKmcljfjzwˆcWZzBW_f`W_l$m6yf`fjTDf`q˜mTBaoz*aoz f . S"¯bwTwW W=“•bwljmWW_bwŸe^tu¨W f`xrlj—qsW V6ygzrf`W@qsmcaKaozf+z „w f`bwTB( lao$^tfZfih”a FvDW_q¨bw^Hl`W_qs“$mebwxwW%q˜f`^_TwzBŸemW qs^$—cbeW_f•bBlªvwusm„BvD^jbwW_^Hltq˜u¨mc¥ xw„:™*^ªmcˆcbwbwW zBzBv xwW qslW_zFaox‹usfjq­„fiTwh6h W acD^H8lj“›^t  fªW uszwu¤meŸ^`xeq˜WzDŸ²yg^tWªqszBaygu˜W%qszwf`–>TwW6ljaoqsf`zwW vw be(f . . .  ‹‚+=!” g# %   2 ‹# _ %$ * g%0œ!% 2‹,› ³aczBWgf x‹œf`Tw„DWW"^`fjW Twlj—’W$qsV>y WZq˜zBf`qsq˜V6VWIbwV(qszr[$f`TBmWbwzBxex>q­®©S

(59) W l`ljqsW v zf+S"zwq˜V>mexeW$W@“$^  °Twq¨«‚yTW%q¨^`^.bwfjvwTwv:W+m^t^`bBWZVf`TBmoao™:f_f`Ÿ:TBxeW"bwfilj“•q˜zwmcˆ ¥¤“"y aQmch)zwˆvwW_l`^tmf`vBqsmcaozrˆaKaQfj—cq˜mmczq¨xwxeacW_zBusygaQWh Ÿ fjmcTw™HWIfi“›“$m‹qszBvBxeamKy“¼–cW qsfjzB^ZygljacW_^)aa^tW@^›ljW_„^`hbwu˜fZWgdwmcac™Hygf`f`usTBh”W6mc“$zwqsW)zBvBxemKa“y–cW q˜zBf"y W_l`—cW@W_acl`^`h”W[.™JljS$mcV S o  w·$

(60) ™´fjW %l$fjfjm TwW)f`lŸ²aofjzDTw^tW>V>^tq¨m^`bw^`q˜ljmy zWmcfj™ljaca6zB„w^tV>bwlq˜fj^if^ acy–cqs^ZW fj^`^›V>“$acTwu˜usW_W z l fjfjTwTBWao

(61) z‚)f`TBfjvBT‚W a·=vwy–cq˜š v:WgfW”^•^`aoq¨q˜^ª§_f+W ljaW_y lW aKqsfj—cŸ²W"W@f` x²TBW =™Jmc¸+fjusq˜u˜V>W_mKl`“›W WŸBW_„:xfjWgTw„’fiW6“›h “$W f`W_q˜Twz‚zBW)xwfjfjmKTwlj“¬W>aczBq¨f`^`^ZlV6aoaozDq¨ˆ^j^tac^tV>q˜qszFmcq¨z”^`qs^`zBq˜mcmy ™z l`a6W@acmczw^`™°W_W_f`“Nx3TBW>f`„wm bwfi“•l^tmrf"*„wmc™³bwclfi ª“›^tfj¡m^)™ vDq¨ “$bwTBW_qsbwyT£W)„wq¨^)bwqsu˜usmxBzw^$ˆrbwW vFzwmaobwzBˆcxTžf`TB™JmcWIl“$acq˜u˜zBuHxwf`mKTw“NW ˆczwljmemKxe“+W@^Z^›u˜f`qsm¦zwW@^`aoW ljlju˜—ch”W6„’f`h”TBW mzwvBW)acyvB–acWgyfj–^IWgf$^`W W z—fIW lj„:h Wgfi“›  W W zžfjTwW Vr^) W S"bBT’aobBu.^_fjŸ³m zw m «mcf`TwTBW_W lªz vDf`acTwyW3–cW “$f_ Zq˜zDS"xemKT“ bD^ Ÿ:Wgdwf`TBy W W W_ljxBW%^“$fjqsTwu˜uWrzwvwmoq˜f)v:„:WFW^tqsW_§ zwWmcŸHbw„wˆbwTrl^tf`fjqsV>^6W%mo™=™JmvDl=acyfj–cTwW Wfj^6zBm’aoxwljW_W”^ª™Jmmou˜™HusmKl“•aKf`W@W6x'^taKusmK™´“›fjW W l l+ fjTB¼aoz „’h' £aof`zem ¥ vfjD^`TwW acljW)y—c–c^tWW qszwfªf`ˆcTBqsusz‚W>WZfiW „D“•dwmcygmrftW_f`^jvBusW ^ZazBymoW_–c™HyWg–>fjfITwV>mcW>™°m’zwxwf`WgTBW fiW u¤“›Ÿ’mc„wf`Twljbw–Fq¨l^ ^iy f@ac ”bBvBW S"acbwy TwWZq­W fiqshrz*^"Ÿ.V%^`aW bDW_z^ifIbwmcW “"zBbwaou˜W”h>q˜f)^tqsfjz^`acmcltzwV>fme^ªW xe“$f`W mFTB W „wljaobwW%zDqsu¨mcx x‚z f`bBTBf`vžTwWZW>y qszžmcvBzwaof`ˆTwf`W_T*W ^t 6f`zBqs·$mcWgfizy “›y aQmcmc—lljmc–:xeq¨q˜  xwzBaoˆ”S"zBTwf`y mWW vBTBac^`W W zBxB^“$TwW_z¯„wbe®©W l mK—cW l.BmK“+^_ S"Twq¨^TBacvwv:W zB^aKfar“$qszBxemK“      „:V>ÉebBWgW@fiyao“›T‚z>W aW_f`^`z6TD^`aKbwfif•“•V>zBm)vem%„wf`qsS=bwmclš›z‚^tfjk¯qs^H^ZvB^`fjm)al`ybBf`–cTBWWgaofq˜f°™°^Ha)fjmcTw™:zwW>fjW Tw“œvwWªl`„wW@^jygbwaoW@V>lxe^tW=fq˜zBBy ˆ‹mczBzwzwxwzBme^.W_xefjyW@Twfj^>W+q˜mÀi„wz”X6bwao®:f`ljm3W_W+ljzD^8“"ÁZqsaoz>aoq˜f`ljf`qsW6TBzwW_ˆac^`„wW$qsz usW%zwf`mefjTwxemrW@W_^t^8^`W=W W_lj„wV>—cbeW%ve®©fiW f`hcTwl .^ W> .½›vB¡ h%™²ayf`W –cTBV>W qs^•fjve^Zfi„wh^tbwW_l“•z^iWff DfjmzBxwfjTB^+aKa>f$zwqszmzrzwmeW xeV>W ve¦fih3“$„wTwbeq¨®©yT”W l+ljW_mc^`f`bwTwu­W_fl$^›f`q˜z3TBaca%zrxeq˜q˜zF®:W_zwl`meW_xezWf›—K8aoŸ:usbwa WZmobw™ W bwWI„Bbw q˜u¨Ÿxwfj^$TbDbB^•vFqsz‹q˜zracfjzTwqsao^+zB„wmobef`TB®©W W l•l=f`qsTwzFljmcacbwxwˆxwTwq­fjvwq˜mbez f mc™³fjTwWygmzwzwW_ygf`qsmcz‹f`TBacz3f`TwWImzwW)mc„efaoqszwW_x‹q˜z3fjTwW^tqsV>vwusq BW@xr^tqszwˆcusW)zwmexeWIV>mexeW u¤  š•mzB^`qsxeW_l"f`TwW)fi“›m>„wbwl^if^$^tW_zf+“$TwW z3f`TBWI“$q˜zBxwmK“NqszBygljW_a^tW@^°™JljmcV 

(62) )f`m aozBx‹™JljmcV f`m c ½•W@y acbB^tW$“›W+aoljW$qszfjW ljW_^tf`W@xqsz>f`TBW=y a^tW  %Ÿof`TBW$f`qsV>W+„DW fi“•W_W z>fjTwW$f`laozD^tV>q¨^`^`q˜mzmc™ fjTwW_^`W+fi“›m„wbBlj^tfj^°qs^•W bBacuwf`m  ¦aczBx>f`TBW=z’bwV%„:W l•mo™*vBay–cW fj^8fjm„:WZ^`W lj—cW@x6xwbwl`qszwˆ%f`Twq¨^Hfjq˜V>Wªqs^ . . . (. (. (. ,(. '&. (. '(. . . . . (. (. . . . (. $. (. (. (. (. (. . "!$#&%('$)+*-,/.&%()+*"'10. (. : % 3: 2 )+*-04'5* % :7698/:<;>=@?A6CB. .3DE G : F #&*H)+* 2 *-%(D F E4IJ0. :. *LK N 6 MOQP. 8. 243 5276.

