تأثير الدول الفاشلة على الاستقرار الأمني:دراسة في العلاقة بين الفشل الولاتي وتهديدات الأمن الجديدة.

2009

2010

خيذقي

خيذقي

:

:

:

:

: 1

″

″″

People ,state and fear

″

″

″ Barry Buzan″

″

weak states

″

″ Robert I Rotberg″

″

State Failure State Weakness In a Time ″

of Terror″

, ٟرلاٚذٌا ًؼفٌا حز٘بظث ,

ًؼفٌا دازػإِٚ ؾئبـخ فٌإٌّا اذ٘ زجػ َذل ش١ؽ

حربِٕٙ يٚد ٌٝئ بٍٙؼف خعرد تظؽ بّٙظل ٟزٌا خٍػبفٌا يٚذٌا ِٓ خػّٛغِ خطارذٌبث يٚبٕر ُص ٟرلاٚذٌا خف١ؼض يٚدٚ

, حز١غخ خف١ؼض يٚد ٌٝئ ِٟٕلأا ب٘ز١صأر تظؽٚ

, خٌّبظِ خف١ؼض يٚدٚ

.

:

″

″ Angela Meyer

″

ة خِٛطٌّٛا

″ خ١ٕجٌا ٍٝػ ٖز١صأرٚ ّٟ١ٍللإا ًِبىزٌا ,

خف١ؼضٌا يٚذٌا رازمزطاٚ ِٓلأا -

غثرأ خٌبؽ خطارد

خ١م٠زفا يٚد -

″ L’intégration Régionale et son Influence Sur la Structure et la stabilité

D’états faibles -L’exemple de quatre Etats Centrafricaine.″

2006

Maral Madi

2003

Uppsala ″

″

″

″ Drug Trafficking in Weak

States :The case of Central Asia

:

Fund For Peace″

1996

Foreign Policy

Brookings

. Center of Global Policy

Center of

Global Peace Maryland

Peace & Conflict The Center for International

Development and Conflict Management (CIDCM)

.

:

:

:

:

:

)

2010

1 2

? 3

:

:

1

2

3

,

:

مــــــظفنا لولأا

: خسارذهن يزظُنا ربطلإا :

يزظَ ميطأت

يًيهبفي طجضو

ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ

.

Westphalie 1648

Morgenthau

« Léviathan »

(1) Dario Battistella, Théorie des Relations Internationales ,Paris : presse de science politique, 2003 ; p306.

2 2

126

« Hobbes »



Hobbes

(Commonwealth) civitas

Hobbes

(1) Thomas Hobbes of Malmesbury ;Leviathan or the Matter forme & power of a common- Wealth ecclesiastical and civil. London.Andrew Crooke[S.D.E].p104.

: 1 2

3

(2)

Ibid ;p106

« K.Waltz »

K.Waltz

″

ًعزٌا , ةزؾٌاٚ خٌٚذٌا

″ Man, the state and

″ war

Spykmen Morgenthau

Raymond Aron (la force)

La puissance

162 1 (2)Dario Battistella, op-cit,p435.

(3)Kenneth N. Waltz, Man the state and War : A Theoretical Analysis .New York : Columbia University press .1959.p160.

(4) Pierre de senarcelens ; yohan Aiffin; La politique internationale ,théorie et enjeux contemporaines. 2ed .Paris : Armand colin.2006.p37-38.

« J.Herz »

Headley Bull

Headley Bull

(1) Dario Battistella, op-cit,p436.

(2) Charles Philippe,David ; Jean Jacques Roche ; Théorie de la sécurité Internationale Paris : Manchester .2002.p48.

Steven Walt

(1) James N. Rosneau and Mary Durfee, Thinking Theory thoroughly coherent Approaches to an Incoherent World ,second édition .Colorado : Westview Press.2000,p18.

(2) Ibid,p15.

subjuctive of security

« International »

« Subétatique »

« Non étatique »

»

« contre étatique

.⁽¹⁾ Didier Bigo, « L’idéologie de la menace du sud »,culture & conflit ,printemps 1991.

obtenu en parcourent : www.conflit.org/index2012.html.

« La mafiatisation des

Relations Internationales

«

« Pierre Hassner »

« James Rousneau »

« Vers le haut »

(1) Paul D Williams ; Security Studies: An Introduction ; London: Routledge,2008 ,p8 .

(2) Didier Bigo ; «Grand Débats dans un petit Monde :les debats en Relations

Internationales et leur Lien avec le monde de la sécurité» ,Culture et Conflit .N 19-20 , automne hiver1995.p7-48. Obtenu en parcourent:www.conflits.org/index872.html

(3) Pierre Hassner, «par de le totalitarisme et la guerre» ,obtenu en parcourant : www.telequbec.trc/site/idees/chasseurs-idess-1999/archive20000917/thne/html.

«Vers le bas »

Thucydide

M.Machvielle

« Hobbes »

« E.Kant »

« J.JRousseau »

Michael Doyle

(1) James Rosneau ,«Les conflits après la bipolarité : constitutions dans un monde en proie aux turbulence » culture et conflit .N°8, 1993.pp 164-188

(2) Christian Geiser ; « Approche Critique Sur Les Conflits Ethnique et les Refugiés ».

pp1-33. Obtenue en parcourant : www.paxbalkaus.org/contribution/geiser- parant=bosnie.pdf.

″ John

Borton

″

Lester Brown

Richard Ullman

Stéphane Raussel

Myriam Gervis

Andrew

Moravisk

(1)James Rosenau ;Mary Durfy;op-cit;p35.

(2)Barbara Delcourd ; Théorie de la sécurité. Obtenu en parcourant:

www.ulb.ac.be/students/document/cour/théories de la %2520sécurité.pdf.

(3) Christian Geiser ; op-cit.p12.

.

Daniel Deudney John Ikenberg

Dou Commerce

Andrew Moravisk

(1) James Rosneau ; Mary Durfy; op-cit. p41.

(2) Paul D.Williams, op-cit ;p43.





objective Subjective

Intersbjctive

(1)James Rousneau ; Mary Durfy; op-cit ; p40-41 Nicolas Onuf 

World of our

Making . 1989

:^

1

2 3

4

(2)Dario Battistella, op-cit.p268

(1)Paul D. Williams, op-cit. p61.

(2) Ibid ; p65-63

Alexander Wendt

Wendt

Wendt Weber

″

″ Wendt

Wendt

(1)

2006 6

″

″ Wendt

Self –Help

L'approche critique

Frankfurt school



« R.Cox »

1981

12 (1)

13

(2) Alexander Wendt ; « Anarchy is what States Make of it the social construction of power politics ».Intentional Organization , N:46, Spring 1992. Pp391-425.