(63) 

(64)     "!$#&%')(*+ . WlaKfjbBWaouefjm   c 

(65) «‚( W=y_aoz ^jaQhIf`TBaof•aKf°a)“$qszBxemK“ ŸofjTwW=^`mcbwlygW›fjljaczB^tV>q˜fj^8vDacy–cW fj^8aof°aoz aQ—cW_ljacˆcW acaQ—zBmcx3q¨xwf`aoTBzDW zrygWcf` "TBS"W%Twz’W@ bw^tV%W8„:“"W  Faolªq˜f`¡ mof%qszw™8q¨ˆ”“"^%vDaoy q˜acu˜f`W@yqsaozw–clIW ˆ fjfj^+vBTBacacaKyl`f–WWgfjxwTwf^$qsq¨^t^%q˜f`z¦ljlq˜aK„Bf`fjTwbeW Wf`W@qs^zBxFWgaofi„Dus“›“›W fimcaQ“•ljhe–‹W_^)W aozFˆcuslj“"zwW_aQaomeh’f`xeW_^"W l)qszB'f`y TBl`aoacW@zBz acx3^`œW_fj^+Tw“$W%xeTBbBzwW l`mezqszwxeˆ”W@^$yg™JmqsljzwzBmcˆcygV ljW@W_^ifjaXIq˜^tmf`W@zm ^ ¯TDaQ—qszwˆacz aQ—Kaoqsusac„wusW„BaozDxe“$qsxef`T‚^`V aousu˜W_l+fjTBaoz  

(66)   )S"Twq¨^ªxeq¨^tf`ljq˜„wbwf`qsmcz V ac–cW_^+f`TwW bwW bBW%qsz zB#m’! xw$ W  ¦„wbB •q˜u¨x”¡ ™.bw^`v‹bByaKT f›#a%!8ljWgaodef`WZq¨^if^t^ usmKŸw“•f`TwW_lHW fjTBbwaoW_z”bwWImzw„wW=bwvDqsu¨acxeyq˜zB–cˆ W f°ljv:aof`W Wl$[.aKf S$žSq¨ac^+^•ygu˜mmzBzw^iˆfaoaz^8f=f`aoTBzDW x‹ljW=W q¨^›bBa aou¨#^›!

(67) f`^jm aKfj qs^t(Q™Jh’

(68) q˜zB8ˆ   ZxwW_qsyg—cljW_W_z a^tfj

(69) W@TB^= aKf“$TB W 

(70) z  q¨^IV>armKxe—W_W_y ^)l`W@aQac“›^`q˜aQzBh3ˆ”™J™JljbwmczBV ygf`qsmc%z£ ”moºª™ zDygW>Ÿ*fj“•TwW>W>ljWgW_®©aW_yyT‚fa3mc™•“$zwq˜zDmexexemKW@“^ #fj!"TBaKmcfIz‚ljf`W_Tw^`W>bwu­v:f^)W l`q˜™Jz¯mclja V aozB

(71) y  W ˆmc™+l`W@f`aKTBfjW3W l›^`f`q˜zBTBˆcacuszFWao„:usu²moftf`fjTwu˜WW_zw W_!yŸB–¯aczBu˜u²m’fjxwTwWWIV>“"aomeq˜xef`W qszwu¤ ¯ˆ>vB«‚acWry–^`WgW fjW^"“›V>W mKus—u›Wªf`TBfjm aof_„wŸ°bexw®©bwW Wl fj m “$fjTwTBq¨qs^yTrvDaousW_l`acf`q¨xBao^$u"bBao^"„B^`fjmcmljfjveTwf`W%qsmcz¯y_ac^`mcW ™ fjacTwu­fjW Twmc„wbBbwˆclT^tfj^_fjTwŸ W$„wbey ®©aoW zžl8ljqsz6W_aczwymeT‚xe—KW ao‹usbwxeW_m’^IW_ˆ^`l`z W@fHaKfjyW TBlZaof`zwTBˆacWcz  ½•bwf8f`Twq¨^.“$V Twq¨aQyhTžaol`u¨W@^t^tm)bwxeu˜fjWg^fjW q˜z¯ljq˜ma3ljao„Df`W W•ftf`fjTwW lW"v:v:W W l`l`™J™JmcmcljljV V aoaozBzBy y WW „’v:h”W zDV ^$ac“$–TwqszwW z‹ˆ6f`f`TBTBWWImKygmc—czBW l ˆc.BW_mK^tf`“qsmcmezry y aQbw—clm^"qsxBq˜aozFzBa6y W=zwvwmeTBxeaW ^t WI! W_“$zBx3q˜f`TFaKf=a>a6^tV “$q˜aozDusxe#u mK “¬!   ^`V aousu˜W_l›f`TBacz   •S"Twqs^"TDaove¥ fj½›acm zBW@x>y 8ao^t  bDbB^t³vwW vDWgfm^t

(72) #W+!+f`TB„DqsaoW ^f•—cfjaoTwW_usl`Wuehžf`y TBu˜ygmW+usm^tzwW@^`me^iW fxef`W_zwm ^Hme8„DxeW W>Ÿ

(73) fifj“•fjTwmrW_WW f`z>mTwzwW‹f`usTBhž^tW=my_bw^tacmlj^`bwy W”W lygmoTBW+™$aQao—’qszDzq˜zBxfjW ˆrzBljW_m’ac^txwz¯f%W aQq¨^#—Q!²ac“$q˜TBu¨TwaoaQW_„B—z¯u˜W+W>f`ao„BTwz W_acaQl`zBW—Kxeao“$Wgqsusdeq¨acx’qs„w^tf`fju˜T¯W$^„DWa ao#bDzBao!+xeu8“$W fjq¨mx’bBfjaoT u fjˆzBTBl`W W@ao—caKz£W_fjl"W q˜„wfjlª^Ibwf`qsTB^`usW xwaclj^=z —’qsbwy vrW6

(74) q˜l z3aK  fjfjWcTwS"  WITwS"moW fjljTwTwWgW ™JW ml$„wl`bBWzwljŸ²me^tmcxefjzw^IW@^"ush¦acq˜l`zDzwW6ygmeusf`bBxeTBxeW W qsz¯zw#ˆ>!"ygmqsf`z V6TwmvBfj^tTwu˜W)W W f`„:W zwWgush‚W fifi“›“•acW „BmW_^`l`z3mc–rljq˜f=„Dq¨^ZW@aox¦™JzDW_xx£„’h¦fjaKTwffjWTwa3qsxe^W@ljao^izwfjf`meq˜WrzBxeaoW À f`qsaomc

(75) zBz* x£ HÁZaS"ˆcT’ljW_bBbwao^_W f`ŸebwW_q˜W l™ V y mcaczwzˆhW_^tu˜f`qszwqsmc–ez ^HaQqsz —mcfjq¨TwxwW+aozDzwygW Wfi“•qsz¦ml`fj–TwTBW>aQq˜—czwW"vBfjbeTwfZW=„B^jbeao®:V>W_W=lIaQmo—K™HaofjqsusTwacW>„wusygW$usm„B^`aoW_zB^tfZxw“$usq˜zBqsx’–rfjT f`m‹8f`ŸcTwfjW TwW ^`mcbwbwlW_ygbwWW+ )„wS"bBTBq˜u¨W6xw^Hy_aobBvBv”axeygq˜bwfiljh3q˜zwmcˆ ™ fjacTwl`Wªq¨^Iusac„wl`beˆ®©W=W ^`l%mxwf`WgTDf`aKW_f"l`V>f`TwqszwW W_^IbwacW u˜bBmWªzwW6„wbBf`q˜Twu¨xwW ^›—Kbwacvu˜bwmW zwmcus™h q˜z‹zwme xe ”"W ¡¢ zžÀJfjq¤Tw  WW> .™Jf`mcTwusW_u˜mKl`“$Wªqsqszw^›ˆDzwŸ*m “• W ! ^`$ bwvwv:

(76) m.^`W6Ág Hf`TB·+aou¨fI^tmDf`'Ÿ Tw(W qsz ! D„DˆcaobwzBljxeW>“$XIq¨x’l`fjW_T3vwWl`W@^tbBW_aozu©fjfj^›m f`TB8W  „wbe®©W l=y_aovBaygq˜fih”mo™.fjTwWygusm^`W_^tf+zwmexeW)f`m>fjTwW%^`mcbwlygW)TBaQ—’qszwˆ aozFaQ—Kaoqsusac„wusW „fj:S

(77) Twmom3ljf`mcf`q˜usbwusu˜W bDˆzwT^iW@fjylja –£aof`)zwW>¾•memcxeº bwW_lI^^jaKy mof`mc™+W_zBu˜lusy q˜aKu˜f`bBfjW@W^`Á›qsmc aczBzB( ^_x Ÿ²ac “•zBx W>f`m38^`q˜Xc V  ‡bw uspraoq¨f`^„BW q­ffa3ao^ o–c^`^ZW_y z¯W À¹zBS)W acXªl`bBqsusmqsaczwu°“$–wfjÁTwm HW_l`S=W š›oa3k V S=vB^š›acÀJkyf`–TwWgy Wrfjmc^›ygzwmaozBzwljW_WZzwyfjW@moq˜y™*mf`zžfjqsmcmoz¯y fjacl`mu²q¨^^`^t^`qsl`W_§ m^=WIbefi‡ef`“›W@XQxm€ ffj„’Twaoh–WIf`WW@“$^   ¦qszB(›S"xeW mKTB“¬bBWac—Q„wueacbef`l`m®©q¨aKW 8fjlŸq˜^mf`z‹q˜Twz¯W_az fj^+Tw“•aW”W$™Jfibwqs“›zBzBmFy yl`fjW@zwq˜macmezF^`xeW›W@moq˜^f›™acf`^`qsusl`V>q˜W”ˆW)T^`fjWg™Ju˜fmchl f`q˜mz> ( m lj (xeW_ l8 f`mIprˆF„wWgfq˜aofjzD^ Kx 

(78) ^$ aczB$ x  (K( ¦  «žvBacW+y  –vwWgusprmofjf•^_„w ¦q˜q˜z fjƒ^ Bq˜Klˆ^_^tbw Hf%lj«‚W$“•€WW fjTwWIX lj} ao’f`XW pr( „wŸeq˜fjfjTw^ KWI^+aQf`—cm¦W_ljXac  ˆc€ W+4 6“$qsprzBxe„wmKq˜fj“¬^ K^t^_qs "§ W)¡¢zBxexeW_W y W@l`x²W@acŸD^`f`W_Tw^›WljqsW_zB^`y bwl`u­W@fjq˜aczB^`ˆW qsqs^`z¦z W WZa”“›( xeW TDW@usu©acyglj^Hf`W_TBV>aao^tmKf_W)ŸB—qsW_aczFx6u­fjf`Twf`TwTBmcWWbwˆf`TwTbwljW “›mcbBbwW)W$ˆq˜™JTwzBl`vwmy bel`V W@f=ac™J^`l`W+m( V1 (  ™JljmcV1À    ªÁ°f`m¦À   ªÁ•“$TwqsyT3fjWgm devwu¨ao  qsZzB^›qs—cfjW_Twz>W)f`f`TBTwaoljf mcbBˆcTwqs^•vw^tbwV f$aoxwusWgusW f`W_lHl`fjqsTBmclaoaKz fjq˜ mz*Ÿ  xeW@ygljW_a^tW@^ . (. (. (. . . . ). (. $(. (. $(. 

(79). (. . . . . . (. . . . . ). . . . . 898;:<>=$?$@$A. . ). (.

(80) #  ( . .    . 500 "mu1=1.5Mbits" "mu1=1.6Mbits" 450. The Congestion Window W. 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 0. 50. 100. 150. 200. 250 300 350 The Time in seconds. 400. 450. 500. 550. ƒqsˆcbwljW€ 8S"TwWIv:W l`™JmcljV aozBy WZa^$a%™JbBzByfjq˜mz3mc™  (  ‹‚+=!” g# %   2 ‹# _ ”g+©6

(81) #³ fjmc¿ªl`™+bwqsˆcf`ljˆTBq˜zBW Wrlˆ£^

(82) y ^`mcf`usTwzwmKW$zB“"W_fj¥ ylj^tfjacfjq˜aczBmlt^`z f@V6Ÿ°acq¨ao^jzB^tzœx'qsmczwz6“$W Twmo“ ™*W_zœa)qszB„wa‚ygbwmuslV6m^t^jfHqs^zwmoˆ¯q¨™:^>fi·=“•xeš WgmIfjµvBW_ygay_f`yW_ao–cx bBW ^`fj„’W_^_^  

(83) h'S"aca¦zTwq¨fj^Hq˜qsV>zBaoy usW_l`ˆcmcW@mbeacl`f@^`q˜f`W‹ RTBqsV¡¢zœz q¨f`^HacTwxwy WFacxeu˜q˜“$usf`W_qsqsmcx>zBzRxeaKmKf8f`“mžfjTwf`„W+TBhR„:W3W mcˆˆzwljq˜WFzwazBxeaoq˜bBzDzwacxˆ u fjqsljzBTwW_y ^`W)mcl`W@mcl`acfjv:^•^`W W6aolaKusqs“›z£fjq˜aQmf`hezTB^HW”mof`™m>“$S=q˜^tzDusš›mKxekœ“"mK¥“ac^tfjzB^`acx”qslt§ f•usWcmW Ÿ

(84) ^t—cf`f$W_TB“$z”qs^Twq˜™W aozrausˆcusmca%mlj^jf`q˜^›f`qsV6TwqsV^"W_mcxebe^tW W_f$f`l`W@me—yy W_f`W@y ^Zbwx”f`lm¦“$^  8q˜af`¸+yTfjmKq˜f`—K“›TwaKW ljfj—W W W)W l@f`¿=ŸcTBfjbBWTwvwWI·=u˜q¨šS

(85) y aoacf`TwWIm’y ·=Wªu˜meš —yW –‚Il^t^_l`qs W mc[$z‹bBW@q˜mo^tlj™

(86) mW_x S=ltfjš›q˜™JzBmck ˆ l qs“$aczBu˜q˜“"xef`q¨T‹aQy heaomc^›f`bwqsf`mcl•m”zžV>^`mom’u˜mK™"xw“"W a3¥¢u¤^tŸ^`fjW “›ao—Wªl`W f$ljy W6qsmc^ªzBy a”^`mcq¨zwxeygˆmW W_l•zB^t^`f`f`W TwqsljmcW)—Qz‚aoSf`q˜aoqszž—cTwW)m’f`TBW=„:W6W —TBW zBlaQWg^t—’fiqs“›qsmcmcz>mcl$ljmc„:–:™

(87) W_ >S=y S

(88) acš›bBmrk'^`WI^tf`“$q­bDf)TwxeW_^th¦bwl`WZvBfjTwvD^tusW>mmK^t“"„DW@W_^"¥¢^iTBf`faQTBao—’l`aoq˜f°fªmaolZa vwmcusv:™•mW_^jfjac^$Twljq¨q¨^H^+^I™Jl`aoaoW usus“›ˆcmcbBaQljW heq˜z^$f`f`TwacusV hcz   S"S"TBTBW›W$acmczBzwaoushushexe^tq˜q¨®©^

(89) W y_ljaoW z6zBy aoW+u¨^tqsmª^8„Df`TBW"aoaofHvwf`vBTwu˜qsW=W_x%mof`f`TBmªW f`lHTw—W›W mol^tfjqsTwmcW zBl.^—fjW l`lh%^tqsf`mcmIzBlj^³W_moy ™DmKS=—cW š›lk‚™Jljmc“$V(TwW_f`zwTwW W=—W u˜ml.^`aª^`W_^`^8u˜mKxe“"bB¥¢l`^tqsfjzwaoˆl`f³^`u˜q¨mK^.“"y ¥¢ao^iusfusW_aox²l`f   bDV ^tacqszwzˆrhravBazwym–cl`W V fj^$ac™Ju