(3)Jean Jacques Roche,op-cit ;pp137-138

Cox 

La politique globale

Cox

Intersubjective existance

(1) Helena Carrapico ;Chasing Mirages ?reflection on concept of security Through the study of the Securization of organized crime. International Studies Association. 49^th Annual Convention.March 26- 29, 2008.p8. obtenu en parcourant:

www.allacademic.com/.../p251741_index.html///chasing

(2) Richard Devatak .Critical Theory ;IN Scott Burchill and Andrew Linklater ;Theories of International Relations. London : [S.M.E ] 1996.p160.

Cox Hégémonie

Centre Periphery

(1) Keith Krause and Michael C .Williams; Critical Security Studies : Concepts and Cases London : UCL press limited. 1997.p p 44-45.

(2) Ibid. P45-47

(3) Ibid. P48

(4)Barbara Delcourt. Op.cit.p52.

« K.Both »

«

;

;

»

;

(1) Frederick Guillaume Dyfour ;« Approche Critiques de la Sécurité Aperçu des Contribution des Néo gramsciens et des Théorie Critique au Tournant Réflexif des Théories de la Sécurité» :obtenu en parcourant : www.conflits.org/doucument1531.html.

(2) Ibidem

(3)Dario Battistella;op-cit;p455.transmis de K.Booth ″Security and Emancipation″.Review of International Studies,17(4).October 1991,p313.

(4) Babara Delcourt .op-cit p52.

(5)Frédéric Guillaume Dyfour .op-cit.

« Copenhagen »

« Barry Buzan »

″

« People ″

,states and fear »



1983 Buzan

″

″ Barry Buzan

(1)Vania Jaikin ;« Broadening and Deepening The Concept of Security what are the

Conceptual and practical advantages with adopting broad a concept of security?»obtenu en parcourant:http://hei.broco.li/files/PaperTragedyofcommonsbyVJ.doc

زظٔا Barry Buzan. People, States and Fear. The national security problem in International Relations. Brighton : Wheatsheaf, 1983.

(2)Barbara Delcourt; op-cit .p38.

″Cox″

Barry Buzan

(1)Barry Buzan ;Ole Waever and Wilde Jaap; Security : A new Framework of Analysis Colorado: Lynne Rienner, 1998. p27.obtenu en parcourant

//books.google.com/books?id=j4BGR-

Elsp8C&dq=security+a+new+framework+for+analysis&printsec=froncover&source=bn&

h1=fr&ei=EJ4TOrJAcWsOOq70Z4M&sa=X&oi=book

result&ct=resnum4&ved=0CCQQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q&f=false

(2)Jean Jaque Roche,op-cit ;p58.

Barry Buzan″

″

« Charles Jones

R.little

«

» « The logic of Anarchy»

Buzan

« La séctorisation »

1

2 1 Buzan″

″ ا

;

Buzan

(1)Barry Buzan, Charles Jones and Richard Little ;The Logic of Anarchy Neorealism to Structural Realism ; New York : Colombia University press; 1993,p118.

(2)Barry Buzan; Ole Waever ;Wilde Jaap, op-cit.p27.

2

″ la sécurité″ ″

Sociétale

(1)Dario Battistella ; op-cit ;p448

(2)Thierry Balzacqu ; La Sécurité :Définition, Secteurs Et Niveau D’analyse .Obtenu en parcourant:/popus.ulg.ac.be/federalisme/document.php?=216.

(3)Babara Delcourt; op-cit ; p42.

(4)Thierry Balzacqu ; op-cit ;p11

3

4

(1)Babara Delcourt; op-cit;p42.

(2)Thierry Balzacqu ;op-cit ; p12

1

2 3

« Mohamed Ayoob »

(1)Ibidem

(2)Mohamed Ayoob, Defining Security : A Subaltern Realist perspective IN Keith Kraus ;Michael Williams; Critical Security Studies : Concepts and Cases ,London :UCL press ;p124.

Ayoob

. Ayoob

« Rolend Paris »

;

94

%

90

%

90

%

.

ززٕػ ٓث رٌٕٛا ذجػ (1)

ٞزئاشغٌا ِٓلأٌ ٟغطٛزٌّا ذؼجٌا,

ٟظٍعلأا فٍؾٌاٚ بثٚرٚأ زئاشغٌا: .

زئاشغٌا خ٠زـؼٌا خجزىٌّا:

غ٠سٛزٌاٚ زؼٌٕا خػبجغٌٍ

. 2005 ؽ, .15

(2)Mohamed Ayoob, op-cit; p123-127 .

(3)Roland Paris, At War’s end Building Peace after Civil Conflict ,London :Cambridge University Press;2004,p1-3.

:

:

:

« Kalevi.J Holsti »

″

″

« The State War and the state of War »

Institutionalized De



(1)Kalevi J.Holsti ; The State War and The State of war, Cambridge :Cambridge University press,1995 ,p18.

:^ خ٠ذ١ٍمزٌا ةٚزؾٌا ٓػ فٍزخ٠ دبػاشٌٕا ِٓ ذ٠ذغٌا عٌٕٛا اذ٘ ْأ ٟزظٌٛ٘ ٜز٠ ش١ؽ ِٓ

-1 أ: ةزؾٌا فازغ -2

غضٚ

ةٚزؾٌا ءبٕصأ ٓ١١ٔذٌّا -3

ةٚزؾٌا دبظطإِ

.

Holsti

Jackson

1 K.J Holsti

2

K.J Holsti

(1)Kalevi J.Holsti ; Taming the Sovereigns Institutional Change In International Politics. Cambridge:Cambridge university press,2004 ,p57.

(2)Kalevi J.Holsti ;The State War and The State of War, op-cit ,p18.

(3)Kalevi J.Holsti ; Taming The Sovereigns; op-cit ; p p56-57.

(4)Kalevi J.Holsti ; The State War and The State of War, op-cit ,p107.

.

-

A .Gramshi

(1)Kalevi J.Holsti ; Taming The Sovereigns, op-cit ,p57.

(2) Paul D williams ; op-cit ,p95.

A .Gramshi

″

″ A .Gramshi

(1) Pinar Bilgin and Adam David Morton ; « Historicising representation of Failed States beyond the cold war annexation of the social sciences ? » third world ,vol23, N°01,2002 ; ,p p55-80.