(90) ljljmcW_V y mKfj—cTwW Wljh3^jaovwV>TBacW%^`Wc“$ qszB½•xebwmKf_“{Ÿ³a‹mc™°„wxwbeaK®©fW awlIŸ:mKf`T’—bBW l ^=.Bf`mKTB“{W_^`xeWbw—ljW q˜zwl^tˆrqsmc^`zBu˜mK^$“"™¶ao¥¢^iqsfuaoV>l`fªm^iy fZacbBmo^`™8W_f`^ªqsV>f`TwW W6/ us~ m18^jao^ªzDmcx ™ ljW_^`mcl`f BzBaousush f`m”^`u˜mK“"¥¢^tfjaol`f›ao™´f`W_l+a>u˜mzwˆ%fjq˜V>W_mcbef@  ¡¢vBz‚l`mygzwmcmczbwfjzDljayg^iW_f$x6fjxem‹bwygljqsmzwzwˆIˆcW@^tus^imKfj“"q˜m¥ zF^tfjaQac—cltmcf@ 

(91) q¨xwS"acTwzBW+ygW^`Ÿemcf`bBTwljW6y W"Wg®©^`W W_zDygxwfª^8mcus™Hmczwzwmeˆ)xe„wW_bw^%l^tXIfj^8f`m mc™:¯vBmcazry–cf`W TBfj^8W%aKv:f8W fil`“$™Jmcq¨ljygV>W"acfjTwzBW+ygW%aQ—Kqs^ªaoqsV>usacmc„wljusWW „Dusqs–caoW zBusxeh3“$f`q¨m x’fjBT zBžx xezwbwmeWZxeW_f`^Zm „:aWg„wfi“›bwW l^iW f$z¦mof`™³TwfiW “•^`m6mcbwvBlacygyW%–WgacfzB^•xFqsz3fjTwl`W6W@^t„Dv:mcmcftzBf`^`usWªW zBf`W_m6y–W —c¯W_l`h fjTBzBaKW f)“ TBaQ·=—cš W>aoz‚ eS"aQT’—KbBacq˜^_u¨Ÿeaoq­„wf$usWq¨^"„BV>aczBmcx’ljW ¥ “$q¨x’fjT‹„:Wgfi“›W W_z žaozBx  FfjTBaoz3„DW fi“•W_W z ‚aczBx  

(92)  a^›q˜z‹f`TwW)vwljW —’qsmcbB^"^`W_ygf`qsmcz* .¡ ™^`bByT‹zwmexeW_^ . '&. . '&. '&. . . '&. . 8. 243 5276.

(93) †. 

(94)     "!$#&%')(*+.  jfW zBTwdeW_W qsy^t–f_y Ÿeac8avB +ac„BS"y bwq­TBfiljhF^tqs^ªf$mcmK^t™°W_—czf`W_TBf$l3.BW aKqsmKf"lI“Nl„waKl`bef`W@®©W ^tW bwlu˜¦fj^ ^=Ÿ³y_acq˜aoz¦z‚bB^`amKW_—^›xeW mcaolbw.Bu¨^t„BmKm6u˜“{W%a y V mcbwaQzBW_hF^`bwW_TBWªy beao„BvBf`bwqsvD—cq˜W_u¨Wxez‚qs^tzwusqsmKz¯ˆ6“"q˜ao¥z^tz’fjf`hFacTwltzwW@f$^tmeWZvwxeTDzwW>acmezw^`xeW_moW_^+fI^"acmaczBzwzBxru˜x²h qsŸe^+q˜xez‚f`W Twv:f`WTwW zDW l`xeW@„:^tq˜zBbBmoˆf`u­f=f`musmcWgz ¥™ “›a6^tfjW+ac^`V>ltTBfZaQacvw—u˜u©W+TB„wavwbw^tljW@®:mK^=W_—cl`V W@qsx%zwaQˆ>fjh¦TBy aoaKaof@vBvDŸcvDac™JW@ygmaoq˜l°filZh W_h—cygqsW mW z‹u¨V6xe^tqsvDV zwaoˆ‹aoljW_usausx W lH™Jfjbwm%„wl`bwf`fjTw®:TwW_W_W)lIlj„B^_xeŸeaoWgazDfjxeW yglj“$heq˜mygqsxeusljq¨aof`y$Trf`vwqsmcxeTwzFW W_u¨zwaQmomch™°V>¥¤f`vwTwW ljW>zDmeaIxev:bBmoW ygl`™²f•™JfjmcTwmoljl`™³V>W_f`WªacTwzBW)y ygmczwWQzBÁW ^` IfiW_“•y S"bemTwl`f`–FqsW>—cW+xeÀJqsmcz^`bBu˜mK„w/ “"} u˜1¤W ¥ Ÿ     qs^`xwz£usbwmKl`“"mcqsbwzw¥ ^tlIˆFfjacy_^`ltacu˜f8mK^`“"WcvwŸ*¥¢lj^imcq¨^If„waous—cl`W W_fªV(l`„:hFmeWgu¨™Jy aomygljl`bBˆcW>ljW>^8ˆc^`W “$m‹ftTBfjfjq˜W zwTBz ˆraKfjfIqsTwz¯fjW$Twygf`W mcTBzBl`zwW@ˆcW ^tW_fiTw“•^tmf`mqsusmcxl`–Fzž„waQ—cbwm®:ŸqsW_xw“$ljac^ZTwzBq¨™¶yygacT Wq˜ u8q¨^Hfj·mFW y aobBmc„BaczB^`uemcxef`ljq˜mf`„¦qsmcfjz‚TwW ™Jmc„wl)bwfjlTw^iq¨fi^)h¦vwf`TwlCaKW ±”zB mcy>V>^tW W_ zBza f fjfiTD“›Twacq¨W ^ª^ZW_„Dz^`W_W_fjygW Twf`z‚qsWmcy_z*^`aomcŸ©u¨bwyg“›bwlW%ygu¨aKW)“$fjW_aoqsxFzBu˜ux‹qsfjz l`fjhrTw/ €’WfjŸ.mxeXcW_ljX ^tW_1¤f`y  IqsaczBS"usaoy f`Twbwqsq¨mcu¨^)aKzrf`ygW%acmc^"zDf`Twxeqszq¨q­^)fjq˜Dmygˆcmz bwzBacljxeWy_q˜f`ygXqsmmc  bwz¦zfjqsz¦^+mfjTwzwWushrvB™Jl`mcW@lª^tW_f`zBTwygW6W„Dmomc™°ftfjVu˜W_bwzwu­W_fjq˜yvB–ru˜W6zwmezwxemeWxeW_8^Z )„:¡¢Wgz ¥ S"^`mcTBbBW=ljy ^tW=usmK^t“"W_¥¢zB^ixwf^•aol`af.„wvBbwTBlac^t^`f•W$moqs™^• xe% qs—vBq¨xeacW@yx –Wgq˜fz^°fjmIaKf›V6ljqsaozwf`q˜W ¥ y  he8yg HusW_pr^Hmcq˜zB™*q­xe¥¢ygbwhelygaKusf`W qsmc z  +/sXc^tfj$X ao1  8l`fj¿=^°bw“$ljTwqszwW ˆzV>f`Twq˜WZzBq­·=¥¢ygš heyg¬usW ™Jmc8l•Ÿf`f`TwTwWW Dy l`ljW@^taKf•fjvBW aybw–cW W_f•bwW_mo^$™²qsfjz‹Twq¨f`^•Tw„BWbwxeljq˜^t®©f"W l`ljW@W aczyf+Tw„wW@^8be®©f`TBW lWZ^"^`momc™bwlBygˆcWbB l`S"W>TBXcW_ 8^`S"W=Tw„wW bwl^tbwfj^•W_bwvwW)l`m„wvBbwaoqsusˆxwaKq˜fjzwW$ˆ ™Jl`lmaKVfjW_^$zwacmel`xeWZW=ˆcfjqsm%—cW_zwz‹mexe„’W)h aozDx  ! &#(

(95)  ! q˜zr„wbe®©W " l  ! À 1     ³Á›“$q­fjT      %

(96)  q˜zr„wbe®©W "l  mKZ—qsW —cl W_.Bz¦mK“fjTwW_W_^`aWyT‹laK„BfjbeW_®:^_Ÿ©W_l“•W6y aozžy acusy bwusaof`W%f`TwW>z’bwV%„:W l)mc™°vBacy–Wgf^=^`W zfZqsz£a”„wbwl^tf)aczBx¦ljW bwqsl`W@xrf`m  ! 

(97)  

(98) &    ! ™Jmcl$„Bbe®:W_l  ! À 1     ³Á›“$q˜f`T       ÀiX@Á    &   ™Jmcl$„Bbe®:W_l   «ža6^`W"V>ˆcacW u˜f.u²aª“$u˜qsmzB^`xe^mKqs“ zfjaKTwf"W$f`^tTwusW)mK“"„:¥ W ^tˆfjq˜aczwltzBfq˜vwzwTBˆ>amc^t™³W›f`xeTBbwW)W›y f`mcmZzw„wˆbeW_®©^tf`W qsl8mcz3mK—aQW —cl mc.Bq¨mKxw“IaczBŸ fjygTwWªW vwljTBWg™Jacm^`l`WcW"Ÿ’aZq˜™^tqsW@zrygmca%zDˆx%q˜—^`W u˜mKz“"V>¥¢^iqsfzwaoq˜l`¥ f

(99) y h’aoy zDu˜x W fjfjTwTwW>q¨^^tq¨m^Ibwf`ljTBy WW%^`y W azB^tWxwŸ³^)fjaTwW”„wbwmKl—c^iW_fZ3l .DmomK™°“ vBaqsy^–cxeW fjWg^=fjW_aoygfZf`W_lx£aKfj„’W h‚ ¯f`TwusW‹acl`^tˆmW bwl+ljy fjW”TBaoxezžbwljaKq˜fZzBˆru˜W@acf`Tw^tfZW”mzBzwWgW%d’f%mc™HV>f`q˜TwzBW q­¥¢yg he! ygaousWczBŸ.x aF zw )W_“¡ ™ ^`ƒDusacmK^t“"fª¥ [$^tfjW acf`ltlf"aoqszB^ª^`V>y acq­u˜f)usW_aox£usˆcÀJmcljW_ljq˜y_f`aoTwusV”u²f`Á$TDacaKzBf=x3“›f`W%TwaoW ljW)Bl“•^ifªml`vB–’acqszwy–ˆ>Wg“$f=q­ljfjWgT¦fjlja”aczBS^taoV>Twq˜m’ftfjWIW_—cxrW_q¨lj^+^`qsfjmcTwz3W%“$mTwzwqsWyTFusmqs^tV>fZvwaKusfªW V>f`TwW Wzfj„w^+be®©f`TwW Wl ljW bwqsljq˜zwˆf`TBWIV6qszwqsV%bwVz’bwV%„:W l$mc™vBay–cW fj^•f`m „:WImK—cW_3l .BmK“›W_x*  *W f . (. . -0/. ,(. . '&. . . . . ). . !. .  !(!"" % $#% !  fjTwW z3fjTwWIu˜m^`^›mey y bwl^"q˜zrV>q˜zBq­¥¢ygheygusW   ˆcqs—cW_z‹„’h & & ( $  )(  %'&  %'# aczBxf`TwWI“$qszBxemK“¬^tqs§ W  aKf$“$Twq¨yT3f`Twq¨^"u˜m^`^"TDaovwv:W zB^+qs^ *   %& &#(     +  ,. . '&   . (. (. 898;:<>=$?$@$A. (. .  %.

(100) X@. #  ( .    .  jfzB¸=TBmoW aKfzBf•y mc™JWczBmcŸeu˜bwh fjzDTwx f`WTwq˜xemz m^tW”bw/˜X„wmcXous™•Ÿ’W€7fj^t1¤TwusŸ’mKW”“›“"„:W=¥ mo^t^tfjf`W_acf`W+usltW f$“›zwygW@W myusuBzB– fjxeTB“$q˜f`aKq˜qsf•f`mcT£zFf`Twf`y q¨TB^•acWz3y mc^t^`zBV qsV6xwacq­vBu˜fjusq˜u˜W_mh‹^tz f%„Dq˜^tWIz’W_—c“$l`m—’lju˜q¨q­—ygf`W_W f`^.W_lzrfjaKTwfjaW=Wc^  vDao¡¢lz'aoV>y_ acWg^`fjW>W lmo^8™+ 8moyg™³¡¢ljz¦acmu˜^jyguB^Zmf`f`zTwlfjWªaKlj±”azw^imey>f›xef`W_qszm ^ zBvDm’acyxw–cW W fj Ÿ^)#qsz£!.ljf`W TwvBW‹l`W@ˆc^tusW_mcz„Bfac^•u8f`„wTwbeWI®©„BW aclzBq˜xez¯“$zwq¨x’mef`xeTFW aQj—K raoqs«žu¨aoW”„wusW=zwmcfjf`m”q¨ygS=W š›fjTBk aKygf%mcW_zB—czwW_W_zžygf`q˜qs™$mczr“•W‹aozB^txbwvB"vw!8u˜h‚f`Twf`WTBW”^`TBzwaomeljxeWZWmo™aofS=f`š›Twk W fjqsazwTwusvwWImKbw“ ygf•m*mozB™©xe+fjq˜f`TwŸqsW=mcf`z”T’^`bBu˜mK™J^›m“›bwq˜W_zrzB^txfHaoz‹u˜q˜qsz zwme–6/˜y Xyg“$$X bB1°q­l`fjljÀ T”W zBaI y u¨W+ao ljmoˆc™ W"u˜m„w*^`be^`®©W_$ ^›W l" aozD^t mxÁ aoa%Ÿ^.xwfjf`TwWgmf`W)W_aQmol`—cqsfjmcmcTwq¨lxW aKl"fjf`q˜zwTwmW Wªz”fixe“•momcm™³bwl`f`„B–>Twu˜WZW=vBacvD^`ljusW_mKaclt“"V6™Jm¥ W l`^tV f`fjW_acacljlt^›zBfHygy acWacy_ .zygm·=ljljW_usxe^`^`qsmBbwzwŸ’u­ˆZf"„:f`qsWgzm ¥  % bfjBy_Twaov>WbB^`^`usW+mKbw“$q˜W fjbBu˜^°hWIq˜zwljmcW_vBz3^`bebwf›V>u˜f`lqsacaKzwz’fjˆ)h”W$q˜qsz zw^•mea)„:xemcTwW_bw^+qsˆczBV>TBxwW aQW_l8x h‹—K„’aQao—chusbwmc W$q¨xmo™ac“$zr Tw .mKqsy—c¿=T W W_l q¨vD.B^›W_mK^tzB“V xeaoqsvwzwusljusˆIW W_l8xwmcqsfjz6ygTBf`fjaoW_Twzx3W$„’—K8h aoŸcusfjbwfjTwW_TwW^.W ygmcm™ bwzB W_xe!bwq˜ŸoW+f`fjqsmcTwqsz”zq¨^H„w xebeq¨®©^i$*fjW l`l  qs„w be fj„B“$q˜mbwTwz6q˜q¨u¨yxwmcT ^ ™ ljW_^`bwu˜fj^"qszFa„:Wgf`f`W_l+vDW_lt™Jml`V aczBygW   “$v:=W qsmKuslZ“IueS=zwŸ²moš›q­f8™•k¼y f`TwacygbBW>he^ty „wW"u˜bwWao®: =zW_S"mKlj^)—cTwW_W%aol3lj.B“$W%mKqszB“¯u¨aoxeljacmKˆczB“¬WxW fjfjzwTwTwmW W$z¦bw^tˆcmqsTžzBbwy l^tl`ygm‹W@W°acf`“$^`TDW_qsaK^+usuef ^`ˆcu˜WgmKf.“$qsusz6h”$ y ™JmcljmczwV ˆW_^tŸ²f`f`qsTBmcz%W6 aQ„B—bw mcljq¨^tf`xwfjm ao^)zB^`y W W°zfI“$ q˜xef`bwT6“$ljTBmcq˜zwW zwˆrljW"W%^`^`a u˜u˜mKmK“"“"zwm¥¢¥¢^i^il`ffV aoaol`aol`ff u us„:mW ^jTD^›aQme—y qsmcygbBl$lja^_^" 8“$· q­fjzwT‹W “ fjTwW^tusmK^`“"q˜zw¥¢ˆ^iu˜fW)aol`„:f•moq¨f`^+f`usy W aczwu˜W@usW_yx‹–”“$zwmeq­fjxeT WIV>mexeW  u¤ Ÿw mo™.ac^$ygmabwf`ljTB^`W)l`W@q­^t™ Tw mus*x* . S"T’bB  ^_Ÿe“›WZˆWgf$fjTwW^`acV>W (. -0/. (. (. . . . (.-0/. (. (. )(. .(.   3$2  23+¦  D(‚)* +$,.-0 23$ q˜mcƒBf%™l`mxeV W f`W fjljTwV> W¦  q˜zBvwW_¸+lj^)W mK—’fj“›qsTwmcW W”bB—W ^ ygl@macŸHzwzBfjzwaom¯W_usyghe“•f`^tqsW_q¨mc^ u˜zžu+Ÿ"“›vB„Dl`W_W¦W@TBxeygaQqsm—’ygzBf q˜myglf`usbBTwxexeW bwWrlj„Dq˜fjW_zBTBTBˆraKaQf‹—’y mcq˜acmzwz’l”ˆhRW_xe^tbwV>f`ljqsmcmeq˜zwzžxeˆ'W aQuª^`—cV%usmcmKq¨“"bBxw^tac¥ f^tzBfjygygacWmltŸ*f@zBŸHvB^tq¨f`aoxeTBl`W_f`W¦l”q¨ygvwzwbBljmeusW_acxeygl`W W@ushrxe¬qsf`zwTwˆ£„DW W@zwy —KmeacacbBxeu˜bwW_^tWW^ “$he^`TBqs^ªqsy“$Trq˜TBf`TwaQ—mWZbef)a y^`TDW aoljzw—’ˆqsy q˜WZzwˆ”laKf`fjTwW)W6„Dl`W W@fi^t“•bBW_u­fW ^ z Ÿ:f`žTBacW_^`zBWx zw mežxeW@V%^)bBy ^taof=z aou¨„D^tW6m>l`„:W_Wvwu¨ygacmygzBW@^txFq¨xe„’W_hFl`W@aox²z  HS³ m