خٍثد ٌٟبؼٌا ذجػ (2)

:

ٟعٌٛٛ١طٛط خ٠ؤر خٌٚذٌا حز٘بمٌا ,ح

: , غ٠سٛزٌاٚ زؼٌٍٕ زغفٌا راد ؽ ,2004

ٓػ لامٔ ,59 :

زر , عبّزعلاا ٍُػ ٟف ذ١ّٙر,رِٛٛرٛث :

, فربؼٌّا راد ,حز٘بمٌا ,ْٚزخآٚ خ٠ز٘ٛغٌا ذّؾِ

,1981 ؽ .125

« Shadow statehood»

« Amitan

Acharya »

Structurel Violence G.Galtong

″ G.Galtong ″

1

;

(1) Pinar Bilgin and Adam David ,op-cit ;p74.

(2) Keith Krause and Michael , C. Williams, op-cit ; p309 -310.

2

3

4 5

:

(1) Johan Galtung ;A Structural Theory Of Imperialism; IN Richard Little and Michael Smith; Perspective On World Politics. second edition .London: Routledge.[S.D.E].p296.

(2) Johan Galtung ;op-cit;p301-302.

(3)Charles Philippe David ; Jean Jacques Roche ; op-cit ;p112.

« Freedom from fear , freedom from want »

(1)Caroline Thomas ; Global Governance Development and human security : challenge of poverty and inequality ,London : Pluto press.2000.p6.

(2)Dario Battistella ; op-cit ;p456.

(3)Caroline Thomas; op-cit ;p9.

« Trans-sectoriels »

(1)Oumar Ba ; Dorly Casatanda ; Maria Gabrielsen ; « Les Etats Fragile Constituent-ils Une Menace pour la Sécurité Internationale ? obtenu en parcourant :

www.peacecenter.sciences-po.fr/conf-etats fragiles.

(2)Charles Philipe David ; Jean Jacques Roche ;op-cit ;p 115.

« Social security »

« Barry Buzan »

Weaver

Waever

(1)Paul Roe ;Ethnic Violence and the Societal Security Dilemma; London :Routledge, 2005 ;p43.

(2)Paul Roe ; « The Intrastate Security Dilemma :Ethnic Conflict Tragedy » .Journal of Peace Research , N°2.vol 36 .1999. p p 183-202.obtenu en parcourant

http://jpr.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/36/2/183.

(3)Charles Philipe David ; Jean Jacques Roche ;op-cit ;p115

Security Dilemma posen » «

« Self Help »

Braian Job

Job

Job

;

(1)Paul Roe ; The Intrastate Security Dilemma ,op-cit ;p194.

Barry″

Buzan

People, states and fear

Weak states »

«

Buzan

(1)Paul Roe ; Ethnique Violence And The Societal Security Dilemma, op-cit ;p68 66

(2)Barry Buzan ; People States and Fear :An Agenda for International Security Studies in The Post Cold War. New York : Harvester weatseaf .1991.p393.

1 2 3 Buzan

;

Buzan

″Barry Buzan″

(1)Angéla Meyer,″ L’Intégration Régionale Et Sn Influence Sur La Structure , La Sécurité Et La Stabilité Des Etats Faibles: L’exemple de Quatre Etats Centrafricaine″. Thèse de doctorat(Ecole doctorale de science po .Centre D’étude et de Recherche Internationales.

Institut D’études Politique de Paris. Décembere2006)Pp114-262.

(2)Barry Buzan, Ole waever ; Regions and powers : The Structure of International Security Cambridge : Cambridge university press.2003. p220.

Buzan

I

″ Buzan

″

:

″ ″ Buzan ″

(1)Ibid ;p 221-225.

The Regional level

Spillover

the interregional level

(1)Ibid ;p 227-228.

(2)Ibid ; p 248.

1 2

The global level

(1)Ibid ; p248-249.

Buzan

Max weber

(1)Ibidem, ;p250-259

(2)

, خٍثد ٌٟبؼٌا ذجػ كثبط غعزِ

ؽ , .216

″

″

1

2

3

″Failed State ″

Gunnar Myrdal

Weak States

, ٞذ٠ٛظٌا ذّؾِ (1)

ٟطب١ظٌا عبّزعلاا ٍُػ زئاشغٌا , ٖب٠بضلٚ ٗٔاذ١ِ ,

: خ١ؼِبغٌا دبػٛجغٌّا ْاٛ٠د .

ؽ . 35

, خٍثد ٌٟبؼٌا ذجػ (2)

كثبط غعزِ

ؽ , .62

(3)Daniel Lévine et autre ; Etats Défaillants et Terrorisme .obtenu en parcourant : http://www.idea.fr/portail/repport/57.zapport6.pdf

1983 Barry Buzan

« People states

and fear » Joël Migdal

« Strong societies and weak

states : state society relations and state capbilities in third world »

« Robert Jackson »

« Quasi states »

(1)Serge sur , Sur les états défaillants ,obtenu en parcourant :

www.fulei.org/revue/serge.sur.ip?locale=frVien=page2.safhat.net/blog/?/= p 578

(2)Dina Bilgin & David Morton ,op-cit ;p 44.

(3)Robert H Jackson, Quasi states : Sovereignty ,international Relations and the third world Cambridge : Cambridge university press.1993.pp21-23.

1993

Gerald Hilmen Steven Ratner

Foreign Policy

1991 1991

1991

1991 1993

1993 1994

B.Klinton Failed states

;

:

(1)Mink Nguyer ;" The Question of failed States Australia And The Nation Of State Failure" Uniya Jesiut. Social Justice Center, March 2005.pp1-12

(2)James D.Fearon and David D.Laitin " Neutership and the problem of Weak States "

Iinternational Security ,Vol 28.N°04 spring 2004, pp5-43.

(3)Kathia légare ; les états défaillants dans les filière terroriste .un apport nécessaire ou contingent ? obtenu en parcourant : www.hei.ularal.ca/.../hei/document.

Williams Alson

« Roland Zimmermann »

international crime threat

Assessment

:

(1)Daniel Lévine et autre ; op-cit .

(2)Robert Schutte La Sécurité Humaine Et L’états Fragile. trad : Antonia C .Dumsteiner Human Security Journal.issu pp92-94.obtenu en parcourant :www.peacenter .science .fr/journal/issue3/pdf/issu3.ff.robert schutte.pdf.

, َبٙ٠ٛٔ ٞزف١ع ,شٔبغ٠ا َب٘ازغ (3)

خ١ٌٚذٌا دبللاؼٌٍ ٓ٠ٛغٕث صِٛبل زر ,

:

ْاذ١ّؽ ُ١ٍط .

ظ١ٍخٌا شوزِ

سبؾثلأٌ

[ . د .

َ .

ْ ] . 1997

(4)U.S interagency working group , international crime threat Assessment .available at . http://clintole.nara.gov/WH/EOP/NSC/html/document/pub45270/45270book.WG.pdf.