(101) ^` q˜7V> vwus>q˜™J .hmcfjzwTwWW“$aoTwzBq¨acyu­T ¥ ljacW_l`^`ˆbwbwu˜W$fj^=fjTwq˜zžWªaa”xe^tmcqsV>vefjvwq˜musW%z V>mo™*mefjxeTwW q¨u8^°ygV>mzBmexe^`qsW ^tu©f`qsaozwzDˆ”x mc“•™8Wªfi“•bBm”^`W=„:q˜mof•f`fjf`musW ^tzwf`W@bByxe–rh6zwfjmeTwxeW=W_W ^6®:À W@Byˆf"bwmolj™*W%zw}W Ágfi =“•¡¢mz¦l`–6fjTwvBq¨ao^ªl^`aoW_V>ygf`W qsf`mcW z*l^8Ÿ:“•mz W S=š›kœv:W l`™JmcljV aozBy Wc  ! ! q™J¨=^

(102) mmel"f`xeTwf`W_W$Tw^›WIy_X•aoW zBf`mxebwq¨q˜xw—Kaoacaof`u˜ljW_W•W°zf`f$ljm)W zwvBTBmeusaQaxe—cygWW°W_x%acf`Twl`„’W)W h)Byf`TwlTBm^taof^tf.W_usmz3TD^jaQ^.a—^›xeqszwbw™Jmcˆ=ljusq˜u˜zwf`mKTwˆ)“+W$^`^"^`u˜mKV>ac“"^$ac¥¢au˜^iusfW_™Jao^tbwfl`zDf_y ³f`S"qsŸomc^`TBzrqsW•zBmcyg„w™W›bw f`®:TBW_! W•lHaozw^tzBqsmex§ xeW W"! “$  eq˜acf`TzBx%f`Tw^`W$W lj^`—’V qsy aoW•usu˜lW@aK^ifjf W  S"TBWFmcbefjvwbef”laKf`W  mo™Zf`TwWFW bBq˜—KaousW zf”zwmexeWFq¨^>fao–cW_z W bBaou"fjm  % aczBxœ“•W¦^`bwvwv:m^`W3f`TBaofq­f qfj¨^ZTwWIxeq˜u¨ljacW_^tygf+f`uszwhme™JxeW@W)x¦“$„’q­h‹fjTrf`Twf` TwW>W^tm^`bwu˜mKl“›ygWcW_ ª^tf"S"u˜qsTwzwW%–ljlW_aKafj^tW”mz3À´fjTwq¨^=WIf`mcTBzwaoWIfª“$“›q˜Wf`Trxem”„wbwzB®:moW_fªl=“$^tq¨qs§ ^`TFW  f`m3acyzBTBx‹aozwu˜qsˆzwWI–f`TBlaKW%fjW„:W ³TBÁaQŸB—’“$qsmcTBl=m^`mcW ™ qs^`zwm¦vwfjbwTBf•aKlf6aKf`f`W=TBW‹q˜zzwf`W_Tw“WªmcW ljq˜bwˆqsq˜—KzBaoacusuwW vwzf6ljmczB„wm’usW xwVWq¨“$^°Tw„:q¨mcyTRbwzDTBxeaW_^x ac„’zRh qs#zw%©vw .be«‚f>lWZaKyf`TwW‹m’„Dmm^`W=bwzBaoxez W@Wx'bw„’q˜h —Kac u˜NW_zf›aczB„wx'be®©acW z'l"mc^tqsbe§ fj"W vw bef  . . . (. . . . . . . . .  6$2"2 E )&% :1F E 0&E. 8! *' E>K" ' F 04) F E 2"2 .3) 'J% I$#C%(' '% 0  *") F # 0 E4I F &# * : * F KE)&+-,$. P. : E:. * F #&%()& F #&*('0 : 3 K % F #"*)N* 0 : D3) E &. 2LF. 8. 243 5276.

(103) XX. 

(104)     "!$#&%')(*+ Source. µ’. Destination. µ. B’. B. ƒqsˆcbwljWI} 8S"TwW^`q˜V>vwusq BW_x3V>mexeW u . laKfjW" % l`W bwq˜ljW_^›a„wbwl^if$mo™^tqs§ W !(%"" %  ! .f`m>„:W Du˜usW_x² HS"T’bB^_Ÿ'   .  %. . .    C

(105)  .  . .  !"" %  ! .   . aozDx   sq ^›ˆcqs—cW_z„’h. ! (. `f^ ½›mcao–V>WgW)™JW3mc™Jljmc^tW%lqsV%“›8bwW>ŸJu¨aK vBfjacq˜acm^jzB^ªzRx3f`ljmrW_vB^`ac^ibwfjybBu˜–fjxeWg^f=hFf`^`TBfjq˜Tw§_aoW)f6W>f`vBvDTwl`W_WmKlt™J—^`mW”acl`V6V f`TBWIacW3zB—Kygy acW6mcu˜bwljmoW@l`™"W@^=yS=af`zB^$š›W_q˜kN^jz3^%bBfjmcTw^`™+qsWzwf`ˆvwTwljW3fjW Tw—’W q¨qs^ImcbwbB^tqsqs^+—KV>ao^`vwW_usW ygu˜zq f`Bf>qsmcW@zFzwx meaoV>xezDWFmexrxeao“•W vwu¤WIvwŸ*lj“›ˆmq˜W>a—yWvwT*l`  £W@^tf`«‚W_TwzWWf ^`xwqsW_§ ^tWf`qsmczB™•aK€ofjq˜”mz3vDacqsz¦y–ca>W fj“"^_ =aQh‹S"Tw^`m>W6f`xeTBq­®©aof+W ljf`W TwzWfZ^tzwbwmeV xeW_mo^Z™aof`ljTBWWvwvwu¨acljmcy W_vBxracˆmcaKz¦fjq˜mf`Twz3WxwvBW aKu¨aQfjh’T ^"„:mcWg™.fi“›f`TwW WW z¦usqszwf`–eTw^.W6ni^tmcmqsbwzwljqszwy W%ˆ aof`zDTBW xrV f`TwqsW^ „:acacu˜zWg“"fi“› aQhe! W ^"W_q¨^$z W WX)bBbDaoaczBaou*u©x f`mf`X_m B   ƒBmcl"W_ ayV T ^_8 +Ÿ’«‚“•WW)—Kxeaoq¨^iljfjhl`qs8„wbeŸDfjf`WªTwWfjTwzW bBV%! „:bBW zwlZq­mo™Jm™8l`zwV>meusxeh W_mc^ªzvwljf`W_Twy WIW_xe^`W qszwˆcV>ˆ>W_f`TBzfW%„: mo# ft fju˜W_ zw 8W_S"y–TbD8^ ŸŸ  . . . . ·{^`qsV6vBu˜WIy acusy bwu¨aKf`qsmczr^`TwmK“+^•f`TBaof !.  !. .  