: :

:

:

( )

( )

(1)Gerard Kreijen;State Failure ,Sovereignty And Effectiveness Legal lesson on

Decolonization of Sub-Saharan Africa.vol 50. ;Boston :Martinus Nijhoff publishers.2004 p10.

(2)Daniel Thurer ;The Failed State and International Law .International Committee of red cross ^.December31,1999.obtenu en

parcourant:http://www.globalpolicy.org/component/content/article/173- sovreign/30464.html.

( ) .

: :

Weber

″

″

( ) .

:

:

(1)Ibidem.

(2)Ibidem.

:

Arnold Walfers

Harald Muller

« Franck N.Trager et F N Simonie »

,دبؽزف ٞزىػ فطٛ٠ (1)

ةلاع ُغؼِ

دٚز١ث , :

, خ١ٍّؼٌا ةبزىٌا راد ؽ ,2001

. 22

خ٠٢ا (2)

- 3 غ٠زل حرٛط ِٓ 4 .

,ش١ّط ف١زط ,ض١ٍ١ث ْٛع (3)

كثبط غعزِ

ؽ , . 414

(4)Hans Günter Brauch; Conceptual Quartet: Security and its linkages with peace Development, and environment IN Hans Günter Brauch and other ; Globalization and environmental challenge: Reconceptualizing Security In the 21 century .Berlin: Springer.

2008. p80.

(5)Thierry Balzacqu .op-cit ;p3.

Barry Buzan

« Michael Dillon »

Booth and wheeller »

«

,ش١ّط ف١زط ,ض١ٍ١ث ْٛع (1)

كثبط غعزِ

ؽ , . 414

(2)Michael Dillon ; Politics of security towards a political philosophy of continental thought .London : Routlerg.1996.pp 118-121.

,ش١ّط ف١زط ,ض١ٍ١ث ْٛع (3)

كثبط غعزِ

ؽ , .414

1

2

3 Sectorisation.

4

5

: :

(1)Czeslaw Mesjasz ;Security as Attributes of Social System ;IN Hans Günter Brauch and other, op-cit ,P48-49.

(2)Czeslaw Mesjasz ;prediction in security theory and policy IN Hans Günter Brauch and other; op-cit ;p890

« Ullman »

« Les nouvelles menaces »

(1)Czeslaw Mesjasz ;Security as Attributes of Social System ;IN Hans Günter Brauch and other, op-cit; p49.

(2)Czeslaw Mesjasz ;prediction in security theory and policy IN Hans Günter Brauch and other; op-cit;p890.

« les nouvelles interdépendances »

« Interactions négation »

« Menaces transverses »

« Menaces non militaire de caractère stratégique »

,

M.Bertrand

« Ulrick beck »

« Transnationale »

« Jean Marc Balencie »

(1)Philippe Marchesin ; les nouvelles menaces ,les Relation Nor-Sud de 1989 à nos jour.[S.L.E]Kharthala.2001 ;p33 . transmis de Bertrand ; la fin de l’ordre militaire

(2)Amandine Scherer ;Le G8 face au crime organisé, working paper N°11 ;février

2005 ;pp1-41. Obtenu en parcourant: www.g8u toronto.ca /gouvernance/sherrer-g8g.pdf.

(3)Philippe Marchesin; op-cit ; p 34.

Modes opératoires déstabilisants

Phénomène de nature

sociale et économique

1

(1)Ibid ; p37.

, ُؼٌّٕا ذجػ صربف ذّؽأ (2)

"

ٟثزؼٌا ٓعٌٛا ٟف ةب٘رلإا حز٘بظ

"

خ١غ١ٍخ خ١غ١راززطئ دبطازو ُلر دذؼٌا ,

.09 ؽ

ؽ -1 . 22

,

1 2 3

ٗظفٔ غعزٌّا (1)

ؽ , . 6

,ٟٔلا١ىٌا ةبٌ٘ٛا ذجػ (2)

خطب١ظٌا خػٛطِٛ

ط , دٚز١ث ,1 : , زؼٌٕاٚ دبطارذٌٍ خ١ثزؼٌا خظطإٌّا ؽ ,1995

. 56

(3)Silina Giotti Goletti ; Financing Terrorism And Criminal Organizations: Differences and Similarities p36-41 .IN: Umberto Gori ,Ivo paparela ,Invisible Threats: Financial and Information Technology Crimes and National Security .[S.M.E]Ios press .2004.

2001

1997

1 2 3 4

(1)Jean jacques party ; Les Forces Terrestres En Opération : Quel Modes d’actions adopter face à des Adversaires Asymétrique .cahier de la recherche doctrinale .Octobre 2004 Pp1-32.

ٗ١ٍػ ًـؾزِ خّظٌّٕا خّ٠زغٌا (2)

: http://www.hamat.alwatan.gov.kw.

(3)Siline Giatti Galetti ; op-cit ; p 37-38.

1 2 3 4 5 6

(1)

7

.

(1)Ibidem.

the Crime terror continum (CTC)

« Dictronce crime »

« Pax Mafia » ,

…

« Susan Strange »

خّظٌّٕا خّ٠زغٌا ,

كثبط غعزِ

ؽ,

134 ⁽¹⁾

(2)Siline Giatti Galetti ; op-cit ; p 41

(3)Amandine Shcreer ; op-cit ; p 4

,َبٙ٠ٛٔ ٞزف١ع ,شٔبف٠ا َب٘ازغ (1)

كثبط غعزِ

ؽ , . 71

(2)

la guerre civile obtenu en parcourant:

http://prespective.usherbrook.ca/pilon/serrlet/BM/doctionnaire.

ثنا مــــــظفنا يَا

: لوذنا حزهبظ ضيخشت

خهشبفنا :

يتلاوذنا مشفنا دازشؤي ,

خيسبيسنا ىظُنا دبيسأ

خيججسنا دبيكزحهن عزعو

ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ

Cline

Center For Global Policy "

״

"

*

״

"

"

"

"Peace and Conflict

0 3

- 0

- 1

- 2

- 3

شوزِ ذٔلا٠ز١ِ خؼِبع ٟف درٛغر ٟرلاٚذٌا فؼضٌاٚ ًؼفٌا ُ١١مزٌ خ١ػزؼٌا دبؼثأٚ خ١ٌبؼفٌا خفٛفـِ َاذخزطا حزىف *

ض٠ز٠ا "

Iris Center University of Marylands » خ١ٌٚذٌا خ١ّٕزٌٍ خ١ى٠زِلأا خٌبوٌٛا ِٓ شؾث تٍع ٍٝػ ادر

( USAID )

يا

ٟر د خٍػبفٌا يٚذٌا ْٚإؼث ُز٘

.

:

:

: Ι

- 1

Security Effectiveness

: 1982 (

) 2006

Reswar WarSum Yrnowar Yrpeace :

1 2 25

Monty G Marshall; « Global Report on Conflict , Governance and State Fragility 2007 ». Foreign policy. Winter 2007.pp. 213-

Reswar 1 = Warsun – (yrnowar1 + (04 yrnowar 1× Warsun1)…..1 . 1

1 4 1

1 .

Reswar 2

= reswar 1+ Warsun2) – (yrpeace + 4 yrpeace)× (4reswar 1 +

Warsum 2) . 2

1 2

4 4

1 2

2

- 0

0

.

- 1

4 1

15 - 100

2

- 100 >

3

Ibid, p 14.

Security Legitimacy

2 1992

2005

1 5

1 1992

2000

2 2001

2004

3 2005

4 1992

2005 :

1.00 2.00

0

- 2.01

3.00 1

- 3.01

4 2

- 4.00 >

3

3

:

War - 2007

- 2002

2007

25 - 1982 (

) 2006

II

خ١طب١ظٌا خ١ٌبؼفٌا 1

Political Effectiveness

15

1992 2006

- 10

1

- 12

1

15 1992

2006

1 2 1

>

2 02

4 3

2

5 15

1992 2006

3

3

"

" Dem 6

10

Aut 6

10 X

« Autocracy » 5

5

III Economic Effectivness 1

5

1999 2003

2005

0 3 1

1

2 Economic Legitimacy

:

1992 2004

3

1

3

2004

- - -

Ibid ; p 20.

IV

« Social Effectivness » 1

2005

2

« Social Legitimay »

25 25

3

50

« Mus »

Ibidem.

« Hf »

162

500.000 2005

162

1 23

23

17

2 16

30

13

3 55

12

5

Ibidem.

*

ُلر كؾٌٍّا زظٔأ :

.01

54 4

0

Brookings 141

:

20

I Economic Basket

1 2 3 4 5

II Political Basket

6 7 8 9

Ibidem.

The Brookings Institution; Index of State Weakness in the Developing World; obtenu en parcourant :http://www.brookings.edu/reports/2008/02_weak_states_index.aspx.

10

11 12 13 14 15

Social walfare Basket

16 17 18 19 20 0.00

10.00

0.00 10.00

Ibidem.

:

)*(

28

; 2008 0.12

Somalia 10.00

1969

Siad Baree Nigeria

28 0.50

28

Cameroon 29

0.90 Sri lanka

56 1.11

28 Algeria

57 2.70

Ghana

0.39 84

٭(

ُلر كؾٌٍّا زظٔا)

02

Ecudor 85

2.53

Tunisia 112

2.65

Bosna-Herzegovina 113

2.65 Slovak

Republik 141

9.01

: 01

رذـٌّا

The Brookings Institute ;op-cit .

:

28 22

78.57

(

%

)

(1) Ibidem.

Law-

Incom countries Under stress LICUS

2001 2002

2005 Fragile state

2002 LICUS

2005 2002

CAPACITY BUILDING

2005 STATE BUILDING

PEACE BUILDING 2005

2002

2005 2002

″ ″Law Income countries″ ″

( 905

) 2007

World Bank Independent Evaluation Group, Engaging With Fragile State : An I E G Review of World Bank Support To Law Income Countries Under Stress; Washington D.C.

2006. p9. available at. http://www.worldbank.org/ieg/licus/licus06_map.html

Ibidem.

″

″ Middle income countries″

″

906 3595

″

″″

″Fragile states









1 The World Bank; country Diversity, available at:

http//web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNA/project/0,,contentMDK:2179281~menu pk 5067976.

The World Bank Groupe, Which Countries are licus ? Washington DC, 2009 available At : www.worldbank.org

Core 15

Severe 10

( 01 ) 2005

Core Severe

- - - - - - - - - - - - -

- - - - - - - - -

The world Bank law- Income Countries Under Stress (Licus) Implementation Trust fund : Request for Replenishment and Special Support for Sudan ;op.cit.

״

״

World Bank , law- Income Countries Under Stress (Licus) Implementation Trust fund : Request for Replenishment and Special Support for Sudan.. Report No. 34831.

Washington, DC;2005.available at: http://www.worldbank.org/ieg/licus/IDA/R2005-0253

2005 Fund for peace

Foreign

Policy Thomson Dialog

Conflict assement system

tools Cast

Softwar Indexes .

177

Indicators of State Vulnerability

1 10 0 10

120

Fund for peace, « Failed States FAO » , December 23^rd,2007. obtenu en parcourant:www.fundforpeace.org/failed state index FAO.html

1

●

●

●

● 2

2

3

●

●

●

●

The Fund for Peace; «Demographic pressures», December 23^rd,2007. obtenu en parcourant www.fundforpeace.org/web/content

( )2

The fund for peace; « Massive movement of refugees and internally displaced peoples », December 23^rd,2007. Obtenu en parcourant. www.fundforpiace.org/web

content/fsi/fsi_2.htm

4

●

●

2

5

●

●

3

6

●

●

●

1(

The fund for peace; « legacy of vengeance-seeking group grievance ». December 23^rd,2007. Obtenue en parcourant: www.fundforpeace.org/web/content/fsi/fsi_3.htm.

2The Fund for Peace; « Chronic and sustained human flight. December 23^rd,2007. Obtenu parcourant: www.fundforpeace.org/web/content/fis/fis_4.htm

3The Fund for Peace; «Uneven economic development along group lines» . December 23^rd,2007 Obtenu en parcourant; www.fundforpeace.org/web/content/fsi/fsi_5.htm

●

●

●

7

●

●

●

2

8

●

●

1 Fund For Peace, Shap and/or severe economic decline, December 23^rd,2007. obtenu en parcourant; www.fundforpeace.org/web/content/fsi/fsi_6.htm

2 Fund for peace, criminalization and delegitimisation of the state. December 23^rd,2007.

obtenu en parcourant. www. fundforpeace.org/web/content/fsi/fsi_7.htm

●

9

●

●

●

●

●

● 10

●

●

● 11 :

●

1 The Fund for Peace; « progressive deterioration of public sense » December 23^rd,2007.

obtenu en parcourant : www.fundforpeace.org/web/content/fsi/fsi_9.htm

2 The Fund for Peace; « Widespread violation of human rights ». December 23^rd,2007.

obtenu en parcourant: www.fundforpeace.org/web/content/fsi/fsi_9.htm

3 The Fund for Peace; « Security apparatus ». December 23^rd,2007. obtenu en parcourant:

www.fundforpeace.org/web/content/fsi/fsi_10.html

●

1

12 :

●

●

1 The Fund for Peace; « rise of factionalised elites ». December 23^rd,2007. obtenu en parcourant: http://www.fundforpeace.org/web/content/fsi/fsi_11.htm.