(106).  ! .   .  . . .  ) N

(107)  ³aozBx .  $

(108). . . .  . . ¡me™*y_“›ygbwW$lIfqsaoz£–cW"zwfjmeTwxeW"W 8!  W S³bBmFaoyuBTBf`acm zwˆcWŸcfjf`TwTBW W”z zwWgfi“›“$mcljqsu˜–FuD„D„:WZW TBaoaQus“›—’qsaQmchel@^.Ÿ²W“•W”bBacyTwuwm’fjm m^t Waof`TwzDW x6f`Tw! Wª^`mKm3—cW f`TBl.BaomKfZ“'fjmF“$V>qsusu:mKac—cu˜W6“"f`aQTwheW ^ fjmKTw—WW l .BmK! “œf`Twf`Wm>^`mcq˜§_zBW>WªX mc%™³f`vBTBacWZy–zBWgm’fxw^ Ÿ’W_^›“›f`WZTDV aKf$ac–cvwWljW_ygW@ xeW_W ^°bBf`TBacWIu©f`„Dm mcft f`% usW ™JzBmcW_l"y–fjTw¦W)™J™Jmmcl+usu˜mK^t“$mV>qszwWªˆ—K aousbwW@^•mc™ 8 8½›h”ˆcqs—’q˜zBˆ . .  %.    . .  #. . . . .  .  #  % $   +. . «žWy acz‹zBmK“ y acusy bwu¨aKf`WZfjTwWIvBaolaoV>W f`W l^•mo™f`TwWIW bBq˜—KaousW zf$zwmexeW 8«‚W BzDx .   . #% . .  .   !(%"" %  !    %  +. .  . .   

(109) .  .  .    . . jf¡¢zm D¦ˆcca bwzBljx>W 4Bf`TBŸW=“•moW+fjvBTwu˜W mcl°fHf`f`TBTwaoW+f›f`ljTwW ljvBmcusbwaˆygTwW_^8vwbef`Twf•W_moV™©f`“$TwW+q­fjT‹fi“•aomz V>W mebwxeq˜W_—Kusac^+u˜W_ÀJf`zTwf›WªzwmcmezwxeW+W@Á8f`TB™Jmcaol•f•f`ygTwmWZzB^txeq¨xeq˜®:W_W_ljl`^HW_aczu˜f›uwf`—KTwaoWªusbwzwW_me^•xemoW_™#^$8X   . . 898;:<>=$?$@$A.

(110) XQ€. #  ( .    . 1150. 1100. −+−+−. The 2 nodes model. −.−.−.. Multiple nodes model. −*−*−. Single node model. The Throughput in Kbits/s. 1050. 1000. 950. 900. 850. 800. 750. 1. 2. 3. 4 5 6 7 The number of nodes before the bottleneck mu. 8. 9. ƒq˜ˆbwl`W 4 H·{^`qsV%bwu¨aKfjq˜mz3y mcV>vBaoljq¨^tmz„:Wgfi“›W W z‹f`TBW)f`TwljW W)V>mexeW u¨^. 10. «ž„:moW>f`f`vwusW uszwmofIW@yao–u¨^t¦m3acq˜z zBx f`Tw“›W W$^j™JaoW V>W@x W q˜f›Bˆcxebwqsl`ljW@Wyfjf`u˜Twh>W6„’f`h%TBl`fjmTwbwWªˆc^`TwmcvBbBbeljy fZWcm .„e½•fjacW@q˜y zBacW_bBx¦^tW$“$q˜f•TBW q¨^•zžzw“•mKW>“œyg™JmW_zBx”^taoq¨xef°W_filª“$mq¨ygzwW+u˜hrq˜fjfj^•TwljW>aof`V W+aoqszeqsz ¥ ^tS"f`TBW@acqs^•x6zwmoW ™ “#%©—KacŸou˜fjbwTwWªW+mo„w™ bB lj^tq¨f°^›^taoqs§ us“›W$aQzBheW ^HW_xw^`W_V xaof`usu˜mIW_l°mK—fjTBW l ao.Bz mK“¯fjTwf`W=TBV>W$qs„wzwbeqsV%®©W bwl V mcvD™ ac ^j^taoW@zB^x ™Jl`m V “$ TB W z”GfjTw W=DzBfjm’m xw W_ ^ªX+ f`m w   ac^`V l`W•aoygusu˜mcW_zDl ^tq¨xeW V>ljW_W_x)aczB“$^HTDaaKf`^`W_V —caoW_usl³u˜W_q¨^²lHf`“$TBq˜W•zD—KxeaomKus“œbwW•aomofH™ f`8TBW=ŸQmo„:™BW y ˆcmcqsbwzwlzw^tqsW°zwˆbB^tmcqszw™©ˆªy mcmczwbwˆlW_ac^tf`^jqs^tmcbwz V>aQve—cfjmq˜mqsxBzBao^*zBmy z Wc 

(111) ”S"Ÿ T’ bB!:^_aoŸczB“›x W+#V!t bB^i· f W devDW@yfa+f`TwljmcbBˆcTwvwbwf³f`TDaKf.qs^

(112) u˜W@^`^³f`TDaozIfjTBaKf.mc„efaoqszwW_x“$TwW zIfjTwW›vwl`W@ygW@xeq˜zBˆ=zwmexeW@^

(113) acl`W°y mczB^`q¨xeW ljW_x²  «ž^`qszwW=ˆc^`usWIW W+zw“›mexeW usWuwV>fjTBmeaKxef°W f`u

(114) Twu˜WªW@acl`W@xw^t^$bwf`u˜fjm^•a>aoljv:W$m’—cmcW_ljl`W h6l$ygv:usW ml`^`™JW"mclj™JV>mcl°acmzBbwygl8WIfi„:“›W_my_aoV>bBme^`WIxeW q˜fZu¨^ xe .m’¸+W_mK^`“›z W fª—ygW ml@ŸczBac^`qs^°xe“•W_l"W$f`W TwdeW%vDW@u˜qsy–cf`W_W@u˜x²qsTwŸm’f`meTwx W mc“$™›TBa3W ljvBW acf`ltTwfjW3qsacuH„wbwao„Bl^t^`fjmc^6ljveaof`ljqsW”mcz‚mczwmous™•h¯f`aoTw„BW ^`„wmcljbB„:lj^tW_fjx£^)„’„’hžhFf`fjTwTwW3W V vwljaoW_qsygz'W@xe„Dqsmczwftˆrfju˜zwW_zwmeW_xeyW_–©^_ > £¡ ·+fu¨l`^tW_mDvwŸ8l`“•W@^tW3W_z^tW_fj^ªW‹f`aoTwzRW q˜“›zBy mcl`lW@^tacf)^`y_W”acqs^`z W fjzBTwm’W)xwW_f`^ªTBl`mcmzrbwˆcf`TwTBvBWbevBf$ao“$f`T¦TwW qszBz3y f`l`TBW@acW^`zwW_^Wgfi “›%Fmcljao–”zBygx mzfjŸDaofjqsTwzBW ^ ljBWg™J—mW)l`W zwme*xeW_$^+Ÿ:ac“$zBTBx‹qsyV6T my_l`aoWbB 8^`¡¢W_zB^ªxeaW_W_xex²q¨ŸB^jaoa6vwu¨v:aoW_ljacˆcljW)acz’zBbwygV%WImc„:™HW l$f`TwmcW ™ xwxwmcbwbwl`qs„wzwusˆ”W+^`^`u˜u˜mKmK“"“"¥¢¥¢^i^tffjaoaol`l`ff$vBaoTwljW)W zwacm„BV>^`mcW ljzB„DaBW@Ÿox‹Tw„’W zDh‹ygV6W+aomz>l`WIqsV>aczBvwx3l`mKV6—W mV>l`WIW zzBf.m’xwq˜z6W_^$fjTw“$W+Twv:q¨yW Trl`™JmcW ljusq˜V>V>acqszBzBaKygfjWW_ ³^"¡¢z6fjTw™¶Wacygv:f_mŸc^jf`^tTwqs„wW$qs„wu˜q˜bBfihlj^tmcfj^ ™ fjTwWImK—cW_l3.DmK“W zBy mcbwzf`W_l`W@x”“$q˜f`TF^`V>acu˜u³—Qacu˜bBW_^"mo™ 8  !. 

(115). . ,(. 8. 243 5276.

(116) @X }  2‹+. 