2 The Fund for Peace ;“Intervention of other States or External Political Actors December 23^rd,2007. obtenu en parcourant: http//www. fundforpeace.org/web/content/fsi/fsi_12.htm

2009

2009 2009

2010

״

″ 2010

 177

*

( خٍػبفٌا يٚذٌا خّئبل )

38

2009 37

2010

Somalia

114 3

Geogia

37

90.4

91

2009 98

Tajikistan

38

Mongolia

129

Algeria 81.3

77.8

80

* ُلر كؾٌٍّا زظٔأ .03

34

35

Panama

59.3

Japan

Germany

157

United states

158

France

34.9

12 2010

2009

15 Island

165

29.8 Norway

177 18.7

Canada

166 27.9

Austria 170

24.2

1The Fund For Peace ", Failed states Index 2010 " obtenu en parcourant http//www.

Fundforpeace.org/web/Inex scors 2010. html

: 02 ولاسنا ىعد قوذُط

خسبيسنا خهجيو خيجربخنا (

) 2010

كُجنا ينوذنا 2005 ( )

ذهعي شُيكوزث 2008 (

)

خسبيسنا شكزي خيًنبعنا 2008 (

)

تيتزتنا تيتزتنا تيتزتنا تيتزتنا

↑ 17

*

Х 19 Х 5 Х

↓ 30

**

Х 14 Х 7 Х ب٠زز٠را

= 21

***

Х 27 Х 7 Х اذٕغٚأ

↑ 36 Х Х ْبزظوبثسٚأ

=8 Х Х 7 Х 5 Х ٝغطٌٛا ب١م٠زفئ

↓

Х

ٛفٛطٛو ُ١ٍلئ

Х 11 Х 6 Х لاٛغٔا

↓ 32 ^{Х ْاز٠ئ}

↓ 2 ^{Х 16 Х 3 Х دبؼزٌا}

=3 Х Х 6 Х 1 Х ْادٛظٌا

=1 Х Х 1 Х 1 Х يبِٛـٌا

↑ 7 Х 4 Х 3 Х قازؼٌا

↓ 26 Х 7 Х ْٚزِبىٌا

↑ 12 Х 10 Х 7 Х راٛف٠د دٛىٌا

↑ 26 Х 22 Х يبج١ٌٕا

↑ 19 Х 21 Х 7 Х زغ١ٌٕا

↑31 Х Х 20 Х 7 Х ٛغٔٛىٌاخ٠رّٛٙع

Х 26 Х ٛغٛغٌا

↓ 15 Х ّٓ١ٌا

↑ 24 Х عدلاغٕث

↑23 Х Х 5 Х 4 Х ٞذٔٚرٛث

= 35 Х 7 Х ٛطبفبٕ١ورٛث

↑ 16 Х 17 Х 2 Х بِرٛث

= 10 Х ْبزظوبث

↓ 18 Х Х خ١لزؼٌا رّٛ١ر

Х ْبزظوبعبع

Х ْبّ١ٍط رشع

=5 Х Х 3 Х 3 Х ٛغٔٛىٌا خ٠رّٛٙع

خ١عازمّ٠ذٌا

↑ 37 Х ب١عرٛع

* 2009 ↑

↓

2009

***

2009

-Monty G Marshall ;Benjamin R Cole; « Global Report on Conflict , op-cit.p14.

-The Brooking Institution; Index of State Weakness in the Developing World ;op-cit.

-World Bank , law- Income Countries Under Stress (Licus) Implementation Trust fund : Requst for Replenshement and Special Support for Sudan .op-cit.

The Fund For Peace Failed states Index 2010 ; op-cit.

24 Х 3 Х اذٔاٚر

6 Х ب١جِاس

↑

↓ 28 Х 13 Х 4 Х ْٛ١ٌاز١ط

↑ 25 Х بىٔلا٠ز١ط

=

9 Х 23 Х 5 Х ب١ٕ١غ

25 Х خ١ئاٛزطلاا ب١ٕ١غ

↓

Х ب٠دٛجّو

= 17 Х 15 Х خ١ٌبّؼٌا ب٠رٛو

↑ 13 Х ب١ٕ١و

↑ 34 Х ْبٕجٌ

↓

Х ربّٕ٠بِ

= 28 Х ٞٚلاِ

↑

19 20 Х 16 Х زغ١ٌٕا

↓ 11 Х Х 12 Х ٟز٠ب٘

2006 2010

Legitimecy Cisis »

« Participation Crisis »

« Distribution Crisis »

« Penetration Crisis

, دب٠شٌا ُ١ٍؾٌا ذجػ 1

خ١طب١ظٌا خ١ّٕزٌا :

ٍُػ ٟف خطارد عبّزعلاا

فاذ٘لأاٚ خئ١جٌا ٟطب١ظٌا .

ط . 2 خ٠رذٕىطلإا :

راد

خ١ؼِبغٌا خفزؼٌّا ؽ 2002

.62

« Legitmacy Crisis »

;

ٓ١ظ٠ ذ١ظٌا 1

: خٌّٛؼٌا زـػ ٟف ٞربضؾٌا راٛؾٌا .

ط حز٘بمٌا 2 : خضٙٔ

غ٠سٛزٌاٚ زؼٌٕاٚ خػبجغٌٍ زـِ

.2002

ؽ . 140

ٟعرشخٌا ذّؾِ ًِبو زِبص 2

ٟف حزؿبؼِ خطارد خِبؼٌا دبطب١ظٌاٚ خض٠ذؾٌا خ١طب١ظٌاٚ خض٠ذؾٌا خ١طب١ظٌا ُظٌٕا ٟف ,

دب١غ١راززطئ خغٍظٌا حرادئ

.

ْبّػ : ذغِ راد

ًٌ ٞٚلا غ٠سٛزٌاٚ زؼٔ

- .2004 ؽ . 179

,دب٠شٌا ُ١ٍؾٌا ذجػ3

كثبط غعزِ

ؽ 64

4 David Sogge :Marlance Agulve :Crisis of The State And Civil Domains In Africa.

Madrid : Fide Fundation .2006.p7

Participation Crisis

ع1

, دب٠شٌا ُ١ٍؾٌا ذث كثبط غعزِ

ؽ, 65

ٟىٌبِ ذّؾِ أ2

"

خٕعاٌّٛاٚ َبؼٌا يبغٌّا خ١ثزؼٌا دلاجٌا ٟف غّزغٌّاٚ خٌٚذٌا ٓ١ث خللاؼٌا "

خ١طب١ظٌا ٍَٛؼٌٍ خ١ثزؼٌا خٍغٌّا

ؽ - 148 . 158

Distribution Crisis

س

ٟىِ دٚر ,

خطب١ظٌاٚ َلاػلإا :

خ١طب١ظٌا خوربؼٌّاٚ يبـرلاا ًئبطٚ

, حز٘بمٌا

غ٠سٛزٌاٚ زؼٌٍٕ تزىٌا ٌُبػ .

.2005 ؽ

.74 ¹

ٗظفٔ غعزٌّا

,

76ؽ 2

3 Robert I. Rotberg, ″The New Nature of Nations State Failure″ ,The Washington Quarterly. Summer2002 ;25:3 pp85-96.

.

1

2

1

192

2 Robert I. Rotberg, ″The New Nature of Nations state Failure″;op-cit;p89.

2006 3

. 393

PENETRATION GRISIS

1

:

دب٠شٌا ُ١ٍؾٌا ذجػ ,

كثبط غعزِ

, 68ؽ

. 1

ذٌّٔٛا ٗ٠ا ً١٠زثبع ,

ٓثلاا ً٠ٚبث َبٙغٕث ٟع ,

كثبط غعزِ

, ؽ

.197 ²

أ



دب٠شٌا ُ١ٍؾٌا ذجػ ,

كثبط غعزِ

, ؽ

.70 1

ٗظفٔ غعزٌّا ,

ؽ

.72 ²

Nation-State

1

2

1 Jean Paul Mathoz ;" Les Banlieues Du Monde». Enjeux Internationaux.N°11.2003.pp 17-19.obtenu en parcourant : www.enjeux- internationaux.org/articles/ num11/ banlieus du monde.pdf.

,ٓظؽ ّٓؽزٌا ذجػ ٞذّؽ2

خ١م٠زفلإا ُظٌٕا ٟف ب٠بضل .

حز٘بمٌا :

ٟم٠زفلإا ًجمزظٌّا دبطارد شوزِ

. .1998 ؽ .78

3 Edward Mc Whinney ;Self Determination of Peoples and Plural Ethnic States In Contemporary International Law: Failed States, Nation Building and The Alternative federal option.Boston.2007.p96.

,ٓظؽ ّٓؽزٌا ذجػ ٞذّؽ4

كثبط غعزِ

ؽ , .79

5Robert I Rotberg ;State Failure and State Weakness in a Time of Terror; Washington World Peace Fundation.2003.p23.



Johan Ghaltung



,ٟجـمٌا دبػر ربفغٌا ذجػ 1

ٟعازمّ٠ذٌا رٛغزٌاٚ ٟطب١ظٌا رٛغزٌا :

عازـٌا حرادئٚ ٟطب١ظٌا نازؾٌا .

ط .2 حز٘بمٌا :

ةاد٢ا خجزىِ

. .2006 ؽ -78 . 79

2Joseph L. Soeters ; Ethnic Conflict and Terrorism: The Origin and Dynamics of Civil Wars. Oxford: Routledge.2005.p31.





ززٕػ ٓث رٌٕٛا ذجػ1

'' خ١ٌبىػئ ءبـؼزطلاا ٟعازمّ٠ذٌا

'' فٌإِ ٟف :

ٟثزؼٌا ٓعٌٛا ٟف خ١عازمّ٠ذٌا خ١ّٕزٌاٚ خ١عازمّ٠ذٌا .

ْبٕجٌ

: خ١ثزؼٌا حذؽٌٛا دبطارد شوزِ

. .2004 ؽ .55

3Ghassan Salamé ; Appel d’empire : ingérence et résistances a l’âge de la mondialisation.[S.L.E] : fayard.1996.p66.

3Robert H Bates.When things fell apart : State Failure in late Century In Africa.

Cambridge: University press.2008. p17-18.



,ٓظؽ ّٓؽزٌا ذجػ ٞذّؽ 1

كثبط غعزِ

ؽ , -105 .109

,دٛطلأا ؼٌبؿ ٞدبٌٙا ذّؾِ 2

بّٙلبفر ٟف خ١عربخٌا ْٛ٠ذٌا ب٘زصأٚ خ١ثزؼٌا ْاذٍجٌا ٟف خ١ّٕزٌا دلاىؼِ

. ضٍثازع : ضٍغِ

َبؼٌا خفبمضٌا .

.2006 ؽ -181 .182

3 Robert H Bates; op-cit; p57-65.

,ٓظؽ ّٓؽزٌا ذجػ ٞذّؽ 4

كثبط غعزِ

ؽ , -109 .110





1Ghassan Salamé ; op-cit ; p66-67.

,زّؼٌا للها ذجػ زّػ قٚربف 2

كثبط غعزِ

ؽ , -92 .93





1 Robert HBates; op-cit; p64-65.

,ززٕػ ٓث رٌٕٛا ذجػ 2

كثبط غعزِ

ؽ , .61

3Joseph L. Soeters; op-cit; p35.





,دٛطلأا ؼٌبؿ ٞدبٌٙا ذّؾِ 1

كثبط غعزِ

ؽ , -43 .44

خ٠زط رٛٔ َبـػ2

.

ٓ٠زؼؼٌاٚ ٞدبؾٌا ْزمٌا دب٠ذؾرٚ خ١ِبٌٕا ٌُبؼٌا يٚد .

خ٠رذٕىطلإا :

خؼِبغٌا ةبجػ خظطإِ

.

.2002 ؽ .33



1

90

,ِٟدبخٌّا ك٠سر ردبمٌا ذجػ 1

خ١م٠زفلإا حربمٌا ٟف دبػاشٌٕا :

ذلإِ ربظؾٔئ َأ ُئاد ربظىٔئ .

حز٘بمٌا : زؼٌٍٕ زغفٌا راد

غ٠سٛزٌاٚ

. .2005 ؽ .97

2 Joseph L. Soeters; op-cit; p33.

ب٠زوس زضخ 3

'' خ١ؼجزٌا - خ١ّٕزٌٍ ٟطبطلأا قٛؼٌّا ''

. فٌإِ ٟف :

ُٔبغٌا ٍٟػ ُضٍو ,ب٠زوس زضخ ,ٝظ١ؼٌا ْبغٍط خٕ١ٙع

;

خ١ّٕزٌا عبّزعئ ٍُػ .

كؼِد : غ٠سٛزٌاٚ زؼٌٕاٚ خػبجغٌٍ ٌٟب٘لأا .