(117)     "!$#&%')(*+. *  ‹2  $#

(118) K# %‹,› ‹

(119) _(‹

(120) ƒBl`mVf`TBWIvwl`W_—’q˜mbB^"^tW@yf`qsmczD^"“•W)TBaQ—W . . . .    C

(121)  .  . . . _ r$2. À¹€cÁ À¶}Á.  !"" %  ! .   . ! (.     

(122)          #!   % % & & ( % & &  *      “$q­fjT  $  )(            ŸQmczBW°mo™Df`TwW›„wbe®©W l^mK—cW_l3.BmK“+^³xebwljq˜zwˆ)^`u˜mK“"¥¢^ifaol`f (. ¡¢acz6zBxy af`^tTwW•WImous™ m,^j^"qs^$$ xwWgf`W@yfjW_ xraKf=a6“$qszBxemK“ (. (. (. -0/.     . . (. #. (. (.-0/. . "SaczBTBx qs^• mK —c“$W_l3Tw.Bq¨mKy“œT‹acy l`acW=z”f`TBTwaoW)vB^`vDq˜§_W_W=zmoqsz”™³f`W Twq˜f`WZTw„wW_bwl l^if"mcljl W bw¤qs .l`W@¡ x6fj^•f`u˜m mey Baou˜u f`qsmczaoxwzBW xv:W zB xwlj^•W_^`mcvDz”W@f`yTwf`qsWª—cW_l`u˜W_husao f`·¬qs—cW+^`W_—KygaomuszBbwx”W@^°^`u˜mcmK™ “" ¥   mc^tacfj™

(123) l`acW”fjltTwf$aFW%q¨™J^"y bwmcf`zBTBzwyW ˆfjzFW_q˜m^tz'y f`qsacmcu˜mozFus™$W_x3aQfjTw—c“$mWq˜qsf`xwvDTFacaozBlaaoygWZf`V>TwvwWgljfjTBW_W ^`alTw^t^ mcW”u¨ x À¶W Ÿ bB ac usŸ ^" ¼fjm aczB x  ”Á+ H ¦aoS"zB¡ T’x²™$bBŸwfj^ f`TwŸwTwW f`W_Twl`WIW bw™J“$mcW_bwljqsWczBqszwŸexeˆFfjmKTw“ f`WqsV>^tv:qsW W§ l`WI™Jq¨mc^%aoljf$zBV>f`W TwacˆczBWIusqsygˆc„:WIqsW „wmcˆu˜W ™.q˜zwS=“$zBš›q˜q˜zwf`k Tˆ lfjjm)W_^`f`v:TwW_W_yq˜f=l•f`½›m aczBxeÀJ“$“$q¨x’TBf`qsyTwTF¥ ¿ªq¨^$W u¨fjaQTwhWvwy_ljacme^`xeWIbB“$yfTwÁW ŸczFf`TwmW=vD y W_mcljzwaoˆf`qsW_zw^tˆ f`qsmcq˜z z6zw“$Wgq˜fizD“›xemcmKlj“ –e^"y_aoTBz>aQ—’„Dq˜Wªzwˆ”^tbw^`vBV vDaomus^tu³W@„wx%bwfj®:mIW_—Klj^ªaoljyghmcV>u˜qszwvBW@acaol`ljW@u˜xh aa^+^Za6f`Tw™JWbwzBljaoygf`f`qsqsmcm3z¦mcmc™"™.f`Twf`qsW”V6aQW%—„W lh‹aomcˆczwW6W“$^tqsW_zBˆcxeV>mK“ W zf+^tqs§ W W>—W fjljm h   ›S"ZT’qs—cbBW ^ zžŸBf`fjTwTBWaKff`TwfjljTwmcW bwˆ„wTwbwvwus–£befZxwy aKaofzra3„:f`lWaozBac^tvw™JvwW ljlImQTBd’acqsV vwv:aKW fjW_zBx ^   “$y xwmcbwTBzwl`W ˆqsljzwW_W ˆZ^tf`ygqsmcmc rz£zBˆcacaQW_zB—c^tx f`mqsqsmcxwzac zBaQyg—caoW>mcljq¨W)vwxwTDacl`W@zBac^t^`ygv:WcWW_  Ÿ_ygfjf`TwqsW"—c W aQus—ch>q¨^W f`lWTBaoˆWIbBWH“$ac“$u8q˜zBqsf`zBxwm xemKmK“ “'^`^`q˜§_q˜§_W)W› 3aoy_f$¸=aozf`mKTw“•^`W)qsW_V6„:—cvBW W ˆl@u˜hIŸq˜zw„:zBW"q˜ ¯zw“$ˆ”y_l`aoq˜acftz£zBfjW x3W zq˜aKf`af$Tw^ W_f`l%TBWZ„:W”W_zBW x3bBmoac™ u8f`Twf`mW Á›mcl mof`TBW lj“$qs^`Wc 8S"TwW_l`W ™JmcljWcŸ  q˜™.a>xembw„wusW^tusmK“"¥¢^ifaol`f›aovBvDW@aol^IÀ , $     q˜™ *  

(124)       &     #   !    mcf`TwW_l`“$q¨^`W ¡ f‹( qs^‹ ygusW_( aol> fj8TBŸ³aKqsf^ f` TwW‚acV6zBqsxzwqsV%  bwV aczB—Kx aousbwq˜fW¦ygmcm™ l`lj W_^`vDacmzBzBx xw^= f`m mK— W l” aousu= v:mac^jzB^`x q˜„wusWF—K aous bwW_l`^W@^tmov:™ W_ygf` qs—c^jW aKusfjhcqs 6^t™Jh’·+q˜z’zBhˆ xV>wW_mygl`ljW"W_ausq˜^t–W•W q˜uszhf`m% q˜TBzDaoygvwljW_v:acW ^`z W_^ qsz   aczBf`x% TBxwacW_z>ygljq˜z W_a^tW@ ^ ¡  #™  {a^.aczB^tTwx mK“$z aoq˜z6ljW" ƒyq˜TBˆmbw^`l`W W$z ‡e^t m)S"fjT’TBbBaK ^ f•Ÿozwf`mITwW"u˜mmK^`—c^`W_W_l3^..DmemKy_“‚ygbw„:lW_^8y “$mcV>TwW_W_z ^     aczBx‚“$TwW  z     8Ÿ©f`TBW zžf`TwW xembw„wusW ^tusmK“"¥ ^tfjacltf)y aczwzwmofIaovBvDW@aolZ™JmclIaoz’h   ^jaKfjqs^t™Jh’q˜zBˆ *( (  8 8S"Twqs^+l`W bBq˜ljW_^•f`TDaKf % & % & & ( % &     $     “$q­fjT  $   (  À 4Á %#" %" & ( %#"    $  &     “$q˜f`T  & $    (  &  . (. !. -0/. (. . (. -0/. . ). (. (. )(. . )(. (. (. -0/. (. (. -0/. -0/. (. . 898;:<>=$?$@$A. . (. (. (. -0/.

(125) X4. #  (. The required burst size. S. .    . S’. 2 B’ 2B. S B = min(S,S’). µ. µ’. 2µ. ƒq˜ˆbwl`W‡ .S"TBWI—Qacl`q¨aKfjq˜mzmc™  aozBx   a^›™JbwzBygf`qsmczrmo™   ¡™

Références

Documents relatifs

It is obvious that the steel showed the plastic strain memory effects at each test temperature, in other words, in spite of the hardness of the steel cyclic stress,

Les cités et leur territoire d'influence sont administrées par de puissantes familles, celles de l'aristocratie terrienne et marchande, qui tirent leur légitimité de

L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des

In this paper, we have defined the steady-state control problem for MDP, and shown that this question is decidable for (ergodic) MDP in polynomial time, and for labeled MDP

Trois autres échantillons du pool CHAT étaient également gardés au Center for Disease Control et ont été inclus dans cette analyse (CHAT pool 13, CHAT type 1 Wy4B-5, CHAT 1FL)..

Un habitat de La Tène moyenne et finale à Berry-au-Bac au lieu-dit “ Le Chemin de la Pêcherie ” (Aisne).. Jérôme Dubouloz, Michel Plateaux,

constat, unanime en Colombie, que la résolution des conflits par élimination de “l’opposant” est l’une des caractéristiques de la violence nationale. Première

Automatic test data generation, structural testing, constraint solving techniques, global constraints 1.. Structural testing techniques are widely used in unit or module testing