.1999 ؽ ؽ -128

.132

4 Robert Chapuis ;Les quatre mondes du théière monde.4ed.Paris:Masson. P180.

2

70

3

,دٛطلأا ؼٌبؿ ٞدبٌٙا ذّؾِ 1

كثبط غعزِ

ؽ , .177

يبفع ربّػ2

'' خٌّٛؼٌا دبظطإِٚ ٜٛل :

دب١ٍغزٌا خثبغزطلااٚ

خ١ثزؼٌا '' . ظطٚلأا ْٚإػ .

دذؼٌا . 2002.107 .

ؽ ؽ -31

.45

,ِٟدبخٌّا ك٠سر ردبمٌا ذجػ 3

كثبط غعزِ

ؽ , .176

29

5 10

4

,ب٠زوس زضخ 1

كثبط غعزِ

ؽ , .141

ٗظفٔ غعزٌّا2

ؽ , -142 .144

,زّؼٌا للها ذجػ زّػ قٚربف3

كثبط غعزِ

ؽ , .73

80

100

,ب٠زوس زضخ 1

كثبط غعزِ

ؽ , .138

,دٛطلأا ؼٌبؿ ٞدبٌٙا ذّؾِ 2

كثبط غعزِ

ؽ , .227

,ٟىظ١فٚدٛط ٛؼر ًؼز١ِ 3

زمفٌا خٌّٛػ .

( زر :

ٝفغـِ ز١غٕزظِ ذّؾِ

) . [ د .

َ .

ْ ] : رٛغط . .2000 ؽ .30

ٗظفٔ غعزٌّا4

ؽ , -27 .29



State-Building

1989

1 Amandine Scherrer ;op-cit.

2David Chandler ; Comment le State- building affaiblit les états. obtenu en parcourant:

http//www.david chandler.org/pdf/journal- articles/cahier 20 Marscistes.pdf.

بِب٠ٛوٛف ض١ظٔازف 3

,

ٞزؼؼٌاٚ ٞدبؾٌا ْزمٌا ٟف حرادلااٚ ُىؾٌا خٍىؼِٚ ٌّٟبؼٌا َبظٌٕا خٌٚذٌا ءبٕث

ْ , زر : ةبغِ

َبِلإا . فب٠زٌا : زؼٌٍٕ ْبى١جؼٌا .

.2007 ؽ 172.

2001

2003

ٗظفٔ غعزٌّا3

, ؽ 169

1

118 122

ثــــــنبثنا مــــــظفنا :

لوذنا يف يُيلأا رازقتسلاا داذيذهت

خهشبفنا

ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ

Barry Buzan

لولأا ثحجًنا :

:

:

;

Siad Barre 1991

1 William Reno, Warfare in a post state society In : Robert I Rotberg ; Stat Failure and State Weakness in a time of Terror. op-cit;p75.

2 Larry Diamond ; « Promoting Democracy in post-conflict and Failed States- Lesson and challenges » Taiwan journal of Democracy. Vol 2. N2. P 93-116-200

ٌُبؼٌا ٟف لاؼف يٚذٌا زضوأ يبِٛـٌا ذؼر ز٠ربمزٌا فٍزخِ ٍٝػ اءبٕث)*(

, َبؼٌ ٌٝٚلأا خجرزٌّا ذٍزؽا ذلٚ

َبؼٌٍٚ2010

خٍػبفٌا يٚذٌا ً١ٌد ٟف ٌٟاٛزٌا ٍٝػ شٌبضٌا

َلاظٌا ُػد قٚذٕـٌ

.

1 Mogadishu

5

2 Puntland

1998 3 Somaliland

1991

4 2002

)*(

2011

;

َبؼٌ َلاظٌا ُػد قٚذٕـٌ خٍػبفٌا يٚذٌا ً١ٌد ٟف خضٌبضٌا خجرزٌّا ْادٛظٌا ذٍزؽا)*(

2010

,ٟؼفبػ ٓظؽ رذث 1

״ يبِٛـٌا :

ٌٟٚذٌا ًخذزٌا حدٛػ دلابّزؽا

״ , خ١ٌٚذٌا خطب١ظٌا دذؼٌا ,

زثٛزوأ ,150 2002

ؽ ؽ -150

.153

80 60

2011

1956

ٓ٠ذثبؼٌا ٓ٠س ت١غٌا

,

ْادٛظٌا ةٕٛع يبـفٔا دب١ػاذر .

ٗ١ٍػ ًـؾزِ ¹

http://www.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/243CCDB3-283A-4CB8-A840-7015ED067255.htm

2 Alfred Babo ; Faillite de l’état et administration de l’espace Public par les jeunes en Cote d’Ivoire. obtenu en parcourant : http//http://www.codesria.org/IMG/pdf/Babo_Alfred.pdf

2007

Transparency International 14

13

( )3

:

1 Somalia , The Country profiles .available

at:http:///www.fundforpeace.org/web/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=298

&Itenid=453.

2 Walter S. Clarke and Robert Gosende; Somalia: Can a Collapsed State Reconstitute Itself? IN Robert I Rotberg ; Stat Failure and State Weakness in a Time of Terror. Op-cit p 150.

3 Transparency International ; Corruption in the Water sector;. Global Corruption Report 2008 .Cambridge: Cambridge university press.2008 p302.

ُلر يٚذع 03

خنوذنا يًنبعنا دبسفنا ميند يف بهجيتزت

بهذيطر

خ١عازمّ٠ذٌا ٛغٔٛىٌا خ٠رّٛٙع 168

1.9 1.9 1.9 1.9 خٍػبف خٌٚد

خ١ئاٛزطلاا ب١ٕ١غ خٍػبف خٌٚد 168

ب١ٕ١غ خٍػبف خٌٚد 168

صٚلاٌا خٍػبف خٌٚد 168

ْبزظٔبغفأ دبؼزٌا

ْادٛظٌا 172

172 172 1.8

1.8 1.8 خٍػبف خٌٚد

خٍػبف خٌٚد خٍػبف خٌٚد

بىٔٛر 175

1.7

1.7 175 ْبزظوبثسٚأ

خٍػبف خٌٚد

ٟز٠ب٘

177 خٍػبف خٌٚد 1.6

قازؼٌا 178

خٍػبف خٌٚد 1.5

ربِبٕ٠بِ

179 خٍػبف خٌٚد 1.4

يبِٛـٌا 179

خٍػبف خٌٚد 1.4

رذـٌّا

Transparency International ; Corruption in the Water sector;. Op.cit ,p302

)*(

(6)

1

2000

2010 )*(

.

40

Buzan

1Transparency International ;Global Corruption Report 2007 :Corruption in judicial System .Cambridge : Cambridge university press.2007. p 35.

2 Marl Madi ; Drug Trafficking In Weak States : The Case of Central Asia. (Master of arts in Peace and Conflict Research. Uppsala university). Spring 2003. p21.